This document provides an overview of roofs and roofing materials. It defines roofs and their key components. There are three main types of roofs discussed: pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further broken down based on their shape, including gable, gambrel, hip, and mansard roofs. Common roof framing elements and types of pitched roof framing structures like trusses are also outlined. Finally, the document discusses various roof covering materials appropriate for pitched roofs, such as thatch, wood shingles, tiles, metal sheets, and lightweight roofing.
This document discusses different types of stone masonry and brick masonry. It describes various stone masonry techniques including rubble masonry (uncoursed, coursed random, coursed squared, polygonal, flint) and ashlar masonry (fine, rough, rock-faced, chamfered, block). It also outlines key principles for stone and brick masonry work and compares their properties and construction methods. Supervision tips are provided to ensure proper brickwork.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structures. It describes two types of building structures - load bearing, where walls transmit loads directly to the ground, and framed structures, where loads are transferred through RCC beams, columns, and slabs. It also discusses design loads on buildings including dead loads from structural weight and live loads. Common RCC structural elements like beams, slabs, shear walls and elevator shafts are described. Raw materials, advantages, specifications, common ratios, one-way and two-way slabs, and examples of RCC structures are covered.
The document discusses different types of lintels and arches used in building construction. It describes lintels as horizontal structural members placed across openings to support the structure above. Various lintel materials include timber, stone, brick, reinforced brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Arches are structures that span openings and support weight below through arch action. Key arch types include flat, semi-circular, segmental, relieving, parabolic, and others defined by their geometric shape. Arches are classified based on materials like brick, stone, concrete, metal and wood. Factors in arch construction and methods to prevent arch failure are also summarized.
The document discusses different types of doors and windows. It describes doors in terms of their components, sizes, frames, types and materials. The main types of doors covered are paneled doors, glazed doors, flush doors, louvered doors, revolving doors, sliding doors, swing doors and collapsible doors. It also discusses different types of windows like fixed windows. Rolling shutters are described as curtain-like doors made of thin steel sheets used for shops and warehouses. The document provides detailed information on specifications and uses of different door and window components.
Slab is a thin concrete structure used for flooring that can be square, rectangular, or circular. Slabs vary in thickness from 4-6 inches depending on load and are made of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and reinforcement bars. There are several types of slabs including one-way slabs which carry load in one direction, two-way slabs which carry load in two directions, joist slabs which have concrete ribs for support, and precast slabs which are constructed off-site and transported. Other slab types include flat plates, flat slabs, waffle slabs, hollow core slabs, and composite slabs which incorporate a steel deck.
This document provides information about different types of stairs. It defines key stair components like steps, treads, and risers. It then describes 8 common types of stairs including straight stairs, dog-legged stairs, quarter turn stairs, and spiral stairs. Each type is defined and the suitable applications are outlined. The document aims to inform about the different shapes, materials, and styles of stairs that can be used in buildings.
This document discusses different types of stone masonry and brick masonry. It describes various stone masonry techniques including rubble masonry (uncoursed, coursed random, coursed squared, polygonal, flint) and ashlar masonry (fine, rough, rock-faced, chamfered, block). It also outlines key principles for stone and brick masonry work and compares their properties and construction methods. Supervision tips are provided to ensure proper brickwork.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structures. It describes two types of building structures - load bearing, where walls transmit loads directly to the ground, and framed structures, where loads are transferred through RCC beams, columns, and slabs. It also discusses design loads on buildings including dead loads from structural weight and live loads. Common RCC structural elements like beams, slabs, shear walls and elevator shafts are described. Raw materials, advantages, specifications, common ratios, one-way and two-way slabs, and examples of RCC structures are covered.
The document discusses different types of lintels and arches used in building construction. It describes lintels as horizontal structural members placed across openings to support the structure above. Various lintel materials include timber, stone, brick, reinforced brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Arches are structures that span openings and support weight below through arch action. Key arch types include flat, semi-circular, segmental, relieving, parabolic, and others defined by their geometric shape. Arches are classified based on materials like brick, stone, concrete, metal and wood. Factors in arch construction and methods to prevent arch failure are also summarized.
The document discusses different types of doors and windows. It describes doors in terms of their components, sizes, frames, types and materials. The main types of doors covered are paneled doors, glazed doors, flush doors, louvered doors, revolving doors, sliding doors, swing doors and collapsible doors. It also discusses different types of windows like fixed windows. Rolling shutters are described as curtain-like doors made of thin steel sheets used for shops and warehouses. The document provides detailed information on specifications and uses of different door and window components.
Slab is a thin concrete structure used for flooring that can be square, rectangular, or circular. Slabs vary in thickness from 4-6 inches depending on load and are made of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and reinforcement bars. There are several types of slabs including one-way slabs which carry load in one direction, two-way slabs which carry load in two directions, joist slabs which have concrete ribs for support, and precast slabs which are constructed off-site and transported. Other slab types include flat plates, flat slabs, waffle slabs, hollow core slabs, and composite slabs which incorporate a steel deck.
This document provides information about different types of stairs. It defines key stair components like steps, treads, and risers. It then describes 8 common types of stairs including straight stairs, dog-legged stairs, quarter turn stairs, and spiral stairs. Each type is defined and the suitable applications are outlined. The document aims to inform about the different shapes, materials, and styles of stairs that can be used in buildings.
This document discusses different types of foundations used in construction. It describes pad, strip, raft, and pile foundations. Pad foundations are suitable for most subsoil types and are usually constructed of reinforced concrete. Strip foundations are used for light structures on stable soil. Raft foundations spread loads over a large area for structures on low bearing soils. Pile foundations transmit loads to deeper soils using columns when suitable shallow foundations are not possible. The document also outlines functions of foundations and materials used, namely concrete composed of cement, aggregates, and water.
The document discusses different types of walls used in buildings including load-bearing walls, non-load bearing walls, cavity walls, and partition walls. It describes the main purposes, materials used, and characteristics of each type of wall. Various finishes that can be applied to walls are also outlined such as plaster, paint, wallpaper, and acoustic treatments that can improve sound absorption.
This document provides an overview of foundations for building construction. It discusses the importance of foundations in distributing building loads to the ground. There are two main types of foundations - shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, grillage foundations, raft foundations, stepped foundations, and mat/slab foundations. Deep foundations transfer loads deep into the earth and include drilled caissons, driven piles, and precast concrete piles. Foundation design considers factors like soil type, structural requirements, construction requirements, site conditions, and cost. The document also discusses waterproofing, drainage, and underpinning foundations.
The document discusses different types of flooring materials and their construction. It describes the key components of flooring as the sub-floor or base course, and floor covering. Common materials used include cement concrete, lime concrete, stones, bricks and wood. The selection of flooring depends on factors like initial cost, appearance, durability, damp and fire resistance. Specific flooring types discussed include mud, muram, brick, flagstone, cement concrete, terrazzo, mosaic and tile flooring.
Doors,Windows & Ventilator in Building ConstructionEr.Karan Chauhan
Doors, Windows & Ventilator is a part of building component which is allow to Air & light move & circulate inward & outward, with in door Human or any other material can be move inside or outside also. here types of doors & windows & ventilation are given with necessity of location, function etc.
The document discusses different types of roofs. It defines roofs and their key components like trusses, rafters, purlins, etc. It classifies roofs into pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further classified into single roofs, double roofs, and trussed roofs. Common truss types discussed include king post, queen post, mansard, and composite trusses. Steel trusses are also introduced as alternatives for larger spans.
This document discusses different types of roofs and roof elements. It provides details on:
- Qualities a roof should have like weather resistance, durability, insulation, and requiring minimal maintenance.
- Roof elements like pitch, coverings, verges, ridges, eaves, dormers, and valleys.
- Different types of pitched roofs using timber or steel trusses, as well as roofs with dormers or flat roofs.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components such as walls, columns, foundations, arches and lintels. Stones are selected based on availability, ease of working, appearance, strength, polishing characteristics and economy. There are two main types of stone masonry - rubble masonry which uses roughly dressed stones with wider joints, and ashlar masonry which uses accurately dressed stones with fine, uniform joints. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed, coursed, random, dry and polygonal styles based on stone arrangement. Ashlar masonry has fine, rough, rock-faced, block and chamfered styles based on stone dressing. Stone
This document provides information on doors and windows. It discusses the components and types of doors, including battened, framed, panelled, and metal doors. It also covers the components and types of windows, such as fixed, casement, sash, bay and dormer windows. The document emphasizes the importance of properly installing door and window frames so they open flat against the wall.
Definition,
functions,
types of foundations,
foundation loads,
selection criteria for foundations based on soil conditions,
bearing capacity of soil,
methods of testing,
method of improving bearing capacity of soil,
settlement of foundations,
precautions against settlement,
shallow and deep foundations,
different types of foundations – wall footing (strip footing), isolated footing, combined footing, raft foundation, pile foundation etc.
This document discusses arches and their elements. It defines key terms like intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, and springing line. It describes how arches transmit loads through compression between wedge-shaped units. Arches are classified by their shape (flat, segmental, semicircular), number of centers (one-centered, two-centered), and construction material (stone, brick, concrete). Common arch types include flat arches, segmental arches, semicircular arches, and pointed Gothic arches.
Load bearing vs frame structure(case study)UmairAkhtar26
The document compares the key differences between load bearing and framed structural systems. Load bearing structures use thicker walls that reduce floor area, limit openings, and restrict spans. They are not suitable for tall buildings and have poor earthquake resistance. Framed structures use thinner walls that allow for more floor area and flexibility. Large spans and openings are possible. Framed structures are suitable for tall buildings and have better earthquake resistance.
This document provides an overview of different types of retaining walls, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, sheet pile, and diaphragm walls. It discusses the key components and design considerations for gravity and cantilever retaining walls. Gravity walls rely on their own weight for stability, while cantilever walls consist of a vertical stem with a heel and toe slab acting as a cantilever beam. The document also covers lateral earth pressures, drainage of retaining walls, uses of sheet pile walls, and construction methods for diaphragm walls.
The document discusses different types of roofs for buildings. It begins by defining a roof as the uppermost part of a building that protects it from rain, heat, snow, wind, etc. and typically consists of structural elements like trusses, slabs, and domes that support roof coverings. It then covers requirements for good roofs, classifications of pitched/flat/curved roofs, and provides details on flat roofs, pitched roofs including single, double purlin, and trussed roofs, and finally shell and folded plate roofs.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
This document discusses different types of foundations, including shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and raft/mat foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations, pier foundations, and caisson/well foundations. It also discusses considerations for foundations on expansive black cotton soil, recommending methods like strip foundations, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations.
Stairs are designed to provide access between different levels of a building. The document defines stairs and their key components like treads, risers, landings, etc. It discusses different types of stairs like straight, turning, circular and geometrical. The materials used for stairs construction are also explained, including stone, timber, RCC, brick and metal stairs. Technical terms related to stairs are defined. In the end, common stair types are identified from images.
This document discusses various causes and effects of dampness in buildings and methods of damp proofing. It covers:
1. The main causes of dampness are moisture rising up from the ground, rain penetrating wall tops and external walls, and condensation.
2. Effects of dampness include unhealthy conditions, damage to structures and decorations, and deterioration of electrical fittings.
3. Methods of damp proofing include using a damp proof course (DPC), integral damp proofing of concrete, surface treatments, cavity wall construction, guniting, and pressure grouting.
4. Suitable materials for DPC include bitumen, mastic asphalt, metal sheets, cement concrete, and
This document discusses various methods of damp-proofing and waterproofing buildings. It defines damp-proofing as preventing moisture from rising through walls, floors, and basements, while waterproofing refers to preventing water leakage from roofs. Common sources of dampness include rising ground moisture, rain splashing, and poor drainage. Dampness can cause issues like efflorescence, plaster damage, and mold growth. Methods of damp-proofing discussed include membrane barriers like bitumen and plastic sheets, integral waterproof concrete additives, and surface treatments to fill pores. Flexible, semi-rigid and rigid damp proof course materials are also outlined.
This document discusses different types of footings used in building construction. It describes strip footings, which are continuous strips of concrete under walls. It also discusses raft/mat footings, which are continuous footings that support an entire structure. Finally, it covers isolated/pad footings, which are independent slabs of concrete that support individual columns or piers. The document provides details on when each type of footing would be used based on soil conditions, structural loads, and other factors. It also lists variations of pad footings and references additional resources on foundations.
The document discusses different types of roofs. It defines roofs and their key components. There are three main types of roofs discussed: pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further divided into simple pitched roofs suitable for small spans (like lean-to, couple, collar beam roofs) and framed pitched roofs using trusses for large spans (like king post, queen post, mansard, steel trusses). The document provides detailed descriptions of each type of pitched roof, including their basic structural elements and suitable spans.
A roof protects a building from weather elements like rain, snow, and heat. It consists of a framework that supports roof coverings. There are several types of roofs including pitched/sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs can be gabled, hipped, gambrel, or butterfly shaped. Trusses are used to support roofs with large spans, and different truss designs include king post, queen post, mansard, and steel trusses.
This document discusses different types of foundations used in construction. It describes pad, strip, raft, and pile foundations. Pad foundations are suitable for most subsoil types and are usually constructed of reinforced concrete. Strip foundations are used for light structures on stable soil. Raft foundations spread loads over a large area for structures on low bearing soils. Pile foundations transmit loads to deeper soils using columns when suitable shallow foundations are not possible. The document also outlines functions of foundations and materials used, namely concrete composed of cement, aggregates, and water.
The document discusses different types of walls used in buildings including load-bearing walls, non-load bearing walls, cavity walls, and partition walls. It describes the main purposes, materials used, and characteristics of each type of wall. Various finishes that can be applied to walls are also outlined such as plaster, paint, wallpaper, and acoustic treatments that can improve sound absorption.
This document provides an overview of foundations for building construction. It discusses the importance of foundations in distributing building loads to the ground. There are two main types of foundations - shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, grillage foundations, raft foundations, stepped foundations, and mat/slab foundations. Deep foundations transfer loads deep into the earth and include drilled caissons, driven piles, and precast concrete piles. Foundation design considers factors like soil type, structural requirements, construction requirements, site conditions, and cost. The document also discusses waterproofing, drainage, and underpinning foundations.
The document discusses different types of flooring materials and their construction. It describes the key components of flooring as the sub-floor or base course, and floor covering. Common materials used include cement concrete, lime concrete, stones, bricks and wood. The selection of flooring depends on factors like initial cost, appearance, durability, damp and fire resistance. Specific flooring types discussed include mud, muram, brick, flagstone, cement concrete, terrazzo, mosaic and tile flooring.
Doors,Windows & Ventilator in Building ConstructionEr.Karan Chauhan
Doors, Windows & Ventilator is a part of building component which is allow to Air & light move & circulate inward & outward, with in door Human or any other material can be move inside or outside also. here types of doors & windows & ventilation are given with necessity of location, function etc.
The document discusses different types of roofs. It defines roofs and their key components like trusses, rafters, purlins, etc. It classifies roofs into pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further classified into single roofs, double roofs, and trussed roofs. Common truss types discussed include king post, queen post, mansard, and composite trusses. Steel trusses are also introduced as alternatives for larger spans.
This document discusses different types of roofs and roof elements. It provides details on:
- Qualities a roof should have like weather resistance, durability, insulation, and requiring minimal maintenance.
- Roof elements like pitch, coverings, verges, ridges, eaves, dormers, and valleys.
- Different types of pitched roofs using timber or steel trusses, as well as roofs with dormers or flat roofs.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components such as walls, columns, foundations, arches and lintels. Stones are selected based on availability, ease of working, appearance, strength, polishing characteristics and economy. There are two main types of stone masonry - rubble masonry which uses roughly dressed stones with wider joints, and ashlar masonry which uses accurately dressed stones with fine, uniform joints. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed, coursed, random, dry and polygonal styles based on stone arrangement. Ashlar masonry has fine, rough, rock-faced, block and chamfered styles based on stone dressing. Stone
This document provides information on doors and windows. It discusses the components and types of doors, including battened, framed, panelled, and metal doors. It also covers the components and types of windows, such as fixed, casement, sash, bay and dormer windows. The document emphasizes the importance of properly installing door and window frames so they open flat against the wall.
Definition,
functions,
types of foundations,
foundation loads,
selection criteria for foundations based on soil conditions,
bearing capacity of soil,
methods of testing,
method of improving bearing capacity of soil,
settlement of foundations,
precautions against settlement,
shallow and deep foundations,
different types of foundations – wall footing (strip footing), isolated footing, combined footing, raft foundation, pile foundation etc.
This document discusses arches and their elements. It defines key terms like intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, and springing line. It describes how arches transmit loads through compression between wedge-shaped units. Arches are classified by their shape (flat, segmental, semicircular), number of centers (one-centered, two-centered), and construction material (stone, brick, concrete). Common arch types include flat arches, segmental arches, semicircular arches, and pointed Gothic arches.
Load bearing vs frame structure(case study)UmairAkhtar26
The document compares the key differences between load bearing and framed structural systems. Load bearing structures use thicker walls that reduce floor area, limit openings, and restrict spans. They are not suitable for tall buildings and have poor earthquake resistance. Framed structures use thinner walls that allow for more floor area and flexibility. Large spans and openings are possible. Framed structures are suitable for tall buildings and have better earthquake resistance.
This document provides an overview of different types of retaining walls, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, sheet pile, and diaphragm walls. It discusses the key components and design considerations for gravity and cantilever retaining walls. Gravity walls rely on their own weight for stability, while cantilever walls consist of a vertical stem with a heel and toe slab acting as a cantilever beam. The document also covers lateral earth pressures, drainage of retaining walls, uses of sheet pile walls, and construction methods for diaphragm walls.
The document discusses different types of roofs for buildings. It begins by defining a roof as the uppermost part of a building that protects it from rain, heat, snow, wind, etc. and typically consists of structural elements like trusses, slabs, and domes that support roof coverings. It then covers requirements for good roofs, classifications of pitched/flat/curved roofs, and provides details on flat roofs, pitched roofs including single, double purlin, and trussed roofs, and finally shell and folded plate roofs.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
This document discusses different types of foundations, including shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and raft/mat foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations, pier foundations, and caisson/well foundations. It also discusses considerations for foundations on expansive black cotton soil, recommending methods like strip foundations, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations.
Stairs are designed to provide access between different levels of a building. The document defines stairs and their key components like treads, risers, landings, etc. It discusses different types of stairs like straight, turning, circular and geometrical. The materials used for stairs construction are also explained, including stone, timber, RCC, brick and metal stairs. Technical terms related to stairs are defined. In the end, common stair types are identified from images.
This document discusses various causes and effects of dampness in buildings and methods of damp proofing. It covers:
1. The main causes of dampness are moisture rising up from the ground, rain penetrating wall tops and external walls, and condensation.
2. Effects of dampness include unhealthy conditions, damage to structures and decorations, and deterioration of electrical fittings.
3. Methods of damp proofing include using a damp proof course (DPC), integral damp proofing of concrete, surface treatments, cavity wall construction, guniting, and pressure grouting.
4. Suitable materials for DPC include bitumen, mastic asphalt, metal sheets, cement concrete, and
This document discusses various methods of damp-proofing and waterproofing buildings. It defines damp-proofing as preventing moisture from rising through walls, floors, and basements, while waterproofing refers to preventing water leakage from roofs. Common sources of dampness include rising ground moisture, rain splashing, and poor drainage. Dampness can cause issues like efflorescence, plaster damage, and mold growth. Methods of damp-proofing discussed include membrane barriers like bitumen and plastic sheets, integral waterproof concrete additives, and surface treatments to fill pores. Flexible, semi-rigid and rigid damp proof course materials are also outlined.
This document discusses different types of footings used in building construction. It describes strip footings, which are continuous strips of concrete under walls. It also discusses raft/mat footings, which are continuous footings that support an entire structure. Finally, it covers isolated/pad footings, which are independent slabs of concrete that support individual columns or piers. The document provides details on when each type of footing would be used based on soil conditions, structural loads, and other factors. It also lists variations of pad footings and references additional resources on foundations.
The document discusses different types of roofs. It defines roofs and their key components. There are three main types of roofs discussed: pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further divided into simple pitched roofs suitable for small spans (like lean-to, couple, collar beam roofs) and framed pitched roofs using trusses for large spans (like king post, queen post, mansard, steel trusses). The document provides detailed descriptions of each type of pitched roof, including their basic structural elements and suitable spans.
A roof protects a building from weather elements like rain, snow, and heat. It consists of a framework that supports roof coverings. There are several types of roofs including pitched/sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs can be gabled, hipped, gambrel, or butterfly shaped. Trusses are used to support roofs with large spans, and different truss designs include king post, queen post, mansard, and steel trusses.
Roofs come in various types depending on the building, climate, and available materials. Pitched roofs slope in one or multiple directions and include gable, hip, and gambrel styles. Flat roofs are constructed of reinforced concrete and can be one-way slabs, two-way slabs, slab-and-beam, or flat slabs resting directly on columns. Roof coverings include thatch, slates, tiles, asbestos sheets, corrugated metal, shingles, and more, with the selection based on factors like cost, durability, and appearance.
This document discusses different types of roofs for buildings. It describes pitched roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. For pitched roofs, it covers technical terms like span, rise, and pitch. It explains common roof structures like lean-to, couple, collar beam, and truss roofs. For trusses, it provides details on king post, queen post, and mansard trusses. Flat roofs include madras terrace, bengal terrace, and reinforced concrete styles. Finally, it discusses common roof covering materials like tiles, asbestos sheets, galvanized iron, and PVC.
This document provides an overview of roofs and roof coverings. It discusses various types of roofs including pitched or sloped roofs and flat or terrace roofs. Pitched roofs can be made of various materials and come in different styles like lean-to, coupled, and truss roofs. Flat roofs have advantages like large surface area but require more maintenance. The document also examines considerations for roof design and various roof covering materials like tiles, asbestos sheets, and galvanized iron. It provides details on installation and properties of different covering options.
Building materials and construction Technology Roofs.pptxAdarshChatra
A roof provides structural covering to protect a building from weather. The main functions of a roof are to provide protection from weather, enclose space, and protect interior from moisture and heat loss. Roofs can be flat, pitched, or curved. Common roof types include simple slab, lean-to, couple close, collar beam, double purlin, and framed trussed roofs using king post or queen post designs. Roof design considers span, materials, loads, wind pressure, and weather resistance.
This document discusses different types of roof structures:
1. Single roofs have rafters that do not require intermediate support but are limited to small spans.
2. Double roofs have rafters long enough to require a beam (purlin) for intermediate support halfway between the ridge and wallplate.
3. Trussed roofs make use of manufactured truss assemblies (trussed rafters) for modern roof construction.
A roof protects a building from weather effects like rain. Different roof types include flat, shed, gable, hip, and dome roofs. A green roof is a roof covered with vegetation that provides environmental benefits like stormwater management and insulation. It includes layers like a waterproof membrane, root barrier, drainage, growth medium, and plants.
This document discusses lean-to roofs. A lean-to roof is the simplest type of pitched roof where one wall of a room is extended higher than the other wall to create a slope for the roof. Lean-to roofs are commonly used for sheds, outbuildings attached to main structures, and covering verandas. They are easy and inexpensive to construct and suitable for spans up to 2.4 meters. The roofing materials can include tiles, asbestos cement sheets, or painted steel sheets.
The document discusses different types of roofs including pitched, flat, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further divided into types like shed, gable, hipped, and gambrel roofs. The document also covers important technical terms related to roofs like ridge, eaves, rafters, purlins, and describes different truss systems used in roofs like king post and queen post trusses. Steel trusses are also introduced which are more economical and easy to construct compared to timber trusses for large spans.
This document discusses different types of roof trusses used in construction. It describes common trusses, which are used to build sloped roofs with a bottom chord and two top chords meeting at the peak. Other types discussed include scissor trusses, raised heel trusses, dropped chord trusses, parallel chord trusses, attic trusses, bowstring trusses, gambrel trusses, and steel trusses. The document provides details on the design and purpose of each type of truss.
This document discusses different types of roof trusses used in construction. It describes common trusses used for pitched roofs, as well as other types like scissor trusses, raised heel trusses, dropped chord trusses, and parallel chord trusses. Each type is defined and its structural features and benefits are outlined. The document also discusses steel trusses and provides examples of truss designs for various roof spans.
roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building. A roof protects the building and its contents from the effects of weather.
Structures that require roofs range from a letter box to a cathedral or stadium, dwellings being the most numerous.
In most countries a roof protects primarily against rain. Depending upon the nature of the building, the roof may also protect against heat, against sunlight, against cold and against wind.
This document discusses different types of timber pitched or sloped roofs and roof trusses. It describes single roofs like lean-to, couple and couple close roofs that use rafters. It also discusses double rooofs, trussed roofs using king posts and queen posts. Various roof covering materials like thatch, tiles, shingles, eternit slates, corrugated galvanized iron sheets and asbestos cement sheets are also explained.
ROOF - Worksop and lecture at IIT Roorkee Department of ArchitectureAnurag Khandelwal
Roof is the covering on the top of a building that protects from weather effects. Roofs can be flat, pitched, or different roof types like gable, hip, gambrel, etc. made of various materials. Key roofing terminology includes elements like ridge, rafter, flashing, fascia, valley. Roof structures are made of materials like concrete, timber, steel and covered with various roofing materials like tiles, slate, thatch, asphalt shingles, metal sheets depending on availability and structure. Proper waterproofing and drainage is important for flat roofs.
The document discusses different types of roofs, their components, and considerations for design. It describes roofs as the uppermost part of a building that protects it from weather using structural elements and coverings. The main types are pitched, flat, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are suitable for heavy rainfall areas and have simple shapes, while flat roofs can be used on buildings of any size or shape, especially in hot and dry regions. Key elements of roofs include the pitch, coverings, rafters, purlins, ridges, and eaves. Single roofs like lean-to and couple roofs have limited spans, while double roofs using purlins can support longer spans.
This document discusses different types of timber roof structures. It describes lean-to roofs, which consist of rafters sloping on one side and are supported by a single wall. Collared roofs have a horizontal collar beam placed between rafters to prevent their spreading. King post roofs contain a central vertical post to support the tie beam below. Queen post roofs are similar but use two vertical queen posts instead of a single king post. Details and dimensions are provided for each type of roof.
The document discusses various types of roof systems and components. It describes different types of roof decks including cementitious wood-fiber panels, lightweight insulating concrete, poured gypsum concrete, and structural concrete. It also discusses steel decks, thermosetting insulating fillies deck, and wood planks or panel deck. The document then discusses types of roofs including pitched or sloping roofs and flat roofs. It provides details on different forms of pitched roofs and roof truss systems including king post, queen post, mansard, steel, and composite trusses.
In this presentation, I have explained pitched roofs in details as follows:
1. external parts of pitched roofs
2. internal parts of pitched roofs
3. types of pitched roofs and their suitability
This document discusses safety in the construction industry in India. It begins with an introduction to construction and issues of safety due to extensive labor use. It then defines safety and discusses why safety is an issue due to frequent accidents resulting in losses. The document outlines common accident causes like human factors, faulty work practices, and structural failures. It also discusses effects of accidents like loss of life, time, and costs. The document concludes with recommendations to ensure safety such as the role of designers, safety programs, appointing safety officers, and using personal protective equipment.
This document defines and describes different types of shallow foundations, including spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, grillage foundations, and raft foundations. Spread footings distribute a structure's load over a large area and can be single, stepped, or sloped. Combined footings are used when columns are close together to avoid interference. Strap footings connect independent column footings with a beam. Grillage foundations use layers of steel beams in concrete to distribute loads in poor soil. Raft foundations use a thick concrete slab covering the entire building area for structures on very poor soils.
The document discusses different types of staircases and their components. It provides definitions for technical terms related to staircases like tread, riser, landing, flight, etc. It also outlines requirements for a good staircase such as location, width, pitch, headroom and balustrade requirements. Different types of staircases are classified as straight, turning, continuous and spiral. Dimensions of steps and materials used for staircase construction like timber, metal, RCC and stone are also covered.
Scaffolding is a temporary structure erected to support workers and materials during construction activities. It consists of vertical standards, horizontal ledgers and putlogs, diagonal braces, and boarding to form a working platform. Scaffolds include single scaffolds for bricklaying, double scaffolds for superior works, cantilever scaffolds when ground cannot support standard scaffolds, and suspended scaffolds for light works on multi-story buildings. Underpinning involves strengthening existing foundations by excavating below and installing new foundations, using either the pit method with jacks and beams or the pile method by driving piles connected with needles. Both methods provide deeper, stronger foundations to support the building.
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- Bricks are clay constructions of uniform size and shape, traditionally 23cm x 11.4cm x 7.6cm or modular 19cm x 9cm x 9cm.
- Good bricks contain 50-60% silica, 20-30% alumina, up to 5% lime, and 5-6% iron oxide.
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Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
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We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
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many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
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A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
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of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
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objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
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suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
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network access, showing significant improvement over previous
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Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
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Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
2. INTRODUCTION
It may be defined as the uppermost part of the
building, provided as a structural covering, to
protect the building from weather.
Structurally, a roof is constructed in the same
way as an upper floor, though the shape of its
upper surface may be different.
Roof consists of structural elements which
support roof is roof covering.
The roof coverings may be A.C. sheets, G.I.
sheets, wooden shingles, tiles, slab itself.
3. REQUIREMENTS OF A ROOF
It should be durable against the adverse effects of
various agencies such as wind, rain, sun etc.
It should grant the desirable insulation against
sound and heat.
It should be structurally stable and sound, it
should be capable of taking the loads likely to
come over it.
It should be well-drained.
It should have efficient water-proofing
arrangement.
4. TYPES OF ROOF
Pitched or Sloping Roofs
Flat Roofs or terraced Roofs
Curved Roof
5. PITCHED ROOF
A sloping roof is known as pitched roof.
These are suitable in those areas where rainfall/
snowfall is very heavy.
6. FORMS OF PITCHED ROOF
LEAN-TO-ROOF:-It is the simplest form of a
pitched roof and it is known as pent roof. In this
type of roof, one wall is carried up sufficiently
higher than the other to give necessary slope to
the roof.
7. FORMS OF PITCHED ROOF
GABLE ROOF:- This is the common type of
sloping roof which slopes in two direction. The
two slopes meet at the ridge.
8. FORMS OF PITCHED ROOF
GAMBREL ROOF:- This roof like gable roof, slopes
in two directions but there is break in each slope.
9. FORMS OF PITCHED ROOF
HIP ROOF:- This roof is formed by four sloping
surfaces in four directions.
10. FORMS OF PITCHED ROOF
MANSARD ROOF:- This roof like a hip roof, slopes
in four directions but each slope has a break.
11. FORMS OF PITCHED ROOF
DECK ROOF:- A deck roof has slopes in all the
four directions, like a hip roof but a plane surface
is formed at the top.
12. PITCHED ROOF: BASIC
ELEMENTS
SPAN:- The horizontal distance between the
internal faces of walls or supports is known as
span or clear span.
RISE:- It is the vertical distance between the top
of the ridge and wall plate.
PITCH:- It is the inclination of the sides of a roof
to the horizontal plane. It is expressed in degrees
or as a ratio of rise to span.
RIDGE:-It is defined as the apex line of the
sloping roof.
EAVES:-The lower edge of a roof which are
resting upon or projecting beyond the supporting
walls are known as eave.
13. PITCHED ROOF: BASIC
ELEMENTS
HIP:-The angle formed at the intersection of two
roof slopes is known as hip.
VALLEY:-When two roof surfaces meet together
and form an internal angle, a valley is formed.
VERGE:- The edge of a gable, running between
the eaves and ridge is known as a verge.
COMMON RAFTER:-These are the
intermediate rafters, which give support to the
roof coverings.
PRINCIPAL RAFTER:- These are the inclined
members of a truss.
14.
15. PITCHED ROOF: BASIC
ELEMENTS
HIP RAFTER:- Which provided at the junction
of two roof slopes.
PURLINS:- The wooden pieces which are placed
horizontally on principal rafters to carry the
common rafters are known as purlins.
BATTENS:- Thin strips of wood which are fixed
on rafters or ceiling to support the roof ceiling.
CLEATS:- Small blocks of wood which are fixed
on truss to prevent the sliding of purlins.
GABLE:-The triangular upper part of a wall
formed at the end of a pitched roof is known as
gable.
16.
17. TYPES OF PITCHED ROOF
A) Single Roofs:-
Lean-to-Roof
Couple Roof
Couple-close Roof
Collar beam Roof or Collar tie Roof
B) Double or Purlin Roof
C) Framed or Trussed Roof
King Post Roof Truss
Queen Post Roof Truss
Combination of king-post & queen-post truss
Mansard roof Truss
19. SINGLE ROOFS
In this type of roofs common rafters are provided
to each slope without any intermediate support.
Such roof is used only when the span is limited to
5m.
It is of following types:-
Lean-to-Roof
Couple Roof
Couple-close Roof
Collar beam Roof or Collar tie Roof
20. LEAN-TO-ROOF
It is the simplest form of a pitched roof and it is
known as pent roof or Aisle roof.
In this type of roof, one wall is carried up
sufficiently higher than the other to give
necessary slope to the roof.
A lean-to roof is generally used for sheds, out-
houses attached to main buildings verandah etc.
This is suitable for a maximum span of 2.4m..
22. COUPLE ROOF
This type of roof is formed by couple or pair of
rafters which slope to both the sides of the ridge
of the roof.
In this type of roof the common rafters slope
upwards from the opposite walls and they meet
on a ridge piece in the middle as shown in the fig.
A couple roof is suitable for spans up to about
3.6m.
24. COUPLE CLOSE ROOF
This roof is just similar to couple roof except that
the ends of the couple of the common rafters is
connected by horizontal member, called tie beam.
The tie beam prevents the tendency of rafters
to spread out and thus danger of overturning of
the walls is avoided.
The tie beam may be a wooden member or a steel
rod.
This roof can be adopted economically up to the
span of 4.2m.
26. COLLAR BEAM ROOF
When the span increases or when the load is
more the rafters of the couple close roof have the
tendency to bend.
This is avoided by raising the tie beam and fixing
it at one-third to one-half of the vertical height
from the wall plate to the ridge. This raised beam
is known as collar beam.
This beam roof is adopted to economise the space
and to increase the height of a room.
This roof can be adopted up to a maximum span
of 4.8m.
28. DOUBLE OR PURLIN
ROOFS
When the span exceeds 2.4m, the necessary size
for the rafters becomes uneconomical.
Hence in order to reduce the size of rafters,
intermediate supports called purlins are
introduced under the rafters as shown in fig.
This roof can be adopted economically up to 4.8m.
30. FRAMED OR TRUSSED
ROOF
When the span exceeds 5 m and when there are
no inside supporting walls or partitions for
purlins, framed structure known as trusses are
on the roof, position of cross walls, span and
material of the truss.
The spacing is 3m for wooden trusses.
Trusses carry the ridge piece and purlins on
which the common rafters rest.
31. KING POST TRUSS
In this type of truss, the central post known as
king-post forms support for the tie beam.
The inclined members, known as struts, prevents
the principal rafters from bending in the middle.
A king-post truss suitable for roofs of span
varying from 5 to 8 m as shown in fig.
33. QUEEN POST TRUSS
This truss is differ from a king-post truss in
having two vertical members known as queen
posts.
The upper ends of the queen posts are kept in
position by means of a horizontal member known
as straining beam.
Additional purlins are supported on the queen
posts.
A queen post truss is suitable for roof spans
varying 8 to 12 m as shown in the fig below
35. MANSARD TRUSS
This is a combination of king post and queen post
trusses.
Lower queen post & upper king post trusses.
Use of mansard trusses results in the economy of
space and room may be provided in the room as
shown in the figure.
37. STEEL TRUSS
For spans greater 12m, it becomes economical to
use steel trusses.
For smaller spans, steel trusses consists of angles
riveted or welded together through plates known
as gusset plates.
As steel resists both compression and tension
stresses, the design of steel truss is simplified
various types of steel trusses are shown in Fig.
39. COMPOSITE TRUSS
This truss composed of wooden members and
steel. Steel members resists tension. A composite
truss is light and economical as shown below.
40. ROOF COVERING FOR
PITCHED ROOF
Roof covering is an essential part of pitches roof ,
to be placed over the roof frame work.
It protect from rain, snow, sun, wind & other
atmospheric agencies.
Selection of roofing materials depends upon:-
a) Type of framework
b) Initial cost
c) Maintenance requirement
d) Appearance
e) Durability
f) Availability
g) Climate
41. ROOF COVERING
MATERIALS
Following are the roof covering materials
a) Thatch Covering
b) Wood Shingles
c) Tiles
d) Asbestos cement sheets
e) Galvanized corrugated iron sheets
f) Light weight roofing
42. THATCH COVERING
This is the cheapest roof covering, commonly used in
villages.
It is very light, but is highly combustible.
It is unstable against high winds. It absorbs moisture
& liable to decay.
The framework to support thatch consists of round
bamboo rafters spaced 20 to 30 cm apart & tied with
split bamboos laid at right angles to the rafters.
In order to drain roof effectively a minimum slope of
450
is kept.
The thickness of thatch covering should at least be
15cm, normal thickness varies from 20 to 30 cm.
45. WOOD SHINGLES
It’s use is restricted to hilly areas where local
timber is easily available at low cost.
Though it is light weight, it is not fire & termite
resistant.
It is obtained from well seasoned timber.
They are obtained in lengths varying from 30 to
40 cm & widths varying 6 to 25 cm.
They are approximately 10mm thick at the tail or
butt end and taper to 3mm.
47. TILES
It is the oldest type of roof covering materials &
is still preferred for residential building and
country houses.
This is because country tiles are manufactured
from locally available earth.
Following are the various types of tiles generally
used:-
A) Plain tiles
B) Curved tiles
C) Italian or Allahabad tiles
D) Interlocking tiles
E) Spanish tiles
48. PLAIN TILES
Plain tiles are made of clay or concrete, though
clay are more common.
Plain or flat tiles are manufactured in
rectangular shapes, of sizes varying form 25cm X
15 cm to 28 cm X 18 cm, with thickness from 9
mm to 15 mm.
The tiles are not perfectly flat, but have slight
camber of 5 to 10 mm in their length.
Before laying the tiles, common rafters are laid
at 20 to 30 cm spacing.
Battens are then fixed across the rafters at a
spacing 4 to 6cm.
51. CURVED OR PAN TILES
Pan tiles are 33 to 36 cm long, 22.5 to 25 cm wide
and 12 to 19 mm thick.
They are flat longitudinally, but are curved
transversely to a flat wave or S-curve.
53. SPANISH TILES
This tiles are commonly used in villages.
These tiles are laid in pairs of under-tiles and
over-tiles.
The under-tiles are laid with concave surface
upwards while the over-tiles are laid with convex
surface upwards.
55. ITALIAN OR ALLAHABAD
TILES
These tiles are also used in pairs- flat broad
bottom under-tile which alternate with convex
curved over-tile.
The under-tile is flat, tapered with upturned
edges or flanges at the sides.
57. INTER-LOCKING TILES
These tiles are available with patent locking
devices, the object of which is to prevent their
dislodgment even in most exposed condition.
These tiles are machine made.
59. ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEETS
These sheets are manufactured from asbestos
fiber (@ 15%) & Portland cement.
These sheets are now becoming popular for
industrial buildings, factories, sheds, auditorium
& even residential building.
They are cheap, light weight, tough, durable,
water tight, fire-resisting.
The main advantage is that they are available in
bigger units, hence supporting frame is also
cheaper, easier and lighter.
These sheets do not require any protective paint.
Construction with A.C. sheets are very fast.
60. ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEETS
Following points should be noted while fixing A.C.
sheets:-
The A.C. sheets should be laid with smooth side
upward.
End lap and side lap should be properly maintained.
General end lap is 15cm but this can be varied to suit
purlin spacing.
Purlin spacing and length of sheets should be properly
checked before linked.
The holes for fixing accessories should be drilled (not
punched) in the crown of the corrugations. The diameter
of the holes should be 3 mm greater than the diameter
of the fixing bolt or screw. Thus 8mm dia. drilled holes
and screwed lightly.
61.
62. ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEETS
Bitumen washers should be provided under G.I.
flat washer. The nuts of the screws or bolts are
moderately tightened when 10 to 12 sheets have
been laid. They should not be screwed very tight.
Ridge capping should be secured to the ridge
purlin.
The sheets should be ‘mitred’ properly as
required.
The unsupported overhang of A.C. sheets should
not exceed 30cm.
64. GALVANIZED IRON
CORRUGATED SHEETS (G. I.
SHEETS)
G.I. sheets are also widely used.
They are stronger than A.C. Sheets.
Due to higher cost, they are replaced by A.C.
sheets.
They are not used for slopes flatter than 1in 4.
G.I. sheets are made from iron sheets which are
galvanized with zinc to protect them from rusting
action of water & wet weather.
These sheets are fixed in a manner similar to A.
C. sheets.
65. LIGHT WEIGHT ROOFING
The wide span industrial structures, it is
desirable to reduce the weight of roof , so that
structural framing can be economical.
The light weight roofing materials are of two
types:-
A) Sheeting:-
i) Aluminum Sheet
ii) Asbestos cement sheet
B) Decking:-
i) Wood Wool
ii) Straw board
iii) Aluminum alloy and Steel decking
66. WOOD WOOL
It is made from wood fibres interwoven together
& cement bonded under pressure in mould.
They are available in the form of slabs, having
thickness 12 to 100mm, 0.6m width & up to 3.9m
length.
It has good sound absorbing & thermal insulation
properties.
70. ADVANTAGES OF STEEL
TRUSSES OVER TIMBER
TRUSSES.
The sections comprising of a steel truss are
readily available in the required dimensions,
resulting in minimum wastage of material.
Steel trusses are light in weight and can be
fabricated in any shape depending upon
structural and architectural requirements.
Steel trusses are stronger and more rigid in
comparison to timber trusses. The members are
equally strong in tension as well as in
compression.
Steel trusses can be used over any span, while
timber trusses are suitable only up to 15m span.
71. ADVANTAGES OF STEEL
TRUSSES OVER TIMBER
TRUSSES
Steel trusses are fire proof.
Steel trusses are termite proof.
Steel trusses are most resistant to other
environmental agencies and have longer life.
The fabrication of steel trusses is easier and
quicker since the sections can be machined and
shaped in the workshop and then transported to
the construction site for erection.
72. FLAT ROOF
A roof which is nearly flat is known as flat roof.
It should be noted that no roof can be laid
perfectly level.
The roof must slope in one direction or the other
to cause rain water to flow off rapidly and easily.
The construction of flat roof is same as that of
floors except that the top surface is made slightly
sloping in case of flat roofs.
73. ADVANTAGES OF FLAT
ROOFS
The roof can be used as terrace for playing,
gardening, sleeping and for celebrating functions.
Construction and maintenance is easier.
They can be easily made fireproof in comparison
to pitched roof.
They avoid the enclosure of the triangular space.
Due to this, the architectural appearance of the
building is very much improved.
Flat roofs have better insulating properties.
74. ADVANTAGES OF FLAT
ROOFS
They require lesser area of roofing material than
pitched roofs.
They are more stable against high winds.
They do not require false ceiling, which is
essential in pitched roof.
Flat roofs are proved to be overall economic.
In multistoried buildings, the flat roof is only
choice. Since overhead water tanks and other
services are located on the terrace.
The construction of upper floors can be easily
done over flat roofs, if so required in future.
75. DISADVANTAGES OF FLAT
ROOFS
They are vulnerable to heavy temperature
variations, specially in tropics, due to which cracks
are developed on the surface. These cracks may lead
to water penetration latter, if not repaired in time.
It is difficult to locate and rectify leak in flat roof.
The speed of flat roof construction is much slower
than the pitched roof.
The initial cost of flat roof is more than pitched roof.
The flat roofs exposes the entire building to the
weather agencies, while the projecting elements of
pitched roofs provide some protection to the
building.
76. DISADVANTAGES OF FLAT
ROOFS
The span of flat roof is restricted, unless
intermediate columns are introduced. Pitched
roofs can be used over large spans without any
intermediate column.
The self weight of flat roof is very high. Due to
this the sizes of beams, columns, foundations and
other structural members are heavy.
They are unsuitable at the places of heavy
rainfall.
They are highly unsuitable to hilly areas or other
areas where there is heavy snowfall.