Pile foundation are essential in case where SBC is low or the load coming from superstructure is too heavy,
Topics covered includes Materials used for making piles, Type of piles, load transfer mechanism, factors affecting selection of piles, Installation methods, load carrying capacity of piles, different load tests performed and the behavior of piles as a group.
Pile foundations are commonly used when soil conditions require deep foundations, such as with compressible, waterlogged, or deep soils. There are various types of piles classified by function (e.g. end bearing, friction, tension), material (e.g. concrete, timber, steel), and installation method (e.g. driven, cast-in-place). The load carrying capacity of piles can be determined through dynamic formulas, static formulas, load tests, or penetration tests. Factors like pile length, structure characteristics, material availability, loading types, and costs must be considered for proper pile selection.
This document provides information about pile foundations. Pile foundations are used when the soil cannot support building loads and piles are driven deep into the ground until they reach a bearing stratum. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, or steel. They transfer loads from the building to the stronger subsurface layer. The document discusses different types of piles including end bearing and friction piles and explains how pile caps are reinforced to resist tensile and shear forces from heavy loads. Diagrams show how pile foundations are arranged and how piles transmit loads into the ground.
Pile foundation is important for construction of foundation where bearing capacity of soil is poor. Pile foundation is use for distribution of uneven load of superstructure.There are so many type of pile are use for construction. Here i present some of pile with suitable condition for construction and methods for construction.
Thank you.
Pile foundations extend deep below buildings to support heavy loads on poor soil conditions. There are different types of piles including wood, steel, and concrete piles that are installed using various methods such as driving, drilling, or jacking. Piles can be classified based on their material, load transfer method, degree of soil displacement during installation, and installation method. Common types include end bearing piles that transfer load to firm soil at depth and friction piles that transfer load along their shaft through skin friction with surrounding soil.
Introduction, uses, selection of pile, types of piles, pile cap and pile
shoe, pile driving methods, micro piling, causes of failures of piles,
Heaving of piles
This document provides information on pile foundations, including when they are used, their functions, types, and construction methods. Pile foundations are used when the soil at shallow depths does not have adequate bearing capacity. The key points are:
- Pile foundations transmit loads from structures to deeper, stronger soil layers through end bearing, friction, or both.
- They are used when shallow soils cannot support heavy loads, have low bearing capacity, or experience issues like high water levels.
- Piles can be made of concrete, timber, steel, or composites, and are either pre-cast or poured in place. Common types include end bearing, friction, compaction, and anchor piles.
This document discusses pile foundations. It begins by listing the topics that will be covered, including types of piles, pile spacing, pile caps, load testing, and failures. It then defines a pile foundation as using slender structural members like steel, concrete or timber that are installed in the ground to transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. The document goes on to classify piles based on their function, material, and installation method. It describes common pile types such as precast concrete, driven steel, and cast-in-place piles. The document provides details on pile uses, selection factors, and installation procedures.
Design and construction of well foundationsDar Hilal
Well foundations are commonly used for transferring heavy loads to deep soil strata for bridges. They have a large cross-sectional area and can take large vertical and horizontal loads. Designing well foundations involves determining the depth, shape, size, and type based on factors like minimum grip length and permissible base pressures. Common well foundation types include open, box, and pneumatic caissons. Precautions during construction like uniform dredging are important to avoid tilting and shifts. Well foundations are a low-cost and trusted option for bridge construction due to their high success rates and long life spans, though sinking can be time consuming.
Pile foundations are commonly used when soil conditions require deep foundations, such as with compressible, waterlogged, or deep soils. There are various types of piles classified by function (e.g. end bearing, friction, tension), material (e.g. concrete, timber, steel), and installation method (e.g. driven, cast-in-place). The load carrying capacity of piles can be determined through dynamic formulas, static formulas, load tests, or penetration tests. Factors like pile length, structure characteristics, material availability, loading types, and costs must be considered for proper pile selection.
This document provides information about pile foundations. Pile foundations are used when the soil cannot support building loads and piles are driven deep into the ground until they reach a bearing stratum. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, or steel. They transfer loads from the building to the stronger subsurface layer. The document discusses different types of piles including end bearing and friction piles and explains how pile caps are reinforced to resist tensile and shear forces from heavy loads. Diagrams show how pile foundations are arranged and how piles transmit loads into the ground.
Pile foundation is important for construction of foundation where bearing capacity of soil is poor. Pile foundation is use for distribution of uneven load of superstructure.There are so many type of pile are use for construction. Here i present some of pile with suitable condition for construction and methods for construction.
Thank you.
Pile foundations extend deep below buildings to support heavy loads on poor soil conditions. There are different types of piles including wood, steel, and concrete piles that are installed using various methods such as driving, drilling, or jacking. Piles can be classified based on their material, load transfer method, degree of soil displacement during installation, and installation method. Common types include end bearing piles that transfer load to firm soil at depth and friction piles that transfer load along their shaft through skin friction with surrounding soil.
Introduction, uses, selection of pile, types of piles, pile cap and pile
shoe, pile driving methods, micro piling, causes of failures of piles,
Heaving of piles
This document provides information on pile foundations, including when they are used, their functions, types, and construction methods. Pile foundations are used when the soil at shallow depths does not have adequate bearing capacity. The key points are:
- Pile foundations transmit loads from structures to deeper, stronger soil layers through end bearing, friction, or both.
- They are used when shallow soils cannot support heavy loads, have low bearing capacity, or experience issues like high water levels.
- Piles can be made of concrete, timber, steel, or composites, and are either pre-cast or poured in place. Common types include end bearing, friction, compaction, and anchor piles.
This document discusses pile foundations. It begins by listing the topics that will be covered, including types of piles, pile spacing, pile caps, load testing, and failures. It then defines a pile foundation as using slender structural members like steel, concrete or timber that are installed in the ground to transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. The document goes on to classify piles based on their function, material, and installation method. It describes common pile types such as precast concrete, driven steel, and cast-in-place piles. The document provides details on pile uses, selection factors, and installation procedures.
Design and construction of well foundationsDar Hilal
Well foundations are commonly used for transferring heavy loads to deep soil strata for bridges. They have a large cross-sectional area and can take large vertical and horizontal loads. Designing well foundations involves determining the depth, shape, size, and type based on factors like minimum grip length and permissible base pressures. Common well foundation types include open, box, and pneumatic caissons. Precautions during construction like uniform dredging are important to avoid tilting and shifts. Well foundations are a low-cost and trusted option for bridge construction due to their high success rates and long life spans, though sinking can be time consuming.
This seminar report discusses caisson foundations. Caissons are watertight structures used for deep foundations under water, such as for bridges, piers, and docks. There are three main types - open, box, and pneumatic caissons. Caissons can take various shapes and are used when foundations need to extend below riverbeds or in deep water. Advantages include ability to reach large depths, but difficulties include tilting or sinking during construction. Caisson diseases can affect workers if decompressed too quickly from pressurized conditions.
The document discusses different types of well foundations used in construction. It describes the key components of well foundations including the cutting edge, steining, bottom plug, top plug, and well cap. It explains the process of sinking well foundations, which involves excavating material inside the well curb to allow the well to sink vertically into the ground. Precautions like maintaining verticality and limiting tilt and shift are important during well sinking.
TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATION & APPLICATIONSMaharshi Dave
The PPT about pile foundation and types of pile foundation.It is very useful and make very properly.If you don't know about pile foundation then no problem only just refer this PPT and then you will become to know about pile foundation very well.I hope this will helpful to someone.
this presentation describes in details the sinking operation of well foundations in different conditions and situations. the content here is suitable only for basic knowledge and educational purposes.
This document discusses different methods of constructing underground structures beneath existing surfaces without disrupting traffic, including box jacking, arched jacking, and thrust boring. Box jacking involves pushing pre-cast concrete boxes into the ground with hydraulic jacks to form the structure. Arched jacking and thrust boring use similar techniques to jack pipes through the ground. Freezing the soil is another method used to stabilize the ground and prevent issues like water seepage when constructing underground. Case studies demonstrate how these techniques have been applied to real projects.
This document discusses different types of cofferdams used in construction projects. It describes earth-fill, rock-fill, single-walled, double-walled, crib, cellular, concrete, suspended, and sandbag dike cofferdams. For each type, it provides details on suitable applications based on water depth and flow, and construction methods. The overall purpose of a cofferdam is to temporarily enclose an area of water to allow work to proceed in dry conditions.
Diaphragm wall: Construction and DesignUmer Farooq
The document discusses diaphragm walls, which are concrete or reinforced concrete walls constructed below ground using a slurry-supported trench method. Diaphragm walls can reach depths of 150 meters and widths of 0.5-1.5 meters. They are constructed using tremie installation or pre-cast concrete panels. Diaphragm walls are suitable for urban construction due to their quiet installation and lack of vibration. The document discusses different types of diaphragm walls based on materials and functions, and provides details on their design, construction process, and material requirements.
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations by abhishek sharma ABHISHEK SHARMA
elements you should know about bearing capacity of shallow foundations are included in it. various indian standards are also used. Bearing capacity theories by various researchers are also included. numericals from GATE CE and ESE CE are also included.
The document discusses retaining walls and includes:
- Definitions of retaining walls and their parts
- Common types of retaining walls including gravity, semi-gravity, cantilever, counterfort and bulkhead walls
- Earth pressures like active, passive and at rest pressures
- Design principles for stability against sliding, overturning and bearing capacity
- Drainage considerations for retaining walls
- Theories for analyzing earth pressures like Rankine and Coulomb's theories
- Sample design calculations and problems for checking stability of retaining walls
Soil nailing is a technique used to reinforce and strengthen existing ground.Soil nailing consists of installing closely spaced bars into a slope or excavation as construction proceeds from top down.It is an effective and economical method of constructing retaining wall for excavation support, support of hill cuts, bridge abutments and high ways.This process is effective in cohesive soil, broken rock, shale or fixed face conditions.
This document provides an overview of subsurface exploration, which involves site investigation and soil exploration to assess soil conditions for engineering projects. It discusses the objectives, phases and methods of subsurface exploration. The main methods covered are open excavation techniques like test pits and trenches, as well as boring techniques like auger, wash, percussion and rotary boring. It also describes different sampling techniques for obtaining disturbed and undisturbed soil samples, and different types of in-situ tests like standard penetration tests and cone penetration tests.
The document describes different types of shallow foundations, including spread footings, combined footings, and raft/mat foundations. Spread footings include wall footings, reinforced concrete footings, inverted arch footings, and column footings. Combined footings are used when columns are close together or near a property line. Raft foundations consist of a thick concrete slab covering the entire structure area and are used when soil capacity is low or loads are large. The document also discusses advantages, limitations, and construction procedures of shallow foundations.
Sheet Piles; Advantages, Types and Methods - Sheet piles are commonly used for retaining walls, land reclamation, underground structures such as car parks and basements, in marine locations for riverbank protection, seawalls, cofferdams, and so on
Pile foundation ppt 2 (usefulsearch.org) (useful search)Make Mannan
Pile foundations are used when the bearing capacity of soil is low or uneven and the soil is located at a greater depth. Piles transfer structural loads directly to the soil layer below by end bearing or side friction. Common pile types include timber, concrete, steel, and composite piles which are classified based on function, material, and installation method. Pile foundations provide solutions for difficult soil conditions like compressible, waterlogged, or made ground and are widely used for bridges, buildings, and marine structures.
Vibro replacement stone columns are a ground improvement technique to improve the load bearing capacity and reduce the settlement of the soil. On many occasions, it is noted that the local soil is, by nature, unable to bear the proposed structure, so the use of ground improvement techniques may be necessary. Use of stone columns is one such technique. The stone column consists of crushed coarse aggregates of various sizes. The ratio in which the stones of different sizes will be mixed is decided by design criteria
This document discusses different types of foundations including wall footings, isolated footings, combined footings, cantilever footings, continuous footings, mat footings, and machine foundations. Wall footings support structural walls, isolated footings support single columns, combined footings support two or three close columns, cantilever footings connect two isolated footings, continuous footings support rows of three or more columns, and mat footings extend under an entire building or portion. Machine foundations can be block or frame types and their analysis involves dynamic and static stages.
The pile foundation uses piles to support walls, piers, and other structures. Piles can be placed individually or in clusters. Piles are used when loose soil extends to great depths, and transfer structural loads to harder soils below through end bearing and side friction. Common pile materials include timber, steel, and concrete. Piles can be load bearing, transmitting loads through end bearing and side friction, or non-load bearing, used as retaining walls or sheeting. Pile capacity is assessed through field load tests or theoretical calculations based on soil properties.
- There are four main methods to measure the load carrying capacity of piles: static methods, dynamic formulas, in-situ penetration tests, and pile load tests.
- The ultimate load capacity (Qu) of an individual pile or pile group equals the sum of the point resistance (Qp) at the pile tip and the shaft resistance (Qs) developed along the pile shaft through friction between the soil and pile.
- Meyerhof's method is commonly used to calculate Qp in sand based on the effective vertical pressure at the pile tip multiplied by the bearing capacity factor Nq.
This document discusses pile foundations. It classifies piles based on material (steel, concrete, timber, composite), load transfer mechanism (end bearing, friction, combined), and installation method (driven, cast in situ, bored). It describes how end bearing piles transfer load directly to bedrock, friction piles transfer load through skin friction, and combined piles use both mechanisms. The document also discusses functions of pile foundations in transmitting structural loads to firm soil layers and controlling settlement.
The hammers are raised and guided by a hoist mechanism to
ensure proper impact on the pile head.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS OF DRIVEN PILE: VIBRATORY PILE DRIVING
- Vibratory pile driving uses a mechanical vibrator instead of a drop hammer.
- The vibrator is attached to the pile and transmits high frequency, low amplitude
vibrations into the pile and soil.
- This causes the soil particles to rearrange and densify, allowing the pile to
penetrate without application of large impact forces.
- Vibratory driving is suitable for cohesive and loose granular soils.
- It is faster than conventional impact driving but may not be suitable for hard
This seminar report discusses caisson foundations. Caissons are watertight structures used for deep foundations under water, such as for bridges, piers, and docks. There are three main types - open, box, and pneumatic caissons. Caissons can take various shapes and are used when foundations need to extend below riverbeds or in deep water. Advantages include ability to reach large depths, but difficulties include tilting or sinking during construction. Caisson diseases can affect workers if decompressed too quickly from pressurized conditions.
The document discusses different types of well foundations used in construction. It describes the key components of well foundations including the cutting edge, steining, bottom plug, top plug, and well cap. It explains the process of sinking well foundations, which involves excavating material inside the well curb to allow the well to sink vertically into the ground. Precautions like maintaining verticality and limiting tilt and shift are important during well sinking.
TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATION & APPLICATIONSMaharshi Dave
The PPT about pile foundation and types of pile foundation.It is very useful and make very properly.If you don't know about pile foundation then no problem only just refer this PPT and then you will become to know about pile foundation very well.I hope this will helpful to someone.
this presentation describes in details the sinking operation of well foundations in different conditions and situations. the content here is suitable only for basic knowledge and educational purposes.
This document discusses different methods of constructing underground structures beneath existing surfaces without disrupting traffic, including box jacking, arched jacking, and thrust boring. Box jacking involves pushing pre-cast concrete boxes into the ground with hydraulic jacks to form the structure. Arched jacking and thrust boring use similar techniques to jack pipes through the ground. Freezing the soil is another method used to stabilize the ground and prevent issues like water seepage when constructing underground. Case studies demonstrate how these techniques have been applied to real projects.
This document discusses different types of cofferdams used in construction projects. It describes earth-fill, rock-fill, single-walled, double-walled, crib, cellular, concrete, suspended, and sandbag dike cofferdams. For each type, it provides details on suitable applications based on water depth and flow, and construction methods. The overall purpose of a cofferdam is to temporarily enclose an area of water to allow work to proceed in dry conditions.
Diaphragm wall: Construction and DesignUmer Farooq
The document discusses diaphragm walls, which are concrete or reinforced concrete walls constructed below ground using a slurry-supported trench method. Diaphragm walls can reach depths of 150 meters and widths of 0.5-1.5 meters. They are constructed using tremie installation or pre-cast concrete panels. Diaphragm walls are suitable for urban construction due to their quiet installation and lack of vibration. The document discusses different types of diaphragm walls based on materials and functions, and provides details on their design, construction process, and material requirements.
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations by abhishek sharma ABHISHEK SHARMA
elements you should know about bearing capacity of shallow foundations are included in it. various indian standards are also used. Bearing capacity theories by various researchers are also included. numericals from GATE CE and ESE CE are also included.
The document discusses retaining walls and includes:
- Definitions of retaining walls and their parts
- Common types of retaining walls including gravity, semi-gravity, cantilever, counterfort and bulkhead walls
- Earth pressures like active, passive and at rest pressures
- Design principles for stability against sliding, overturning and bearing capacity
- Drainage considerations for retaining walls
- Theories for analyzing earth pressures like Rankine and Coulomb's theories
- Sample design calculations and problems for checking stability of retaining walls
Soil nailing is a technique used to reinforce and strengthen existing ground.Soil nailing consists of installing closely spaced bars into a slope or excavation as construction proceeds from top down.It is an effective and economical method of constructing retaining wall for excavation support, support of hill cuts, bridge abutments and high ways.This process is effective in cohesive soil, broken rock, shale or fixed face conditions.
This document provides an overview of subsurface exploration, which involves site investigation and soil exploration to assess soil conditions for engineering projects. It discusses the objectives, phases and methods of subsurface exploration. The main methods covered are open excavation techniques like test pits and trenches, as well as boring techniques like auger, wash, percussion and rotary boring. It also describes different sampling techniques for obtaining disturbed and undisturbed soil samples, and different types of in-situ tests like standard penetration tests and cone penetration tests.
The document describes different types of shallow foundations, including spread footings, combined footings, and raft/mat foundations. Spread footings include wall footings, reinforced concrete footings, inverted arch footings, and column footings. Combined footings are used when columns are close together or near a property line. Raft foundations consist of a thick concrete slab covering the entire structure area and are used when soil capacity is low or loads are large. The document also discusses advantages, limitations, and construction procedures of shallow foundations.
Sheet Piles; Advantages, Types and Methods - Sheet piles are commonly used for retaining walls, land reclamation, underground structures such as car parks and basements, in marine locations for riverbank protection, seawalls, cofferdams, and so on
Pile foundation ppt 2 (usefulsearch.org) (useful search)Make Mannan
Pile foundations are used when the bearing capacity of soil is low or uneven and the soil is located at a greater depth. Piles transfer structural loads directly to the soil layer below by end bearing or side friction. Common pile types include timber, concrete, steel, and composite piles which are classified based on function, material, and installation method. Pile foundations provide solutions for difficult soil conditions like compressible, waterlogged, or made ground and are widely used for bridges, buildings, and marine structures.
Vibro replacement stone columns are a ground improvement technique to improve the load bearing capacity and reduce the settlement of the soil. On many occasions, it is noted that the local soil is, by nature, unable to bear the proposed structure, so the use of ground improvement techniques may be necessary. Use of stone columns is one such technique. The stone column consists of crushed coarse aggregates of various sizes. The ratio in which the stones of different sizes will be mixed is decided by design criteria
This document discusses different types of foundations including wall footings, isolated footings, combined footings, cantilever footings, continuous footings, mat footings, and machine foundations. Wall footings support structural walls, isolated footings support single columns, combined footings support two or three close columns, cantilever footings connect two isolated footings, continuous footings support rows of three or more columns, and mat footings extend under an entire building or portion. Machine foundations can be block or frame types and their analysis involves dynamic and static stages.
The pile foundation uses piles to support walls, piers, and other structures. Piles can be placed individually or in clusters. Piles are used when loose soil extends to great depths, and transfer structural loads to harder soils below through end bearing and side friction. Common pile materials include timber, steel, and concrete. Piles can be load bearing, transmitting loads through end bearing and side friction, or non-load bearing, used as retaining walls or sheeting. Pile capacity is assessed through field load tests or theoretical calculations based on soil properties.
- There are four main methods to measure the load carrying capacity of piles: static methods, dynamic formulas, in-situ penetration tests, and pile load tests.
- The ultimate load capacity (Qu) of an individual pile or pile group equals the sum of the point resistance (Qp) at the pile tip and the shaft resistance (Qs) developed along the pile shaft through friction between the soil and pile.
- Meyerhof's method is commonly used to calculate Qp in sand based on the effective vertical pressure at the pile tip multiplied by the bearing capacity factor Nq.
This document discusses pile foundations. It classifies piles based on material (steel, concrete, timber, composite), load transfer mechanism (end bearing, friction, combined), and installation method (driven, cast in situ, bored). It describes how end bearing piles transfer load directly to bedrock, friction piles transfer load through skin friction, and combined piles use both mechanisms. The document also discusses functions of pile foundations in transmitting structural loads to firm soil layers and controlling settlement.
The hammers are raised and guided by a hoist mechanism to
ensure proper impact on the pile head.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS OF DRIVEN PILE: VIBRATORY PILE DRIVING
- Vibratory pile driving uses a mechanical vibrator instead of a drop hammer.
- The vibrator is attached to the pile and transmits high frequency, low amplitude
vibrations into the pile and soil.
- This causes the soil particles to rearrange and densify, allowing the pile to
penetrate without application of large impact forces.
- Vibratory driving is suitable for cohesive and loose granular soils.
- It is faster than conventional impact driving but may not be suitable for hard
Deep foundations such as piles, piers, and caissons are required when surface soil cannot support a structure or when a firm soil layer is too deep to be reached economically by shallow foundations. Piles are slender structural members made of steel, concrete, or wood that are driven or cast in place into the ground. Piles transfer structural loads through skin friction or end bearing. Common pile installation methods include dropping weight hammers, diesel hammers, vibratory hammers, and jacking. Piers are larger diameter cast in place foundations used in dry areas. Caissons are hollow watertight structures sunk into place under bodies of water to form foundations.
This document provides information about pile foundations, including:
- Piles transfer structural loads through weak soil layers into stronger soils and rocks below.
- Common types of piles include pre-cast concrete, cast-in-situ concrete (e.g. Raymond, MacArthur), steel, timber, and composite piles.
- Piles are selected based on factors like soil properties, loading conditions, costs, and availability of materials. Proper pile type and design are necessary to safely support structures.
This document discusses Indian standards related to piles and provides information on various types of piles. It covers piles categorized by standards, material, installation method, load carrying characteristics, and testing methods. The key points are:
- It outlines Indian standards for different types of piles including concrete, timber, and pile testing.
- Piles are classified by material as concrete, steel, timber, or composite piles made of two materials.
- Installation methods include displacement piles driven into soil and replacement piles where soil is removed.
- Piles carry loads through end bearing, friction along the pile, or a combination depending on the soil conditions.
- Pile load tests directly measure a pile's capacity and
Pile foundations Case Study Delhi Metro Site VisitMohd Kashif
This document provides information about deep foundations, including what they are, where they are used, how they are classified, and examples of different pile types. It defines deep foundations as transferring loads to deeper layers of soil or rock compared to shallow foundations. It classifies piles based on function and material and provides details on common types like timber, concrete, steel, and composite piles. The document also includes a case study describing the construction of drilled shaft pile foundations for a metro station in Delhi, with steps like drilling, stabilizing holes, and pouring concrete.
This document discusses different types of foundations, focusing on pile foundations. It defines foundations and classifies them as either shallow or deep. Pile foundations are described as deep foundations that transfer loads to deeper, stronger soils using piles. The main types of piles - displacement, replacement, and installation techniques - are outlined. Specific pile types are then detailed, including pre-cast concrete, pre-stressed concrete spun, steel H, bored, and wood piles. The document concludes by describing end bearing piles, friction piles, settlement reducing piles, and piles in fill.
The document provides information on different types of foundations used in construction. It discusses shallow foundations such as spread footings, combined footings, strap or cantilever footings, mat or raft foundations, and grillage foundations. It also covers deep foundations including pile foundations, caisson foundations, and well foundations. Pile foundations are described in more detail, outlining different types of piles based on their function and how they are constructed and used with pile caps to distribute loads to the soil.
This document discusses deep foundations and pile foundations. Deep foundations are needed when adequate soil capacity is not available near the surface and loads must be transferred to deeper, firmer layers of soil. Common deep foundation systems include caissons and piles. Piles transmit structural loads deep into the ground. They can be classified as end-bearing or friction piles depending on how the loads are supported. Various types of piles include precast concrete, steel, composite, and bored piles which are formed by excavating soil and filling with concrete. Pile foundations are tested to confirm their design and load capacity before full construction.
This document provides an overview of pile foundations, including different types of piles classified by material, length, orientation, and installation method. Piles transfer structural loads to deeper firm soil layers when the top soil is loose, soft, or swelling. Piles are long slender columns that can be driven, bored, or cast in place using materials like concrete, steel, or timber. Driven piles compact the surrounding soil to increase capacity, while cast-in-place piles are constructed by drilling holes and filling with concrete to avoid disturbing soil. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of different pile types.
This document discusses different types of deep foundations, focusing on pile foundations. It describes pile foundations as vertical structural members driven into the ground to transfer structural loads through weak surface soils to stronger deeper soils or bedrock. Piles are classified based on their function as either load bearing, transferring vertical loads through end bearing or friction; or sheet piles, providing lateral soil support. Piles are also classified based on material, including timber, concrete, steel, or composite piles. Driven piles displace soil during installation while bored piles replace soil to form a void that is then filled with concrete. The document provides details on advantages and disadvantages of different pile types.
This document discusses pile foundations, which are structural members made of steel, concrete, or timber that are used when the soil cannot support building loads. It describes different types of piles like steel H-piles, concrete piles, and timber piles. Piles are classified based on their function as either end bearing piles that transfer loads through soil layers or friction piles that transfer loads through skin friction. Factors in selecting piles include length, soil type, structure characteristics, load type, and cost. Pile foundations are used when soil bearing capacity is low, subsurface water levels are high, or the structure is near water.
The document discusses different types of foundations and piles used in construction projects. It describes shallow foundations that are at ground level and deep foundations like piles and piers that extend below the surface into stronger soil layers. It outlines various pile types including timber, concrete, steel, and composite piles. For each pile type, it provides details on materials, advantages, disadvantages, installation methods, and factors to consider in selection. The document is an informative overview of foundation and pile foundation options for structural support.
The document provides information on different types of pile foundations. It discusses various classifications of piles including based on function (end bearing, friction, etc.), material (timber, steel, concrete), and installation method (pre-cast, cast-in-place, driven). It also outlines factors that affect pile type selection such as ground conditions, structure type, cost, and durability. Specific pile foundation types are described like Raymond piles, MacArthur piles, BSP base driven piles, and swage piles.
The document discusses different types of pile foundations. It begins by explaining that pile foundations transfer structural loads through weak soil layers to stronger layers below. It then describes different types of piles based on their function (load bearing, sheet), material (wood, concrete, steel), and installation method (driven, precast). Key points covered include how end bearing, friction, and composite piles transmit loads differently. The document also lists situations where pile foundations are necessary and advantages/disadvantages of different pile materials.
This document discusses advance construction technologies related to pile foundations. It defines deep foundations as those where depth is much larger than width, and describes the main types as pile foundations and pier foundations. Pile foundations are preferred when loads are heavy/uneven, soil bearing capacity is poor, subsurface water levels are high, or soil is expansive. Factors selecting pile type include location, ground conditions, durability, and cost. Common pile types are end bearing, friction, compaction, and under-reamed piles. Pile materials include pre-cast concrete, cast-in-place concrete, timber, steel, and sheet piles. Group pile behavior and pile caps are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of pile foundations and advanced construction technologies. It defines pile foundations and lists their common uses. Piles are classified as load bearing or non-load bearing, with load bearing piles further divided into bearing and friction piles. Factors for selecting the appropriate pile type include load requirements, soil conditions, and cost. The document describes pile components like caps and shoes. It also covers pile installation methods, common pile materials, and potential causes of pile failure.
Piles and drilled shaft - Deep FoundationsWakarusaCo
Piles are structural members made of steel, concrete or timber that are used to build deep foundations called pile foundations. Pile foundations are necessary when the soil is too weak, compressible or expansive to support the load of a structure using a shallow foundation. They are also used when lateral forces from wind, earthquakes or soil erosion must be resisted. Piles transmit structural loads deeply into the ground to stronger soil or bedrock layers, ensuring structural safety even in poor soil conditions. Common types of piles include precast concrete, cast-in-place concrete, steel, and timber piles.
This document discusses different types of piles classified based on their material composition. It describes pre-cast concrete piles, cast-in-situ concrete piles including driven piles and bored piles, timber piles, steel piles, and composite piles. Specific pile types are explained in detail such as Raymond piles and McArthur cased piles. Piles transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil and are used when shallow foundations are inadequate.
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
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Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
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Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
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Pile foundations
1. PREPARED BY:-
YASH PATEL(151310140028)
AKASH RAO(151310140029)
MANMEET THACKER (151310140030)
RIYA TRIVEDI (151310140031)
DHRUMIL PATEL(161313140004)
Bachelor of Engineering (semester 6)- Geotechnical Engineering ||
Department of Civil & Infrastructure Engineering, AIIE.
PILE FOUNDATION
2. OUTLINE
Introduction
Load transfer mechanism
Types of piles and their uses
Factor affecting in selection of piles
Method of installation
Load carrying characteristics for cohsive and granular soil
Pile subjected to vertical load- pile load carrying capacity based on static and
dynamic formulae
Pile load test and Penetration test data
3. INTRODUCTION
A pile is basically a long cylinder of a strong material such as concrete that is
pushed into the ground to act as a steady support for structures built on top of
it.
Pile foundations consist of piles that are dug into the soil till a layer of stable
soil is reached.
Pile foundations transfer building load to the bearing ground with greater
bearing capacity. Pile foundations are useful in regions with unstable upper
soil that may erode, or for large buildings.
4. WHAT IS THE USE OF PILE FOUNDATION?
Pile foundations are principally used to transfer the loads from
superstructures, through weak, compressible strata or water onto stronger,
more compact, lesscompressible and stiffer soil or rock at depth, increasing
the effective size of a foundation and resisting horizontal loads.
5. REQUIREMENTS OF PILE FOUNDATION
Huge vertical load with respect to soil capacity.
Very weak soil or problematic soil.
Huge lateral loads eg. Tower, chimneys.
Scour depth criteria.
For fills having very large depth.
Uplift situations (expansive zones)
Urban areas for future large and huge construction near the existing building.
6. FUNCTION OF PILE FOUNDATIONS
Piles are generally used when the bearing capacity of the soil is considered to be
inadequate for the structural load of heavy construction.
The piles transfer the load to the solid ground located at a depth.
If the shallow soil is not stable, or the settlement estimated is not tolerable, then the
use of piles may be the only practicable solution.
Furthermore, if the conditions of soil necessitate extensive ground development that
is expensive, the use of piles may be more economical.
Use of piles is not only beneficial in unstable shallow soil, but also helpful in normal
ground conditions to withstand vertical and horizontal loads, or foundations over
water like jetties.
7. LOAD TRANSFER MECHANISM
End bearing cum friction piles carry vertical compressive load partly by mean
of resistance offered by hard stratum at tip of pile and partly by friction
developed between pile shaft and soil.
Pure friction piles carry major part of load only by friction devrlopd between
pile shaft and soil and pure end bearing piles by mean of bearing resistance at
tip of soil.
In both the above cases lateral load are carried by lateral resistance offered by
surrounding soil.
10. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MATERIALS
Timber Piles
• Timber piles are made of-tree trunks driven with small end as a point
• Maximum length: 35 m; optimum length: 9 - 20m
• Max load for usual conditions: 450 kN; optimum load range = 80 - 240 kN
• Comparatively low initial cost, permanently submerged piles are resistant to decay,
easy to handle, best suited for friction piles in granular material.
11.
12.
13. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MATERIALS
Concrete Piles
• Concrete piles may be precast, prestressed, cast in place, or of composite
construction
• Precast concrete piles may be made using ordinary reinforcement or they may be
prestressed.
• Precast piles using ordinary reinforcement are designed to resist bending stresses
during picking up & transport to the site & bending moments from lateral loads and
to provide sufficient resistance to vertical loads and any tension forces developed
during driving.
• Max length: 10 - 15 m for precast, 20 - 30 m for prestressed
• Optimum length 10 - 12 m for precast. 18 - 25m prestressed
14. CONCRETE PILES
• Prestressed piles are formed by tensioning high strength steel prestress cables,
and casting the concrete about the cable. When the concrete hardens, the
prestress cables are cut, with the tension force in the cables now producing
compressive stress in the concrete pile. It is common to higher-strength concrete
(35 to 55 MPa) in prestressed piles because of the large initial compressive
stresses from prestressing. Prestressing the piles, tend to counteract any tension
stresses during either handling or driving.
• Loads for usual conditions 900 for precast. 8500 kN for prestressed
• Optimum load range: 350 - 3500 kN
15.
16. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MATERIALS
Steel Piles
Maximum length practically unlimited, optimum length: 12-50m.
Load for usual conditions = maximum allowable stress x cross-sectional area.
The members are usually rolled HP shapes/pipe piles. Wide flange beams & I
beams proportioned to withstand the hard driving stress to which the pile may be
subjected. In HP pile the flange thickness = web thickness, piles are either welded
or seamless steel pipes, which may be driven either open ended or closed end.
Closed end piles are usually filled with concrete after driving.
Open end piles may be filled but this is not often necessary.
17.
18. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MATERIALS
Composite Piles
In general, a composite pile is made up of two or more sections of different
materials or different pile types.
The upper portion could be eased cast-in-place concrete combined with a lower
portion of timber, steel H or concrete filled steel pipe pile.
These piles have limited application and arc employed under special conditions.-
19.
20. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON INSTALLATION TYPE
Replacement piles
• They require a hole to be first bored into which the pile is then formed usually of
reinforced concrete.
• The shaft (bore) may be eased or uncased depending upon type of soil.
Displacement piles
• They are usually pre-formed before being driven, jacked, screwed or hammered
into ground.
• This category consists of driven piles of steel or precast concrete and piles formed
by driving tubes or shells which are fitted with a driving shoe.
• The tubes or shells which are filled with concrete after driving.
• Also included in this category are piles formed by placing concrete as the driven
piles are withdrawn.
21. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CONSTRUCTION METHOD
Cast-in-situ piles
• Cast-in-situ piles are concrete pile.
• These piles are constructed by drilling holes in the ground to the required depth and
then filling the hole with concrete.
• Reinforcements are also used in the concrete as per the requirements.
• These piles are of small diameter compared to drilled piers.
• Cast-in-situ piles are straight bored piles or with one or more bulbs at intervals are
casted.
• The piles with one or more bulbs are called as under-reamed piles.
22.
23. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CONSTRUCTION METHOD
Driven and cast-in-situ piles
• A steel shell of diameter of pile is driven into the ground with the aid of a mandrel
inserted into the shell.
• After driving the shell, the mandrel is removed and concrete is poured in the shell.
• The shell is made of corrugated and reinforced thin sheet steel (mono-tube piles) or
pipes (Armco welded pipes or common seamless pipes). The piles of this type are
called a shell type piles.
• The shell-less type is formed by withdrawing the shell while the concrete is being
placed.
• In both the types of piles the bottom of the shell is closed with a conical tip which
can be separated from the shell.
• This type of pile is very much used in piling over water.
24.
25. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON LOAD TRANSFER
End baring piles
• If a bedrock or rocklike material is present at a site within a reasonable depth, piles
can be extended to the rock surface.
• In this case, the ultimate bearing capacity of the pile depends entirely on the
underlying material; thus the piles are called end or point bearing piles.
• In most of these cases the necessary length of the pile can be fairly well
established.
• Instead of bedrock, if a fairly compact and hard stratum of soil is encountered at a
reasonable depth, piles can be extended a few meters into the hard stratum.
26. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON LOAD TRANSFER
Friction Piles
• In these types of piles, the load on pile is resisted mainly by skin/friction resistance
along the side of the pile (pile shaft).
• Pure friction piles tend to be quite long, since the load-carrying.
• Capacity is a function of the shaft area in contact with the soil.
• In cohesion less soils, such as sands of medium to low density, friction piles are
often used to increase the density and thus the shear strength.
• When no layer of rock or rocklike material is present at a reasonable depth at a site,
point/end bearing piles become very long and uneconomical.
• For this type of subsoil condition, piles ate driven through the softer material to
specified depth.
27.
28. INSTALLATION OF PILES
The pile installation technique is an important feature in the design of pile foundations
that should be selected carefully by taking into consideration the resistance to
achieve the desired penetration, pile characteristics, space available at the site, and
the disturbance due to noise.
There are two methods for installation of piles:
1.Installation by Driving
2.Installation by Boring
29. INSTALLATION OF PILES
Some important terminologies:
Driven pre-cast pile: The pile is castedin a yard brought to the site and driven by
some mechanism into the soil
Driven Cast-in-situ pile: A casing plugged at bottom is driven into the ground and
then the pile is castedby removing or retaining the casing
Bored Pre-cast pile: A bore is made and the soil inside is removed and then a pile
castedin some yard is put into the boreBored
Cast -in-situ pile: A bore is made the soil is removed and the pile is castedat site in
the bore.
30. INSTALLATION BY DRIVING
If the driving has to be carried out by hammer, the following factors should be take
into consideration.
The size and weight of the pile
The driving resistance which has to be overcome to achieve the desired penetration
The available space and head room in the site ( because the hammer has to be
dropped from certain height and also the initial height is approximately height of the
pile + height of fall of the hammer)
The availability of cranes
The noise restrictions which may be in force in the locality
31.
32. INSTALLATION BY DRIVING
Different methods for pile driving:
• Dropping weight
• Explosion
• Vibration
• Jacking ( only for micro piles)
• Jetting
33. INSTALLATION BY BORING
The construction of bore cast in situ concrete pile consists of following steps.
1. Location finalizing
2. Inserting temporary casing
3. Pile boring
4. Reinforcement cage lowering
5. Flushing
6. Pile concreting
7. Removal of casing
34.
35. PILE FOUNDATIONS DESIGN
The pile foundations should be carefully designed in accordance with the soil and
load conditions, and the cost.
To ensure the reliability of the piles foundation that should perform as a unit, the pile
caps should be joined with beams or a reinforced concrete slab that could perform in
tension and compression.
The piles should be designed to carry axial, shear, and bending stresses that may
develop by the relative horizontal movement of piles between the layers in the soil.
Piles can be made from various materials, like steel, timber, and concrete, each
possessing different characteristics that should be considered
36. FACTOR INFLUENCING IN SELECTION OF PILES
Preliminary selection of piles:-
All identified foundation alternatives should first be evaluated for suitability for the
intended application and cost.
For piles, this evaluation should be based on
the capacity, availability, constructability, and expected performance of the
various types of piles.
Initial evaluation of non-pile alternatives should be based on similar criteria.
This will limit further studies to those foundation alternatives which are reasonably
feasible.
During this initial evaluation, it may also be possible to eliminate from consideration
obvious high-cost alternatives.
37. FACTOR INFLUENCING IN SELECTION OF PILES
1. Load capacity and pile spacing
2. Type of soil
3. Type of structures in neighborhood
4. Constructability
5. Performance
6. Availability
7. Cost
38. FACTOR INFLUENCING IN SELECTION OF PILES
Final selection of pile type:-
The final evaluation and selection should be based mainly on relative costs of the
remaining alternatives.
This evaluation should include the costs of structural or site modifications required to
accommodate the foundation type.
Cost and other factors may be important in the selection.
Differences in delivery or installation schedules, levels of reliability of performance,
and potential construction complications may be considered.
39. LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF PILES
The amount of load the pile can carry without undergoing continuous displacements for
insignificant load increments by virtue of its boundary condition (soil condition)and not by
virtue of its structural strength.
The assumption for this definition is –the failure of surrounding soil occurs prior to the failure
of the pile material especially in the case of concrete piles
The load carrying capacity of a single pile can be estimated using
• Static formulae
• Dynamic formulae
• Correlations with penetration test data
• Load tests
45. PILE PENETRATION TEST DATA
Static cone penetration test data and standard penetration test data are often used to determine
the pile load capacity.
The point resistance of driven piles in sand including H piles, can also be determined using N
values as per the below equation.
where N is thestandard penetration resistanceas observed in the field for bearing stratum
without the overburden corrections.
46. PILE PENETRATION TEST DATA
Data from a static cone penetration test can be used to estimate the unit skin friction.
f = aqc
where, qc= static cone resistance in kg/cm2and a is coefficient whose value depends on the soil
type(0.04 to 0.08 for clays, 0.01 to 0.04 for silty sands, 0.01 to 0.02 for sands).
The maximum unit skin friction for steel H-piles is taken as 0.5kg/cm2 and for driven concrete
piles it is 1.0kg/cm2
47. PILE LOAD TEST
Vertical Load Tests on Piles: This test will be carried out as stipulated in IS-2911
(Part IV) 1995.
48. PILE LOAD TEST
Lateral Load Tests on Piles
• The jack should be placed horizontally, between two piles.
• The load on the jack shall be the same on both the piles.
• The load will be applied in increments of 20% of the estimated safe load and at the
cut off level.
• The load will be increased after the rate of displacement is nearer to 0.1 mm per 30
minutes.
• If the cut-off level is approachable, one dial gauge exactly at the cut-off level shall
measure the displacement.
49. PILE LOAD TEST
In case the cut-off level is not approachable, 2 dial gauges 30 cm apart vertically,
shall be set up and the lateral displacement of the cut-off level calculated by similar
triangles.
The safe load on the pile shall be the least of the following:-
a) 50% of the final load at which the total displacement increases to 12 mm.
b) Final load at which the total displacement corresponds to 5 mm.
50. PILE LOAD TEST
Pull out Tests on Piles:-
• A suitable set up shall be designed to provide an uplift force to the piles.
• The load increments and the consequent displacements shall be as per the case of
a vertical load test.
51. PILE LOAD TEST
The safe load shall be the least of the following:
a) 2/3rd of the load at which the total displacement is 12 mm or the load
corresponding to a specified permissible lift.
b) Half of the load at which the load displacement curve shows a clear break.
52. PILE GROUPS
Piles are generally used in groups with a common pile cap. A group may consist of two or three, or as
many as ten to twelve piles depending on the design requirement.
The load carrying capacity of a group of piles is given by
(Eq. 6)
53. PILE GROUP EFFICIENCY
Its value for bearing or friction piles at sites where the soil strength increases with depth is
found to be 1.
For friction piles in soft clays the value on n is less than 1. The actual value of n depends on
soil type, method of pile installation, and pile spacing.
When piles are driven in loose, sandy soils, the soil is densified during driving, and n >1 in
such cases.
It has been observed that if the spacing between piles is more than 2.5 times the pile diameter,
the group efficiency is not reduced.
The large pile to pile spacing will increase the overall cost of construction. The reduction in
load capacity due to the group effect can be estimated empirically.
54. ULTIMATE LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY FOR THE PILE GROUP
The ultimate load carrying capacity for the pile group taken as a block is given by
55. EFFICIENCY OF PILE GROUP
Efficiency of a pile group is given by
n= Ultimate bearing capacity of pile group .
n X ultimate bearing capacity of single pile in group
whre n = no. of piles in a group
57. SETTLEMENT OF PILE GROUPS
Due to group action , both immediate and consolidation settlement values of a pile group are
greater than those for a single pile.
For bearing piles the total foundation load is assumed to act at the base of the piles on an
imaginary foundation of the same size as the plan of the pile group.
For friction piles it is virtually impossible to determine the level at which the structural load is
effectively transferred to the soil. The level used in design is at a depth of two-thirds the
penetration depth.
58. NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION
Negative skin friction is a downward shear drag acting on the pile surface due to relative downward
movement of soil strata surrounding the pile.
The following are some of the causes of negative skin friction
• Due to pile or pile segment passing through compressible soil stratum which consolidates
• Due to placement of a fill on compressible soil layer causing the layer to consolidate
• Lowering of ground water table causing the shrinkage of expansive soils.
• Under consolidated natural or compacted soils.
• The negative skin friction of a single pile is given by
Negative skin friction load = Unit frictional resistance (downward)* Length of the pile above bottom of
the compressible layer * Perimeter of the pile cross section
And total downward load= negative skin friction load + live load+ dead load
59. REFERENCES
Foundation Engineering; PHP Publications
Craig's Soil Mechanics
Basic & Applied Soil Mechanis; A S R Rao
Module 5 Deep Foundations; nptl
Pile Foundation; Varanasi Rama Rao, Engineer- Civil & Structure
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