Basic beam column structure construction and examples and lastly shell structure in short.
Rafiq azam buildings.Richerd Mier, Le Corbusier, Tadao Ando residences.
Bangladesh Liberation War museum
Sydney opera house
1. Structural systems include architectural structures like buildings that are assemblages of components designed to support loads through interconnected members.
2. Loads on structures can be static like dead loads or dynamic like wind loads, and forces like tension, compression, bending, and shear act on structural members.
3. Common structural forms include trusses, arches, shells, frames, and cable nets which use specific geometries and materials like steel and concrete to transfer loads.
basic structural system in architectureshahul130103
This document discusses different structural systems including wall slab, post-lintel, and post slab. It provides details on the basic structural elements of slabs, walls, beams, and columns. For each structural system, it describes the load transfer method, structural members, openings allowed, spans, positioning of stairs, punching, cantilevers, and materials used. Examples of each system are given along with discussions of their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Case studies of specific buildings demonstrating wall slab structures are also included.
Coffered ceilings and slabs are rigid, planar structures that use a series of intersecting ribs to distribute loads across a space. The document discusses the history and architectural uses of coffered ceilings. It also describes different types of coffered slab structures like waffle slabs and drop slabs that are used for their load bearing capacities in long span structures like schools and hospitals. Various coffered slab construction techniques are outlined, including the use of precast elements and how services can be run through the coffered spaces.
This document provides information about space frames, cable structures, and folded plate structures. It defines a space frame as a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can span large areas with few interior supports. Folded plates are assemblies of flat plates rigidly connected along their edges to form a structural system without additional beams. Cable structures derive their strength from tension forces in the cables rather than from bending or compression. Common cable structures include suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges, and cable-supported roofs.
This document discusses the design of flat slab structures. It begins by defining a flat slab as a type of slab supported directly on columns without beams. It then provides details on the types of flat slabs, their common uses in buildings, and benefits such as flexibility in layout and reduced construction time. The document goes on to discuss key design considerations for flat slabs including thickness, drops, column heads, and methods of analysis. It focuses on the direct design method and provides limitations for its use.
This document provides information about arches, including their definition, functions, elements, and technical terms. It describes different types of arches classified by shape (flat, segmental, semicircular, horseshoe, pointed, and Venetian) and material/workmanship (stone rubble/ashlar, brick rough/axed/gauged/purpose made, and concrete precast/monolithic). The construction process of arches involves three steps - installing centering or formwork, laying/casting the arch, and then striking or removing the centering after the arch gains strength.
This document summarizes different types of high-rise structures and provides case studies. It discusses braced frame structures, rigid frame structures, and infilled frame structures. Braced frames use diagonal bracing like X, K, or knee bracing to provide rigidity. Rigid frames have columns and girders joined together. Infilled frames use infill walls to stiffen and strengthen the structure. Case studies include the Central Plaza in Malaysia and Century Tower in Japan, which use K and knee bracing, and the Petronas Towers, which are a rigid frame structure.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
1. Structural systems include architectural structures like buildings that are assemblages of components designed to support loads through interconnected members.
2. Loads on structures can be static like dead loads or dynamic like wind loads, and forces like tension, compression, bending, and shear act on structural members.
3. Common structural forms include trusses, arches, shells, frames, and cable nets which use specific geometries and materials like steel and concrete to transfer loads.
basic structural system in architectureshahul130103
This document discusses different structural systems including wall slab, post-lintel, and post slab. It provides details on the basic structural elements of slabs, walls, beams, and columns. For each structural system, it describes the load transfer method, structural members, openings allowed, spans, positioning of stairs, punching, cantilevers, and materials used. Examples of each system are given along with discussions of their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Case studies of specific buildings demonstrating wall slab structures are also included.
Coffered ceilings and slabs are rigid, planar structures that use a series of intersecting ribs to distribute loads across a space. The document discusses the history and architectural uses of coffered ceilings. It also describes different types of coffered slab structures like waffle slabs and drop slabs that are used for their load bearing capacities in long span structures like schools and hospitals. Various coffered slab construction techniques are outlined, including the use of precast elements and how services can be run through the coffered spaces.
This document provides information about space frames, cable structures, and folded plate structures. It defines a space frame as a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can span large areas with few interior supports. Folded plates are assemblies of flat plates rigidly connected along their edges to form a structural system without additional beams. Cable structures derive their strength from tension forces in the cables rather than from bending or compression. Common cable structures include suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges, and cable-supported roofs.
This document discusses the design of flat slab structures. It begins by defining a flat slab as a type of slab supported directly on columns without beams. It then provides details on the types of flat slabs, their common uses in buildings, and benefits such as flexibility in layout and reduced construction time. The document goes on to discuss key design considerations for flat slabs including thickness, drops, column heads, and methods of analysis. It focuses on the direct design method and provides limitations for its use.
This document provides information about arches, including their definition, functions, elements, and technical terms. It describes different types of arches classified by shape (flat, segmental, semicircular, horseshoe, pointed, and Venetian) and material/workmanship (stone rubble/ashlar, brick rough/axed/gauged/purpose made, and concrete precast/monolithic). The construction process of arches involves three steps - installing centering or formwork, laying/casting the arch, and then striking or removing the centering after the arch gains strength.
This document summarizes different types of high-rise structures and provides case studies. It discusses braced frame structures, rigid frame structures, and infilled frame structures. Braced frames use diagonal bracing like X, K, or knee bracing to provide rigidity. Rigid frames have columns and girders joined together. Infilled frames use infill walls to stiffen and strengthen the structure. Case studies include the Central Plaza in Malaysia and Century Tower in Japan, which use K and knee bracing, and the Petronas Towers, which are a rigid frame structure.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
The document discusses different types of walls used in buildings including load-bearing walls, non-load bearing walls, cavity walls, and partition walls. It describes the main purposes, materials used, and characteristics of each type of wall. Various finishes that can be applied to walls are also outlined such as plaster, paint, wallpaper, and acoustic treatments that can improve sound absorption.
Curtain walls are thin, lightweight walls attached to the exterior of buildings that do not bear structural loads. They enclose the building envelope while allowing interior spaces to be reconfigured. Common types include stick-built, unitized, and rainscreen systems. Curtain walls date back to the 1930s and gained popularity after WWII. Their functions are to prevent water and air penetration while resisting wind and thermal loads. They are constructed through multi-step processes and their market prices vary based on materials.
Folded plate and shell structures are thin-walled building structures that are lightweight yet rigid. Folded plate roofs use simpler calculations and formwork than shells. Modern folded plates are made of cast-in-place or precast concrete or steel. Shell structures come in various types including concrete shells, lattice shells, and membrane structures. Common shell structures include hyperbolic shells, parabolic shells, and cylindrical shells, with examples like the Calgary Saddledome. Paraboloids are a type of curved surface that can be elliptical, hyperbolic, or a combination to create rigid structural forms.
Load bearing vs frame structure(case study)UmairAkhtar26
The document compares the key differences between load bearing and framed structural systems. Load bearing structures use thicker walls that reduce floor area, limit openings, and restrict spans. They are not suitable for tall buildings and have poor earthquake resistance. Framed structures use thinner walls that allow for more floor area and flexibility. Large spans and openings are possible. Framed structures are suitable for tall buildings and have better earthquake resistance.
Partition walls are non-load bearing walls that divide rooms or spaces. They provide privacy, occupy less space, and are lighter and cheaper than load-bearing walls. Good partition walls are thin, provide sound and sight privacy, and are made of durable, fire resistant and insulated materials. Common materials for partition walls include brick, hollow blocks, concrete, glass, wood, strawboard, plaster, metal and drywall. Movable and portable partition walls allow spaces to be reconfigured easily.
Shell structures- advanced building constructionShweta Modi
This document discusses different types of shell structures used in construction. It begins by defining shell structures as thin curved membranes or slabs, usually of reinforced concrete, that function as both structure and covering. It then describes various forms of curvature for shells including surfaces of revolution, translation, and ruled surfaces. It discusses developable and non-developable shells and provides examples of different shell structures like barrel vaults, domes, folded plates, and more. It also covers topics like suitable materials, centering, and construction of reinforced concrete barrel vaults.
The document discusses different types of staircases and their components. It provides definitions for technical terms related to staircases like tread, riser, landing, flight, etc. It also outlines requirements for a good staircase such as location, width, pitch, headroom and balustrade requirements. Different types of staircases are classified as straight, turning, continuous and spiral. Dimensions of steps and materials used for staircase construction like timber, metal, RCC and stone are also covered.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components such as walls, columns, foundations, arches and lintels. Stones are selected based on availability, ease of working, appearance, strength, polishing characteristics and economy. There are two main types of stone masonry - rubble masonry which uses roughly dressed stones with wider joints, and ashlar masonry which uses accurately dressed stones with fine, uniform joints. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed, coursed, random, dry and polygonal styles based on stone arrangement. Ashlar masonry has fine, rough, rock-faced, block and chamfered styles based on stone dressing. Stone
This document provides an overview of roofs and roofing materials. It defines roofs and their key components. There are three main types of roofs discussed: pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further broken down based on their shape, including gable, gambrel, hip, and mansard roofs. Common roof framing elements and types of pitched roof framing structures like trusses are also outlined. Finally, the document discusses various roof covering materials appropriate for pitched roofs, such as thatch, wood shingles, tiles, metal sheets, and lightweight roofing.
Definition,
functions,
types of foundations,
foundation loads,
selection criteria for foundations based on soil conditions,
bearing capacity of soil,
methods of testing,
method of improving bearing capacity of soil,
settlement of foundations,
precautions against settlement,
shallow and deep foundations,
different types of foundations – wall footing (strip footing), isolated footing, combined footing, raft foundation, pile foundation etc.
This document discusses prefabricated modular structures. Some key points:
1. Prefabricated structures have standardized components that are produced off-site in a controlled environment and then transported for assembly. This allows for faster, more efficient construction.
2. Precast concrete offers advantages like higher quality, less weather dependency, and unlimited design possibilities compared to site-cast construction.
3. There are different precast systems like large panel, frame, and lift-slab. Precast components include walls, floors, beams, and more.
The document discusses different types of building cladding materials and systems. It describes cladding as the exterior skin of a building that provides protection from weather elements while serving decorative purposes. Some key types of cladding mentioned include curtain wall systems, attached panels, and infill systems. The document also discusses various cladding materials used for interior and exterior applications such as timber, stone, brick, and metal. It provides details on installation methods and advantages of different cladding options.
This document discusses prefabrication in construction. Prefabrication involves assembling components of a structure in a factory then transporting them to the construction site. It has advantages like reduced cost, time, and waste and allows work during poor weather. Common prefabricated components include columns, beams, waffle floors/roofs which are cast and cured off-site then erected using cranes. While prefabrication offers benefits, it also has disadvantages like potential breakage during transport and need for specialized equipment and labor. The document concludes that partial prefabrication is well-suited for Indian conditions.
The document discusses curtain wall systems. It begins with an introduction defining a curtain wall system as a non-structural outer covering that keeps weather and occupants in/out. The history notes that curtain walls emerged as exterior walls became non-load bearing. It describes the components of curtain walls including mullions, transoms, glass, and other materials. Functions are listed as protecting interiors from the environment while providing lighting and occupant comfort. The document also covers installation systems, loads, maintenance, and provides case studies of curtain wall implementations.
introduction . DESIGN OF A CURTAIN WALL . components of a curtain wall . Framing concepts . Materials . Types of curtain walls. Structural problems of curtain walls.
Stairs are designed to provide access between different levels of a building. The document defines stairs and their key components like treads, risers, landings, etc. It discusses different types of stairs like straight, turning, circular and geometrical. The materials used for stairs construction are also explained, including stone, timber, RCC, brick and metal stairs. Technical terms related to stairs are defined. In the end, common stair types are identified from images.
This document discusses different types of dome structures. It begins by explaining that domes are prominent architectural features seen in many historic styles. Domes evolved from simple huts and tombs to large cathedrals and government buildings. The key elements of domes include the cupola, coffering, lantern, oculus, pendentive, rotunda, squinch, and drum. Common dome materials include brick, concrete, bamboo, metal, timber and cast iron. The document goes on to describe different dome types including corbel, geodesic, crossed-arch, onion, oval, saucer and umbrella domes. It concludes by discussing advantages like strength and aesthetics, disadvantages like cost and complexity, and
Flat slabs are reinforced concrete slabs that are supported directly by columns without beams. They provide minimum depth, fast construction, and flexible column placement. There are four main types: slabs without drops and with column heads, slabs with drops and without column heads, slabs with both drops and column heads, and typical flat slabs. Column heads increase shear strength while drops increase shear strength and negative moment capacity. Flat slab systems can be either one-way or two-way depending on span ratios and load distribution. Advantages include simple formwork, no beams, and minimum depth, while disadvantages include potential interference from drops.
Final presentation by Akramul masum from southeast university bangladesh.Integrated Design
This document provides information about a study on the analysis and design of high-rise buildings. It defines what constitutes a high-rise building and explores the various factors driving demand for them. It examines the history of tall buildings and provides a chart showing increases in building heights over time. It also discusses structural systems and loads, including gravity, lateral and special loads. Core functions, parking considerations and case studies of high-rise projects are presented.
The document discusses different types of walls used in buildings including load-bearing walls, non-load bearing walls, cavity walls, and partition walls. It describes the main purposes, materials used, and characteristics of each type of wall. Various finishes that can be applied to walls are also outlined such as plaster, paint, wallpaper, and acoustic treatments that can improve sound absorption.
Curtain walls are thin, lightweight walls attached to the exterior of buildings that do not bear structural loads. They enclose the building envelope while allowing interior spaces to be reconfigured. Common types include stick-built, unitized, and rainscreen systems. Curtain walls date back to the 1930s and gained popularity after WWII. Their functions are to prevent water and air penetration while resisting wind and thermal loads. They are constructed through multi-step processes and their market prices vary based on materials.
Folded plate and shell structures are thin-walled building structures that are lightweight yet rigid. Folded plate roofs use simpler calculations and formwork than shells. Modern folded plates are made of cast-in-place or precast concrete or steel. Shell structures come in various types including concrete shells, lattice shells, and membrane structures. Common shell structures include hyperbolic shells, parabolic shells, and cylindrical shells, with examples like the Calgary Saddledome. Paraboloids are a type of curved surface that can be elliptical, hyperbolic, or a combination to create rigid structural forms.
Load bearing vs frame structure(case study)UmairAkhtar26
The document compares the key differences between load bearing and framed structural systems. Load bearing structures use thicker walls that reduce floor area, limit openings, and restrict spans. They are not suitable for tall buildings and have poor earthquake resistance. Framed structures use thinner walls that allow for more floor area and flexibility. Large spans and openings are possible. Framed structures are suitable for tall buildings and have better earthquake resistance.
Partition walls are non-load bearing walls that divide rooms or spaces. They provide privacy, occupy less space, and are lighter and cheaper than load-bearing walls. Good partition walls are thin, provide sound and sight privacy, and are made of durable, fire resistant and insulated materials. Common materials for partition walls include brick, hollow blocks, concrete, glass, wood, strawboard, plaster, metal and drywall. Movable and portable partition walls allow spaces to be reconfigured easily.
Shell structures- advanced building constructionShweta Modi
This document discusses different types of shell structures used in construction. It begins by defining shell structures as thin curved membranes or slabs, usually of reinforced concrete, that function as both structure and covering. It then describes various forms of curvature for shells including surfaces of revolution, translation, and ruled surfaces. It discusses developable and non-developable shells and provides examples of different shell structures like barrel vaults, domes, folded plates, and more. It also covers topics like suitable materials, centering, and construction of reinforced concrete barrel vaults.
The document discusses different types of staircases and their components. It provides definitions for technical terms related to staircases like tread, riser, landing, flight, etc. It also outlines requirements for a good staircase such as location, width, pitch, headroom and balustrade requirements. Different types of staircases are classified as straight, turning, continuous and spiral. Dimensions of steps and materials used for staircase construction like timber, metal, RCC and stone are also covered.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components such as walls, columns, foundations, arches and lintels. Stones are selected based on availability, ease of working, appearance, strength, polishing characteristics and economy. There are two main types of stone masonry - rubble masonry which uses roughly dressed stones with wider joints, and ashlar masonry which uses accurately dressed stones with fine, uniform joints. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed, coursed, random, dry and polygonal styles based on stone arrangement. Ashlar masonry has fine, rough, rock-faced, block and chamfered styles based on stone dressing. Stone
This document provides an overview of roofs and roofing materials. It defines roofs and their key components. There are three main types of roofs discussed: pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further broken down based on their shape, including gable, gambrel, hip, and mansard roofs. Common roof framing elements and types of pitched roof framing structures like trusses are also outlined. Finally, the document discusses various roof covering materials appropriate for pitched roofs, such as thatch, wood shingles, tiles, metal sheets, and lightweight roofing.
Definition,
functions,
types of foundations,
foundation loads,
selection criteria for foundations based on soil conditions,
bearing capacity of soil,
methods of testing,
method of improving bearing capacity of soil,
settlement of foundations,
precautions against settlement,
shallow and deep foundations,
different types of foundations – wall footing (strip footing), isolated footing, combined footing, raft foundation, pile foundation etc.
This document discusses prefabricated modular structures. Some key points:
1. Prefabricated structures have standardized components that are produced off-site in a controlled environment and then transported for assembly. This allows for faster, more efficient construction.
2. Precast concrete offers advantages like higher quality, less weather dependency, and unlimited design possibilities compared to site-cast construction.
3. There are different precast systems like large panel, frame, and lift-slab. Precast components include walls, floors, beams, and more.
The document discusses different types of building cladding materials and systems. It describes cladding as the exterior skin of a building that provides protection from weather elements while serving decorative purposes. Some key types of cladding mentioned include curtain wall systems, attached panels, and infill systems. The document also discusses various cladding materials used for interior and exterior applications such as timber, stone, brick, and metal. It provides details on installation methods and advantages of different cladding options.
This document discusses prefabrication in construction. Prefabrication involves assembling components of a structure in a factory then transporting them to the construction site. It has advantages like reduced cost, time, and waste and allows work during poor weather. Common prefabricated components include columns, beams, waffle floors/roofs which are cast and cured off-site then erected using cranes. While prefabrication offers benefits, it also has disadvantages like potential breakage during transport and need for specialized equipment and labor. The document concludes that partial prefabrication is well-suited for Indian conditions.
The document discusses curtain wall systems. It begins with an introduction defining a curtain wall system as a non-structural outer covering that keeps weather and occupants in/out. The history notes that curtain walls emerged as exterior walls became non-load bearing. It describes the components of curtain walls including mullions, transoms, glass, and other materials. Functions are listed as protecting interiors from the environment while providing lighting and occupant comfort. The document also covers installation systems, loads, maintenance, and provides case studies of curtain wall implementations.
introduction . DESIGN OF A CURTAIN WALL . components of a curtain wall . Framing concepts . Materials . Types of curtain walls. Structural problems of curtain walls.
Stairs are designed to provide access between different levels of a building. The document defines stairs and their key components like treads, risers, landings, etc. It discusses different types of stairs like straight, turning, circular and geometrical. The materials used for stairs construction are also explained, including stone, timber, RCC, brick and metal stairs. Technical terms related to stairs are defined. In the end, common stair types are identified from images.
This document discusses different types of dome structures. It begins by explaining that domes are prominent architectural features seen in many historic styles. Domes evolved from simple huts and tombs to large cathedrals and government buildings. The key elements of domes include the cupola, coffering, lantern, oculus, pendentive, rotunda, squinch, and drum. Common dome materials include brick, concrete, bamboo, metal, timber and cast iron. The document goes on to describe different dome types including corbel, geodesic, crossed-arch, onion, oval, saucer and umbrella domes. It concludes by discussing advantages like strength and aesthetics, disadvantages like cost and complexity, and
Flat slabs are reinforced concrete slabs that are supported directly by columns without beams. They provide minimum depth, fast construction, and flexible column placement. There are four main types: slabs without drops and with column heads, slabs with drops and without column heads, slabs with both drops and column heads, and typical flat slabs. Column heads increase shear strength while drops increase shear strength and negative moment capacity. Flat slab systems can be either one-way or two-way depending on span ratios and load distribution. Advantages include simple formwork, no beams, and minimum depth, while disadvantages include potential interference from drops.
Final presentation by Akramul masum from southeast university bangladesh.Integrated Design
This document provides information about a study on the analysis and design of high-rise buildings. It defines what constitutes a high-rise building and explores the various factors driving demand for them. It examines the history of tall buildings and provides a chart showing increases in building heights over time. It also discusses structural systems and loads, including gravity, lateral and special loads. Core functions, parking considerations and case studies of high-rise projects are presented.
The document discusses high rise buildings and their structures. It defines high rise buildings as between 35-100 meters tall or 12-39 floors. Buildings over 100m are called skyscrapers and over 600m are mega-tall. High rises are constructed to address land scarcity in urban areas and increasing demand for space. Their structures have evolved from early stone and iron frames to steel skeleton frames to reinforced concrete shear walls and core structures. Foundations must transfer enormous loads into the ground through methods like raft or pile foundations. Interior structures use rigid frames, shear walls, and exterior structures employ tube systems to resist lateral wind and seismic loads.
The document summarizes various reinforced concrete structural elements used in building construction, including:
1. Columns, beams, slabs, staircases, lintels, chhajjas (eaves), canopies, and coffer slabs are discussed. Columns transfer loads from above to the foundation. Beams provide horizontal load resistance and resist bending. Slabs are floor and ceiling elements supported by columns and beams.
2. Staircases can be made of reinforced concrete and come in different arrangements like straight flights or landings. Lintels support walls above openings. Chhajjas project from walls to provide shade. Canopies provide shelter from weather. Coffer slabs have sunken, decorated
Reinforced concrete columns and beams are important structural elements that carry compressive and bending loads respectively. Columns can be categorized as short or long based on their height-width ratio and as spiral or tied columns based on their shape. Beams are classified based on their supports as simply supported, fixed, continuous, or cantilever beams. The construction of RCC columns and beams involves laying reinforcement, forming the structure, and pouring concrete to create these load-bearing elements.
This document provides specifications and information about beams and columns used in construction. It discusses reinforced concrete columns and different types of columns based on height-width ratios and shapes. It also describes the construction process for RCC columns. For beams, it defines reinforced concrete beams and classifies beams based on their supports. It discusses different types of beams and the construction process for beams.
The document discusses various types of loads that act on buildings including dead loads, live loads, wind loads, seismic loads, and temperature loads. It also describes different structural systems for high-rise buildings that efficiently transfer loads, such as braced frames, shear walls, core and outrigger systems, bundled tubes, and diagrid systems. Basements are discussed as providing additional space in buildings for parking or other functions. Cores integrate essential services like elevators, stairs, and utilities.
While Designing a High rise Load & Structural Analysis is major factor to consider. Here we analyzed some data and try to describe briefly. We hope that it will help you lot :) Done by Neeti Lamic, Bayezid, Sykot Hasan
Load analysis and structural considerationBee Key Verma
The document discusses various types of loads that act on buildings including dead loads, live loads, wind loads, seismic loads, and temperature loads. It also describes different structural systems for high-rise buildings that efficiently transfer loads, such as braced frames, shear walls, core and outrigger systems, bundled tubes, and diagrid systems. Basements are discussed as providing additional space in buildings for parking or other functions.
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. They are commonly used in high-rise buildings, industrial buildings, warehouses, and temporary structures due to their strength, light weight, and speed of construction. Advantages include quick construction, flexibility, and ability to take various shapes. Disadvantages are reduced strength at high temperatures and susceptibility to corrosion. Common structural steel frames include beam and column construction, trusses, space frames, shear wall frames, framed tube structures, and braced frames. Design must consider both gravity loads like dead and live loads, as well as lateral loads from wind and earthquakes.
Tube structures and its type with comparison .Udayram Patil
Hollow tube section always provide greater strength. So the same concept is applied to the building. Tubed system is designed to act like a three dimensional hollow tube structure which result in increased load resistance .
The document discusses space frames, which are lightweight truss-like structures constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames span large areas with few interior supports by transmitting loads through tension and compression along struts. They were developed in the early 1900s and came into wider use in the 1950s. Space frames are used for roofs, floors, and other structures requiring large clear spans. They offer advantages of light weight, prefabrication allowing low-cost construction, and versatility of shapes. Double-layer grids provide increased stiffness over single-layer designs.
This document discusses different types of tube structures used in tall buildings. It defines a tube structure as a hollow cantilever designed to resist lateral loads. The main types discussed are framed tube, tube-in-tube, bundled tube, and braced tube systems. Framed tubes use closely spaced perimeter columns tied by beams, while tube-in-tube systems combine an outer framed tube with an inner core tube. Bundled tubes cluster individual tubes together, and braced tubes add diagonal bracing. Tube structures can be made of steel or concrete. Their efficiencies vary, with steel braced tubes reaching heights of 100-150 meters and advantages including reduced shear lag and improved views.
structure, technology and materials of highrise buildingsshahul130103
Structural loads on tall buildings include dead loads, live loads, and environmental loads from seismic activity, wind, and temperature changes. Tall buildings must have structural systems to effectively distribute these loads and resist lateral forces. Common structural typologies include interior moment frames, shear walls, outrigger systems, and exterior tube, diagrid, and bundled tube systems which use closely spaced columns and beams to act as a rigid perimeter wall. The structural forms vary based on the building material (concrete or steel) and optimize the building's ability to transfer loads vertically and resist lateral loads like wind and seismic forces.
Framed structures are building skeleton frameworks formed by columns and beams. There are two main types: in-situ reinforced concrete frames and prefabricated frames. Rectangular framed structures use columns and beams arranged at right angles to support floors, walls, and roofs. They are commonly used for multi-story buildings like offices, schools, and hospitals. Framed structures provide large open floor plans and are adaptable to different shapes. Earthquake-resistant features in framed structures include shear walls, moment-resisting frames, and braced structures which resist lateral forces during seismic activity.
This document provides an overview of concrete and masonry construction for architecture students. It discusses the basic components and properties of concrete, including aggregates, paste, and the hydration process. It also examines the advantages and disadvantages of concrete. Additionally, it outlines different types of building foundations including shallow foundations like spread footings, strip footings, mat foundations, and grillage foundations. It also discusses deep foundations such as pile foundations and pier foundations. The document concludes by examining different types of concrete floor and roof structures as well as masonry walls, bonds, and lintels.
The document summarizes a student project for a care home for children from a brothel in Bangladesh. It provides background on the brothel and challenges faced by the children. The proposed project aims to create a facility where these children can be cared for and receive education in a healthy environment. Site analysis was conducted on an 11.7 acre plot near the brothel, and justification was provided for the humanitarian and social responsibilities of the project.
Au Dormitory, Sra Pou vocational school, sos children village, econef childre...Sumaiya Islam
The document provides details about several case studies for a thesis on care homes for brothel children, including:
- SOS Children's Village in Djibouti designed by Urko Sanchez Architects between 2011-2014.
- SOS Children's Village in Sylhet, Bangladesh designed by JA Architects and established in 2011.
- SOS Children's Village in Bogura, Bangladesh designed by Rajiul Ahsan and established in 1995.
- Econef Children's Center in Tanzania designed by Asante Architecture & Design and Lönnqvist &Vanamo Architects and completed in 2018.
It then provides more in-depth details about the individual projects,
The document provides information about two child care centers:
1) Råå Day Care Center in Helsingborg, Sweden, which is situated near a local school and beach. It was designed to resemble typical fisherman houses with private group rooms and common spaces. Large windows provide views of the landscape.
2) Econef Children's Center in Arusha, Tanzania, located at the base of Mount Kilimanjaro. It includes residential buildings, a school, and agricultural areas to generate income. The design considers the local climate, uses sustainable materials and techniques, and systems for rainwater collection, natural ventilation, and solar power.
Housing case study(KAFCO housing,Aranya lowcost housing, TARA housing)Sumaiya Islam
The document discusses the Aranya housing project in Indore, India designed by architect Balkrishna Doshi. The project aimed to provide affordable housing for 6,500 low-income families on a 86 hectare site. Doshi's master plan created 6 sectors with distributed open spaces, mixed land uses, and pedestrian and vehicular segregation. The plan oriented buildings for optimal climate response. Housing units started as core structures that residents could incrementally expand based on need. The design focused on community interaction through shared spaces while allowing privacy.
Rethinking Bashundhara Residential Area as a Future CitySumaiya Islam
Urban Design project on Bashundhara Residential Area. Proposals to make the city futuristic and sustainable. So that it can be utilized in rest of the undeveloped areas of Dhaka.
Cahndigarh City & Housing
Chandigarh is one of the most significant urban planning experiments of the 20th century. It is the only one of the numerous urban planning schemes of Le Corbusier to have actually been executed. It is also the site of some of his greatest architectural creations. The city has had a far-reaching impact, ushering in a modern idiom of architecture and city planning all over India. It has become a symbol of planned urbanism. It is as famous for its landscaping as for its architectural ambience. Most of the buildings are in pure, cubical form, geometrically subdivided with emphasis on proportion, scale and detail. It was one of the early planned cities in post-independent India and is internationally known for its architecture and urban design. The master plan of the city was prepared by Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier, which transformed from earlier plans created by the Polish architect Maciej Nowicki and the American planner Albert Mayer. Most of the government buildings and housing in the city, were designed by the Chandigarh Capital Project Team headed by Le Corbusier, Jane Drew and Maxwell Fry
Evaluation of Architectural styles in BangladeshSumaiya Islam
This document discusses the evolution of architecture in Bangladesh from 1971 to the present. It analyzes key architectural projects from several decades, focusing on their design concepts and how they responded to the country's context. Major findings include the use of traditional materials like brick in early projects, as well as an increasing emphasis on natural elements, courtyards, and complex geometries over time. The conclusion suggests that studying architectural history can provide guidance for future architects in Bangladesh.
The Peckham Library in London, UK was designed by Alsop & Stormer Architects and opened in 1999. It aims to challenge conceptions of libraries as intimidating spaces and create a welcoming community hub. The design features an L-shaped layout with a double-height reading room on the fourth floor providing views of the city. Enclosed pods on columns house meeting rooms, a children's area, and an Afro-Caribbean study center. Natural light and ventilation are maximized through a glass facade and open floor plan. The library aims to be a respite from the social challenges outside through its bright, sustainable design.
This document discusses the workflow and layout of restaurant facilities. It describes the typical zones of a restaurant, including the entry, dining area, kitchen, storage areas, and employee spaces. The kitchen workflow is outlined, covering the cooking, cooling, washing, preparation, and dishwashing areas. Floor plans are shown for both the ground and first floors of sample restaurants, demonstrating the arrangement of dining, kitchen, reception, washroom, and other functional areas. Design details are provided for some local restaurant examples, such as their use of materials, structural systems, and indoor/outdoor seating configurations.
This document provides a summary of films and documentaries in Bangladesh. It discusses:
- The early history of films in Bangladesh, including the first bioscope shown in Dhaka in 1898 and the pioneering work of Hiralal Sen.
- Key films made in the 1940s-1970s that helped establish the Bangladeshi film industry, such as the first feature film with sound in 1956.
- Important directors and their works that shaped Bangladeshi cinema, such as Zahir Raihan's 1970 film Jibon Theke Neya.
- The golden age of Bangladeshi films in the 1970s-1980s and the influence of Indian cinema.
- The decline of
International primary schools case study Sumaiya Islam
The Atelier primary school in Bengaluru, India was designed to provide children with a sensory-rich learning environment protected from noise from surrounding construction, according to the Reggio Emilia educational approach. The single-story building encloses 985 square meters within a compact volume centered around an open piazza, with classrooms, a studio, and outdoor play areas. Its demountable and reusable design allows it to be reconstructed elsewhere to minimize waste.
Religious faith & festivals in BANGLADESHSumaiya Islam
The document discusses the major religions in Bangladesh - Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity. It provides details on the origins and histories of each religion in the region. Islam is the largest religion, comprising around 90% of the population. Hinduism and Buddhism were previously more prominent but saw declines with the rise of Islam and later Christian influence. The document outlines the religious festivals and practices of each faith in Bangladesh.
Le Corbusier designed the Villa Shodhan in Ahmedabad, India in the 1950s. The design featured his 5 points of architecture including pilotis, a roof garden, free plan, ribbon windows, and an open facade. It was built on an irregular site and used ramps and layered floors connected by voids to create interesting interior spaces while maintaining privacy for the owner. The design responded to the local climate and allowed for cross ventilation with its open plan and use of terraces.
This movie review summarizes the 2014 film Lucy, starring Scarlett Johansson. It describes Lucy as a woman who is unintentionally dosed with a drug that allows her to access and utilize more of her brain's capacity. As the drug spreads throughout her body over 24-48 hours, Lucy's intelligence and abilities rapidly evolve far beyond normal human limits. The review provides details on the film's budget, box office earnings, director, and main characters. It also notes some positive aspects like the realistic graphics and technology, as well as some misleading science ideas and avoidable violent scenes.
This presentation summarizes the traditions and culture of Bangladesh. It begins with an introduction noting that Bangladeshi culture has been heavily influenced by India but has its own rooted traditions. The presentation then defines culture and tradition, and distinguishes between the two. It proceeds to classify Bangladeshi culture into rural, tribal, and modern categories. Notable folk songs, dances, puppet shows, foods, dresses, and festivals that are part of Bangladeshi cultural traditions are then described. The presentation concludes by noting the impact of globalization on diminishing some traditional aspects of Bangladeshi culture.
This document discusses the rendering styles of several famous architects, including Frank Lloyd Wright, Tadao Ando, Frank Gehry, Le Corbusier, and Renzo Piano. It explains that architectural rendering involves creating two-dimensional images of proposed architectural designs. The styles and preferred media of each architect are described, with some using hand-drawn techniques like watercolor and pencil, and others favoring computer-generated rendering. The document aims to highlight how individual architects have their own distinctive approaches to visualizing and presenting architectural designs.
Surrealism was an artistic movement that began in the early 1920s. It emphasized tapping into the subconscious mind to create dreamlike scenes and juxtapose unrelated objects. The founder was Andre Breton, who defined it as resolving the contradictions between dream and reality. Surrealist artists painted scenes with photographic precision but illogical elements, combining everyday objects in strange ways. The movement inspired other fields like film, literature, fashion and challenged conventional views of reality.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
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Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
2. Submitted By - Sumaiya Islam (152081002)
Tazrima Parvin Tonima (152081001)
Course Title- Design Studio 5
Course Code- ARCH 351
Submitted To - Ar. Mehreen Hossain
Lecturer, Architecture Department
3. Index
• Structure
• Structure Types
• Structural development in architectural history
• Loads on structure
• Column beam structural system
• Foundation
• Footing
• Types of column
• Construction of column
• Types of beam
• Construction of beam
• Orientation of member
• Load transfer in wall
• Conventional approach Span
• Structure in staircase
• Punch
• Thumb rules
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Building examples
• Case study
• Construction Video
• Shell structure
• Types of shell
• Folded plate
• Vaults
• Dome
• Arch
• Curved roof
• Material
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Case study
• Examples
• Conclusion
4. Structure
A structure is a system of inter connected elements
to carry loads safely to under ground earth.
• Structures have defined boundaries within which
each element is physically or functionally connected
to the other elements.
• In structure elements themselves and their
interrelationships are taken to be either fixed
(permanent) or changing only occasionally or slowly.
The basic frame work and skeleton provide for both
erection and stability of any structure consist of two
portion:
1. Sub-structure
2. Super-structure
5. Structural Types
Basically in building structures there are 2
types of structures:
(1) load bearing structure.
(2) framed structure
A load-bearing wall or bearing wall is a wall
that bears a load resting upon it by
conducting its weight to a foundation
structure.
Framed structures are the structures having
the combination of beam, column and slab to
resist the lateral and gravity loads.
LOAD BEARING
MASONRY
CONSTRUCTION
FRAMED STRUCTURE
6. Structural Development in Architectural History
Time period: (3000-2750) BC
Stone henge:
Structural system : Post slab
Time period: (3200 BC 14 AD)
Egyptian Architecture:
Structural
System: post lintel/post slab.
Massive walls
and lintels was supported by flat roof.
7. Time period: (600-30)BC
Greek Architecture:
Stone was the main construction materials.
Trabiated structural system.
Establishment of post lintel system.
Time period: (300BC-365AD)
Roman Architecture:
They developed the post and lintel system.
Structural system was post slab and post lintel with
ornamentation of arches.
8. Time period: (313-800AD)
Early Christian:
Material : Handmaid rubble, concrete brick or stone.
Construction system: archuated and trabeated
Time period: (330-1453AD)
Byzantine architecture:
Material: limestone and sand mortar.
Construction system was wall slab.
9. Time period: (12th-16th century)
Gothic architecture:
Structural system was mainly post-lintel.
Use of tall structure
Time period: (14th-17th century)
Renaissance architecture:
Symmetrical arrangement in free standing wall and support.
The wall thickness was lessened
11. Loads on structure
A building structure must be able to support two types of
load.
1. Static load.
2. Dynamic load.
Static load: Assumed to be constant in nature.
Its two type.
1. Dead load
2. Live load
• Live loads may be fully or partially in place or present
at all. They may change in location.
• Dead load is a constant load in a structure that is due
to the weight of the members, the supported
structure, and permanent attachments or
accessories.
12. Loads on structure
Dynamic load : Can be applied to a
structure suddenly and vary in magnitude
and location.
Lateral load : Most lateral loads are live
loads. Typical lateral loads would be a
wind load against a facade, an
earthquake, the earth pressure against a
basement wall.
Wind Load
Earthquake Load
Dynamic Load
13. COLUMN-BEAM STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM
In Architecture post and lintel structural system is a simple
construction technique also called column and beam,
horizontal member is supported by two vertical posts at
either end. All structural opening have evolved from this.
14. LOAD BEARING SYSTEM OF POST LINTEL
Load Dead load and Live load
Lintel
Columns
Footings
Ground
15. Foundation
The foundation is the part of a structure that is usually placed below the surface of the ground
& that transmits the load to the underlying soil or rock.
18. COLUMN
Column is a vertical structural member
It transmits the load from ceiling/roof slab and beam, including its
self weight to the foundation.
19. Types of column
Classification on the basis of shape
• Rectangular column
• Square column
• Circular column
• L -section
• T -section
Classification on the basis
of Reinforcement
• Tied column
• Spiral column
• Composite column
• Pipe column/ Concrete fill
column
20. Construction of column
Material used in columns
• Cement
• Coarse aggregate
• Fine aggregate
• Steel bar
• Water
• Shuttering
Column Construction process
Constructing RCC (Reinforced
Cement Concrete) Column
involves following four stages of
works.
• Column layout work.
• Column reinforcement work.
• Column formwork.
• Pouring concrete into column.
21. Column layout
work
• In this stage of works the location of columns are
determined practically in field. It is done by laying
rope according to grids shown in the drawing and
then mark the location of columns related to rope.
Column
reinforcement work
After marking the column locations, we then
start to place reinforcement as instructed in
the structural drawing. This is normally
described in the drawing like - (C1-12#16
mm⌀ and stirrup-10 mm⌀ @ 4" c/c)
22. Column
formwork
Column formwork is a term used for
structures that are used to support forms
or molds for poured concrete columns. It
can be as simple as a reinforced
cardboard tube for small cylindrical
columns or very complex forms
constructed from many pieces of wood
and metal
Pouring concrete
into column
For small quantity of concrete volume we normally
depend on machine-mix concrete and for large
concrete quantity we order ready-mix concrete.
Because, if you use moving pump with ready-mix
concrete and if you want not to exceed 5 feet
height range for dropping concrete that would be
difficult
23. Curing
• Concrete which is moist cured for 7 days is about 50% stronger than uncured
concrete
24. Beam
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting
against bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of
the external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a
bending moment.
• If there are two columns, they are placed on either side of the beam.
• If there is one column, it is placed in the middle of the beam so each side is balanced.
25. Types Of Beam
According to
Reinforcement
• Single reinforcement beam
• Double reinforcement beam
28. Construction Of Beam
Form work Reinforcement in beam
• A min. of 0.2% bar is to be
provided for the
compression in order to
take care of the deflection.
• Extra tops are used in the
support joints.
Steel formwork Wood formwork
29. Stirrup
• Used to resist shear and diagonal tension
stresses in a beam
• Shall be minimum size of 8mm ∅ in case of
lateral load resistance
Hooks
• Alternate hook is provided
• The hooks shall be bent to 135º
• Stirrup distribution is dense near support
30. Casting and Curing
• Casting and Curing are done simultaneously
for beam and slab.
• Casting of lower part is done earlier.
Removal of Formwork
• Side of formwork is removed after 3 days.
• Bottom part is removed after 21-28 days.
31. COLUMN-BEAM (SLAB) STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
There are two types of slab use in Column- Beam structural system.
• One-way slab A one-way slab is essentially a rectangular beam of comparative large ratio of
width depth. And steel use to short direction of slab.
• Two way slab Most rectangular reinforced concrete slab are supported on all four side by
beam , girders or walls.
One way slab Two way slab
34. Wall
• Wall must be placed over a beam.
• As wall does not carry any load opening can be
created anywhere of the wall,100% opening in
wall surface is possible.
35. Load transferring system
Conventional approach
• Assume load transfer in One-Way or Two-Way manner
• Assume beams to support the slabs in similar ways as
walls
• Design slabs as edge supported on beams
• Transfer load to beams and design beams for slab load
36. Span
• An overhang where one floor
extends beyond and over a
foundation wall.
• Can be possible even more than
30-50%(economic)
• Span is limited,17’-22’ is
economical. Beam is
proportional to span of slab.
Such as span40’ than the
width40’’
37. Structure in staircase
In the post lintel structure
there used three types
of stair section.
1. Beam
hanging from landing
level.
2. Beam
inverted on landing level.
3. Beam
hanging from same as
slab level.
39. THUMB RULES
Three thumb rules of column to be
followed are as follows:
•Size of the Columns
•Distance between Columns
•Alignment of columns
40. Thumb rule no.1- Size of the columns:
• The size of the columns depends on the total load on the columns.
• Minimum size of the column should not be less than 9”x9”.
• 9”x9” columns are to be used for a single storey structure with M15
grade of concrete.
• In case, 9”x9” column size is to be used for 1 and half storey
structure, then it is advised to use M20 grade concrete.
• A safe and structurally sound column size for a 1 and half storey
structure should not be less than 12”x9” using M15 grade concrete.
• This should be in your most preferred and practical options list.
41. THUMB RULE NO.2: DISTANCE BETWEEN THE
COLUMNS
• Try to maintain equal distance between the centers of two columns.
• Always plan a column layout on a grid.
• The distance between two columns of size 9”x9” should not be more than
4m centre to centre of column.
• If larger barrier free distances are required then going for larger column size
is to be used.
• The size of the columns increase because of two factors:
Increase in the distance between two columns (This increases the dimensions of the
columns as well the depth of the beam.)
Height of the building (Increase in the number of floors is directly proportional to the
dimensions of the columns.
42. Thumb rule no.3 : Alignment of Column
• A rectangular grid is to be made for
placing the columns.
• This helps in avoiding mistakes and
placing in columns can be done in the
right way.
• The columns can preferably be
arranged in two different fashions:
In a straight line with the help of a grid
In a circular fashion for circular
buildings.
43. THUMB RULES
Two thumb rules of beam to be followed are as follows:
• Span of RCC beam
• Size of the Beam
Span for Reinforced concrete beams and Cantilever
slabs
Here we usually design beam spans up to 20-22 ft
(approx.) and cantilever slabs spans up to 6-8 ft (approx.)
without any special considerations.
Beam thickness
Clear span of column & the beam thickness is convert to
inches for column span length. For an example column
span clear 20’-0” so for this region beam thickness 20” for
this span.
44. ADVANTAGES
AESTHETICS
Sometimes the heavy or rigid masses are treated
politely by using the framework of the post-lintel
which gives an extra ordinary looks.
SPAN & SPACE
Larger span (column to column distance) of
building is possible.
ECONOMIC
The maintenance cost of this system remains
lower than the other structural system for its long
lasting characteristics.
45. ADVANTAGES
CLIMATE
Considering the climate this system is more suitable for our country.
The control of openings admits the little amount of heat in the building.
For the free flowing plan light and ventilation can easily insert the
building.
ENVIRONMENT
This structural system having less self-loads which reduces the risk of
danger of earthquake.
It can resist the buckling or bending effect of the building from the
strong wind flow.
It has the capability of fire resistance for the construction material
(R.C.C.).
46. ADVANTAGES
OPENNINGS
In post-lintel system 50% area of the external facade is remaining for the
openings of the building.
For this there is a control over use of openings.
SUSTAINABILITY
This system has less possibility of failure than the other structural system
FLOOR SLAB
Floor slab is a slab supported on ground generally distribute load to the ground
uniformly.
It also increases the bearing capacity of soil as the load distributes combined.
47. ADVANTAGES
SOLID-VOID RATIO
By using the framework of post-lintel system we can make a
sense full solid-void ratio which illuminate the monotonous
effect.
CANTILEVER OR OVERHANG
The portion of any structure that is over hanged without any
support termed as cantilever.
Sometimes cantilever construction is economical and looks
aesthetically attractive which may become a useful part of that
structure.
48. Extreme variation of solid is not possible.
Opening should be place considering the post.
Stair must start with respect to a beam.
Building height increases for the beam to get clear Space.
Also duct for air conditioning are used under beam, so floor
height increases which is not acceptable for height.
In this structural system construction process takes a long time
for the casting of beam and slab
In post-lintel system ducting process is not so easier compared to
Post -slab.
DISADVANTAGES
49. This system more costly (30%more)than wall slab system
but economic range can be kept in a lower gird when the
span is limited 15’ to 25’.
Uninterrupted vast space can not be created without using
vault dome or waffle.
Sometimes this problem creates visual disturbance, which
is avoided, in flat slab.
The construction cost of this system is slightly high for the
time consuming costing of beam and slab and the use of
R.C.C
DISADVANTAGES
64. Site and surroundings
• The site facing two roads on the south and the west
ensures the maximum day light round the year as well as
intense wind flow during summer.
• since both the blocks are getting western daylight each
day, protruded verandas and gardens evolved in the
design to safeguard the window glasses to not let the
heat seep inside the apartment.
65. • The building has two blocks one for the
land owner and other for the developer
company.
In addition, to avoid the afternoon low
stretched sun to enter inside the room,
gardens placed in such a way in every level
as to panel the sun and craft the building go
green naturally.
67. Situated in
Agargaon,Dhaka,Bangladesh
In its outer form, the museum
resembles a massive concrete
war ship.
From ground up, visitors need to
take a majestic set of stairs to
enter the museum from the front.
Side entrances are reserved for
special occasions as well as for
school visits.
68. Punches in
Wall
This is a symbol of
remembrance and visitors
can pay their respect by
maintaining one minute of
silence.
poetically depict the
continuation of
human and natural
forces of the nation
towards its journey
through the ages
74. Structural System
• Beam Column Structure
Materials
• Reinforced concrete and glass
• The facade is protected by canopies are
prefabricated elements of this material
79. Introduction
Shells can be defined as
curved structures capable of
transmitting loads in more than
two directions to supports.
Loads applied to shell
surfaces are carried to the
ground by the development of
compressive, tensile, and
shear stresses acting in the in-
plane direction of the surface.
80. Shells
• Lattice and portal frame buildings consist of a
structural frame which supports slab, roof and wall
• Covering. This frame serves purely as the structural
support and provides protection against weather.
• The roof and wall covering add nothing to the
strength the rigidity of structural frame.
• A shell structure is a thin curved membrane or slab
usually of reinforced concrete that functions both as
structure and covering.
• The term “shell” is used to describe the structures
which possess strength and rigidity due to its thin,
Natural and curved form such as shell of egg, a nut,
human skull, and shell of tortoise.
82. SINGLE OR DOUBLE CURVATURE
SHELLS
• Single curvature shell: are curved on one linear axis and are a part of a cylinder or cone in the form of
barrel vaults and coned shells.
• Double curvature shell: are either part of a sphere, or a hyperboloid of revolution.
The terms single curvature and double curvature do not provide a precise geometric distinction between
the form of shell because a barrel vault is single curvature but so is a dome.
The terms single and double curvature are used to distinguish the comparative rigidity of the two forms
and complexity of centering necessary to construct the shell form.
85. Folded Plates• Shells and folded plates are different
than stacked units and frames.
• The thin diaphragm forming the shell is
created uniformly rather than being
assembled in discrete pieces.
• Most shell and plate building enclosures
are constructed from reinforced
concrete.
• The principle components in a folded
plate structure consist of :
1) the inclined plates
2) edge plates which must be used to
stiffen the wide plates
3) stiffeners to carry the loads to the
supports and to hold the plates in line
4) columns to support the structure in
the air.
86. Vaults
A vault may be defined as a single barrel shell, supported on its side by walls or
columns .
87. Dome Construction with long spans
• Constructions of spherical domes by
using inflated membranes as forms
have proven to be a viable solution to
many problems.
• The largest shells constructed are now
less than 300 feet in diameter.
• For very large spans, a grid
constructed with pans is necessary so
that the dome will be stiff enough and
still weigh less than a uniform depth.
88. Arches
• A shell arch has a longitudinal cross
section of a bar r el shell or a folded
plate, but is a circular arch or other
shape in profile.
• There is less concrete in the roof
than in the floor system, and the
reinforcing will be minimum.
89. Curved Roof
• Curved shell roofs can provide large
uninterrupted space in many building
types.
90. Materials
• Barrel shells of materials such as wood, steel and plastics are often found.
• The material most suited for construction of shell structure is concrete because it is a highly plastic
material when first mixed with water that can take up any shape on centering or inside formwork.
• Small sections of reinforcing bars can readily be bent to follow the curvature of shells.
• Once the cement has set and the concrete has hardened the R.C.C membrane or slab acts as a
strong, rigid shell which serves as both structure and covering to the building.
92. Shell Structural Buildings around the world
Heydar Aliyev
Center in
Baku,
Azerbaijan
by
Zaha Hadid
Nagoya Dome
by
Takenaka Corporation
Queen
Elizabeth II
Great
Court,
London
By
Norman
Foster
93. Advantages
1. Very light form of construction. To span 30.0 m shell thickness
required is 60mm
2. Dead load can be reduced economizing foundation and supporting
system
3. They further take advantage of the fact that arch shapes can span
longer
4. Flat shapes by choosing certain arched shapes
5. Esthetically it looks good over other forms of construction
94. Disadvantages
1. Shuttering problem
2. Greater accuracy in formwork is required
3. Good labor and supervision necessary
4. Rise of roof may be a disadvantage
96. • The Sydney opera house spans up to 164
feet.
• The arches are supported by over 350km of
tensioned steel cable.
• The shell thickness goes from 3 to 4
inches.
• All shells weight a total of 15 tons.
Interior
View
97. Construction
• This involved laying the foundations and
building a podium 82 feet (25 m) above sea
level. More than 39,239 cubic feet (30,000 m3)
of rock and soil were removed by excavators.
• The foundation was built atop a large rock that
sat in Sydney harbor. The second stage saw the
building of the shells, the podium structure, the
stage tower, and the necessary machinery.
• Cable beams were built and reinforced by steel
cables to release the stress of the weight.
98. Finish Material
• Actual clay,
• Brick, and stone veneer
• Granite or marble
• Cladding
• Exposed aggregate finish
• Sand blasted finish
• Form liner patterns
• The Sydney opera house uses white glazed granite tiles.
1,056,000 tiles were used to cover the massive structure
99. Conclusion
In the above presentation we learn two basic structural systems.
Both of them are very important to understand a building structure
as a an architect.