This document provides an overview of multistory building design and analysis. It discusses reinforced concrete multistory buildings consisting of slabs, beams, girders and columns forming a rigid monolithic system. It also describes how multistory buildings can be modeled as three-dimensional space frames and analyzed independently in two perpendicular horizontal axes. Finally, it covers various structural analysis methods that can be used depending on the building size and importance, ranging from approximate manual methods to more sophisticated computer-based techniques.
Framed structures are building skeleton frameworks formed by columns and beams. There are two main types: in-situ reinforced concrete frames and prefabricated frames. Rectangular framed structures use columns and beams arranged at right angles to support floors, walls, and roofs. They are commonly used for multi-story buildings like offices, schools, and hospitals. Framed structures provide large open floor plans and are adaptable to different shapes. Earthquake-resistant features in framed structures include shear walls, moment-resisting frames, and braced structures which resist lateral forces during seismic activity.
A technical approach to designing earthquake resistant buildings. Contains a brief overview of why a structure fails, building foundation problems and what are the possible solutions
The document discusses various techniques for making earthquake-resistant buildings, including:
1) Bearing wall systems that provide vertical support and lateral resistance through structural walls.
2) Frame systems that use diagonal braces or shear walls to provide lateral rigidity.
3) Moment-resisting frame systems that use rigid beam-column connections to resist lateral forces.
4) Dual systems that combine moment frames and walls/braces to resist both vertical and lateral loads.
5) Cantilever column systems. The document also discusses earthquake building codes in Japan and case studies like Shigeru Ban's paper tube schools.
Structural systems in high rise building and analysis methodsDP NITHIN
This presentation is about the structural systems in tall buildings and also consists of overview of methods of analysis in tall buildings like linear and non linear seismic analysis.
Connections of earthquake resisting precast reinforced concrete building(en n...Dhamu Vankar
This document discusses connections in precast reinforced concrete buildings for earthquake resistance. It begins with an introduction to precast concrete and its advantages. It then describes various precast structural elements like slabs, beams, columns, walls, and footings. Different precast building systems are discussed along with the types of connections needed between elements. Examples of connection types and a case study of a precast building in India are provided. Standards and references on precast seismic design are listed at the end.
The document discusses high rise buildings and their structures. It defines high rise buildings as between 35-100 meters tall or 12-39 floors. Buildings over 100m are called skyscrapers and over 600m are mega-tall. High rises are constructed to address land scarcity in urban areas and increasing demand for space. Their structures have evolved from early stone and iron frames to steel skeleton frames to reinforced concrete shear walls and core structures. Foundations must transfer enormous loads into the ground through methods like raft or pile foundations. Interior structures use rigid frames, shear walls, and exterior structures employ tube systems to resist lateral wind and seismic loads.
This document discusses the analysis of multi-story buildings. It begins by introducing structural analysis and the different load types buildings must withstand. It then describes five common structural systems for multi-story buildings: (1) load bearing wall systems, (2) buildings with flexural systems, (3) moment resisting frame systems, (4) dual frame systems, and (5) tube systems. For each system, it provides details on how the system resists gravity and lateral loads.
This document provides an overview of multistory building design and analysis. It discusses reinforced concrete multistory buildings consisting of slabs, beams, girders and columns forming a rigid monolithic system. It also describes how multistory buildings can be modeled as three-dimensional space frames and analyzed independently in two perpendicular horizontal axes. Finally, it covers various structural analysis methods that can be used depending on the building size and importance, ranging from approximate manual methods to more sophisticated computer-based techniques.
Framed structures are building skeleton frameworks formed by columns and beams. There are two main types: in-situ reinforced concrete frames and prefabricated frames. Rectangular framed structures use columns and beams arranged at right angles to support floors, walls, and roofs. They are commonly used for multi-story buildings like offices, schools, and hospitals. Framed structures provide large open floor plans and are adaptable to different shapes. Earthquake-resistant features in framed structures include shear walls, moment-resisting frames, and braced structures which resist lateral forces during seismic activity.
A technical approach to designing earthquake resistant buildings. Contains a brief overview of why a structure fails, building foundation problems and what are the possible solutions
The document discusses various techniques for making earthquake-resistant buildings, including:
1) Bearing wall systems that provide vertical support and lateral resistance through structural walls.
2) Frame systems that use diagonal braces or shear walls to provide lateral rigidity.
3) Moment-resisting frame systems that use rigid beam-column connections to resist lateral forces.
4) Dual systems that combine moment frames and walls/braces to resist both vertical and lateral loads.
5) Cantilever column systems. The document also discusses earthquake building codes in Japan and case studies like Shigeru Ban's paper tube schools.
Structural systems in high rise building and analysis methodsDP NITHIN
This presentation is about the structural systems in tall buildings and also consists of overview of methods of analysis in tall buildings like linear and non linear seismic analysis.
Connections of earthquake resisting precast reinforced concrete building(en n...Dhamu Vankar
This document discusses connections in precast reinforced concrete buildings for earthquake resistance. It begins with an introduction to precast concrete and its advantages. It then describes various precast structural elements like slabs, beams, columns, walls, and footings. Different precast building systems are discussed along with the types of connections needed between elements. Examples of connection types and a case study of a precast building in India are provided. Standards and references on precast seismic design are listed at the end.
The document discusses high rise buildings and their structures. It defines high rise buildings as between 35-100 meters tall or 12-39 floors. Buildings over 100m are called skyscrapers and over 600m are mega-tall. High rises are constructed to address land scarcity in urban areas and increasing demand for space. Their structures have evolved from early stone and iron frames to steel skeleton frames to reinforced concrete shear walls and core structures. Foundations must transfer enormous loads into the ground through methods like raft or pile foundations. Interior structures use rigid frames, shear walls, and exterior structures employ tube systems to resist lateral wind and seismic loads.
This document discusses the analysis of multi-story buildings. It begins by introducing structural analysis and the different load types buildings must withstand. It then describes five common structural systems for multi-story buildings: (1) load bearing wall systems, (2) buildings with flexural systems, (3) moment resisting frame systems, (4) dual frame systems, and (5) tube systems. For each system, it provides details on how the system resists gravity and lateral loads.
This presentation discusses prefabricated building components. It covers prefabrication systems including large panel systems, frame systems, and slab-column systems. Manufacturing processes are described for various components like roof slabs, floor slabs, waffle slabs, wall panels, shear walls, beams, and columns. Specific component types like floor slabs, waffle slabs, wall panels, and shear walls are explained in more detail. Architectural and structural design aspects of using prefabricated components are also addressed.
Conventional Indian construction industry has been forced to look for technology to address its demand & supply gap, diminishing skilled labour and stringent time frame.
Precast concrete construction methodology fits perfectly as an alternative for traditional construction with shorter construction duration and reduction in labor, while exceeding quality standards of conventional construction practices in India.
The success of this technology fully depends on the Architects, the Structural engineers and the Execution team who are willing to adapt this change from convention method of construction to the precast construction. Change gives us a lot of opportunity to adapt, innovate and implement new efficient technology which will be beneficial to the society at large margin.
This technology is becoming trend due to its huge advantages. But in recent past hazards attended to such construction due to collapse. So from the Structural Engineering point of view we have to design keeping in mind the structural safety against this type of collapse.
Taipei 101 is a 508-meter tall skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan. It was the tallest building in the world from 2004 to 2010. The tower has 101 floors above ground and 5 floors underground. It was designed to withstand typhoons and earthquakes common in the area. The building uses a tube-in-tube structural system with a reinforced concrete core and steel perimeter columns. Outrigger trusses connect the core columns to the perimeter columns every eight floors to provide increased stability and resistance to strong winds.
structure, technology and materials of highrise buildingsshahul130103
Structural loads on tall buildings include dead loads, live loads, and environmental loads from seismic activity, wind, and temperature changes. Tall buildings must have structural systems to effectively distribute these loads and resist lateral forces. Common structural typologies include interior moment frames, shear walls, outrigger systems, and exterior tube, diagrid, and bundled tube systems which use closely spaced columns and beams to act as a rigid perimeter wall. The structural forms vary based on the building material (concrete or steel) and optimize the building's ability to transfer loads vertically and resist lateral loads like wind and seismic forces.
The lecture is in support of:
(1) The Design of Building Structures (Vol.1, Vol. 2), rev. ed., PDF eBook by Wolfgang Schueller, 2016: chapter 4.
(2) Building Support Structures, Analysis and Design with SAP2000 Software, 2nd ed., eBook by Wolfgang Schueller: chapter 13.
Tube structures and its type with comparison .Udayram Patil
Hollow tube section always provide greater strength. So the same concept is applied to the building. Tubed system is designed to act like a three dimensional hollow tube structure which result in increased load resistance .
Frame structures use a combination of columns, beams, and slabs to bear both gravity and lateral loads. They are commonly used when large bending moments are expected from applied loads. There are two main types of frame structures: rigid frames and braced frames. Rigid frames act monolithically with columns and beams working together to resist moments from loads, while braced frames add diagonal bracing between columns and beams to improve resistance to lateral forces like wind and earthquakes.
Seismic study and performance of 30 storey high rise building with beam slab,...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that compares the seismic performance of 30-story high-rise buildings with three different structural systems: conventional beam-slab, flat slab, and an alternate flat-beam slab system. Response spectrum analysis was used to model and analyze the buildings. The time periods, base shear, story shears, displacements, drifts, and column forces of each building were compared. The results showed that the beam-slab building performed better seismically, with lower drifts and accelerations compared to the flat slab building. The alternate flat-beam slab building performance was between the other two but closer to the beam-slab building. The flat slab building had significantly higher drifts and required columns
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS FOR HIGH RISE AND LONG SPAN BUILDING.pdfdaynight6
Braced frames are a structural system commonly used for tall buildings and structures subject to lateral loads. The system uses bracing elements like diagonal steel members to resist lateral forces from wind and earthquakes and transfer them into the foundation. There are different types of bracing configurations like single, cross, V, and K bracing that provide stability and stiffness. Braced frames allow for open floor plans and provide strength and resistance to lateral sway compared to moment frames. They have been used successfully in many high-rise buildings around the world.
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS FOR HIGH RISE AND LONG SPAN BUILDING.pdfdaynight6
Braced frames are a structural system commonly used for tall buildings and structures subject to lateral loads. The system uses bracing elements like diagonal steel members to resist lateral forces from wind and earthquakes and transfer them into the foundation. There are different types of bracing configurations like single, cross, V, and K bracing that provide stability and stiffness. Braced frames allow for open floor plans and provide strength and resistance to lateral sway compared to other structural systems.
This document discusses different types of tube structures used in tall buildings. It defines a tube structure as a hollow cantilever designed to resist lateral loads. The main types discussed are framed tube, tube-in-tube, bundled tube, and braced tube systems. Framed tubes use closely spaced perimeter columns tied by beams, while tube-in-tube systems combine an outer framed tube with an inner core tube. Bundled tubes cluster individual tubes together, and braced tubes add diagonal bracing. Tube structures can be made of steel or concrete. Their efficiencies vary, with steel braced tubes reaching heights of 100-150 meters and advantages including reduced shear lag and improved views.
STRUCTURAL COST COMPARISON OF LOW RISE BUILDING HAVING MOMENT RESISTING FRAME...IAEME Publication
In Bhuj earthquake 2001, there were collapses of many low rise buildings. After a
very severe seismic shaking, it may be far cheaper to repair, or even rebuild the
damaged structure, than to build a no damaged structure in the first place. With the
help of shear walls the structure can be made which will not collapse in earthquake. It
is general perception in minds of people that shear walls are economical for high rise
buildings. Therefore it is necessary to find out cost efficiency of low rise buildings
with shear walls.
STRUCTURAL COST COMPARISON OF LOW RISE BUILDING HAVING MOMENT RESISTING FRAME...IAEME Publication
The document compares the structural cost of low-rise buildings with moment resisting frames and moment resisting frames with shear walls in different seismic zones. It presents a case study of a 4-story residential building modeled in STAAD Pro. The results show that in seismic Zone III, shear walls slightly increase costs but not above 10%. In Zone IV, costs are increased by up to 0.79% with shear walls. Shear walls are found to be more cost-effective in Zone V. Ratios of concrete/area, steel/concrete, and formwork/concrete are lower with shear wall designs. The study concludes shear walls make low-rise buildings more economical and resistant to earthquake damage in high seismic zones.
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. They are commonly used in high-rise buildings, industrial buildings, warehouses, and temporary structures due to their strength, light weight, and speed of construction. Advantages include quick construction, flexibility, and ability to take various shapes. Disadvantages are reduced strength at high temperatures and susceptibility to corrosion. Common structural steel frames include beam and column construction, trusses, space frames, shear wall frames, framed tube structures, and braced frames. Design must consider both gravity loads like dead and live loads, as well as lateral loads from wind and earthquakes.
The document summarizes seismic damages from the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in India. It killed over 13,000 people and destroyed nearly 400,000 homes. Common failures of reinforced concrete structures included soft stories, floating columns, strong column weak beam configurations, mass and plan irregularities, poor construction materials and techniques, and pounding between adjacent buildings. Soft story failures occurred particularly in buildings with large ground floor openings. Floating columns and strong column weak beam designs led to column failures. Masonry structures commonly experienced out-of-plane wall failures, in-plane shear failures, connection failures between walls and floors, diaphragm failures, and failures around wall openings.
Final presentation by Akramul masum from southeast university bangladesh.Integrated Design
This document provides information about a study on the analysis and design of high-rise buildings. It defines what constitutes a high-rise building and explores the various factors driving demand for them. It examines the history of tall buildings and provides a chart showing increases in building heights over time. It also discusses structural systems and loads, including gravity, lateral and special loads. Core functions, parking considerations and case studies of high-rise projects are presented.
This presentation discusses prefabricated building components. It covers prefabrication systems including large panel systems, frame systems, and slab-column systems. Manufacturing processes are described for various components like roof slabs, floor slabs, waffle slabs, wall panels, shear walls, beams, and columns. Specific component types like floor slabs, waffle slabs, wall panels, and shear walls are explained in more detail. Architectural and structural design aspects of using prefabricated components are also addressed.
Conventional Indian construction industry has been forced to look for technology to address its demand & supply gap, diminishing skilled labour and stringent time frame.
Precast concrete construction methodology fits perfectly as an alternative for traditional construction with shorter construction duration and reduction in labor, while exceeding quality standards of conventional construction practices in India.
The success of this technology fully depends on the Architects, the Structural engineers and the Execution team who are willing to adapt this change from convention method of construction to the precast construction. Change gives us a lot of opportunity to adapt, innovate and implement new efficient technology which will be beneficial to the society at large margin.
This technology is becoming trend due to its huge advantages. But in recent past hazards attended to such construction due to collapse. So from the Structural Engineering point of view we have to design keeping in mind the structural safety against this type of collapse.
Taipei 101 is a 508-meter tall skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan. It was the tallest building in the world from 2004 to 2010. The tower has 101 floors above ground and 5 floors underground. It was designed to withstand typhoons and earthquakes common in the area. The building uses a tube-in-tube structural system with a reinforced concrete core and steel perimeter columns. Outrigger trusses connect the core columns to the perimeter columns every eight floors to provide increased stability and resistance to strong winds.
structure, technology and materials of highrise buildingsshahul130103
Structural loads on tall buildings include dead loads, live loads, and environmental loads from seismic activity, wind, and temperature changes. Tall buildings must have structural systems to effectively distribute these loads and resist lateral forces. Common structural typologies include interior moment frames, shear walls, outrigger systems, and exterior tube, diagrid, and bundled tube systems which use closely spaced columns and beams to act as a rigid perimeter wall. The structural forms vary based on the building material (concrete or steel) and optimize the building's ability to transfer loads vertically and resist lateral loads like wind and seismic forces.
The lecture is in support of:
(1) The Design of Building Structures (Vol.1, Vol. 2), rev. ed., PDF eBook by Wolfgang Schueller, 2016: chapter 4.
(2) Building Support Structures, Analysis and Design with SAP2000 Software, 2nd ed., eBook by Wolfgang Schueller: chapter 13.
Tube structures and its type with comparison .Udayram Patil
Hollow tube section always provide greater strength. So the same concept is applied to the building. Tubed system is designed to act like a three dimensional hollow tube structure which result in increased load resistance .
Frame structures use a combination of columns, beams, and slabs to bear both gravity and lateral loads. They are commonly used when large bending moments are expected from applied loads. There are two main types of frame structures: rigid frames and braced frames. Rigid frames act monolithically with columns and beams working together to resist moments from loads, while braced frames add diagonal bracing between columns and beams to improve resistance to lateral forces like wind and earthquakes.
Seismic study and performance of 30 storey high rise building with beam slab,...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that compares the seismic performance of 30-story high-rise buildings with three different structural systems: conventional beam-slab, flat slab, and an alternate flat-beam slab system. Response spectrum analysis was used to model and analyze the buildings. The time periods, base shear, story shears, displacements, drifts, and column forces of each building were compared. The results showed that the beam-slab building performed better seismically, with lower drifts and accelerations compared to the flat slab building. The alternate flat-beam slab building performance was between the other two but closer to the beam-slab building. The flat slab building had significantly higher drifts and required columns
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS FOR HIGH RISE AND LONG SPAN BUILDING.pdfdaynight6
Braced frames are a structural system commonly used for tall buildings and structures subject to lateral loads. The system uses bracing elements like diagonal steel members to resist lateral forces from wind and earthquakes and transfer them into the foundation. There are different types of bracing configurations like single, cross, V, and K bracing that provide stability and stiffness. Braced frames allow for open floor plans and provide strength and resistance to lateral sway compared to moment frames. They have been used successfully in many high-rise buildings around the world.
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS FOR HIGH RISE AND LONG SPAN BUILDING.pdfdaynight6
Braced frames are a structural system commonly used for tall buildings and structures subject to lateral loads. The system uses bracing elements like diagonal steel members to resist lateral forces from wind and earthquakes and transfer them into the foundation. There are different types of bracing configurations like single, cross, V, and K bracing that provide stability and stiffness. Braced frames allow for open floor plans and provide strength and resistance to lateral sway compared to other structural systems.
This document discusses different types of tube structures used in tall buildings. It defines a tube structure as a hollow cantilever designed to resist lateral loads. The main types discussed are framed tube, tube-in-tube, bundled tube, and braced tube systems. Framed tubes use closely spaced perimeter columns tied by beams, while tube-in-tube systems combine an outer framed tube with an inner core tube. Bundled tubes cluster individual tubes together, and braced tubes add diagonal bracing. Tube structures can be made of steel or concrete. Their efficiencies vary, with steel braced tubes reaching heights of 100-150 meters and advantages including reduced shear lag and improved views.
STRUCTURAL COST COMPARISON OF LOW RISE BUILDING HAVING MOMENT RESISTING FRAME...IAEME Publication
In Bhuj earthquake 2001, there were collapses of many low rise buildings. After a
very severe seismic shaking, it may be far cheaper to repair, or even rebuild the
damaged structure, than to build a no damaged structure in the first place. With the
help of shear walls the structure can be made which will not collapse in earthquake. It
is general perception in minds of people that shear walls are economical for high rise
buildings. Therefore it is necessary to find out cost efficiency of low rise buildings
with shear walls.
STRUCTURAL COST COMPARISON OF LOW RISE BUILDING HAVING MOMENT RESISTING FRAME...IAEME Publication
The document compares the structural cost of low-rise buildings with moment resisting frames and moment resisting frames with shear walls in different seismic zones. It presents a case study of a 4-story residential building modeled in STAAD Pro. The results show that in seismic Zone III, shear walls slightly increase costs but not above 10%. In Zone IV, costs are increased by up to 0.79% with shear walls. Shear walls are found to be more cost-effective in Zone V. Ratios of concrete/area, steel/concrete, and formwork/concrete are lower with shear wall designs. The study concludes shear walls make low-rise buildings more economical and resistant to earthquake damage in high seismic zones.
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. They are commonly used in high-rise buildings, industrial buildings, warehouses, and temporary structures due to their strength, light weight, and speed of construction. Advantages include quick construction, flexibility, and ability to take various shapes. Disadvantages are reduced strength at high temperatures and susceptibility to corrosion. Common structural steel frames include beam and column construction, trusses, space frames, shear wall frames, framed tube structures, and braced frames. Design must consider both gravity loads like dead and live loads, as well as lateral loads from wind and earthquakes.
The document summarizes seismic damages from the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in India. It killed over 13,000 people and destroyed nearly 400,000 homes. Common failures of reinforced concrete structures included soft stories, floating columns, strong column weak beam configurations, mass and plan irregularities, poor construction materials and techniques, and pounding between adjacent buildings. Soft story failures occurred particularly in buildings with large ground floor openings. Floating columns and strong column weak beam designs led to column failures. Masonry structures commonly experienced out-of-plane wall failures, in-plane shear failures, connection failures between walls and floors, diaphragm failures, and failures around wall openings.
Final presentation by Akramul masum from southeast university bangladesh.Integrated Design
This document provides information about a study on the analysis and design of high-rise buildings. It defines what constitutes a high-rise building and explores the various factors driving demand for them. It examines the history of tall buildings and provides a chart showing increases in building heights over time. It also discusses structural systems and loads, including gravity, lateral and special loads. Core functions, parking considerations and case studies of high-rise projects are presented.
Similar to Lateral load-resisting systems in buildings.pptx (20)
Open space provides areas for recreation, exercise, and socialization. It should be planned as integral parts of cities and neighborhoods at multiple scales. Usable open spaces encourage community use through accessibility, safety, and maintenance. Open space types include playgrounds, parks, trails, and agricultural lands, and providing adequate open space benefits communities.
Shear walls are structural elements that provide stability and strength to buildings against lateral forces like wind and earthquakes. They are typically made of reinforced concrete or wood and extend from a building's foundation to its roof. Shear walls resist shear forces and are essential for ensuring safety, especially in disaster-prone areas. With sustainable and resilient construction increasingly important, shear walls have become a fundamental part of modern building design and construction.
LAND SUBDIVISION PROCESS When a parcel of land is being subdivided it can be ...DebendraDevKhanal1
LAND SUBDIVISION PROCESS
When a parcel of land is being subdivided it can be anticipated that change of ownership and construction or other intensified land use will eventually occur on the subdivided portion as this is often the case. It is therefore necessary to determine whether the eventual construction would cause or increase flooding and landslides on the parcel prior to approving the request for permission to subdivide.
संघीय इकाईहरुको संस्थागत क्षमता विकास गरी कामको जिम्मेवारी, राजस्व संकलनको अधिकार, अन्तरसरकारी वित्त हस्तान्त्रण र ऋण लिने अधिकारको प्रभावकारी कार्यान्वय भएको अवस्था नै वित्तीय संघीयता हो । नेपालको संविधानले संघ, प्रदेश र स्थानीय तह गरी तीन तहको शासन व्यवस्थाको परिकल्पना गरे सँगै तीनै तहका सरकारले वित्तीय संघीयताको कार्यान्वयन गरीरहेका छन । नेपालको संविधानले तीनै तहको सरकारको कार्यजिम्मेवारी र राजस्वको अधिकार सहित राज्यशक्तिको बाडफाँड गरेको छ ।
The document provides details on the key activities and challenges of Nepal's Department of Urban Development and Building Construction. It discusses the department's budget allocation and expenditures by sector and province. It also summarizes major urban development projects and housing programs. Finally, it outlines 9 major challenges faced by the department, including issues around project delays, budget allocation for large projects, timely institutional restructuring, and management of projects with foreign assistance. Solutions attempted by the department to address these challenges are also briefly mentioned.
The document provides an outline and overview of construction materials and concrete. It discusses what concrete is, its composition including water, aggregates, reinforcement, chemical admixtures, and cement. It describes the concrete production process of mixing, workability, and curing. It also outlines the properties of concrete including strength, elasticity, cracking, and types of concrete. Testing methods and concrete recycling are briefly covered.
This document discusses chemical admixtures used in concrete. It describes the different types of admixtures classified by ASTM C 494 including water reducers, retarders, and superplasticizers. It provides details on the history and development of common admixture types from early lignosulfonates to modern polycarboxylate polymers. It focuses on polycarboxylate or PCE admixtures, explaining their complex molecular structure and dispersion mechanisms which allow them to greatly reduce the water-cement ratio needed for workable concrete mixtures.
Module 1, session 11 Boundary conditions and end wall seperation.pdfDebendraDevKhanal1
Boundary conditions and end wall separation are important factors in unreinforced masonry building assessment. Proper boundary conditions are needed to control out-of-plane failure modes. End wall separation is a common failure that can lead to two-way bending failure of the face loaded wall. A sensitivity analysis considering factors like cohesion, friction, and seismic demand shows how a wall's capacity may drop below code requirements depending on conditions. Self weight provides an important restoring force if rocking about an edge that was not considered in the analysis.
This document provides an overview of assessing the out-of-plane response of unreinforced masonry walls under seismic loading. It discusses the mechanics of wall response, including semi-rigid rocking behavior. Methods are presented for evaluating face loaded walls and parapets, including determining the wall period, displacement capacity, and demand. Shortcut charts are provided to simplify the analysis. The document also compares the assessment approach to the New Zealand and Nepal building codes.
This document provides guidelines for earthquake resistant low-strength masonry building construction in Nepal. It aims to raise seismic safety for such buildings by providing recommendations that can be implemented by owners and builders with assistance from technicians. The guidelines specify that low-strength masonry buildings should not exceed two stories and should incorporate vertical and horizontal reinforcement, bracing, and connections to create a box-like structure. The document also outlines material options, site selection requirements including investigating subsurface soil conditions, and general seismic design principles like proper foundations and controlled openings.
- The document discusses building earthquake resistant buildings for workers through training. It covers basics of earthquakes, existing seismic risks in Nepal, and key preparedness activities.
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- The training covers strengthening existing structures, reducing existing risks and preparing for earthquakes through retrofitting weak buildings, educating about safe and unsafe behaviors indoors and outdoors.
1. The document appears to be a resume or CV listing the educational qualifications and work experience of an individual.
2. It includes details of the individual's master's degrees in various subjects from universities in Japan and India, as well as their areas of specialization.
3. The resume also lists the individual's contact information and objective of developing human resources and administrative capacity of civil servants.
Curing of concrete is important to prevent rapid evaporation of water from the concrete surface. Several curing methods are discussed, including ponding, sprinkling, wet coverings like burlap or cotton mats, sealing the surface with waterproof sheets or liquid compounds, and steam curing. Steam curing allows for early strength gain and hydration, especially in cold weather, by applying live steam at atmospheric pressure within an enclosure or using high pressure steam autoclaves.
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
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An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
2. Introduction
• Lateral load resisting system are intended to transmit lateral loads safely
to the foundation, like any other structural systems that’s exposed to
different types of loads (Gravity loads, live load, impact loads, etc.)
• Primary Lateral Loads includes:
• Load generated by Wind Pressure
• Load generated due to Seismic Excitation/Earthquake
• Other Lateral Loads
• Load generated due to horizontal component of Gravity Loads in Inclined Systems
and in Un-symmetrical structures
• Load due to lateral soil pressure, liquid and material retention
6/20/2024 2
3. Moment resisting frames
• These are generally composed of columns and beams.
• Their ability to resist lateral loads is entirely due to the rigidities of the
beam-column connections and the moment-resisting capacities of the
individual members.
6/20/2024 3
4. Shear walls
• These are solid walls, which usually extend over the full height of the building.
• Specially designed reinforced concrete walls parallel to the directions of load are
used to resist a large part of the lateral loads caused by wind or earthquakes by acting
as deep cantilever beams fixed at foundation.
• They are very rigid in their own plane and hence are effective in limiting deflections.
• They act as fire compartment walls.
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Shear wall
5. Cont’d…
• Shear wall Classification and behavior
• The behavior of shear wall is influenced by shape of the wall(s), the height
to width ratio and their position in floor plan and we can classify them
based on their height/width ratio as short, squat and cantilever.
6/20/2024 5
6. Cont’d…
• Shear walls has a different response to lateral loads than frame system
and if we use frame and shear wall in combination (Dual system) to
resist lateral load, then we will have a much stiffer structure than the
individual systems.
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8. Cont’d…
• Basic shapes of shear wall and cores
• Based on the architectural shape and structural configuration
requirements we provide different shapes of walls and we make sure
those walls we are selected are the best fit for lateral load resistance in
our structures.
• If a wall forms a channel or closed loop we call it a core.
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10. Braced Frames
• The X-bracing system works well for 20 to 60 story height, but it does not give room
for openings such as doors and windows.
• The lateral load is primarily resisted by the Axial Force in the braces, columns and
beams in the braced zone.
• The frame away from the braced zone does not have significant moments.
• Bracing does not have to be provided in every bay, but in every story.
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11. Tubes
• The structural systems discussed so far are not efficient for buildings
taller than 60 stories.
Framed -Tube Structures
• The framed tube is one of the most significant modern developments in high rise
structural form.
• These are systems in which closely-spaced columns 2 - 4 m between centers are
located along the periphery of a building.
• Deep spandrel beams, located on the exterior surface of the building, interconnect
these columns.
• The idea is to create a tube that will act like a continuous perforated chimney or
stack.
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12. Cont’d…
• Even though framed tube is a structurally efficient form, flange frames
tend to suffer from shear lag. This results in the mid face flange columns
being less stressed than the corner columns and therefore not
contributing to their full potential lateral strength.
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13. Cont’d…
Braced tube structures
• Further improvements of the tubular system can be made by cross bracing the frame
with X-bracing over many stories, as illustrated in Figure below. This arrangement was
first used in a steel structure, in Chicago's John Hancock Building, in 1969.
6/20/2024 13
• they virtually eliminate the effects of
shear lag in both the flange and web
frames.
• The spacing of the columns can be
increased and the depth of the girders
will be less, thereby allowing large size
windows than in the conventional
framed tube structures.
14. Cont’d…
Tube-in-Tube Structures
• When the (outer) framed tube is combined with an ‘inner tube’ (or a
central shear core), the system is called a tube-in-tube.
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15. Cont’d…
Bundled Tube
• When the sectional plan of the building comprises several perforated tubular cells, the
system is called a bundled tube or ‘multi-cell framed tube’.
• The increase in stiffness is apparent. The system allows for the greatest height and the
most floor area.
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16. Selection of proper system and configuration for lateral loads
• Building (superstructure and non-structural components) should be light and
avoid unnecessary masses.
• Building and its superstructure should be simple, symmetric, and regular in
plan and elevation to prevent significant torsional forces, avoiding large
height-width ratio and large plan area.
• Building and its superstructure should have a uniform and continuous
distribution of mass, stiffness, strength and ductility, avoiding formation of
soft and weak stories.
• Superstructure should have relatively shorter spans and avoid use of long
cantilevers.
• The non-structural components should either be well separated so that they
will not interact with the rest of the structure, or they should be integrated
with the structure.
6/20/2024 16
17. Cont’d…
• Superstructure should be detailed so that the inelastic deformations can
be constrained (controlled) to develop in desired regions and according
to a desirable hierarchy.
• Superstructure should have the largest possible number of defense lines,
that is, it should be composed of different tough structural subsystems
which interact or are interconnected by very tough structural elements
(structural fuses) whose inelastic behavior would permit the whole
structure to find its way out from a critical stage of dynamic response.
• Superstructure should be provided with balanced stiffness and strength
between its members, connections and supports.
• The stiffness and strength of the entire building should be compatible
with the stiffness and strength of the soil foundation.
6/20/2024 17
19. Structural Regularity
• For the purpose of seismic design, building structures are categorized into being
regular or nonregular. This distinction has implications for the following aspects of the
seismic design:
• The structural model, which can be either a simplified planar model or a spatial model;
The method of analysis, which can be either a simplified response spectrum analysis
(lateral force procedure) or a modal one;
6/20/2024 19
Regularity Allowed Simplification Behavior factor
Plan Elevation Model Linear-elastic Analysis (for linear analysis)
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Planar
Planar
Spatial
Spatial
Lateral force
Modal
Lateral force
Modal
Reference value
Decreased value
Reference value
Decreased value
20. Criteria for regularity in plan
• With respect to the lateral stiffness and mass distribution, the building
structure shall be approximately symmetrical in plan with respect to two
orthogonal axes.
• The plan configuration shall be compact, i.e., each floor shall be delimited
by a polygonal convex line.
• No set back or for each set-back, the area between the outline of the floor
and a convex polygonal line enveloping the floor does not exceed 5 % of
the floor area.
• The in-plan stiffness of the floors shall be sufficiently large in comparison
with the lateral stiffness of the vertical structural elements , so that the
deformation of the floor shall have a small effect on the distribution of
the forces among the vertical structural elements.
6/20/2024 20
21. Cont’d…
• In this respect, the L, C, H, I, and X plan shapes should be carefully
examined, notably as concerns the stiffness of the lateral branches,
which should be comparable to that of the central part, in order to satisfy
the rigid diaphragm condition.
• The application of this paragraph should be considered for the global
behavior of the building.
• All lateral load resisting systems, such as cores, structural walls, or frames,
run without interruption from the foundations to the top of the
building.
• The deflected shapes of the individual systems under horizontal loads are
not very different. This condition may be considered satisfied in the case
of frame systems and wall systems. In general, this condition is not
satisfied in dual systems.
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22. Criteria for regularity in elevation
• All lateral load resisting systems, such as cores, structural walls, or frames,
shall run without interruption from their foundations to the top of the
building, if setbacks at different heights are present, to the top of the
relevant zone of the building.
• Both the lateral stiffness and the mass of the individual storey's shall
remain constant or reduce gradually, without abrupt changes, from the
base to the top of a particular building.
• In framed buildings the ratio of the actual storey resistance to the
resistance required by the analysis should not vary disproportionately
between adjacent storey's.
6/20/2024 22
23. Cont’d…
• When setbacks are present, the following additional conditions apply:
6/20/2024 23
24. To create a stable and stiff structure the following recommendation can be helpful
6/20/2024 24
• Tall and slender buildings should be avoided (a)
• Concentration of masses at the top of the building should be
avoided (b)
• Setbacks should be avoided (e)
• If required, adequate structural separation should be provided
(f)
• Irregularities within the framing system should be avoided (g)
• Any connection (bridging) between two independent
buildings should be avoided (i)
• Staggered floor arrangements should be avoided (k)
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