This document provides specifications and information about beams and columns used in construction. It discusses reinforced concrete columns and different types of columns based on height-width ratios and shapes. It also describes the construction process for RCC columns. For beams, it defines reinforced concrete beams and classifies beams based on their supports. It discusses different types of beams and the construction process for beams.
The document summarizes various reinforced concrete structural elements used in building construction, including:
1. Columns, beams, slabs, staircases, lintels, chhajjas (eaves), canopies, and coffer slabs are discussed. Columns transfer loads from above to the foundation. Beams provide horizontal load resistance and resist bending. Slabs are floor and ceiling elements supported by columns and beams.
2. Staircases can be made of reinforced concrete and come in different arrangements like straight flights or landings. Lintels support walls above openings. Chhajjas project from walls to provide shade. Canopies provide shelter from weather. Coffer slabs have sunken, decorated
1. Columns are vertical structural elements that transmit loads from above to the foundation below through compression.
2. Concrete columns are commonly used in buildings to support beams, floors, and roofs. They can be cast-in-place or prefabricated and take different shapes like circular, rectangular, or square.
3. Reinforced concrete columns contain steel reinforcement, usually longitudinal bars and lateral ties or spirals, to strengthen the column and improve its load-bearing capacity. The type and amount of reinforcement depends on the size and load on the column.
OUTLINE
introduction
classification
loads
materials used
Type of reinforcement
RCC
construction methods in RCC
Analysis and design
Detailing
Basic Rules
Site visit
video
- Beam-column joints are the weakest points in reinforced concrete frames during earthquakes due to stresses that cause cracking and failure. There are two main types of failure: shear and anchorage.
- Proper design of beam-column joints including use of closed loop ties, intermediate bars, wider columns, and straight beam bars inserted into the column improves earthquake resistance by resisting distortion and improving concrete confinement.
- Innovative techniques for strengthening joints include fiber reinforced concrete and FRP wrapping to prevent cracking and increase strength. Well designed joints are crucial to avoiding damage during seismic activity.
Basic beam column structure construction and examples and lastly shell structure in short.
Rafiq azam buildings.Richerd Mier, Le Corbusier, Tadao Ando residences.
Bangladesh Liberation War museum
Sydney opera house
The document summarizes various reinforced concrete structural elements used in building construction, including:
1. Columns, beams, slabs, staircases, lintels, chhajjas (eaves), canopies, and coffer slabs are discussed. Columns transfer loads from above to the foundation. Beams provide horizontal load resistance and resist bending. Slabs are floor and ceiling elements supported by columns and beams.
2. Staircases can be made of reinforced concrete and come in different arrangements like straight flights or landings. Lintels support walls above openings. Chhajjas project from walls to provide shade. Canopies provide shelter from weather. Coffer slabs have sunken, decorated
1. Columns are vertical structural elements that transmit loads from above to the foundation below through compression.
2. Concrete columns are commonly used in buildings to support beams, floors, and roofs. They can be cast-in-place or prefabricated and take different shapes like circular, rectangular, or square.
3. Reinforced concrete columns contain steel reinforcement, usually longitudinal bars and lateral ties or spirals, to strengthen the column and improve its load-bearing capacity. The type and amount of reinforcement depends on the size and load on the column.
OUTLINE
introduction
classification
loads
materials used
Type of reinforcement
RCC
construction methods in RCC
Analysis and design
Detailing
Basic Rules
Site visit
video
- Beam-column joints are the weakest points in reinforced concrete frames during earthquakes due to stresses that cause cracking and failure. There are two main types of failure: shear and anchorage.
- Proper design of beam-column joints including use of closed loop ties, intermediate bars, wider columns, and straight beam bars inserted into the column improves earthquake resistance by resisting distortion and improving concrete confinement.
- Innovative techniques for strengthening joints include fiber reinforced concrete and FRP wrapping to prevent cracking and increase strength. Well designed joints are crucial to avoiding damage during seismic activity.
Basic beam column structure construction and examples and lastly shell structure in short.
Rafiq azam buildings.Richerd Mier, Le Corbusier, Tadao Ando residences.
Bangladesh Liberation War museum
Sydney opera house
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. They are commonly used in high-rise buildings, industrial buildings, warehouses, and temporary structures due to their strength, light weight, and speed of construction. Advantages include quick construction, flexibility, and ability to take various shapes. Disadvantages are reduced strength at high temperatures and susceptibility to corrosion. Common structural steel frames include beam and column construction, trusses, space frames, shear wall frames, framed tube structures, and braced frames. Design must consider both gravity loads like dead and live loads, as well as lateral loads from wind and earthquakes.
The document describes the construction process for columns, slabs, and beams in reinforced concrete structures. It discusses the materials used and the typical steps involved, which include:
1) Layout and formwork installation
2) Placement of reinforcing steel based on structural designs
3) Pouring and finishing of concrete
4) Curing of concrete to gain full strength over 28 days
The columns transfer loads vertically through reinforced concrete that is mixed on site or delivered by ready-mix trucks. Slabs and beams are constructed through similar processes of steel reinforcement, formwork, concrete placement and curing.
This document discusses ductile detailing of reinforced concrete (RC) frames according to Indian standards. It explains that detailing involves translating the structural design into the final structure through reinforcement drawings. Good detailing ensures reinforcement and concrete interact efficiently. Key aspects of ductile detailing covered include requirements for beams, columns, and beam-column joints to improve ductility and seismic performance. Specific provisions are presented for longitudinal and shear reinforcement in beams and columns, as well as confining reinforcement and lap splices. The importance of cover and stirrup spacing is also discussed.
Reinforced Concrete Structure and Detailing ModuleBahzad5
ย
The document discusses different types of concrete slabs used in construction. It describes 16 types of slabs including flat slabs, conventional slabs, hollow core slabs, hardy slabs, waffle slabs, dome slabs, pitch roof slabs, slabs with arches, and post-tensioned slabs. For each type, it provides details on how they are constructed and where each type is best applied. The document also discusses advantages and disadvantages of some of the slab types.
Tube structures and its type with comparison .Udayram Patil
ย
Hollow tube section always provide greater strength. So the same concept is applied to the building. Tubed system is designed to act like a three dimensional hollow tube structure which result in increased load resistance .
This document provides an introduction to reinforced concrete (RCC) structures. It defines RCC as cement concrete reinforced with steel to increase its tensile strength. The advantages of RCC include being economical, durable, fire resistant, and able to be cast into any shape with almost no maintenance costs. It describes the key components of RCC structures as beams, columns, staircases, and foundations. It then provides more details on the design of RCC beams, columns, staircases, and foundations.
Housing is an important activity that directly indicates the standard of living of the people, with the increase in growth of population due to rapid industrialization scarcity of developed land, the need for multi-storeyed housing complex has increased to a considerable extent , so people turned to multi-storeyed residential apartments instead of individual houses, when city development reached a maximum development of suburbanโs areas began the people living in the city should have advocate housing for comfortable and peaceful living.
Framed structures are building skeleton frameworks formed by columns and beams. There are two main types: in-situ reinforced concrete frames and prefabricated frames. Rectangular framed structures use columns and beams arranged at right angles to support floors, walls, and roofs. They are commonly used for multi-story buildings like offices, schools, and hospitals. Framed structures provide large open floor plans and are adaptable to different shapes. Earthquake-resistant features in framed structures include shear walls, moment-resisting frames, and braced structures which resist lateral forces during seismic activity.
The document discusses high rise buildings and their structures. It defines high rise buildings as between 35-100 meters tall or 12-39 floors. Buildings over 100m are called skyscrapers and over 600m are mega-tall. High rises are constructed to address land scarcity in urban areas and increasing demand for space. Their structures have evolved from early stone and iron frames to steel skeleton frames to reinforced concrete shear walls and core structures. Foundations must transfer enormous loads into the ground through methods like raft or pile foundations. Interior structures use rigid frames, shear walls, and exterior structures employ tube systems to resist lateral wind and seismic loads.
The document discusses stress ribbon bridges. It begins by explaining that a stress ribbon bridge is a tension structure similar to a suspension bridge, with suspension cables embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc. Unlike simple suspension bridges, the ribbon is stressed in compression which adds stiffness. Supports provide upward thrusting arcs to change the grade between spans. Stress ribbon bridges are typically reinforced concrete with steel tensioning cables to prevent excessive flexing from vehicle traffic. Fewer than 50 have been built worldwide due to their rare design.
This document provides a brief history of prestressed concrete, beginning in 1824 with the development of Portland cement. It then outlines several important developments in prestressed concrete technology from the late 19th century through the mid-20th century by innovators from various countries. These include early uses of steel in concrete, prestressing methods like pre-tensioning and post-tensioning, and development of high-strength steel and anchoring systems. It also mentions increased use of prestressed concrete during World War 2 and establishment of professional organizations to support the field.
The document discusses ductile detailing for reinforced concrete structures to make them earthquake resistant. It describes how ductility allows structures to undergo large deformations without collapsing, providing warning before failure. Key aspects of ductile detailing discussed include: avoiding shear and compression failures in beams; confining critical areas of beams and columns; using shear walls to resist lateral loads; and following ductile detailing code IS 13920-1993 for beams, columns, and walls. The document emphasizes the importance of ductile detailing to resist earthquake forces and prevent brittle structural collapse.
The document discusses ductility and ductile detailing in reinforced concrete structures. It states that structures should be designed to have lateral strength, deformability, and ductility to resist earthquakes with limited damage and no collapse. Ductility allows structures to develop their full strength through internal force redistribution. Detailing of reinforcement is important to avoid brittle failure and induce ductile behavior by allowing steel to yield in a controlled manner. Shear walls are also discussed as vertical reinforced concrete elements that help structures resist earthquake loads in a ductile manner.
A bridge is the key element in a transportation system; it controls both the volume and weight of the traffic. Balance must be achieved between handling future traffic volume and loads and the cost of heavier and wider bridge structure. Economic Analysis and comparisons against competing alternatives is required as Bridges are the most expensive part of a road transportation network. Monetized & Non-Monetized Benefits that will accrue like time savings to road users, benefits to business activities (and to the economy in general) and salvage value benefits like Right-of-Way and substructure use need to be assessed as well.
Prsesntation on Commercial building ProjectMD AFROZ ALAM
ย
The document describes the trainee's weekly activities during an industrial training at a construction company. Over 8 weeks, the trainee learned about:
1. Layout plans, column reinforcement, beams, and slab details.
2. Reinforcement techniques like lap joints, development lengths, and tie placement.
3. Radiant cooling pipes installed under slabs to provide cooling without AC units.
4. Construction of shear walls, columns, beams and slabs.
5. Block laying for boundary walls using aerated concrete blocks joined with special mortar.
The document provides an introduction to reinforced cement concrete (RCC). It discusses that steel is strong in both tension and compression, whereas concrete is strong only in compression. Steel reinforcement is used to increase the tensile strength of concrete. The combination of steel and concrete results in RCC, which has a weight of 25,000 N/cum. Steel is the most suitable reinforcing material due to its high tensile strength, elasticity, bond with concrete, and availability in India. Mild steel bars have plain surfaces while high yield strength deformed (HYSD) bars have deformations that increase bond strength. Design of RCC involves consideration of loads such as dead, live, wind, snow, and seismic loads.
Running Head BRIDGE DESIGN1BRIDGE DESIGN31.docxtoddr4
ย
Running Head: BRIDGE DESIGN 1
BRIDGE DESIGN 31
Title:
Student Name:
Institution:
Course:
Date:
BRIDGE DESIGN FOR THE MOTOR WAY BELOW
8m
Embankment
A
Motorway
16m
10m
Central Reservation
Motorway
16m
Grass Verge
Existing Factory Units
Footway
A
Carriagewaym
Existing Factory Units
Fixed Factory Entrance
Fixed Factory Entrance
3m
2m
3m
2m
10mm
Existing Highway to Proposed Bridge
Existing Development
Proposed Development
Existing Development
Existing Retaining Wall โ 500mm thick rc construction indicated by old record drawings
Central Reservation
10m
10m
Section A-A
2m footway
1.2m high parapets
10m carriageway
Bridge Deck Section
Figure 1
Bridge design
Most suitable bridge forms
ยท Beam bridge
ยท Arch bridge
The beam bridge: Beam and slab with ladder decks
This form of bridges comprises of slab which sits on top of steel I-beams. This form is mostly used for mid span highway bridge which is where our required bridge falls in.
Slab in this system is supported on tow main girders with a spacing of about 3.5m and it lies longitudinally between the girders as per the below diagram.
Figure 1
The bridge will use plate girders giving us a scope to vary the flange and web sizes to fit and suit the bridge load carrying capabilities. In the design process, ability of the bridge to carry the maximum load expected and the loading at the various stages of construction will guide on the proportion of girders that is their depth, width of tension and compression flanges and web thickness.
The girders are erected firmly on the ground and have stud connectors welded on the top flange to provide composite action between the slab and girder. The number of studs and spacing vary depending on expected level of shear flow between steel girder and concrete slab.
The girders rest on bearings fastened to the bottom flange. The girders are stiffened to carry the bearing loads at these points. Some cases apply bracing between the girders at support to carry lateral forces and provide torsional restraint.
Bridge description
ยท The bridge will have a span of 50m.
ยท The bridge will be raised to a height of 10m on both sides to be in level with the existing highway. The girders will have constant height.
ยท The bridge cross section will have the reinforced concrete slab sitting on top of two main abutment substructures and an extra substructure which will be on the central reservation. The main substructure will be located at the embarkment of the road.
Construction sequence
Abutment substructure construction
Girder construction
The bridge will consist of two main girder I beams. The girders will be of the same height. To make the I-beam, steel plates will be used. The steel plate is cut into the required sizes for the bottom flange and top flange and for the web. The cut pieces are then fillet welded into the I-section. This is done either by machine manual assembling in jig or through improved pressing machine .
What are the types of structural steel framingnajeeb muhamed
ย
Different types of structural steel framing systems for buildings such as skeleton, wall bearing and long span framing systems and their applications and configurations are discussed.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING presentation .pptxRishi Nath
ย
Rainwater harvesting is the collection and storage of rainwater from rooftops, land surfaces, and catchments. It helps recharge groundwater, and the water can be used for gardening, drinking, and irrigation. There are two main methods of rainwater harvesting - surface runoff collection and rooftop collection. A rooftop rainwater harvesting system has four main components - a catchment/roof area to collect water, pipes to transport the water, a storage tank, and a delivery system to distribute the water. Examples of places using rainwater harvesting include Tamil Nadu where it is required for buildings, and traditionally in parts of Rajasthan.
AIRPORT AIR TRANSPORT CHARASTERSTICS.pptxRishi Nath
ย
The document discusses various characteristics of aircraft that influence airport design, including weight and wheel distribution, minimum turning radius, minimum circling radius, speed, capacity, noise levels, tail vortices, jet blast, and fuel spillage. It also discusses factors to consider when selecting an airport site, such as traffic levels, available land, meteorological conditions, surrounding development, and soil characteristics.
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. They are commonly used in high-rise buildings, industrial buildings, warehouses, and temporary structures due to their strength, light weight, and speed of construction. Advantages include quick construction, flexibility, and ability to take various shapes. Disadvantages are reduced strength at high temperatures and susceptibility to corrosion. Common structural steel frames include beam and column construction, trusses, space frames, shear wall frames, framed tube structures, and braced frames. Design must consider both gravity loads like dead and live loads, as well as lateral loads from wind and earthquakes.
The document describes the construction process for columns, slabs, and beams in reinforced concrete structures. It discusses the materials used and the typical steps involved, which include:
1) Layout and formwork installation
2) Placement of reinforcing steel based on structural designs
3) Pouring and finishing of concrete
4) Curing of concrete to gain full strength over 28 days
The columns transfer loads vertically through reinforced concrete that is mixed on site or delivered by ready-mix trucks. Slabs and beams are constructed through similar processes of steel reinforcement, formwork, concrete placement and curing.
This document discusses ductile detailing of reinforced concrete (RC) frames according to Indian standards. It explains that detailing involves translating the structural design into the final structure through reinforcement drawings. Good detailing ensures reinforcement and concrete interact efficiently. Key aspects of ductile detailing covered include requirements for beams, columns, and beam-column joints to improve ductility and seismic performance. Specific provisions are presented for longitudinal and shear reinforcement in beams and columns, as well as confining reinforcement and lap splices. The importance of cover and stirrup spacing is also discussed.
Reinforced Concrete Structure and Detailing ModuleBahzad5
ย
The document discusses different types of concrete slabs used in construction. It describes 16 types of slabs including flat slabs, conventional slabs, hollow core slabs, hardy slabs, waffle slabs, dome slabs, pitch roof slabs, slabs with arches, and post-tensioned slabs. For each type, it provides details on how they are constructed and where each type is best applied. The document also discusses advantages and disadvantages of some of the slab types.
Tube structures and its type with comparison .Udayram Patil
ย
Hollow tube section always provide greater strength. So the same concept is applied to the building. Tubed system is designed to act like a three dimensional hollow tube structure which result in increased load resistance .
This document provides an introduction to reinforced concrete (RCC) structures. It defines RCC as cement concrete reinforced with steel to increase its tensile strength. The advantages of RCC include being economical, durable, fire resistant, and able to be cast into any shape with almost no maintenance costs. It describes the key components of RCC structures as beams, columns, staircases, and foundations. It then provides more details on the design of RCC beams, columns, staircases, and foundations.
Housing is an important activity that directly indicates the standard of living of the people, with the increase in growth of population due to rapid industrialization scarcity of developed land, the need for multi-storeyed housing complex has increased to a considerable extent , so people turned to multi-storeyed residential apartments instead of individual houses, when city development reached a maximum development of suburbanโs areas began the people living in the city should have advocate housing for comfortable and peaceful living.
Framed structures are building skeleton frameworks formed by columns and beams. There are two main types: in-situ reinforced concrete frames and prefabricated frames. Rectangular framed structures use columns and beams arranged at right angles to support floors, walls, and roofs. They are commonly used for multi-story buildings like offices, schools, and hospitals. Framed structures provide large open floor plans and are adaptable to different shapes. Earthquake-resistant features in framed structures include shear walls, moment-resisting frames, and braced structures which resist lateral forces during seismic activity.
The document discusses high rise buildings and their structures. It defines high rise buildings as between 35-100 meters tall or 12-39 floors. Buildings over 100m are called skyscrapers and over 600m are mega-tall. High rises are constructed to address land scarcity in urban areas and increasing demand for space. Their structures have evolved from early stone and iron frames to steel skeleton frames to reinforced concrete shear walls and core structures. Foundations must transfer enormous loads into the ground through methods like raft or pile foundations. Interior structures use rigid frames, shear walls, and exterior structures employ tube systems to resist lateral wind and seismic loads.
The document discusses stress ribbon bridges. It begins by explaining that a stress ribbon bridge is a tension structure similar to a suspension bridge, with suspension cables embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc. Unlike simple suspension bridges, the ribbon is stressed in compression which adds stiffness. Supports provide upward thrusting arcs to change the grade between spans. Stress ribbon bridges are typically reinforced concrete with steel tensioning cables to prevent excessive flexing from vehicle traffic. Fewer than 50 have been built worldwide due to their rare design.
This document provides a brief history of prestressed concrete, beginning in 1824 with the development of Portland cement. It then outlines several important developments in prestressed concrete technology from the late 19th century through the mid-20th century by innovators from various countries. These include early uses of steel in concrete, prestressing methods like pre-tensioning and post-tensioning, and development of high-strength steel and anchoring systems. It also mentions increased use of prestressed concrete during World War 2 and establishment of professional organizations to support the field.
The document discusses ductile detailing for reinforced concrete structures to make them earthquake resistant. It describes how ductility allows structures to undergo large deformations without collapsing, providing warning before failure. Key aspects of ductile detailing discussed include: avoiding shear and compression failures in beams; confining critical areas of beams and columns; using shear walls to resist lateral loads; and following ductile detailing code IS 13920-1993 for beams, columns, and walls. The document emphasizes the importance of ductile detailing to resist earthquake forces and prevent brittle structural collapse.
The document discusses ductility and ductile detailing in reinforced concrete structures. It states that structures should be designed to have lateral strength, deformability, and ductility to resist earthquakes with limited damage and no collapse. Ductility allows structures to develop their full strength through internal force redistribution. Detailing of reinforcement is important to avoid brittle failure and induce ductile behavior by allowing steel to yield in a controlled manner. Shear walls are also discussed as vertical reinforced concrete elements that help structures resist earthquake loads in a ductile manner.
A bridge is the key element in a transportation system; it controls both the volume and weight of the traffic. Balance must be achieved between handling future traffic volume and loads and the cost of heavier and wider bridge structure. Economic Analysis and comparisons against competing alternatives is required as Bridges are the most expensive part of a road transportation network. Monetized & Non-Monetized Benefits that will accrue like time savings to road users, benefits to business activities (and to the economy in general) and salvage value benefits like Right-of-Way and substructure use need to be assessed as well.
Prsesntation on Commercial building ProjectMD AFROZ ALAM
ย
The document describes the trainee's weekly activities during an industrial training at a construction company. Over 8 weeks, the trainee learned about:
1. Layout plans, column reinforcement, beams, and slab details.
2. Reinforcement techniques like lap joints, development lengths, and tie placement.
3. Radiant cooling pipes installed under slabs to provide cooling without AC units.
4. Construction of shear walls, columns, beams and slabs.
5. Block laying for boundary walls using aerated concrete blocks joined with special mortar.
The document provides an introduction to reinforced cement concrete (RCC). It discusses that steel is strong in both tension and compression, whereas concrete is strong only in compression. Steel reinforcement is used to increase the tensile strength of concrete. The combination of steel and concrete results in RCC, which has a weight of 25,000 N/cum. Steel is the most suitable reinforcing material due to its high tensile strength, elasticity, bond with concrete, and availability in India. Mild steel bars have plain surfaces while high yield strength deformed (HYSD) bars have deformations that increase bond strength. Design of RCC involves consideration of loads such as dead, live, wind, snow, and seismic loads.
Running Head BRIDGE DESIGN1BRIDGE DESIGN31.docxtoddr4
ย
Running Head: BRIDGE DESIGN 1
BRIDGE DESIGN 31
Title:
Student Name:
Institution:
Course:
Date:
BRIDGE DESIGN FOR THE MOTOR WAY BELOW
8m
Embankment
A
Motorway
16m
10m
Central Reservation
Motorway
16m
Grass Verge
Existing Factory Units
Footway
A
Carriagewaym
Existing Factory Units
Fixed Factory Entrance
Fixed Factory Entrance
3m
2m
3m
2m
10mm
Existing Highway to Proposed Bridge
Existing Development
Proposed Development
Existing Development
Existing Retaining Wall โ 500mm thick rc construction indicated by old record drawings
Central Reservation
10m
10m
Section A-A
2m footway
1.2m high parapets
10m carriageway
Bridge Deck Section
Figure 1
Bridge design
Most suitable bridge forms
ยท Beam bridge
ยท Arch bridge
The beam bridge: Beam and slab with ladder decks
This form of bridges comprises of slab which sits on top of steel I-beams. This form is mostly used for mid span highway bridge which is where our required bridge falls in.
Slab in this system is supported on tow main girders with a spacing of about 3.5m and it lies longitudinally between the girders as per the below diagram.
Figure 1
The bridge will use plate girders giving us a scope to vary the flange and web sizes to fit and suit the bridge load carrying capabilities. In the design process, ability of the bridge to carry the maximum load expected and the loading at the various stages of construction will guide on the proportion of girders that is their depth, width of tension and compression flanges and web thickness.
The girders are erected firmly on the ground and have stud connectors welded on the top flange to provide composite action between the slab and girder. The number of studs and spacing vary depending on expected level of shear flow between steel girder and concrete slab.
The girders rest on bearings fastened to the bottom flange. The girders are stiffened to carry the bearing loads at these points. Some cases apply bracing between the girders at support to carry lateral forces and provide torsional restraint.
Bridge description
ยท The bridge will have a span of 50m.
ยท The bridge will be raised to a height of 10m on both sides to be in level with the existing highway. The girders will have constant height.
ยท The bridge cross section will have the reinforced concrete slab sitting on top of two main abutment substructures and an extra substructure which will be on the central reservation. The main substructure will be located at the embarkment of the road.
Construction sequence
Abutment substructure construction
Girder construction
The bridge will consist of two main girder I beams. The girders will be of the same height. To make the I-beam, steel plates will be used. The steel plate is cut into the required sizes for the bottom flange and top flange and for the web. The cut pieces are then fillet welded into the I-section. This is done either by machine manual assembling in jig or through improved pressing machine .
What are the types of structural steel framingnajeeb muhamed
ย
Different types of structural steel framing systems for buildings such as skeleton, wall bearing and long span framing systems and their applications and configurations are discussed.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING presentation .pptxRishi Nath
ย
Rainwater harvesting is the collection and storage of rainwater from rooftops, land surfaces, and catchments. It helps recharge groundwater, and the water can be used for gardening, drinking, and irrigation. There are two main methods of rainwater harvesting - surface runoff collection and rooftop collection. A rooftop rainwater harvesting system has four main components - a catchment/roof area to collect water, pipes to transport the water, a storage tank, and a delivery system to distribute the water. Examples of places using rainwater harvesting include Tamil Nadu where it is required for buildings, and traditionally in parts of Rajasthan.
AIRPORT AIR TRANSPORT CHARASTERSTICS.pptxRishi Nath
ย
The document discusses various characteristics of aircraft that influence airport design, including weight and wheel distribution, minimum turning radius, minimum circling radius, speed, capacity, noise levels, tail vortices, jet blast, and fuel spillage. It also discusses factors to consider when selecting an airport site, such as traffic levels, available land, meteorological conditions, surrounding development, and soil characteristics.
Airport planning and design AS PER AAI .pptxRishi Nath
ย
Airport engineering involves planning, designing, and constructing terminals, runways, and navigation aids to facilitate passenger and freight air transportation. An airport provides a connection between ground transportation and air transportation via an airfield, an area where aircraft can take off and land with optional navigational markings. The development of aviation has progressed from early experimental flights in the early 1900s to modern international networks and large passenger aircraft, regulated through organizations like ICAO. In India, air transportation has grown from early mail flights in 1911 to a system today managed under the Airport Authority of India, which controls air traffic and develops airports nationwide.
AIRPORT RUNWAY AND GENERAL LIGHTING SYSTEM.pptxRishi Nath
ย
This document discusses various factors related to airport lighting, including airport classification, traffic levels, available power, aircraft types, night operations plans, and weather conditions. It describes the standardization of airport light colors and arrangements to guide pilots at unfamiliar airports. Regular maintenance is needed to keep thousands of lights clean and functioning properly, with emergency backup power in case of outages. The key elements of airport lighting are identified, such as beacons, approach lighting, apron lighting, and different types of runway and taxiway lighting. Specific details are provided about airport beacon systems, approach lighting arrangements, and the Calvert system for approach lighting guidance.
AIRPORT SERVICES AND FACILITIES IN 07.pptRishi Nath
ย
An airport consists of areas for aircraft to take off and land like runways, as well as additional structures and facilities. Airside areas include runways, taxiways, and ramps/aprons to move aircraft. Landside areas provide public transportation, access roads, and parking. Airports can be towered or non-towered, with towers controlling air traffic. Additional facilities include immigration and customs for people, along with pre-security and post-security zones, shops, lounges, and other passenger services.
A harbor provides safe anchoring for ships and is either natural or man-made. It lacks gates but may have a narrow entrance. In contrast, a dock is dug out and has gates to retain water at low tide for mooring ships to exchange cargo or passengers or undergo repairs. A port contains one or more harbors and allows ships to dock and transfer people and goods between land and sea. Key harbor features include entrance channels, berthing basins for parking ships, breakwaters for protection from waves, and wharves/jetties for ship access.
The document discusses several key factors that influence the design and selection of airport sites, including aircraft characteristics, meteorological conditions, land availability, and accessibility. Specifically, it notes that aircraft weight, size, speed, and noise levels need to be considered for runway, taxiway, and facility design. Atmospheric visibility and wind direction are important meteorological factors, while sufficient expandable land area, utilities access, and proximity to population centers are also important considerations for site selection.
Inland water transportation involves river or canal transportation and is one of the oldest modes. It faces challenges like diversion of rivers, deforestation causing siltation, and less development compared to other modes. However, it has merits like being the cheapest mode, providing security, and high capacity transport. Demerits include slow speed and susceptibility to natural disasters. Coastal protection works stabilize beaches and protect shorelines using structures like sea walls, groynes, and offshore breakwaters. Pollution of inland waters affects health, fisheries, and agriculture.
The document discusses factors that affect airport lighting and the various elements of airport lighting systems. It describes key components like airport beacons, approach lighting, apron and hangar lighting, boundary lighting, runway edge lights, taxiway lighting, and threshold lighting. The types, placement, and functions of different lights are explained to provide guidance to pilots for takeoffs and landings during nighttime and low visibility conditions. Standardization of lighting systems, maintenance, and emergency backup power are also covered.
This document discusses modern trends in railways, focusing on three types of advanced trains: MAGLEV trains, which use magnetic repulsion; tube railways, which run underground at depths of 18m or more; and metro or rapid transit systems, which operate on exclusive rights-of-way in urban areas with high capacity and frequency. It also defines key railway terminology like adhesion, adzing of sleepers, ballast, and ballast crib. Locomotives are described as rail vehicles that provide motive power to trains.
The document discusses different modes of transportation and focuses on railways. It notes that railways are highly effective for transporting large volumes of heavy goods over long distances. Railways also facilitate fast and comfortable long-distance passenger travel. The history section outlines that India's first railway line opened in 1853 between Bombay and Thana, and that the railway network grew to over 65,000 kilometers by 1939, though the country suffered losses after partition.
Plaster is applied to walls in one to three coats depending on the quality of construction, with no single coat exceeding 12 mm thick. Between coats, the previous surface must be roughened before applying the next coat. Plaster mix is applied either by throwing it forcefully at walls or pressing it onto the surface. There are different types of plaster finishes including smooth, rough, pebble dash, and textured.
A theodolite is a precision instrument used to measure horizontal and vertical angles in surveying and construction. It consists of a telescope mounted on a rotating base and vertical axis. The telescope can rotate horizontally and vertically, and is used to view targets. Circular scales on the horizontal and vertical axes precisely measure angles to determine positions, distances, and establish control points. Setting up the theodolite on a tripod and leveling it provides an accurate reference for horizontal and vertical angle measurements to targets.
Contour surveying, also known as topographic surveying, is a method used to map contours or imaginary lines connecting points of equal elevation on an area of land to determine the shape, elevation, and relief of the surface. Contour surveys provide valuable information for purposes like land development, engineering design, and environmental planning by mapping the contours of a site.
Bricks can be classified based on their manufacturing process and quality. Several tests are conducted on bricks to determine their properties such as compressive strength, water absorption, resistance to efflorescence, dimensional stability when exposed to moisture, and ability to withstand temperature changes. Different brick bonding patterns like stretcher bond, English bond, and Flemish bond provide varying levels of strength, stability, and aesthetic appeal to masonry walls.
Bricks are rectangular blocks made primarily from clay that are hardened through firing in a kiln. They have been used in construction for thousands of years due to their durability, strength, and versatility. Good brick material contains 20-30% alumina, 50-60% silica, up to 5% lime, and 5-6% iron oxide, which provide cohesion, prevent cracking, and impart color. Bricks are manufactured by preparing soil through removal of debris, blending additives, tempering with water, molding, drying, and burning in kilns to produce hardness and strength through physical and chemical changes.
The roof is the uppermost part of a building that protects it from weather elements like rain and wind. It is supported by structural members and covered with roofing material. The main functions of a roof are to enclose the space and protect the building. Good roofs also increase the life of the building. There are different types of roofs including pitched or sloping roofs, flat or terrace roofs, and domes. Pitched roofs are the most common type and come in single, triple, and other framed styles.
This document discusses different types of flooring materials, including structural glass flooring which is used between floors and has a thickness of 10-30mm, marble flooring which is used where sanitation is important like in hospitals due to its hard and durable surface, PVC flooring which is laid on concrete but can be slippery so is used on walls, and asphalt flooring which comes in tiles, terrazzo and blocks and is dustless, elastic, durable, waterproof and non-slippery making it suitable for places like chemical labs.
The roof is the uppermost part of a building that is supported by structural members and covered with roofing material to protect the building from weather elements like rain and wind. Pitched roofs are sloped while flat roofs are level, and shell roofs are curved. Pitched roofs include single, lean-to, couple, collar beam, and various types of trussed roofs to support the sloping design.
The document discusses the process of making bricks which involves moulding, drying, and burning. Bricks are moulded by hand or machine into standard sizes prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards. They are then dried before being burnt in kilns at high temperatures between 700-1000ยฐC, which causes physical and chemical changes that make the bricks strong and resistant to cracking. Good quality bricks are uniformly shaped, well-burnt, and produce a clear ringing sound when struck. They also absorb less than 20% water and have sufficient hardness and crushing strength. Bricks are classified based on their burning process as sun-dried, burnt, and overburnt.
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Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
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Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin ๐๐ค๐ค๐ฅฐ
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Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
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Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
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-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
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3. RCC Columns
Reinforced Concrete Column is a structural
member designed to carry compressive
loads, composed of concrete with an
embedded steel frame to provide
reinforcement. For design purposes, the
columns are separated into two categories:
short columns and slender columns.
4. Types of Columns
based on height-width ratio
๏ต Short Columns
๏ต The strength of short columns is controlled by the strength of the material and
the geometry of the cross section. Reinforcing rebar is placed axially in the
column to provide additional axial stiffness
๏ต Long Columns
๏ต Long columns are those which have a height and cross sectional dimension
ratio more than 1:12. these columns are usually weaker than short columns of
same cross sectional area and are not generally preferred.
5. Types of Columns
based on their shape
โข Spiral Columns
Spiral columns are cylindrical columns with a continuous helical bar
wrapping around the column. The spiral acts to provide support in
the transverse direction and prevent the column from barrelling. The
amount of reinforcement is required to provide additional load-
carrying capacity greater than or equal to that attributed from the
shell as to compensate for the strength lost when the shell spalls off.
With further thickening of the spiral rebar, the axially loaded concrete
becomes the weakest link in the system and the strength contribution
from the additional rebar does not take effect until the column has
failed axially. At that point, the additional strength from spiral comes
into play and prevents catastrophic failure, instead giving rise to a
much slower ductile failure.
6. โข Tied Columns
Tied columns have closed lateral ties spaced approximately
uniformly across the column. The spacing of the ties is limited
in that they must be close enough to prevent barrelling failure
between them, and far enough apart that they do not interfere
with the setting of the concrete. The ACI codebook puts an
upward limit on the spacing between ties.
If the ties are spaced too far apart, the column will
experience shear failure and barrel in between the ties
7. Process of
Construction
RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) column is a
structural member of RCC frame structured
building. It's a vertical member which transfers
loads from slab and beam directly to
subsequent soil.
A whole building stands on columns. Most of
the building failure happens due to column
failure. And most of the column failure
happens not for design fault but for the poor
construction practice. So, it is very important to
know the construction process of the RCC
column properly.
8. General Steps
Constructing RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) Column involves following four
stages of works -
โข Column layout work
โข Column reinforcement work
โข Column formwork, and
โข Pouring concrete into column.
9. STEP 1.
Column layout work: In this stage of works the location of columns are
determined practically in field. It is done by laying rope according to grids
shown in the drawing and then mark the location of columns related to rope.
In drawing, column locations are shown related to grid-line with dimension.
Practically, in field, ropes are our grid-line. So we place columns related to
rope-line by measuring dimension shown in the drawing.
STEP 2.
Column Reinforcement work: After marking the column locations, we then
start to place reinforcement as instructed in the structural drawing.
This is normally described in the drawing like -
C1-12#16 mmโ and stirrup-10 mmโ @ 4" c/c.
That means column C1 will have 12 numbers of 16 mm diameter bar as
vertical bar and 10 mm diameter steel should be placed 4 inch center to
center as stirrup.
or
C2-8#20 mmโ + 10#16 mmโ and stirrup-10 mmโ @ (4"+6โ) c/c.
10. SPECIFICATIONS
This is normally described in the drawing like -
C1-12#16 mmโ and stirrup-10 mmโ @ 4" c/c.
That means column C1 will have 12 numbers of
16 mm diameter bar as vertical bar and 10 mm
diameter steel should be placed 4 inch centre to
centre as stirrup.
or
C2-8#20 mmโ + 10#16 mmโ and stirrup-10 mmโ
@ (4"+6โ) c/c.
This C2 column's reinforcement specification
means that it'll have 8 numbers of 20 mm
diameter bar as well as 10 numbers of 16 mm
diameter bar as vertical reinforcement and
(4"+6") centre to centre of stirrups placement
means middle-half portion of clear height of
column will have 6" centre to centre spacing of
stirrups and upper one-fourth as well as bottom
one-fourth height of column's clear height will
hold stirrups at 4" centre to centre spacing.
11. STEP 3.
Column formwork: In building, floor height is normally kept 10 feet. If the slab has beam then we
have to pour concrete up to beam bottom level. Suppose, beam height specified in drawing is 1'-6".
So, the casting height of our column will be 8'-6". And our formwork height will be 8'-6". But one thing
should be considered here is that dropping concrete from above 5' height isn't suggested during
pouring. Because it leads concrete segregation. So we should make one-side of column formwork
within 5 feet height range. After casting 5 feet of column, we just lift the short side up to full-casting
height of column next day.
Another way to cast column without segregation is to keep a small window at 5 feet level of full-
height formwork. After casting up to that level, close the window and cast the rest of the column.
STEP 4.
Pouring concrete into column: Casting column is easy. For small quantity of concrete volume normally
constructors depend on machine-mix concrete and for large concrete quantity and order ready-mix
concrete.
Because, if moving pump with ready-mix concrete is used to not exceed 5 feet height range for
dropping concrete that would be difficult.
Leave it to dry for 3-4 days by regularly watering the freshly casted column.
13. RCC Beams
A beam is a structural elements that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting
against bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the
external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a bending
moment. Beams are characterized by their profile (shape of cross-section), their length, and
their material.
Concrete can provide a cost effective solution offering a composite beam and floor solution
which will reduce overall depth and weight with connections developed to your requirements.
Beams are traditionally descriptions of building or civil engineering structural elements, but
smaller structures such as truck or automobile frames, machine frames, and other mechanical
or structural systems contain beam structures that are designed and analysed in a similar
fashion.
14. Introduction to
Beams
Historically beams were squared timbers but are also
metal, stone, or combinations of wood and metal such as
a flitch beam. Beams generally
carry vertical gravitational forces but can also be used to
carry horizontal loads (e.g., loads due to an earthquake or
wind or in tension to resist rafter thrust as a tie beam or
(usually) compression as a collar beam). The loads carried
by a beam are transferred to columns, walls, or girders,
which then transfer the force to adjacent
structural compression members. In light frame
construction joists may rest on beams.
15. Classification of beams
on the basis of supports
Classification of beams based on supports:
โข Simply supported - a beam supported on the ends which are free to rotate and have no
moment resistance.
โข Fixed - a beam supported on both ends and restrained from rotation.
โข Over hanging - a simple beam extending beyond its support on one end.
โข Double overhanging - a simple beam with both ends extending beyond its supports on
both ends.
โข Continuous - a beam extending over more than two supports.
โข Cantilever - a projecting beam fixed only at one end.
โข Trussed - a beam strengthened by adding a cable or rod to form a truss
17. Types of beams
โข Edge/Spandrel Beams โ span around perimeter to provide a bearing edge on one side
for flooring slabs and structure above.
โข Spine Beams - Provide a bearing edge on two sides for flooring slabs.
โข Lintel Beams - Span over door or window opens, to provide bearing for structure above.
โข Balcony Beams - These are beams cast with an integral balcony.
โข Raker Beams โ Can be designed and supplied with required bearing for terracing units.
18. Thin walled
beams
A thin walled beam is a very useful type of beam (structure). The
cross section of thin walled beams is made up from thin panels
connected among themselves to create closed or open cross
sections of a beam (structure).
Typical closed sections include round, square, and rectangular
tubes. Open sections include I-beams, T-beams, L-beams, and so
on.
Thin walled beams exist because their bending stiffness per unit
cross sectional area is much higher than that for solid cross
sections such a rod or bar. In this way, stiff beams can be
achieved with minimum weight. Thin walled beams are
particularly useful when the material is a composite laminates.
19. Construction of
Beams
โข Lay down the steel beam - as the adjacent picture shows beams are the core of the plinth
beam. Beams have a loop every 6" that holds it together.
โข Setup re-inforcement - before concrete is poured, re-inforcement has to be established to provide
rectangular shape to the beam. This takes majority of effort as planks have to be nailed properly
in place and once concrete is poured they need to be removed.
โข Pour the concrete - next step is to pour the concrete. As concrete is poured, mason ensures that it
is evenly spread and smoothens out any edges. He also needs to ensure the height of the beam is
consistent throughout the periphery.
โข Remove re-inforcement - concrete turns solid within 24-hour and final step is to remove the
planks leaving the beam intact.