This document provides an overview of different types of retaining walls, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, sheet pile, and diaphragm walls. It discusses the key components and design considerations for gravity and cantilever retaining walls. Gravity walls rely on their own weight for stability, while cantilever walls consist of a vertical stem with a heel and toe slab acting as a cantilever beam. The document also covers lateral earth pressures, drainage of retaining walls, uses of sheet pile walls, and construction methods for diaphragm walls.
The document discusses retaining walls and includes:
- Definitions of retaining walls and their parts
- Common types of retaining walls including gravity, semi-gravity, cantilever, counterfort and bulkhead walls
- Earth pressures like active, passive and at rest pressures
- Design principles for stability against sliding, overturning and bearing capacity
- Drainage considerations for retaining walls
- Theories for analyzing earth pressures like Rankine and Coulomb's theories
- Sample design calculations and problems for checking stability of retaining walls
Retaining walls are used at the Shraddha Vivanta Residency construction site in Mumbai for two main purposes. Cantilever retaining walls around 3.5 meters deep allow for a basement and four floors of stacked parking underneath the residential building. Additional retaining walls surround underground water tanks for suction and firefighting. The walls are located along the building perimeter and around the tank areas. Proper waterproofing of the retaining walls is important given their underground locations.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
The document discusses limit state design of reinforced concrete structures. It introduces limit states as conditions where the structure becomes unfit for use, including limit states of strength and serviceability. Limit state design involves characterizing loads and resistances as random variables and using partial safety factors on loads and resistances to achieve a target reliability. The document outlines the general principles of limit state design according to Indian Standard code IS 800, including defining actions, factors governing strength limits, and serviceability limits related to deflection, vibration and durability.
The document discusses different types of shallow foundations. It describes spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat or raft foundations. For spread footings, it provides details on single, stepped, sloped, wall, and grillage footings. Foundations are also discussed for black cotton soils, including strip footings, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations. Finally, potential causes of foundation failure are listed such as unequal settlement, subsoil moisture movement, and lateral soil pressures.
Pre-stressed concrete uses tensioned steel strands or bars to place concrete in compression before application of service loads. This counters the tensile stresses induced by loads and prevents cracking. There are two main methods: pre-tensioning applies tension before pouring concrete, while post-tensioning tensions strands after concrete curing. Pre-stressed concrete allows for smaller and lighter structures that resist loads, deflection, and cracking better than reinforced concrete.
Shear walls are vertical reinforced concrete walls that resist lateral forces like wind and earthquakes. They provide strength and stiffness to control lateral building movement. Shear walls are classified into different types including simple rectangular, coupled, rigid frame, framed with infill, column supported, and core type walls. Design of shear walls involves reviewing the building layout, determining loads, estimating earthquake forces, analyzing the structural system, and designing for flexural and shear strengths with proper reinforcement detailing. The behavior of shear walls under seismic loading depends on their height to width ratio, with squat walls experiencing more shear deformation and slender walls undergoing primarily bending deformation.
The document discusses retaining walls and includes:
- Definitions of retaining walls and their parts
- Common types of retaining walls including gravity, semi-gravity, cantilever, counterfort and bulkhead walls
- Earth pressures like active, passive and at rest pressures
- Design principles for stability against sliding, overturning and bearing capacity
- Drainage considerations for retaining walls
- Theories for analyzing earth pressures like Rankine and Coulomb's theories
- Sample design calculations and problems for checking stability of retaining walls
Retaining walls are used at the Shraddha Vivanta Residency construction site in Mumbai for two main purposes. Cantilever retaining walls around 3.5 meters deep allow for a basement and four floors of stacked parking underneath the residential building. Additional retaining walls surround underground water tanks for suction and firefighting. The walls are located along the building perimeter and around the tank areas. Proper waterproofing of the retaining walls is important given their underground locations.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
The document discusses limit state design of reinforced concrete structures. It introduces limit states as conditions where the structure becomes unfit for use, including limit states of strength and serviceability. Limit state design involves characterizing loads and resistances as random variables and using partial safety factors on loads and resistances to achieve a target reliability. The document outlines the general principles of limit state design according to Indian Standard code IS 800, including defining actions, factors governing strength limits, and serviceability limits related to deflection, vibration and durability.
The document discusses different types of shallow foundations. It describes spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat or raft foundations. For spread footings, it provides details on single, stepped, sloped, wall, and grillage footings. Foundations are also discussed for black cotton soils, including strip footings, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations. Finally, potential causes of foundation failure are listed such as unequal settlement, subsoil moisture movement, and lateral soil pressures.
Pre-stressed concrete uses tensioned steel strands or bars to place concrete in compression before application of service loads. This counters the tensile stresses induced by loads and prevents cracking. There are two main methods: pre-tensioning applies tension before pouring concrete, while post-tensioning tensions strands after concrete curing. Pre-stressed concrete allows for smaller and lighter structures that resist loads, deflection, and cracking better than reinforced concrete.
Shear walls are vertical reinforced concrete walls that resist lateral forces like wind and earthquakes. They provide strength and stiffness to control lateral building movement. Shear walls are classified into different types including simple rectangular, coupled, rigid frame, framed with infill, column supported, and core type walls. Design of shear walls involves reviewing the building layout, determining loads, estimating earthquake forces, analyzing the structural system, and designing for flexural and shear strengths with proper reinforcement detailing. The behavior of shear walls under seismic loading depends on their height to width ratio, with squat walls experiencing more shear deformation and slender walls undergoing primarily bending deformation.
Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe or unstable structure. There are three main types of shoring: raking shores, flying shores, and dead shores. Raking shores use inclined members called rakers to provide lateral support to walls. Flying shores provide temporary support between party walls when an intermediate building is demolished. Dead shores provide vertical support to walls and structures when the lower part of a wall is removed, such as to add an opening.
Deep foundations are used when the bearing stratum is located at a significant depth below the surface. The most common types of deep foundations are pile foundations, cofferdams, and caisson foundations. Pile foundations support structures using vertical piles that transfer loads either through end bearing or skin friction. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite. Cofferdams are temporary structures used to exclude water from a construction site to allow work below the water level. Common types include earthfill, rockfill, single-walled, and cellular cofferdams. Caissons are watertight structures that become part of the permanent foundation. Types are open caissons, box caissons
Definition,
functions,
types of foundations,
foundation loads,
selection criteria for foundations based on soil conditions,
bearing capacity of soil,
methods of testing,
method of improving bearing capacity of soil,
settlement of foundations,
precautions against settlement,
shallow and deep foundations,
different types of foundations – wall footing (strip footing), isolated footing, combined footing, raft foundation, pile foundation etc.
Retaining walls are used to retain earth in a vertical position where there is an abrupt change in ground level. There are several types of retaining walls including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, and buttress walls. Cantilever walls are the most common type for heights up to 8 meters. They consist of a vertical stem and base slab that behave like one-way cantilevers. Counterfort walls include transverse supports called counterforts to reduce bending moments in the stem and slabs. Proper design of the stem, heel slab, toe slab, and foundation depth is required to resist overturning, sliding, soil pressure, and bending failure.
This document provides guidance on the design of lacing and battens for built-up compression members. It discusses the key design considerations and calculations for both single and double lacing systems, including the angle of inclination, slenderness ratio, effective lacing length, bar width and thickness. Similar guidelines are given for battens, covering spacing, thickness, effective depth, transverse shear and overlap. The document also includes an example problem on designing a slab foundation for a column with given load and material properties.
Pile foundation is important for construction of foundation where bearing capacity of soil is poor. Pile foundation is use for distribution of uneven load of superstructure.There are so many type of pile are use for construction. Here i present some of pile with suitable condition for construction and methods for construction.
Thank you.
This document provides an overview of foundations for building construction. It discusses the importance of foundations in distributing building loads to the ground. There are two main types of foundations - shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, grillage foundations, raft foundations, stepped foundations, and mat/slab foundations. Deep foundations transfer loads deep into the earth and include drilled caissons, driven piles, and precast concrete piles. Foundation design considers factors like soil type, structural requirements, construction requirements, site conditions, and cost. The document also discusses waterproofing, drainage, and underpinning foundations.
This document discusses raft/mat foundations, including:
- A raft foundation is a thick reinforced concrete slab that supports columns and transmits loads into the soil. It is used for structures with large or uneven column loads.
- Types of raft foundations include flat plate, thickened under columns, beam and slab, box structures, and mats on piles.
- Construction involves soil testing, excavation, reinforcement placement, forming, concrete pouring, and curing. Raft foundations are economic and reduce differential settlement but require treatment for point loads.
This document discusses various causes and effects of dampness in buildings and methods of damp proofing. It covers:
1. The main causes of dampness are moisture rising up from the ground, rain penetrating wall tops and external walls, and condensation.
2. Effects of dampness include unhealthy conditions, damage to structures and decorations, and deterioration of electrical fittings.
3. Methods of damp proofing include using a damp proof course (DPC), integral damp proofing of concrete, surface treatments, cavity wall construction, guniting, and pressure grouting.
4. Suitable materials for DPC include bitumen, mastic asphalt, metal sheets, cement concrete, and
shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system. Shear walls are constructed to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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This document discusses pile foundations. It begins by listing the topics that will be covered, including types of piles, pile spacing, pile caps, load testing, and failures. It then defines a pile foundation as using slender structural members like steel, concrete or timber that are installed in the ground to transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. The document goes on to classify piles based on their function, material, and installation method. It describes common pile types such as precast concrete, driven steel, and cast-in-place piles. The document provides details on pile uses, selection factors, and installation procedures.
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression using tensioned steel strands, cables, or bars. This is done through either pre-tensioning or post-tensioning. In pre-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned before the concrete is poured, while in post-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Prestressed concrete provides benefits over reinforced concrete like lower construction costs, thinner structural elements, and longer spans between supports.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structures. It describes two types of building structures - load bearing, where walls transmit loads directly to the ground, and framed structures, where loads are transferred through RCC beams, columns, and slabs. It also discusses design loads on buildings including dead loads from structural weight and live loads. Common RCC structural elements like beams, slabs, shear walls and elevator shafts are described. Raw materials, advantages, specifications, common ratios, one-way and two-way slabs, and examples of RCC structures are covered.
The document discusses underpinning, which is strengthening and stabilizing an existing building's foundation. Reasons for underpinning include an insufficient original foundation, changed building usage or soil properties, or nearby construction requiring soil excavation. Underpinning extends the foundation deeper or wider to bear on stronger soil or distribute load. Common methods are micropiles, jet grouting, and soil grouting. Types of underpinning include mass concrete, beam and base, and mini-piled underpinning. Mass concrete involves digging boxes and pouring concrete sequentially. Beam and base uses a reinforced concrete beam supported by mass concrete bases. Mini-piles are used for deep foundations on variable soils.
An eccentric footing consists of two isolated footings connected by a structural strap or lever. This allows the footings to behave as a single unit while transferring both axial and moment loads from columns. Eccentric footings are more economical than combined footings when the soil can support higher pressures and the column spacing is large. They are used when spreading a footing to align load and area centroids is not possible, such as when a column is near a property boundary.
Retaining walls have the primary function of retaining soils at an angle greater than the soil's natural angle of repose. There are several types of retaining walls including mass retaining walls, cantilever walls, counterfort retaining walls, and precast concrete retaining walls. Design considerations for retaining walls include preventing overturning, forward sliding, using suitable materials, and not overloading the subsoil.
This document describes cantilever retaining walls. It defines a retaining wall as a structure that maintains ground surfaces at different elevations on either side. Cantilever retaining walls consist of a stem supported by a base and resist lateral forces through bending. The document discusses the types of forces acting on retaining walls, methods for calculating lateral earth pressures, and design considerations for stability, soil pressure distribution, and reinforcement in the stem, toe slab, and heel slab.
This document discusses retaining walls and their design. It begins by defining a retaining wall as a structure used to retain earth or other materials that cannot stand vertically on their own. It then discusses different types of conventional retaining walls, including gravity, semi-gravity, cantilever, counterfort/buttressed, and reinforced earth walls. The document also covers design considerations such as forces, stability requirements, and checks against overturning and sliding.
The document discusses the design of retaining walls. It defines a retaining wall as a structure used to hold back soil or other material at different levels on either side. It describes common types of retaining walls like gravity, cantilever, counterfort and buttress walls. Factors that influence the design are also discussed, including earth pressure, types of backfill, surcharge loads and drainage. The design process involves checking stability against overturning, sliding and bearing capacity failure. Reinforcement details and curtailment are also covered.
Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe or unstable structure. There are three main types of shoring: raking shores, flying shores, and dead shores. Raking shores use inclined members called rakers to provide lateral support to walls. Flying shores provide temporary support between party walls when an intermediate building is demolished. Dead shores provide vertical support to walls and structures when the lower part of a wall is removed, such as to add an opening.
Deep foundations are used when the bearing stratum is located at a significant depth below the surface. The most common types of deep foundations are pile foundations, cofferdams, and caisson foundations. Pile foundations support structures using vertical piles that transfer loads either through end bearing or skin friction. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite. Cofferdams are temporary structures used to exclude water from a construction site to allow work below the water level. Common types include earthfill, rockfill, single-walled, and cellular cofferdams. Caissons are watertight structures that become part of the permanent foundation. Types are open caissons, box caissons
Definition,
functions,
types of foundations,
foundation loads,
selection criteria for foundations based on soil conditions,
bearing capacity of soil,
methods of testing,
method of improving bearing capacity of soil,
settlement of foundations,
precautions against settlement,
shallow and deep foundations,
different types of foundations – wall footing (strip footing), isolated footing, combined footing, raft foundation, pile foundation etc.
Retaining walls are used to retain earth in a vertical position where there is an abrupt change in ground level. There are several types of retaining walls including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, and buttress walls. Cantilever walls are the most common type for heights up to 8 meters. They consist of a vertical stem and base slab that behave like one-way cantilevers. Counterfort walls include transverse supports called counterforts to reduce bending moments in the stem and slabs. Proper design of the stem, heel slab, toe slab, and foundation depth is required to resist overturning, sliding, soil pressure, and bending failure.
This document provides guidance on the design of lacing and battens for built-up compression members. It discusses the key design considerations and calculations for both single and double lacing systems, including the angle of inclination, slenderness ratio, effective lacing length, bar width and thickness. Similar guidelines are given for battens, covering spacing, thickness, effective depth, transverse shear and overlap. The document also includes an example problem on designing a slab foundation for a column with given load and material properties.
Pile foundation is important for construction of foundation where bearing capacity of soil is poor. Pile foundation is use for distribution of uneven load of superstructure.There are so many type of pile are use for construction. Here i present some of pile with suitable condition for construction and methods for construction.
Thank you.
This document provides an overview of foundations for building construction. It discusses the importance of foundations in distributing building loads to the ground. There are two main types of foundations - shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, grillage foundations, raft foundations, stepped foundations, and mat/slab foundations. Deep foundations transfer loads deep into the earth and include drilled caissons, driven piles, and precast concrete piles. Foundation design considers factors like soil type, structural requirements, construction requirements, site conditions, and cost. The document also discusses waterproofing, drainage, and underpinning foundations.
This document discusses raft/mat foundations, including:
- A raft foundation is a thick reinforced concrete slab that supports columns and transmits loads into the soil. It is used for structures with large or uneven column loads.
- Types of raft foundations include flat plate, thickened under columns, beam and slab, box structures, and mats on piles.
- Construction involves soil testing, excavation, reinforcement placement, forming, concrete pouring, and curing. Raft foundations are economic and reduce differential settlement but require treatment for point loads.
This document discusses various causes and effects of dampness in buildings and methods of damp proofing. It covers:
1. The main causes of dampness are moisture rising up from the ground, rain penetrating wall tops and external walls, and condensation.
2. Effects of dampness include unhealthy conditions, damage to structures and decorations, and deterioration of electrical fittings.
3. Methods of damp proofing include using a damp proof course (DPC), integral damp proofing of concrete, surface treatments, cavity wall construction, guniting, and pressure grouting.
4. Suitable materials for DPC include bitumen, mastic asphalt, metal sheets, cement concrete, and
shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system. Shear walls are constructed to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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This document discusses pile foundations. It begins by listing the topics that will be covered, including types of piles, pile spacing, pile caps, load testing, and failures. It then defines a pile foundation as using slender structural members like steel, concrete or timber that are installed in the ground to transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. The document goes on to classify piles based on their function, material, and installation method. It describes common pile types such as precast concrete, driven steel, and cast-in-place piles. The document provides details on pile uses, selection factors, and installation procedures.
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression using tensioned steel strands, cables, or bars. This is done through either pre-tensioning or post-tensioning. In pre-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned before the concrete is poured, while in post-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Prestressed concrete provides benefits over reinforced concrete like lower construction costs, thinner structural elements, and longer spans between supports.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structures. It describes two types of building structures - load bearing, where walls transmit loads directly to the ground, and framed structures, where loads are transferred through RCC beams, columns, and slabs. It also discusses design loads on buildings including dead loads from structural weight and live loads. Common RCC structural elements like beams, slabs, shear walls and elevator shafts are described. Raw materials, advantages, specifications, common ratios, one-way and two-way slabs, and examples of RCC structures are covered.
The document discusses underpinning, which is strengthening and stabilizing an existing building's foundation. Reasons for underpinning include an insufficient original foundation, changed building usage or soil properties, or nearby construction requiring soil excavation. Underpinning extends the foundation deeper or wider to bear on stronger soil or distribute load. Common methods are micropiles, jet grouting, and soil grouting. Types of underpinning include mass concrete, beam and base, and mini-piled underpinning. Mass concrete involves digging boxes and pouring concrete sequentially. Beam and base uses a reinforced concrete beam supported by mass concrete bases. Mini-piles are used for deep foundations on variable soils.
An eccentric footing consists of two isolated footings connected by a structural strap or lever. This allows the footings to behave as a single unit while transferring both axial and moment loads from columns. Eccentric footings are more economical than combined footings when the soil can support higher pressures and the column spacing is large. They are used when spreading a footing to align load and area centroids is not possible, such as when a column is near a property boundary.
Retaining walls have the primary function of retaining soils at an angle greater than the soil's natural angle of repose. There are several types of retaining walls including mass retaining walls, cantilever walls, counterfort retaining walls, and precast concrete retaining walls. Design considerations for retaining walls include preventing overturning, forward sliding, using suitable materials, and not overloading the subsoil.
This document describes cantilever retaining walls. It defines a retaining wall as a structure that maintains ground surfaces at different elevations on either side. Cantilever retaining walls consist of a stem supported by a base and resist lateral forces through bending. The document discusses the types of forces acting on retaining walls, methods for calculating lateral earth pressures, and design considerations for stability, soil pressure distribution, and reinforcement in the stem, toe slab, and heel slab.
This document discusses retaining walls and their design. It begins by defining a retaining wall as a structure used to retain earth or other materials that cannot stand vertically on their own. It then discusses different types of conventional retaining walls, including gravity, semi-gravity, cantilever, counterfort/buttressed, and reinforced earth walls. The document also covers design considerations such as forces, stability requirements, and checks against overturning and sliding.
The document discusses the design of retaining walls. It defines a retaining wall as a structure used to hold back soil or other material at different levels on either side. It describes common types of retaining walls like gravity, cantilever, counterfort and buttress walls. Factors that influence the design are also discussed, including earth pressure, types of backfill, surcharge loads and drainage. The design process involves checking stability against overturning, sliding and bearing capacity failure. Reinforcement details and curtailment are also covered.
This document discusses different types of retaining walls and their design considerations. It describes:
1. Gravity, cantilever, counterfort, and buttress retaining wall types based on their structural components and typical height ranges.
2. Design considerations for retaining walls including stability against overturning, sliding, and settlement; drainage; and structural design basis using load and safety factors.
3. An example problem showing calculations for earth pressure, restoring moments, and checking stability of a gravity wall.
1) Retaining walls are built to hold back soil and come in different types including gravity, semi-gravity, cantilever, counterfort, and crib walls.
2) The design of retaining walls involves determining the lateral earth pressures based on soil parameters, and checking the stability against overturning, sliding, and bearing capacity failures.
3) Lateral earth pressures can be estimated using theories such as Rankine, Coulomb, and at-rest pressures which depend on the soil unit weight, friction angle, and whether the soil is active or passive.
Retaining walls are used to hold back earth or loose materials where natural slopes cannot form due to space restrictions. There are several types of retaining walls including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, and buttress walls. Stability requirements for retaining walls include ensuring individual parts can resist forces, and the wall as a whole is stable against settlement, sliding, and overturning. Proper drainage is also important to consider in retaining wall design.
The document defines different types of structural footings used to support columns, walls, and transmit loads to the soil. It discusses isolated, combined, cantilever, continuous, raft, and pile cap footings. It also covers footing design considerations like allowable bearing capacity, shear strength, bending moment, and reinforcement requirements. The document provides formulas and steps for calculating footing size, reinforcement, and checking design requirements.
1) Lateral earth pressure is the pressure that soil exerts horizontally and is important for designing retaining structures like walls, sheet piles, and basements.
2) There are three states of lateral earth pressure: at-rest, active, and passive. At-rest pressure acts on braced walls, active on free-standing walls, and passive when a wall is pushed into the soil.
3) The coefficients of lateral earth pressure (Ko, Ka, Kp) can be calculated using equations involving the soil friction angle. Ko is used to calculate at-rest pressure, Ka for active, and Kp for passive pressure conditions.
Soil shear strength is determined using the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion. Common laboratory tests to determine soil strength parameters (c and φ) include direct shear tests, unconfined compression tests, and triaxial compression tests. Rankine and Coulomb developed theories to describe lateral earth pressures on retaining walls, including active, passive, and at-rest pressures. Boussinesq provided solutions for vertical stresses in soil due to concentrated loads, line loads, and strip loads using influence charts.
The document discusses the design and installation of gabion walls. It describes mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls and reinforced soil walls. For gabion wall design, it covers analyzing the forces acting on the wall, including earth pressures, and checking stability against overturning, sliding, and bearing capacity failure. Example calculations are provided to demonstrate designing a gabion wall to meet safety factor requirements for stability. Reinforced soil walls are also discussed, noting reinforcement helps resist earth pressures and additional design considerations.
This document discusses different types of foundations for structures. It describes shallow foundations like spread footings, combined footings, cantilever footings, continuous footings, and raft foundations. It also describes deep foundations like piles, piers, and caissons. The key factors in selecting a foundation type are the structure's loads, subsurface soil conditions, and cost. Foundation design considers load distribution, settlement, and preventing differential movement.
The document outlines a course plan for a foundation engineering course. It includes 9 units that will be covered: introduction and site investigation, earth pressure, shallow foundations, pile foundations, well foundations, slope stability, retaining walls, and soil stabilization. It provides details on the number of lectures for each unit and the topics that will be covered in each lecture. Some key topics include shallow foundation design methods, pile load testing, earth pressure theories, and slope stability analysis techniques. References for the course are also provided.
This document provides information about retaining walls. It defines retaining walls and their purpose to provide stability to natural terrain when slopes are modified. It describes the main types of retaining walls: gravity walls, cantilever walls, and counterfort walls. It also discusses the loads acting on retaining walls, including active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, self-weight, and surcharge loads. The document includes an example problem to calculate the factor of safety against sliding and overturning for a concrete gravity retaining wall.
This document discusses the types and components of concrete pavements. It describes concrete pavements as rigid slabs made of Portland cement that have very small deflections compared to flexible pavements. The main components are the concrete slab, granular or stabilized base and subbase, and subgrade. Joints like contraction joints, construction joints, and expansion joints are also important features. The document also examines stresses in concrete from loads, temperature changes, and other factors using theories like modulus of subgrade reaction. It provides equations to calculate stresses at critical interior, edge, and corner locations of slabs.
This document discusses different types of braced excavation systems used to support deep excavations, including soldier beams with lagging, sheet piles, and slurry trenches. It describes the design process for braced cuts, which involves analyzing stability, ground movements, and structural elements like sheet piles and struts. Methods for determining loads on structural elements using tributary area and equivalent beam approaches are presented. Factors affecting stability like heaving in soils are discussed. Design of structural components like struts, wales, and sheet piles is also covered.
Braced cut excavations design and problems pptRoshiyaFathima
This document discusses braced cuts and excavations for deep foundations. It describes various methods for temporarily shoring vertical walls during excavation, including movable earth shields and steel sheet piles with horizontal walers and struts. Methods for analyzing lateral earth pressures, strut loads, and wale bending moments are presented. Peck's design pressure envelopes are shown for estimating earth pressures on retaining walls in cohesive and cohesionless soils. An example problem demonstrates analyzing and designing a braced wall system for a stiff clay excavation using a given strut spacing.
This document provides a summary of key concepts related to the analysis and design of retaining structures:
- It discusses different types of retaining structures including gravity walls, embedded walls, and reinforced/anchored earth walls. Common examples like sheet pile walls, cantilever walls, and reinforced earth walls are mentioned.
- The key lateral earth pressures of active, passive, and at-rest are defined based on Rankine's theory. Equations are provided for calculating the coefficient of pressure.
- Design criteria for stability are outlined, including checking factors of safety against overturning, sliding, and maximum base pressure.
- An example problem is worked through to calculate the minimum width required for a reinforced concrete retaining wall
Design masonry walls for gravity loads.pdfdhiranbk
The document discusses the design of masonry walls for gravity loads according to Indian codes and guidelines. It covers key considerations for the design including codal provisions, design for different types of gravity loads, bonding elements, effective height and thickness calculations, load dispersion, permissible stresses, and shear stress calculations. Design of masonry structures must ensure stability, strength, and consider factors like lateral supports, mortar selection, openings, and eccentric loading.
This document provides information about diversion and impounding structures. It discusses types of impounding structures like gravity dams and describes their components. Gravity dams are the most commonly used type of dam as they require little maintenance. The document outlines the forces acting on gravity dams and how they are designed. It also discusses earth dams, describing their components and advantages/disadvantages compared to gravity dams. Earth dams are constructed using local natural materials and are simpler and more economical than other dam types.
This document provides details to estimate quantities for special structures including a soak pit, septic tank, and canal fall. For the soak pit, it calculates the quantities of earthwork, dry brick masonry, brick bat filling, and RCC cover. For the septic tank, it determines the excavation quantity, cement concrete flooring, brick masonry walls, and RCC slab. For the canal fall, it finds the quantities of excavation for the weir wall and guard wall, C.C. for the weir and guard walls, and block/C.R. masonry quantities. Formulas and step-by-step workings are shown to derive the quantities of various items.
This document discusses different types of pavements and factors considered in pavement design. It describes flexible and rigid pavements, and notes that pavement refers to the top road surface layer, including sub-base and base layers below. The objectives of pavement are to transfer wheel loads, prevent water entry into subgrades, and provide a smooth surface. Factors in design include traffic load, subgrade soil, design life, climate, materials, drainage, and geometry. The CBR test method is explained for evaluating subgrade strength.
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Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
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• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
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eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
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authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
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see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
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CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
2. CONTENT
Introduction
Types of Retaining Wall
Gravity Retaining Wall
Cantilever Retaining Wall
Design of counterfort Retaining Wall
Drainage of the Backfill
Sheet Pile Wall
Diaphragm Wall
2
3. • A Retaining wall is a structure used to retain earth or other material and
to maintain ground surface at different elevation on either side of it .
• Retaining wall are used to retain earth or other materials which have the
tendency to slide and repose at a particular inclination .
• They provide lateral support to the backfill , embankment or in order to
hold them in a vertical position.
What is Retaining Wall?
3
4. Retaining Wall
The main components of retaining wall are :
1. Stem
2. Toe slab
3. Heel slab
4. Counter forts
5. Shear key
4
6. 1. Construction of basement below ground level in buildings.
2. Wing wall and abutment in bridge work are designed as retaining wall.
3. To retain slopes in hilly terrain roads.
4. As side walls of bridge approach roads.
5. To provide lateral support to embankment.
Application of Retaining wall
6
7. Types of Retaining Wall
The different types of retaining wall are as follows :
1. Gravity retaining wall
2. Cantilever retaining wall
3. Counterfort retaining wall
4. Buttress wall
5. Bridge Abutment
6. Box Culvert
7
8. 1. Gravity retaining wall :
• The stability of the wall is maintained by its own weight.
• It is generally made up to a height of 3m of wall .
8
9. 2. Cantilever retaining wall :
• It consists of a vertical wall, heel slab and toe slab which act as cantilever
beams .
• It is generally used when the height of wall is up to 6m .
• The cantilever retaining wall are of three types :
1. T-shaped
2. L-shaped
3. T-shaped with shear key
9
10. 3 . Counterfort retaining wall :
• In this type of retaining wall the stem and base slab are tied together by
counter fort at suitable interval.
• Economical for heights over about 6m.
10
11. 4. Buttress wall :
• Modification of counterfort wall with counter forts called buttresses,
provided to other side of backfill.
11
12. 5. Bridge Abutment : similar to the top of stem of retaining wall is braced by
the deck slab of bridge.
6. Box Culvert : it acts as a close rigid frame, consisting of single or multiple
cells.
12
13. Forces Acting on Retaining wall
The various forces acting on retaining wall are :
1. Lateral earth pressure
2. Self weight of retaining wall
3. Weight of soil above the base slab
4. Surcharge
5. Soil reactions below base slab
6. Frictional force at the bottom of base slab .
13
15. Lateral Earth Pressure :
The lateral Earth pressure due to earth pressure is the major force acting
on the retaining wall .
Active Earth pressure by Rankine Theory : ( For Cohesionless soils )
1. Dry or moist backfill with no surcharge
2. Submerged backfill
3. Backfill with uniform surcharge
4. Backfill with sloping surcharge
5. Inclined back and surcharge ,
15
16. Dry or moist backfill with no surcharge
• Pressure at the base of wall,
pₐ = kₐ x ϒ x H
Total pressure acting on the wall,
Pa = 0.5 kₐ x ϒ x H2
This pressure act at H/3 above the base of
wall.
16
17. Submerged backfill
• Lateral earth pressure is made up of two component,
1. Due to submerged weight ϒ’ of soil,
= kₐ x ϒ’ x H
2. Lateral pressure due to water,
= ϒw x H
Total pressure at base, = kₐ x ϒ’ x H + ϒw x H
If backfill is partly submerged,
Pa = kₐ x ϒ x H1 + kₐ x ϒ’ x H2 + ϒw x H2
17
18. Backfill with uniform surcharge
• If backfill carries surcharge of uniform intensity q per unit area,
Lateral pressure due to surcharge = kₐ . q
Lateral earth pressure due to backfill = kₐ x ϒ x H
Lateral pressure intensity at base = kₐ . Q + kₐ x ϒ x H
18
19. Backfill with sloping surcharge
• Total earth pressure acting at angle β with horizontal ,
Ka = cos
If surcharge is horizontal , = 0
Ka =
19
20. Inclined back
• Resultant of pressure P1 and weight of soil wedge w is calculated as P.
P = √ p1
2 + W2
Where ,
p
1 = 0.5 kₐ x ϒ x H2
20
22. Design criteria
The criteria for the design of a gravity retaining wall are:-
• The base width (b) of the wall must be such that the maximum pressure
exerted on the foundation soil does not exceed the SBC of the soil.
• No tension should be developed anywhere in the wall.
• The wall must be safe against sliding.
• The wall must be safe against overturning.
22
23. • W = weight of wall per unit weight
• Pa = total active earth pressure
• Pp = total passive earth pressure
• R = resultant of all forces
x =Σ M / Σ V
where, x = distance of R from toe
Σ M = sum of moment of all actuating force
Σ V = sum of all vertical forces
Eccentricity ,
e = b / 2 – x
b = base width of wall
23
24. Stability checks
1. No sliding :-
• Sliding force = Rh = Pah
• Resisting force = μ . Rv = μ . Σ V
μ = coefficient of friction between base of the wall and the foundation soil
= tanΦ
• F.S = Restoring force/Sliding force
= μ . Rv /Rh
24
25. 2. No overturning:
F.S. = ( sum of restoring moments at toe ) /
( sum of overturning moments at toe )
= Σ MR / Σ Mo
MR = w . X1 + Pav . X2 + Pph . Z2
MO = Pah . Z1
FOS against overturning should be greater than 1.5
25
26. 3. . NO tension :
For no tension in wall, eccentricity should not exceed b / 6.
σmax = Rv / b ( 1 + 6. e / b )…..At toe
σmin = Rv / b ( 1 - 6. e / b )…..At heel
26
27. e < b/6 , the stress anywhere on the base of the wall is Compressive
e = b/6 , the stress anywhere on the base of the wall is Compressive
with its value at the heel equal to zero.
e > b/6 . Tensile stress is developed at the heel and compressive stress is
developed at toe.
4. No bearing capacity failure :-
• The max. pressure at the base of the wall should not exceed allowable
bearing capacity.
27
qua
F.S =
Pmax
29. • For using Rankine’s theory a vertical line AB is drawn through the heel of
wall. It is assumed that the Rankine acive condition exist along the
vertical line.
• ή = ( 45 + β/2 ) – ( Ф / 2 ) – sin-1 ( sin β / sin Ф )
where , β = angle of surcharge
The angle α which the line AC makes with horizontal is given by
α = 90 - ή = 90 - ( 45 + β/2 ) – ( Ф / 2 ) – sin-1 ( sin β / sin Ф )
= ( 45 + Ф / 2 ) - β/2 + sin-1 ( sin β / sin Ф )
When β = 0 …….. ή = 45 - Ф / 2 & α = 45 + Ф / 2
29
31. • Coulomb’s theory can also be used for determination of earth pressure.
• As it gives directly lateral pressure on back face, hence in this case the
weight of soil Ws is not considered separately.
• Thus for checking the stability the forces to be considered are only the
lateral earth pressure Pa given by Coloumb’s theory and the weight of the
wall Wc.
31
33. Stability checks
1. No sliding :
F.S. = ( resisting force ) / ( sliding force )
= Σ FR / Σ FD
where, Σ FD = sum of driving force
Σ FR = sum of resisting force
2. No overturning :
F.S. = Σ MR / Σ MO
The force causing overturning is Pah acting at H/3 from base.
Σ MO = Pah * H/3
Σ MR is due to weight of structure.
33
34. 3. No tension :
For no tension in wall eccentricity e should not exceed b / 6.
R = (ΣV)2 + Pah
2
The resultant cut the base at distance x from toe,
x = Σ M / Σ V
Eccentricity = b / 2 – x
For no tension e ˂ b /6
4. No bearing capacity failures :
Pmax at base should not exceed allowable bearing capacity.
F.S. = qna / pmax Pmax = Σ V ( 1 + 6. e / b )
34
36. • When the backfill becomes wet due to rainfall or any other reason , its
unit weight increases. It increase the pressure on retaining wall and create
unstable conditions.
• If the water table rises the pore water pressure develops and it cause
excessive hydrostatic pressure on retaining wall.
• To reduce the excessive lateral pressure on retaining wall, adequate
drainage must be provided.
• For the drainage of backfill weep holes are generally provided. The weep
holes are of 0.1 m dia. And their spacing varies from 1.5 m to 3.0 m. in
horizontal direction.
• Perforated pipes may also be used as drainage of backfill. They are
placed at the base of the wall. The filler materials is placed around the
pipes to avoid washing of backfill material in perforated pipe.
36
37. Sheet Pile Walls
• Sheet pile walls are a type of earth retaining structures in which a
continuous wall is constructed by joining sheet piles.
• They are made of timber, steel or reinforced concrete and consists of
special shapes which have interlocking arrangements.
• They are embedded in ground to develop passive resistance in front to keep
wall in equilibrium.
• A bulkhead is a sheet pile retaining wall of water front, backed up by
ground.
37
38. Uses of Sheet Pile Walls
• Waterfront structures
• Canal locks
• Cofferdams
• River protection , etc.
38
39. Types of Sheet Pile Walls
By material,
1. Timber sheet piles:
• Used for short spans and to resist high lateral loads.
• Mostly used for temporary structure such as braced sheeting in cuts.
39
40. 2. Reinforced concrete sheet pile:
• Relatively heavy and bulky than other types.
• They displace large volumes of soil during driving.
40
41. 3. Steel sheet pile:
• Most commonly used type of sheet pile.
• Lighter in section and resistant to high driving stresses in hard or rocky
material.
• Pile length can be increased by welding or bolting.
41
42. By loading system,
A. Cantilever sheet piles
1. Free cantilever sheet piles:
Subjected to horizontal concentrated
load at its top, no backfill above dredge level.
2. Cantilever sheet piles:
Retains backfill at a higher level on one side.
B. Anchored sheet piles
1. Free earth support piles:
Depth of embedment is small and pile rotates at its bottom tip.
2. Fixed earth support piles:
Depth of embedment is large and bottom tip of pile is fixed against rotation.
42
43. Construction methods
1. Backfilled Structure:
• Dredge the in-situ soil
in front and back of the
proposed structure.
• Drive the sheet piles.
• Backfill upto the level
of the anchor, and place
the anchor system.
• Back fill upto the top
of the wall.
43
44. 2. Dredged Structure:
• Drive the sheet piles.
• Backfill upto the anchor
level, and place the anchor
system.
• Backfill upto the top of
the wall.
• Dredge the front side
of the wall.
44
45. Factors affecting sheet pile wall
• Active earth pressure tries to push wall away from the backfill.
• Lateral pressure due to surcharge load.
• Unbalanced water pressure and seepage pressure.
• Mooring pull ,ship impact.
• Earthquake forces.
45
46. Diaphragm Wall
• A wall constructed in situ by special trenching methods to act as cut off
wall or serve as a structural member.
• The standard widths are 100-200mm for cut off wall and 450-1200mm for
structural member.
• The wall is usually designed to reach very great depth, up to 50m.
It is constructed to facilitate certain construction activities, such as:
• As a retaining wall
• As a cut-off wall.
• As the final wall for basement.
46
47. Materials
• Cement: OPC or RHC
• Aggregate: Course aggregate of size 20mm
• Sand: Well graded sand consisting of 50% coarse sand
• Water: Clean water free from impurities
• Admixtures: If required chemical admixtures shall be used as per IS
456:1978
• Reinforcement: Mild Steel bars/Deformed bars/ Cold worked bars
• Bentonite: Sodium based bentonite shall be used in preparing bentonite
slurry.
• Concrete Mix: Water cement ratio shall not be greater than 0.6.
47
48. Stages of construction
1. Successive panels method:
• In this method panel shall be cast in continuation of previously completed
panel.
• Excavation of each trench panel shall be done with help of suitable
machinery.
• Trench panel shall be kept filled with bentonite slurry of suitable
consistency during excavation period.
• End tube of 1 m diameter and 30 m long is inserted at the end of panel to
support concrete and to form a suitable joint with next panel.
• Reinforcement cage shall then be lowered in the trench panel and suitably
supported. the concrete cover for the reinforcement shall be maintained
by use of spacers.
48
49. • The end tube shall be taken
out gradually after initial set
of concrete.
• Before placing concrete in
the panel the trench shall be
flushed properly to clean the
bottom.
• The flushing shall be carried
out with fresh bentonite slurry,
then concreting in the trench
panel shall be done through
one or more treamie pipe.
49
50. 2. Alternate panel method:
• In this method primary panels
shall be cast first leaving suitable
gaps in between.
• Secondary panel shall then be
cast in these gaps .
• Two stop end tubes are used at
the ends of primary panels to
support concrete and to form
suitable joint with secondary panel.
• The excavate length of trench
For secondary panel may be smaller
than that of primary panel.
• The other construction operation
are similar to those in the successive
panel method.
50
51. 3. Direct circulation method:
• This method is used with
rotary type rigs where drilling
fluid (bentonite slurry) is
pumped through drilling rod.
• This method can be used
for successive panel or
alternate panel construction.
• The trench panel may be
excavated in the ground
making overlapping bore
holes with bentonite slurry.
51
52. Wall of precast RCC panel
• Trench panel shall be kept filled up with self setting bentonite slurry.
• The self setting bentonite slurry shall be slow setting and should develop
adequate strength and impermeability.
• The quality of concrete in precast RCC panel is better than the achieved by
tremie concrete method.
• GROUT CUT OFF WALL :
When the structural strength is not required the self setting bentonite slurry
may be used to provide an impermeable cut off wall.
Sand bentonite cement mix may be used for diaphragm walls which are
primarily meant as impermeable cut offs.
52
53. SOLDIER PILES AND LAGGING
• This method is also known as the BERLIN WALL when steel piles and
timber legging is used.
• Timber lagging is typically used although reinforced concrete panels can be
also utilized for permanent conditions.
• Soldier pile retaining wall are used to temporarily retain soil, such as at a
construction site.
• The soldier piles are usually spaced at 6 to 8 feet apart and can also be
dropped into drilled holes and encased in lean concrete.
53
54. 54
SOLDIER PILES ARE FORMED BY :
1. Constructing at regular interval 6 ft. to 12 ft. typical
2. Excavating in small stages and installing lagging.
3. Backfilling and compacting the void space behind the lagging.
55. • Advantages :
1. Are fast to construct
2. Comparatively cheaper than other system
3. Installation is versatile.
• Disadvantage :
1. Limited to temporary construction.
2. Cannot be used in high water table conditions
3. They are not as stiff as other system.
55