Pile foundation is important for construction of foundation where bearing capacity of soil is poor. Pile foundation is use for distribution of uneven load of superstructure.There are so many type of pile are use for construction. Here i present some of pile with suitable condition for construction and methods for construction.
Thank you.
Deep foundations are used when the bearing stratum is located at a significant depth below the surface. The most common types of deep foundations are pile foundations, cofferdams, and caisson foundations. Pile foundations support structures using vertical piles that transfer loads either through end bearing or skin friction. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite. Cofferdams are temporary structures used to exclude water from a construction site to allow work below the water level. Common types include earthfill, rockfill, single-walled, and cellular cofferdams. Caissons are watertight structures that become part of the permanent foundation. Types are open caissons, box caissons
This document discusses pile foundations. It begins by listing the topics that will be covered, including types of piles, pile spacing, pile caps, load testing, and failures. It then defines a pile foundation as using slender structural members like steel, concrete or timber that are installed in the ground to transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. The document goes on to classify piles based on their function, material, and installation method. It describes common pile types such as precast concrete, driven steel, and cast-in-place piles. The document provides details on pile uses, selection factors, and installation procedures.
The document discusses different types of shallow foundations. It describes spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat or raft foundations. For spread footings, it provides details on single, stepped, sloped, wall, and grillage footings. Foundations are also discussed for black cotton soils, including strip footings, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations. Finally, potential causes of foundation failure are listed such as unequal settlement, subsoil moisture movement, and lateral soil pressures.
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Pile foundations are used when the bearing capacity of soil is low or uneven and the soil is located at a greater depth. Piles transfer structural loads directly to the soil layer below by end bearing or side friction. Common pile types include timber, concrete, steel, and composite piles which are classified based on function, material, and installation method. Pile foundations provide solutions for difficult soil conditions like compressible, waterlogged, or made ground and are widely used for bridges, buildings, and marine structures.
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression using tensioned steel strands, cables, or bars. This is done through either pre-tensioning or post-tensioning. In pre-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned before the concrete is poured, while in post-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Prestressed concrete provides benefits over reinforced concrete like lower construction costs, thinner structural elements, and longer spans between supports.
Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe or unstable structure. There are three main types of shoring: raking shores, flying shores, and dead shores. Raking shores use inclined members called rakers to provide lateral support to walls. Flying shores provide temporary support between party walls when an intermediate building is demolished. Dead shores provide vertical support to walls and structures when the lower part of a wall is removed, such as to add an opening.
Design and construction of well foundationsDar Hilal
Well foundations are commonly used for transferring heavy loads to deep soil strata for bridges. They have a large cross-sectional area and can take large vertical and horizontal loads. Designing well foundations involves determining the depth, shape, size, and type based on factors like minimum grip length and permissible base pressures. Common well foundation types include open, box, and pneumatic caissons. Precautions during construction like uniform dredging are important to avoid tilting and shifts. Well foundations are a low-cost and trusted option for bridge construction due to their high success rates and long life spans, though sinking can be time consuming.
This document provides an overview of different types of retaining walls, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, sheet pile, and diaphragm walls. It discusses the key components and design considerations for gravity and cantilever retaining walls. Gravity walls rely on their own weight for stability, while cantilever walls consist of a vertical stem with a heel and toe slab acting as a cantilever beam. The document also covers lateral earth pressures, drainage of retaining walls, uses of sheet pile walls, and construction methods for diaphragm walls.
Deep foundations are used when the bearing stratum is located at a significant depth below the surface. The most common types of deep foundations are pile foundations, cofferdams, and caisson foundations. Pile foundations support structures using vertical piles that transfer loads either through end bearing or skin friction. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite. Cofferdams are temporary structures used to exclude water from a construction site to allow work below the water level. Common types include earthfill, rockfill, single-walled, and cellular cofferdams. Caissons are watertight structures that become part of the permanent foundation. Types are open caissons, box caissons
This document discusses pile foundations. It begins by listing the topics that will be covered, including types of piles, pile spacing, pile caps, load testing, and failures. It then defines a pile foundation as using slender structural members like steel, concrete or timber that are installed in the ground to transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. The document goes on to classify piles based on their function, material, and installation method. It describes common pile types such as precast concrete, driven steel, and cast-in-place piles. The document provides details on pile uses, selection factors, and installation procedures.
The document discusses different types of shallow foundations. It describes spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat or raft foundations. For spread footings, it provides details on single, stepped, sloped, wall, and grillage footings. Foundations are also discussed for black cotton soils, including strip footings, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations. Finally, potential causes of foundation failure are listed such as unequal settlement, subsoil moisture movement, and lateral soil pressures.
Pile foundation ppt 2 (usefulsearch.org) (useful search)Make Mannan
Pile foundations are used when the bearing capacity of soil is low or uneven and the soil is located at a greater depth. Piles transfer structural loads directly to the soil layer below by end bearing or side friction. Common pile types include timber, concrete, steel, and composite piles which are classified based on function, material, and installation method. Pile foundations provide solutions for difficult soil conditions like compressible, waterlogged, or made ground and are widely used for bridges, buildings, and marine structures.
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression using tensioned steel strands, cables, or bars. This is done through either pre-tensioning or post-tensioning. In pre-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned before the concrete is poured, while in post-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Prestressed concrete provides benefits over reinforced concrete like lower construction costs, thinner structural elements, and longer spans between supports.
Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe or unstable structure. There are three main types of shoring: raking shores, flying shores, and dead shores. Raking shores use inclined members called rakers to provide lateral support to walls. Flying shores provide temporary support between party walls when an intermediate building is demolished. Dead shores provide vertical support to walls and structures when the lower part of a wall is removed, such as to add an opening.
Design and construction of well foundationsDar Hilal
Well foundations are commonly used for transferring heavy loads to deep soil strata for bridges. They have a large cross-sectional area and can take large vertical and horizontal loads. Designing well foundations involves determining the depth, shape, size, and type based on factors like minimum grip length and permissible base pressures. Common well foundation types include open, box, and pneumatic caissons. Precautions during construction like uniform dredging are important to avoid tilting and shifts. Well foundations are a low-cost and trusted option for bridge construction due to their high success rates and long life spans, though sinking can be time consuming.
This document provides an overview of different types of retaining walls, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, sheet pile, and diaphragm walls. It discusses the key components and design considerations for gravity and cantilever retaining walls. Gravity walls rely on their own weight for stability, while cantilever walls consist of a vertical stem with a heel and toe slab acting as a cantilever beam. The document also covers lateral earth pressures, drainage of retaining walls, uses of sheet pile walls, and construction methods for diaphragm walls.
This document discusses different types of shallow foundations used in civil engineering. It describes shallow foundations as those placed immediately below the superstructure to distribute structural loads over a wide, shallow area below ground level. The main types discussed are spread footings, combined footings, mat/raft foundations, and grillage footings. Spread footings are used to support columns and walls, and can be wall, reinforced concrete, inverted arch, or column footings. Combined and mat foundations are used when columns are close together or loads are large.
Vacuum dewatering is a process that removes excess water from freshly poured concrete to achieve an ideal water-cement ratio and improved properties. Concrete is poured and a vacuum pump then removes 15-25% of the water through a suction mat and filter pads. This results in higher strength, less cracking and shrinkage, improved abrasion resistance, and a smooth, level surface. Vacuum dewatering is commonly used for industrial and commercial floors that require high durability.
This document discusses different methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before placing concrete around them, while post-tensioning involves stressing tendons after the concrete has cured using hydraulic jacks. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, thinner slabs, and more architectural freedom compared to conventional reinforced concrete or pretensioned concrete. Common applications of post-tensioning include parking structures, bridges, and building floors and roofs.
This document discusses repairs, rehabilitation, and retrofitting of structures. It begins by defining repair, rehabilitation, and retrofitting. Repair returns a structure to its previous condition without improving strength. Rehabilitation considers strength by repairing damage. Retrofitting modifies existing structures to increase resistance to hazards like earthquakes. It provides examples of each process. The document outlines evaluation and quality control methods for repairs. It also discusses materials and techniques used for crack repair in structures, including epoxy injection grouting. Overall, the document provides an overview of restoring and upgrading structures through various repair, rehabilitation, and retrofitting methods.
1. Plate load tests are conducted to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of soil and settlement under a given load by applying loads to circular or square steel plates embedded in an excavated pit.
2. The test setup involves excavating a pit below the depth of the proposed foundation, placing the test plate with a central hole at the bottom, and applying load using a hydraulic jack while measuring settlement.
3. The results provide the subgrade modulus, ultimate bearing capacity divided by a safety factor to determine the safe bearing capacity, and insight into foundation behavior and allowable settlement for design.
This document provides information about pile foundations. Pile foundations are used when the soil cannot support building loads and piles are driven deep into the ground until they reach a bearing stratum. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, or steel. They transfer loads from the building to the stronger subsurface layer. The document discusses different types of piles including end bearing and friction piles and explains how pile caps are reinforced to resist tensile and shear forces from heavy loads. Diagrams show how pile foundations are arranged and how piles transmit loads into the ground.
DESTRUCTIVE AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST OF CONCRETEKaran Patel
The standard method of evaluating the quality of concrete in buildings or structures is to test specimens cast simultaneously for compressive, flexural and tensile strengths.
The main disadvantages are that results are not obtained immediately; that concrete in specimens may differ from that in the actual structure as a result of different curing and compaction conditions; and that strength properties of a concrete specimen depend on its size and shape.
Although there can be no direct measurement of the strength properties of structural concrete for the simple reason that strength determination involves destructive stresses, several non- destructive methods of assessment have been developed.
This document provides information on concrete mix design, including objectives, basic considerations, and the IS (Indian Standards) method for mix design. The objectives of mix design are to achieve the desired workability, strength, durability, and cost. Basic considerations include cost, specifications, workability, strength, durability, and aggregate grading. The IS method is then described in steps, including selecting target strength, water-cement ratio, air content, water and sand contents, cement content, and aggregate contents. An example application of the IS method is also provided.
This document summarizes the procedures for conducting a pile load test to determine the load carrying capacity of a pile. The test involves installing a test pile between two anchor piles and applying incremental loads through a hydraulic jack while monitoring settlement. Loads are applied until the pile reaches twice its safe load or a specified settlement. A load-settlement curve is plotted to determine the ultimate load and safe load based on settlement criteria. The test provides values for maximum load, permissible working load, and pile settlement under different loads.
This document discusses various concepts related to structural analysis of arches:
1. An arch is a curved girder supported at its ends, allowing only vertical and horizontal displacements for arch action.
2. The general cable theorem relates the horizontal tension and vertical distance from any cable point to the cable chord moment.
3. Arches are classified based on support conditions (3, 2, or 1 hinged) or shape (curved, parabolic, elliptical, polygonal).
4. Horizontal thrust in arches reduces the bending moment and is calculated differently for various arch types (e.g. parabolic) and loading (e.g. UDL).
This document provides an overview of foundations for building construction. It discusses the importance of foundations in distributing building loads to the ground. There are two main types of foundations - shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, grillage foundations, raft foundations, stepped foundations, and mat/slab foundations. Deep foundations transfer loads deep into the earth and include drilled caissons, driven piles, and precast concrete piles. Foundation design considers factors like soil type, structural requirements, construction requirements, site conditions, and cost. The document also discusses waterproofing, drainage, and underpinning foundations.
- There are four main methods to measure the load carrying capacity of piles: static methods, dynamic formulas, in-situ penetration tests, and pile load tests.
- The ultimate load capacity (Qu) of an individual pile or pile group equals the sum of the point resistance (Qp) at the pile tip and the shaft resistance (Qs) developed along the pile shaft through friction between the soil and pile.
- Meyerhof's method is commonly used to calculate Qp in sand based on the effective vertical pressure at the pile tip multiplied by the bearing capacity factor Nq.
Design of rigid pavements. IRC method of design of rigid pavement. Transportation Engineering. Civil Engineering. Wheel loads on rigid pavement. Action of various stresses on rigid pavement. Highway engineering. How rigid pavements different from flexible pavements
This document discusses different types of well foundations used in construction. It describes three main types: open caissons, which have open tops and bottoms; pneumatic caissons, which use air pressure; and box caissons, which are closed at the bottom. It provides details on each type, including advantages and disadvantages. Open caissons can be built to greater depths but inspection of the bottom is not possible. Pneumatic caissons allow work under water but require complex machinery. Box caissons have a lower construction cost but the foundation base cannot be inspected.
This document discusses different types of canal outlets used to release water from distributing channels into watercourses. It describes non-modular, semi-modular, and modular outlets. Non-modular outlets discharge based on water level differences, while modular outlets discharge independently of water levels. Semi-modular outlets discharge depending on the channel water level but not the watercourse level. Specific outlet types are also defined, such as pipe outlets, open sluice, and Gibbs, Khanna, and Foote rigid modules. Discharge equations for different outlet types are provided.
The document discusses different types of foundations for structures. It describes shallow foundations, which are less than the width of the structure, including isolated footings for columns and combined footings for structures with small spaces between columns. Deep foundations include pile foundations, which transfer structural loads deeper into the soil using piles, and pier foundations, which use large masonry cylinders supported by soil or bedrock. Piles can be friction piles that use friction along their sides to support loads or load bearing piles that rest on a hard soil stratum. Common materials used for foundations include concrete, metal, aggregate, waterproofing materials, and wood.
The document discusses underpinning, which is strengthening and stabilizing an existing building's foundation. Reasons for underpinning include an insufficient original foundation, changed building usage or soil properties, or nearby construction requiring soil excavation. Underpinning extends the foundation deeper or wider to bear on stronger soil or distribute load. Common methods are micropiles, jet grouting, and soil grouting. Types of underpinning include mass concrete, beam and base, and mini-piled underpinning. Mass concrete involves digging boxes and pouring concrete sequentially. Beam and base uses a reinforced concrete beam supported by mass concrete bases. Mini-piles are used for deep foundations on variable soils.
This document discusses different types of footings used in building construction. It describes strip footings, which are continuous strips of concrete under walls. It also discusses raft/mat footings, which are continuous footings that support an entire structure. Finally, it covers isolated/pad footings, which are independent slabs of concrete that support individual columns or piers. The document provides details on when each type of footing would be used based on soil conditions, structural loads, and other factors. It also lists variations of pad footings and references additional resources on foundations.
Dewatering is the process of removing water from construction sites to allow excavation work to be done safely and efficiently below the water table. There are several reasons why dewatering is needed, including providing a dry work area, improving stability, and increasing safety. Common dewatering techniques include sump pumping, well points, deep wells, and trenches. Each method has advantages and disadvantages depending on the site conditions and depth of water lowering required. Proper planning and design of a dewatering system is important to effectively control groundwater and allow construction work to progress smoothly.
This document provides information about pile foundations, including:
- Piles transfer structural loads through weak soil layers into stronger soils and rocks below.
- Common types of piles include pre-cast concrete, cast-in-situ concrete (e.g. Raymond, MacArthur), steel, timber, and composite piles.
- Piles are selected based on factors like soil properties, loading conditions, costs, and availability of materials. Proper pile type and design are necessary to safely support structures.
Pile foundations are used to transfer structural loads through weak surface soils to stronger deeper soils or bedrock. They consist of long slender members called piles that are driven or bored into the ground. Piles can be made of concrete, steel, or wood. Common types include precast concrete piles, H-piles, and bored piles. Pile foundations are used when subsurface soil cannot support the loads from the structure, in areas with weak or compressible soils, and where deeper soils are needed to support heavy loads. They allow structures to be built in places that could not otherwise support them.
Pile foundations Case Study Delhi Metro Site VisitMohd Kashif
This document provides information about deep foundations, including what they are, where they are used, how they are classified, and examples of different pile types. It defines deep foundations as transferring loads to deeper layers of soil or rock compared to shallow foundations. It classifies piles based on function and material and provides details on common types like timber, concrete, steel, and composite piles. The document also includes a case study describing the construction of drilled shaft pile foundations for a metro station in Delhi, with steps like drilling, stabilizing holes, and pouring concrete.
This document discusses different types of shallow foundations used in civil engineering. It describes shallow foundations as those placed immediately below the superstructure to distribute structural loads over a wide, shallow area below ground level. The main types discussed are spread footings, combined footings, mat/raft foundations, and grillage footings. Spread footings are used to support columns and walls, and can be wall, reinforced concrete, inverted arch, or column footings. Combined and mat foundations are used when columns are close together or loads are large.
Vacuum dewatering is a process that removes excess water from freshly poured concrete to achieve an ideal water-cement ratio and improved properties. Concrete is poured and a vacuum pump then removes 15-25% of the water through a suction mat and filter pads. This results in higher strength, less cracking and shrinkage, improved abrasion resistance, and a smooth, level surface. Vacuum dewatering is commonly used for industrial and commercial floors that require high durability.
This document discusses different methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before placing concrete around them, while post-tensioning involves stressing tendons after the concrete has cured using hydraulic jacks. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, thinner slabs, and more architectural freedom compared to conventional reinforced concrete or pretensioned concrete. Common applications of post-tensioning include parking structures, bridges, and building floors and roofs.
This document discusses repairs, rehabilitation, and retrofitting of structures. It begins by defining repair, rehabilitation, and retrofitting. Repair returns a structure to its previous condition without improving strength. Rehabilitation considers strength by repairing damage. Retrofitting modifies existing structures to increase resistance to hazards like earthquakes. It provides examples of each process. The document outlines evaluation and quality control methods for repairs. It also discusses materials and techniques used for crack repair in structures, including epoxy injection grouting. Overall, the document provides an overview of restoring and upgrading structures through various repair, rehabilitation, and retrofitting methods.
1. Plate load tests are conducted to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of soil and settlement under a given load by applying loads to circular or square steel plates embedded in an excavated pit.
2. The test setup involves excavating a pit below the depth of the proposed foundation, placing the test plate with a central hole at the bottom, and applying load using a hydraulic jack while measuring settlement.
3. The results provide the subgrade modulus, ultimate bearing capacity divided by a safety factor to determine the safe bearing capacity, and insight into foundation behavior and allowable settlement for design.
This document provides information about pile foundations. Pile foundations are used when the soil cannot support building loads and piles are driven deep into the ground until they reach a bearing stratum. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, or steel. They transfer loads from the building to the stronger subsurface layer. The document discusses different types of piles including end bearing and friction piles and explains how pile caps are reinforced to resist tensile and shear forces from heavy loads. Diagrams show how pile foundations are arranged and how piles transmit loads into the ground.
DESTRUCTIVE AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST OF CONCRETEKaran Patel
The standard method of evaluating the quality of concrete in buildings or structures is to test specimens cast simultaneously for compressive, flexural and tensile strengths.
The main disadvantages are that results are not obtained immediately; that concrete in specimens may differ from that in the actual structure as a result of different curing and compaction conditions; and that strength properties of a concrete specimen depend on its size and shape.
Although there can be no direct measurement of the strength properties of structural concrete for the simple reason that strength determination involves destructive stresses, several non- destructive methods of assessment have been developed.
This document provides information on concrete mix design, including objectives, basic considerations, and the IS (Indian Standards) method for mix design. The objectives of mix design are to achieve the desired workability, strength, durability, and cost. Basic considerations include cost, specifications, workability, strength, durability, and aggregate grading. The IS method is then described in steps, including selecting target strength, water-cement ratio, air content, water and sand contents, cement content, and aggregate contents. An example application of the IS method is also provided.
This document summarizes the procedures for conducting a pile load test to determine the load carrying capacity of a pile. The test involves installing a test pile between two anchor piles and applying incremental loads through a hydraulic jack while monitoring settlement. Loads are applied until the pile reaches twice its safe load or a specified settlement. A load-settlement curve is plotted to determine the ultimate load and safe load based on settlement criteria. The test provides values for maximum load, permissible working load, and pile settlement under different loads.
This document discusses various concepts related to structural analysis of arches:
1. An arch is a curved girder supported at its ends, allowing only vertical and horizontal displacements for arch action.
2. The general cable theorem relates the horizontal tension and vertical distance from any cable point to the cable chord moment.
3. Arches are classified based on support conditions (3, 2, or 1 hinged) or shape (curved, parabolic, elliptical, polygonal).
4. Horizontal thrust in arches reduces the bending moment and is calculated differently for various arch types (e.g. parabolic) and loading (e.g. UDL).
This document provides an overview of foundations for building construction. It discusses the importance of foundations in distributing building loads to the ground. There are two main types of foundations - shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, grillage foundations, raft foundations, stepped foundations, and mat/slab foundations. Deep foundations transfer loads deep into the earth and include drilled caissons, driven piles, and precast concrete piles. Foundation design considers factors like soil type, structural requirements, construction requirements, site conditions, and cost. The document also discusses waterproofing, drainage, and underpinning foundations.
- There are four main methods to measure the load carrying capacity of piles: static methods, dynamic formulas, in-situ penetration tests, and pile load tests.
- The ultimate load capacity (Qu) of an individual pile or pile group equals the sum of the point resistance (Qp) at the pile tip and the shaft resistance (Qs) developed along the pile shaft through friction between the soil and pile.
- Meyerhof's method is commonly used to calculate Qp in sand based on the effective vertical pressure at the pile tip multiplied by the bearing capacity factor Nq.
Design of rigid pavements. IRC method of design of rigid pavement. Transportation Engineering. Civil Engineering. Wheel loads on rigid pavement. Action of various stresses on rigid pavement. Highway engineering. How rigid pavements different from flexible pavements
This document discusses different types of well foundations used in construction. It describes three main types: open caissons, which have open tops and bottoms; pneumatic caissons, which use air pressure; and box caissons, which are closed at the bottom. It provides details on each type, including advantages and disadvantages. Open caissons can be built to greater depths but inspection of the bottom is not possible. Pneumatic caissons allow work under water but require complex machinery. Box caissons have a lower construction cost but the foundation base cannot be inspected.
This document discusses different types of canal outlets used to release water from distributing channels into watercourses. It describes non-modular, semi-modular, and modular outlets. Non-modular outlets discharge based on water level differences, while modular outlets discharge independently of water levels. Semi-modular outlets discharge depending on the channel water level but not the watercourse level. Specific outlet types are also defined, such as pipe outlets, open sluice, and Gibbs, Khanna, and Foote rigid modules. Discharge equations for different outlet types are provided.
The document discusses different types of foundations for structures. It describes shallow foundations, which are less than the width of the structure, including isolated footings for columns and combined footings for structures with small spaces between columns. Deep foundations include pile foundations, which transfer structural loads deeper into the soil using piles, and pier foundations, which use large masonry cylinders supported by soil or bedrock. Piles can be friction piles that use friction along their sides to support loads or load bearing piles that rest on a hard soil stratum. Common materials used for foundations include concrete, metal, aggregate, waterproofing materials, and wood.
The document discusses underpinning, which is strengthening and stabilizing an existing building's foundation. Reasons for underpinning include an insufficient original foundation, changed building usage or soil properties, or nearby construction requiring soil excavation. Underpinning extends the foundation deeper or wider to bear on stronger soil or distribute load. Common methods are micropiles, jet grouting, and soil grouting. Types of underpinning include mass concrete, beam and base, and mini-piled underpinning. Mass concrete involves digging boxes and pouring concrete sequentially. Beam and base uses a reinforced concrete beam supported by mass concrete bases. Mini-piles are used for deep foundations on variable soils.
This document discusses different types of footings used in building construction. It describes strip footings, which are continuous strips of concrete under walls. It also discusses raft/mat footings, which are continuous footings that support an entire structure. Finally, it covers isolated/pad footings, which are independent slabs of concrete that support individual columns or piers. The document provides details on when each type of footing would be used based on soil conditions, structural loads, and other factors. It also lists variations of pad footings and references additional resources on foundations.
Dewatering is the process of removing water from construction sites to allow excavation work to be done safely and efficiently below the water table. There are several reasons why dewatering is needed, including providing a dry work area, improving stability, and increasing safety. Common dewatering techniques include sump pumping, well points, deep wells, and trenches. Each method has advantages and disadvantages depending on the site conditions and depth of water lowering required. Proper planning and design of a dewatering system is important to effectively control groundwater and allow construction work to progress smoothly.
This document provides information about pile foundations, including:
- Piles transfer structural loads through weak soil layers into stronger soils and rocks below.
- Common types of piles include pre-cast concrete, cast-in-situ concrete (e.g. Raymond, MacArthur), steel, timber, and composite piles.
- Piles are selected based on factors like soil properties, loading conditions, costs, and availability of materials. Proper pile type and design are necessary to safely support structures.
Pile foundations are used to transfer structural loads through weak surface soils to stronger deeper soils or bedrock. They consist of long slender members called piles that are driven or bored into the ground. Piles can be made of concrete, steel, or wood. Common types include precast concrete piles, H-piles, and bored piles. Pile foundations are used when subsurface soil cannot support the loads from the structure, in areas with weak or compressible soils, and where deeper soils are needed to support heavy loads. They allow structures to be built in places that could not otherwise support them.
Pile foundations Case Study Delhi Metro Site VisitMohd Kashif
This document provides information about deep foundations, including what they are, where they are used, how they are classified, and examples of different pile types. It defines deep foundations as transferring loads to deeper layers of soil or rock compared to shallow foundations. It classifies piles based on function and material and provides details on common types like timber, concrete, steel, and composite piles. The document also includes a case study describing the construction of drilled shaft pile foundations for a metro station in Delhi, with steps like drilling, stabilizing holes, and pouring concrete.
Deep foundations such as piles, piers, and caissons are required when surface soil cannot support a structure or when a firm soil layer is too deep to be reached economically by shallow foundations. Piles are slender structural members made of steel, concrete, or wood that are driven or cast in place into the ground. Piles transfer structural loads through skin friction or end bearing. Common pile installation methods include dropping weight hammers, diesel hammers, vibratory hammers, and jacking. Piers are larger diameter cast in place foundations used in dry areas. Caissons are hollow watertight structures sunk into place under bodies of water to form foundations.
Pile foundations_Advanced Construction TechnologyA Makwana
Pile foundation is that type of deep foundation in which the loads are taken to a low level by means of vertical members which may be of timber, concrete or steel.
Pile foundations are used when a simple spread foundation is not possible due to deep, compressible, or waterlogged soil that cannot provide adequate bearing capacity. Piles transfer structural loads deep into the ground to stronger soil or bedrock layers. There are several types of piles that differ in material (wood, concrete, steel, etc.) and installation method (driven, cast-in-place, precast, etc.). Common pile types include H-beam steel piles, concrete-filled tube piles, precast concrete piles, and timber piles. Pile foundations allow buildings and structures to be supported in difficult soil conditions.
Foundations can be broadly classified as shallow or deep. Shallow foundations include spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat/raft foundations. Deep foundations transfer load to deeper soils and include pile foundations, pier foundations, and caissons/well foundations. Under-reamed pile foundations are recommended for expansive soils like black cotton soil as they anchor the structure below the moisture fluctuation zone. The piles are bored, under-reamed at the base, reinforced, and poured with concrete to provide a stable foundation.
This document discusses different types of foundations including pier foundations, well foundations, and foundations in black cotton soil. It provides details on:
- Pier foundations consist of large diameter concrete columns that transfer loads to firm strata below. They are used when a heavy structure must be built over soft soil.
- Well foundations (caissons) are box-like structures sunk from land or water surfaces to transmit loads to hard strata below deep waters. They are used for bridges, docks, and other waterfront structures.
- Special considerations for foundations in black cotton soils include removing shrinkable top layers, using pier foundations, and installing sand-filled drainage pipes to prevent swelling and shrinking from damaging the structure.
The document discusses different types of foundations including pier foundations, well foundations, and foundations for sloping sites. It provides details on:
- Pier foundations consist of large diameter concrete columns that transfer loads to firm strata below. They are used when heavy structures must be built over soft soil.
- Well foundations (caissons) are box-like structures sunk from the surface to transmit loads through deep water. Types include box, open, and pneumatic caissons.
- In sloping sites, stepped footings are preferred over sloped footings to address construction issues like reinforcement lengths and formwork. The number of steps should be minimized for efficiency.
This document discusses different types of foundations, including shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and raft/mat foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations, pier foundations, and caisson/well foundations. It also discusses considerations for foundations on expansive black cotton soil, recommending methods like strip foundations, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations.
This document discusses different types of foundations, including shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and raft/mat foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations, pier foundations, and caisson/well foundations. It also discusses considerations for foundations on expansive black cotton soil, recommending methods like strip foundations, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations.
Foundations transmit loads from structures to the ground. Shallow foundations have depths less than their widths and include footings and rafts. Deep foundations have greater depths and include piles and caissons/wells. Footing types include isolated, wall, combined, cantilever, inverted arch, and raft. Piles can be end-bearing, friction, or composite. Requirements for good foundations include distributing loads over large soil areas without exceeding bearing capacity and minimizing settlement. Methods to improve soil bearing capacity include increasing depth, draining water, compacting, grouting, and chemical treatment.
This document discusses advance construction technologies related to pile foundations. It defines deep foundations as those where depth is much larger than width, and describes the main types as pile foundations and pier foundations. Pile foundations are preferred when loads are heavy/uneven, soil bearing capacity is poor, subsurface water levels are high, or soil is expansive. Factors selecting pile type include location, ground conditions, durability, and cost. Common pile types are end bearing, friction, compaction, and under-reamed piles. Pile materials include pre-cast concrete, cast-in-place concrete, timber, steel, and sheet piles. Group pile behavior and pile caps are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of pile foundations and construction techniques. It begins with definitions of key pile terminology. Piles are then classified based on material (timber, concrete, steel, composite) and construction method. Details are given on driving and installing different pile types, including considerations for soil conditions, hammer selection, and positioning equipment. Additional foundation techniques like diaphragm walls are also introduced. Test pile programs are recommended to select the appropriate pile design and installation method for site conditions.
The document discusses caissons, which are watertight structures sunk into the ground or water to excavate foundations. There are several types, including box caissons (open top, closed bottom), open caissons (open top and bottom), and pneumatic caissons (closed top, open bottom). Materials used include steel, timber, concrete. Pneumatic caissons use compressed air to work in a dry environment underground. Challenges in sinking caissons include sand blowing, tilting, and shifting of wells. Precautions must be taken to avoid the bends disease from compressed air use.
Slab is a thin concrete structure used for flooring that can be square, rectangular, or circular. Slabs vary in thickness from 4-6 inches depending on load and are made of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and reinforcement bars. There are several types of slabs including one-way slabs which carry load in one direction, two-way slabs which carry load in two directions, joist slabs which have concrete ribs for support, and precast slabs which are constructed off-site and transported. Other slab types include flat plates, flat slabs, waffle slabs, hollow core slabs, and composite slabs which incorporate a steel deck.
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The hammers are raised and guided by a hoist mechanism to
ensure proper impact on the pile head.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS OF DRIVEN PILE: VIBRATORY PILE DRIVING
- Vibratory pile driving uses a mechanical vibrator instead of a drop hammer.
- The vibrator is attached to the pile and transmits high frequency, low amplitude
vibrations into the pile and soil.
- This causes the soil particles to rearrange and densify, allowing the pile to
penetrate without application of large impact forces.
- Vibratory driving is suitable for cohesive and loose granular soils.
- It is faster than conventional impact driving but may not be suitable for hard
Pile foundation are essential in case where SBC is low or the load coming from superstructure is too heavy,
Topics covered includes Materials used for making piles, Type of piles, load transfer mechanism, factors affecting selection of piles, Installation methods, load carrying capacity of piles, different load tests performed and the behavior of piles as a group.
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2. Pile foundation
• Introduction
• Use of piles
• Selection of type of pile
• Types of piles
• Pile cap and pile shoes
• Pile driving equipment and method
• Micro piling
• Pulling of piles
• Causes of failure of pile
3.
4. Types of foundation
• Shallow foundation
• Deep foundation
• Pile foundation
• Cofferdam foundation
• Caissons foundation
5. What is pile ?
• A pile is a slender structural member made of concrete, steel, wood
or composite material.
• A pile is either driven into the soil or formed in-site by excavating a
hole and filling it with concrete.
6. Pile foundation
• Pile foundation is that type of deep foundation in which the loads are
taken to a low level by means of vertical members which may be
Timber
Concrete
steel
7. Uses of Piles
• The load of the super-structure is heavy and its distribution is uneven.
• The top soil has poor bearing capacity.
• The subsoil water is high so that pumping of water from the open
trenches for the shallow foundation is difficult and uneconomical.
• Large fluctuation in subsoil water level.
• The structure is situated on sea shore or river bed, where there is
danger of scouring action of water.
• Canal or deep drainage line exist near the foundation.
• For foundation of transmission towers and off-shore platforms which
are subjected to uplift forces.
9. Factor Affecting Selection Of Type Of Piles
• Nature and type of structure
• Location
• Material, equipment and fund availability
• Type of soil and its properties
• Ground water table
• Durability of pile
• Length and number of pile
• Case study of adjacent building
• Facility for pile driving
• Erosion of soil near structure
11. Based on function
• End bearing Pile
• Friction Pile
• Compaction Pile
• Tension Pile
• Anchor Pile
• Fender Pile
• Better Pile
• sheet Pile
12. End bearing Pile
• Penetrate through the soft soil
• Bottom or tips rest on hard
strata
• Work as column
• For this pile Qu=Qp
where, Qu=ultimate load
Qp= Pile load
13. Friction Pile
• Loose soil extend to a greater depth
• Pile are driven at depth when friction
resistance developed equal to load
• In that case Qu=Qs (Qs= skin friction)
• Total friction resistance can be increased
• Increasing length and diameter
• Making Pile surface rough
• Placing closely or grouping of pile
14. Compaction Pile
• Pile do not carry any load
• For increase the bearing
capacity of soil
15. Tension pile
• When structure subjected
to uplift due to hydrostatic
pressure or over turning
moment
• Also known as uplift pile
16. Anchor piles
• These provided anchorage
against the horizontal pull
from sheet pulling or any
other pulling.
17. Fender pile
• These are used to protect
water front structures
against impact from ships
or other floating objects.
18. Better Pile
• They are used for resist
large horizontal forces or
inclined forces.
19. Sheet Pile
• They are used as bulk
heads or as impervious
cutoff to reduce seepage
and uplift under hydraulic
structures.
• Sheet pile is classified as,
1. Concrete sheet piles
2. Steel sheet pile
3. Timber sheet pile
20. Classification Based on Pile Material
• Concrete pile
• Steel piles
• Timber piles
• Composite pile
• Sand pile
22. Pre Cast Concrete Pile
• It is those which are manufactured in factory or at a place away from
the construction site and then driven into ground at the place
required.
• It requires heavy pile driving machinery.
• It may be square, octagonal or circular in cross section.
• Size of pile vary from 30 cm to 50 cm in cross section and up to 20 m
or more length.
• Grade of concrete should be M20.
23. Cast In Situ
• A bore is dug into the ground by inserting a casing.
• Bore is filled with cement concrete after placing
reinforcement
• The casing be kept in position or it may be withdraw.
• The piles with casing are known as cased cast in situ
concrete pile.
• The piles without casing are known as uncased cast in situ
concrete pile.
24. Cased
• Raymond piles
• Mac Arthur piles
• BSP base driven piles
• Swage piles
• Button bottom piles
25. Raymond Pile
• It used primarily as a friction pile.
• It is provided with uniform taper of 1 in 30
shorter pile.
• The length of piles vary from 6 to 12 m.
• Top diameter= 40 to 60 cm.
• Bottom diameter = 20 to 30 cm
• Collapsible mandrel is driven into ground.
• When the pile is driven to the desired
depth mandrel is collapsed and withdraw.
• The shell is gradually filled with concrete
up to the top.
26. Mac Arthur pile
• Mac Arthur is pile of uniform diameter
using the corrugated steel shell which
remain in place as in Raymond piles.
• A heavy steel casing with a core is
driven into the ground.
• When the desired depth is reached,
the core is withdrawn and a
corrugated steel shell is placed in the
casing.
• Concrete is placed in the shell by
gradually compacting and withdrawing
the steel casing.
27. BSP base driven piles
• This pile consist of a helically welded
shell of steel plate.
• A concrete plug is provided at the
bottom of the shell.
• Driving is done by allowing hammer to
fall on the concrete plug.
• The casing is driven to the desired depth
and then it is filled with concrete.
28. Swage piles
• It is used with advantage of driving in very
hard or it is designed to leave water tight
shell for some time filling of the concrete.
• steel shell is placed on a precast concrete
plug
• Pipe is driven over plug until the core
reached the plug, then pipe is swage out by
tapper of plug which form water tight joint.
• Pipe is driven up to specified depth by help
of driven force of core.
• Core is removed and pipe is filled with
concrete.
29. Button Bottom piles
• It is used where increase of end bearing
area is required.
• Pile use concrete plug shape of button
which enlarge hole in soil during driving.
• It used for length up to 23 m and load up
to 50 tones.
• 12 mm thick steel pipe set on concrete
button which have diameter of 25 mm.
• Pipe and button driven to specified depth.
• The casing is removed and concrete is
placed with reinforcement.
31. Simplex Piles
• Simplex piles can be driven through
soft or hard soil.
• Steel tube fitted with a cast iron
shoe is driven into ground up to
desired depth.
• If Reinforcement is necessary it put
in tube then concrete is poured in
pile.
• Tube is withdrawn slowly without
concrete being tamped.
32. Franki Piles
• It is used at placed where high load is
transfer.(ex .marine structure)
• Plug of dry concrete is formed on
ground by heavy removable pipe shell.
• By help of Diesel operated hammer of
20 to 30 KN weight plug is driven at
desired depth.
• Diameter of pile is 50 to 60 cm ,while
at enlargement is about 90 cm.
• Capacity of pile is 60 tones to 90 tones.
33. Vibro Piles
• This type of pile is best suited for places where
the ground is soft and offers little frictional
resistance to the flow of concrete.
• Pile are formed by driving a steel tube and shoe,
filling with concrete and withdraw steel tube.
• Diameter of pile 35 to 50 cm for load of 60 to 70
tones. Length of pile is 25 m and above.
• Steel tube fitted with cast iron shoe by 2-2.5
tone hammer by 40 blow per minute, with stroke
about 1.4 m
• When shoe and tube reached the desired level
tube is filled with concrete and tube is
withdrawn at 80 blow per minute by hammer.
• Steel tube is withdrawn leaving the shoe in place
and pile is formed with corrugation along its
height.
34. Pedestal Pile
• It is used where thin bearing stratum is
reached with reasonable depth.
• Pedestal pile gives the effect of spread
footing on thin bearing stratum.
• Core and casing are driven together
into the ground till reached the desired
level.
• Core is taken out and a charge of
concrete is placed in the tube.
• The core is again placed in the casing
to rest on the top of poured concrete.
• Pressure is applied on the concrete
though the core, and as the same time
the casing is withdrawn.
35. Pressure Pile
• These piles are especially suitable for
congested site where heavy vibration and
noise are not permissible.
• Boring is done up to required depth to tube.
• After withdrawn boring tool reinforcement is
placed if required.
• A layer of concrete is laid and pressure cap is
provided at the top of tube.
• Compressed air is admitted through pipe
which cause rise the tube.
• Tube is lifted same time of concreting is doing
by means of compressed air.
• Care should be taken that some portion of
concrete remain at bottom when tube is
lifting for receiving new layer.
37. H-piles
• These pile are usually of wide
flange section.
• They are suitable for trestle type
structure in which pile extend
above ground level and act as
column.
• They have small cross section
area, there for they can be easily
driven In soil.
• It used as long pile with high
bearing capacity.
38. Box Piles
• They are rectangular or
octagonal in form filled with
concrete.
• These pile are used when not
possible to drive H-piles into
hard strata.
39. Tube Piles
• Tubes or piles of steel are driven
into the ground.
• Concrete is filled inside the tube
piles.
• Because of circular cross section
tube piles are easy to handle
and easy to drive in.
40. Timber Piles
• These pile are prepared from trunks
of trees.
• They may be circular or square .
• Diameter of pile are 30 to 50 cm and
length not exceeding 20 times its top
width.
• At bottom, a cast-iron shoe is
provided and at the top a steel plate
is fixed.
• For group pile each pile is brought at
same level and concrete plate is
provided to have common platform.
41. Composite Piles
• This is a type of construction in
which piles of two different
material are driven one over the
other.
• They act together to perform the
function of a single pile.
• In this pile advantage is taken of
durability of concrete piles and the
cheapest of timber pile.
• Timber pile is terminated just at
the level of ground water table.
42. Sand Piles
• These pile are formed by making hole in
ground and fill with the sand and well
rammed.
• The sand to be used should be moist at
time of placing.
• Bore hole diameter usually 30 cm. length
of sand pile is kept about 12 times its
diameter.
• The top of sand pile is filled with
concrete.
• Sand pile are placed at 2 to 3 m spacing.
• Load test should be carried out
determining the bearing capacity of sand
pile.
• Properly compacted sand pile can carry
load up to 100 tone/m2 or more.
43. Classification Based on Method of Installation
• Driven pile
• Driven and cast-in-situ pile
• Bore and cast-in-situ piles
• Screw piles
• Jacked pile
44. Driven pile
• These pile are driven into
ground by applying blow with a
heavy hammer.
• Timber, steel and precast
concrete pile are installed by
driving.
45. Driven and cast-in-situ
pile
• These pile are formed by driving
a casing with a closed bottom
end into the soil .
• The casing is later filled with
concrete.
• The casing may or may not be
withdrawn.
46. Bore And Cast-in-Situ
Piles
• These pile are formed by
excavating a hole into the
ground and then filling it with
concrete.
48. Jacked pile
• These piles are jacked into the
ground by applying a downward
force by a hydraulic jack.
49. Under Reamed Piles
• These piles are developed by
C.B.R.I for serving foundation for
black cotton soils, filled up ground
and other type of soil having poor
bearing capacity.
50. Under reamed piles
• An under reamed pile is bored cast-in-situ
concrete pile having one or more bulbs or under
reamed in its lower level.
• The bulb or under reamed are formed by under
reaming tool.
• Diameter of pile is 20 to 50 cm and bulb diameter
is 2-3 times of diameter of pile.
• Length of pile is 3 to 8 m and spacing between
piles are 2 to 4 m.
• Load carrying capacity can increase by making
more bulb at the base.
• The vertical spacing between two bulb is varies
from 1.25 to 1.5 times diameter of bulb.
• For black cotton soil the bulb is increase bearing
capacity and also provide anchorage against
uplift.
51. Construction of Under Reamed Piles
• The equipment required for the construction of pile are,
1. Spiral auger - for boring
2. Under reamer - for making bulb
3. Boring guide -to keep the hole vertical
55. Pile Cap
• To protect the top of pile from blow
of hammer on top, pile cap is
provided.
• Pile carry load from structure and
distribute it to various pile.
• Generally, Pile cap is made of steel.
Thickness and size of cap is depend
on shape and size of pile hammer.
• Pile should penetrate into the cap
at least 10 cm length.
• For group pile a common R.C.C. is
provided for all the pile.
56. Pile shoe
• There for pile shoe is fitted at
bottom end of pile to protect the
pile and to facilitate easy pile
driving.
• Pile shoe are made of cast iron,
steel or wrought iron.
• Various types of shoe are;
Square pile shoe
Wedged shaped pile shoe
Round pile shoe
Steel trap pile shoe for timber pile
Socket type pile shoe for timber pile
closed end shoe for pipe piles
57. Pile driving Equipment
• The operation of inserting pile into ground is known as pile driving.
• Pile are driven into the ground by means of hammer.
• The equipment used for lifting hammer and allow to fall on head of
pile is known as Pile driver.
• Various method for pile driving are;
• Hammer driving
• Vibratory pile driver
• Watter jetting and hammering
• Partial angering method
58. Factor for selection of pile driving method
• Type of soil at site
• Costs of pile driving equipment
• Availability of fluid pressure
• Material of pile
• Length of pile
• Ground water level
• etc……
60. Pile Frame Or Pile Driving Rig
• Pile drive with crawler mounted
crane rig commonly used for pile
driving.
• The hammer is guided between
two parallel steel channel known
as leads.
61. Leads
• Leads are also called leaders.
• It is used to guide hammer and
pile for alignment.
• In case of drop hammer fixed
lead are used.
• Lead can be movable and can be
adjusted as per the requirement.
• Movable leads are more
convenient as they can adjusted
as required.
62. Winches
• Winches are used for lift hammer and
pile.
• It should be light with single drum
provision or heavy with double drums.
• Winches may be fitted with reverse
gear system.
• Winches are driven with diesel or
petrol engines or electrical power in
case of drop hammer and pneumatic
hammers.
63. Pile hammer
• Types of hammer used for driving
the pile are;
• Drop hammer
• Single acting hammer
• Double acting hammer
• Diesel hammer
• Vibratory hammer
64. 1. Drop hammer
• The drop hammer is the oldest type of
hammer used pile driving.
• A drop hammer is rise by a winch and
allowed to drop the top of the pile
under gravity from a certain height.
• During the driving operation a cap is
fixed to the pile and cushion is
generally provided between the pile
and the cap.
• Another cushion known as hammer
cushion is placed on the pile cap on
which the hammer causes the impact.
65. 2.Single acting hammer
• In this hammer the ram is raised
by air or steam under pressure to
the required height.
• It is then allowed to fall under
gravity on the top of the pile cap.
• The weight of hammer is about
1000 kg to 10,000 kg.
66. 3. Double acting hammer
• In double acting hammer raise by using air or
steam pressure and drop the hammer.
• When hammer has been raised to the
required height steam or air pressure is
applied to other side of piston and the
hammer is pushed downward under pressure.
• The weight of the hammer may be about 1000
kg to 2500 kg.
• It can be apply 90 to 240 blow per minute.
• It is used for driving light to moderate weight
piles in soils of average resistance against
driving.
68. Pulling Of Pile
• To replace the damaged piles during the driving operation.
• To reuse the existing piles when the structure above the pile is
demolished.
• To prepare the data of strata trough which piles are to be driven by
carrying out pulling tests.
• To remove the pile which are driven temporarily as in case of a
cofferdam.
69. Method For Pulling Of Pile
• The method for pulling of piles will depend on the type of pile,
equipment availability.
• Various method are;
Use of double acting steam hammer
Use of pile extractors
Use of tongs
Use of vibrator
Use of electricity
73. Causes Of Failure Of Pile
• Most common causes of failure of piles;
• Absence of statistical data of nature of soil strata
• Load coming on pile is high than design load.
• Bad workmanship
• Attack by insets on wood
• Breakage due to over driving (timber pile)
• Buckling of pile
• Damage due to absence of protective cover
• Improper type of pile, method of driving, classification of soil
• Insufficient reinforcement in case of R.C.C
• Misinterpretation of result from pile load test.
• Wrong formula use for determining load bearing capacity.
74. Causes of Failure of R.C.C. piles
• Improperly designed concrete mix.
• Use of wrong type of cement
• Insufficient concrete cover to the reinforcement
• Early removal of concrete form.
• Use of aggregate that react with the type of cement.
75. Micro pilling
• A Micro pile is a small
diameter, typically less than
300mm.
• A drilled and grouted non-
displacement pile which is
heavily reinforced and carries
most of its loading on the high
capacity steel reinforcement.
• Reinforcement and cement
grout are the major
component of micro pile.
• It also known as mini pile.
76. Construction of micro pile
• Following step are carried out for construction of micro pile.
Drilling and/or installation of temporary casing
Remove inner drilling bit rod.
Placing reinforcement and grouting by tremie.
Remove temporary casing, inject further grout under pressure.
Complete pile (casing may be left in place of compressible stratum)
77.
78. Application of micro pile
• For structure support
• New foundation
• Under pinning of existing
foundation
• Seismic retrofitting of existing
structure
• Scour protection
• Excavation support in confined
area
• For situ reinforcement
• Slop stabilization
• Earth retention
• Ground strengthening and
protection
• Settlement reduction
79.
80. Advantages of micro pile
• It used to underpin the existing structure where need of minimum
vibration
• It can be easily laid where low head room is constraint.
• It can be installed at any angle.
• It offers practical and cost effective solution to costly alternative pile
system.
• Not require large access road or drilling platforms
81. Pile driving formula
• Load carrying capacity of pile can be determine following method;
1. Dynamic formula
2. Static formula
82. Dynamic formula
• Dynamic pile formula are useful in estimating pile capacity.
• The dynamic formula are based on assumption that the kinetic energy delivered by hammer
during driving operation is equal to the work done in penetrating the pile.
Kinematic energy delivered=work done in penetration
Whηh = R x s + energy loss
W=weight of hammer (KN)
h= height of fall of hammer
ηh = Efficiency of hammer
R= pile resistance taken equal to Qu
S=penetration of pile per blow
84. Engineering News Record formula
• As per the Engineering News formula the allowable load of driven pile
is given by
Qa=
Wh
F(s+c)
Qa= Allowable load in kg
W = Weight of hammer
h = Height of fall in mm
s = Final settlement per blow known as set
c = Empirical constant ( drop hammer= 25 mm, single acting hammer=2.5 mm)
F = Factor of safety (Usually taken as 6)
85. Hiley’s formula
• Hiley’s gave the formula which take into various energy loss.
Qu =
Whηh
(S + C/2)
Qu=ultimate load on pile
W=weight of hammer
h= Height of fall of hammer
C=elastic compression
ηh =efficiency of hammer
(drop hammer=100%,single acting hammer= 75-85 %,double acting =85%)
S= Avg. settlement per blow
86. Danish formula
• Qu =
Whηh
(S + S0/2)
S0=Elastic compression of pile
S0={2ηh (WhL)
(S + S0/2)
}1/2
L= Length of pile
A= Area of cross section of pile
E=Modulus of elasticity of pile material Allowable
87. Static Formula
• In static formula ultimate bearing capacity of pile is considered to the
sum of end bearing pile and resistance of skin friction.
Qu=Qp +Qs
=qp.Ap +fs.As
Where,
Qp=end bearing resistance
qp= unit end bearing resistance
Ap =area at the base
Qs= skin friction resistance
fs= unit skin friction
As= surface area