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Inland water transportation involves river or canal transportation and is one of the oldest modes. It faces challenges like diversion of rivers, deforestation causing siltation, and less development compared to other modes. However, it has merits like being the cheapest mode, providing security, and high capacity transport. Demerits include slow speed and susceptibility to natural disasters. Coastal protection works stabilize beaches and protect shorelines using structures like sea walls, groynes, and offshore breakwaters. Pollution of inland waters affects health, fisheries, and agriculture.
