Pile foundations are used when the bearing capacity of soil is low or uneven and the soil is located at a greater depth. Piles transfer structural loads directly to the soil layer below by end bearing or side friction. Common pile types include timber, concrete, steel, and composite piles which are classified based on function, material, and installation method. Pile foundations provide solutions for difficult soil conditions like compressible, waterlogged, or made ground and are widely used for bridges, buildings, and marine structures.
Deep foundations are used when the bearing stratum is located at a significant depth below the surface. The most common types of deep foundations are pile foundations, cofferdams, and caisson foundations. Pile foundations support structures using vertical piles that transfer loads either through end bearing or skin friction. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite. Cofferdams are temporary structures used to exclude water from a construction site to allow work below the water level. Common types include earthfill, rockfill, single-walled, and cellular cofferdams. Caissons are watertight structures that become part of the permanent foundation. Types are open caissons, box caissons
This document discusses pile foundations. It begins by listing the topics that will be covered, including types of piles, pile spacing, pile caps, load testing, and failures. It then defines a pile foundation as using slender structural members like steel, concrete or timber that are installed in the ground to transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. The document goes on to classify piles based on their function, material, and installation method. It describes common pile types such as precast concrete, driven steel, and cast-in-place piles. The document provides details on pile uses, selection factors, and installation procedures.
Pile foundation is important for construction of foundation where bearing capacity of soil is poor. Pile foundation is use for distribution of uneven load of superstructure.There are so many type of pile are use for construction. Here i present some of pile with suitable condition for construction and methods for construction.
Thank you.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
pipe expansion joint us bellows us bellows catalogue rubber expansion joint metal expansion joints driveway expansion joint filler flexi craft expansion joints building expansion joint systems
construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joint sidewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
monolithic isolation joints isolation joint material isolation joint vs expansion joint isolation joint neo prene insulating joints pipeline isolation joint vs control joint isolation joints in concrete concrete slab isolation joint
construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joints idewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
concrete joint filler
concrete joint filler strips
control joint vs construction joint concrete
concrete control joint filler
concrete slab control joint detail
types of concrete expansion joints
construction joint concrete
control joints in concrete
This document provides an overview of different types of retaining walls, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, sheet pile, and diaphragm walls. It discusses the key components and design considerations for gravity and cantilever retaining walls. Gravity walls rely on their own weight for stability, while cantilever walls consist of a vertical stem with a heel and toe slab acting as a cantilever beam. The document also covers lateral earth pressures, drainage of retaining walls, uses of sheet pile walls, and construction methods for diaphragm walls.
The document discusses different types of shallow foundations. It describes spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat or raft foundations. For spread footings, it provides details on single, stepped, sloped, wall, and grillage footings. Foundations are also discussed for black cotton soils, including strip footings, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations. Finally, potential causes of foundation failure are listed such as unequal settlement, subsoil moisture movement, and lateral soil pressures.
Shallow foundations are foundations where the depth is equal to or less than the width. There are four main types of shallow foundations: 1) Spread footings which spread loads over a larger area and are used for light loads or strong soils, 2) Combined footings which are preferred when columns are close together to make construction more economical, 3) Strap or cantilever footings which connect independent footings with a beam that does not transfer pressure to the soil, and 4) Mat or raft foundations which cover the entire area beneath a structure and are used for supporting loads on soft soils by spreading them over a large area.
This document provides information on pile foundations, including when they are used, their functions, types, and construction methods. Pile foundations are used when the soil at shallow depths does not have adequate bearing capacity. The key points are:
- Pile foundations transmit loads from structures to deeper, stronger soil layers through end bearing, friction, or both.
- They are used when shallow soils cannot support heavy loads, have low bearing capacity, or experience issues like high water levels.
- Piles can be made of concrete, timber, steel, or composites, and are either pre-cast or poured in place. Common types include end bearing, friction, compaction, and anchor piles.
Deep foundations are used when the bearing stratum is located at a significant depth below the surface. The most common types of deep foundations are pile foundations, cofferdams, and caisson foundations. Pile foundations support structures using vertical piles that transfer loads either through end bearing or skin friction. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite. Cofferdams are temporary structures used to exclude water from a construction site to allow work below the water level. Common types include earthfill, rockfill, single-walled, and cellular cofferdams. Caissons are watertight structures that become part of the permanent foundation. Types are open caissons, box caissons
This document discusses pile foundations. It begins by listing the topics that will be covered, including types of piles, pile spacing, pile caps, load testing, and failures. It then defines a pile foundation as using slender structural members like steel, concrete or timber that are installed in the ground to transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. The document goes on to classify piles based on their function, material, and installation method. It describes common pile types such as precast concrete, driven steel, and cast-in-place piles. The document provides details on pile uses, selection factors, and installation procedures.
Pile foundation is important for construction of foundation where bearing capacity of soil is poor. Pile foundation is use for distribution of uneven load of superstructure.There are so many type of pile are use for construction. Here i present some of pile with suitable condition for construction and methods for construction.
Thank you.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
pipe expansion joint us bellows us bellows catalogue rubber expansion joint metal expansion joints driveway expansion joint filler flexi craft expansion joints building expansion joint systems
construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joint sidewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
monolithic isolation joints isolation joint material isolation joint vs expansion joint isolation joint neo prene insulating joints pipeline isolation joint vs control joint isolation joints in concrete concrete slab isolation joint
construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joints idewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
concrete joint filler
concrete joint filler strips
control joint vs construction joint concrete
concrete control joint filler
concrete slab control joint detail
types of concrete expansion joints
construction joint concrete
control joints in concrete
This document provides an overview of different types of retaining walls, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, sheet pile, and diaphragm walls. It discusses the key components and design considerations for gravity and cantilever retaining walls. Gravity walls rely on their own weight for stability, while cantilever walls consist of a vertical stem with a heel and toe slab acting as a cantilever beam. The document also covers lateral earth pressures, drainage of retaining walls, uses of sheet pile walls, and construction methods for diaphragm walls.
The document discusses different types of shallow foundations. It describes spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat or raft foundations. For spread footings, it provides details on single, stepped, sloped, wall, and grillage footings. Foundations are also discussed for black cotton soils, including strip footings, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations. Finally, potential causes of foundation failure are listed such as unequal settlement, subsoil moisture movement, and lateral soil pressures.
Shallow foundations are foundations where the depth is equal to or less than the width. There are four main types of shallow foundations: 1) Spread footings which spread loads over a larger area and are used for light loads or strong soils, 2) Combined footings which are preferred when columns are close together to make construction more economical, 3) Strap or cantilever footings which connect independent footings with a beam that does not transfer pressure to the soil, and 4) Mat or raft foundations which cover the entire area beneath a structure and are used for supporting loads on soft soils by spreading them over a large area.
This document provides information on pile foundations, including when they are used, their functions, types, and construction methods. Pile foundations are used when the soil at shallow depths does not have adequate bearing capacity. The key points are:
- Pile foundations transmit loads from structures to deeper, stronger soil layers through end bearing, friction, or both.
- They are used when shallow soils cannot support heavy loads, have low bearing capacity, or experience issues like high water levels.
- Piles can be made of concrete, timber, steel, or composites, and are either pre-cast or poured in place. Common types include end bearing, friction, compaction, and anchor piles.
This document discusses different types of shallow foundations used in civil engineering. It describes shallow foundations as those placed immediately below the superstructure to distribute structural loads over a wide, shallow area below ground level. The main types discussed are spread footings, combined footings, mat/raft foundations, and grillage footings. Spread footings are used to support columns and walls, and can be wall, reinforced concrete, inverted arch, or column footings. Combined and mat foundations are used when columns are close together or loads are large.
This document discusses bearing capacity theory and methods for determining the bearing capacity of soil. It defines key terms like maximum safe bearing capacity, allowable bearing pressure, and net pressure intensity. It describes different types of bearing capacity failure and assumptions in Terzaghi's bearing capacity method. The document also discusses other theories by Meyerhof, Vesic, and Skempton that improved on Terzaghi's method. Finally, it outlines field tests like plate load tests and laboratory tests to directly determine the bearing capacity of soil.
The document discusses different types of well foundations used in construction. It describes the key components of well foundations including the cutting edge, steining, bottom plug, top plug, and well cap. It explains the process of sinking well foundations, which involves excavating material inside the well curb to allow the well to sink vertically into the ground. Precautions like maintaining verticality and limiting tilt and shift are important during well sinking.
This document discusses different types of well foundations used in construction. It describes three main types: open caissons, which have open tops and bottoms; pneumatic caissons, which use air pressure; and box caissons, which are closed at the bottom. It provides details on each type, including advantages and disadvantages. Open caissons can be built to greater depths but inspection of the bottom is not possible. Pneumatic caissons allow work under water but require complex machinery. Box caissons have a lower construction cost but the foundation base cannot be inspected.
Slab is a thin concrete structure used for flooring that can be square, rectangular, or circular. Slabs vary in thickness from 4-6 inches depending on load and are made of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and reinforcement bars. There are several types of slabs including one-way slabs which carry load in one direction, two-way slabs which carry load in two directions, joist slabs which have concrete ribs for support, and precast slabs which are constructed off-site and transported. Other slab types include flat plates, flat slabs, waffle slabs, hollow core slabs, and composite slabs which incorporate a steel deck.
The document discusses underpinning, which is strengthening and stabilizing an existing building's foundation. Reasons for underpinning include an insufficient original foundation, changed building usage or soil properties, or nearby construction requiring soil excavation. Underpinning extends the foundation deeper or wider to bear on stronger soil or distribute load. Common methods are micropiles, jet grouting, and soil grouting. Types of underpinning include mass concrete, beam and base, and mini-piled underpinning. Mass concrete involves digging boxes and pouring concrete sequentially. Beam and base uses a reinforced concrete beam supported by mass concrete bases. Mini-piles are used for deep foundations on variable soils.
This document provides information about pile foundations. Pile foundations are used when the soil cannot support building loads and piles are driven deep into the ground until they reach a bearing stratum. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, or steel. They transfer loads from the building to the stronger subsurface layer. The document discusses different types of piles including end bearing and friction piles and explains how pile caps are reinforced to resist tensile and shear forces from heavy loads. Diagrams show how pile foundations are arranged and how piles transmit loads into the ground.
Caissons are watertight structures used as foundations when construction needs to be done under water or in locations with a high water table. They are constructed out of materials like wood, steel, or reinforced concrete. There are different types of caissons including open caissons, box caissons, and pneumatic caissons. Caissons are sunk into position using methods like dredging or compressed air in a pneumatic caisson. Proper construction involves building curbs, plugs, and reinforcement to withstand loads and facilitate controlled sinking. Caissons allow foundations to be constructed in deep underwater locations for structures like bridges, piers, and buildings.
DESTRUCTIVE AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST OF CONCRETEKaran Patel
The standard method of evaluating the quality of concrete in buildings or structures is to test specimens cast simultaneously for compressive, flexural and tensile strengths.
The main disadvantages are that results are not obtained immediately; that concrete in specimens may differ from that in the actual structure as a result of different curing and compaction conditions; and that strength properties of a concrete specimen depend on its size and shape.
Although there can be no direct measurement of the strength properties of structural concrete for the simple reason that strength determination involves destructive stresses, several non- destructive methods of assessment have been developed.
This document provides an overview of foundations for building construction. It discusses the importance of foundations in distributing building loads to the ground. There are two main types of foundations - shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, grillage foundations, raft foundations, stepped foundations, and mat/slab foundations. Deep foundations transfer loads deep into the earth and include drilled caissons, driven piles, and precast concrete piles. Foundation design considers factors like soil type, structural requirements, construction requirements, site conditions, and cost. The document also discusses waterproofing, drainage, and underpinning foundations.
This document provides information about pile foundations, including:
- Piles transfer structural loads through weak soil layers into stronger soils and rocks below.
- Common types of piles include pre-cast concrete, cast-in-situ concrete (e.g. Raymond, MacArthur), steel, timber, and composite piles.
- Piles are selected based on factors like soil properties, loading conditions, costs, and availability of materials. Proper pile type and design are necessary to safely support structures.
This document discusses different types of cofferdams used in construction projects. It describes earth-fill, rock-fill, single-walled, double-walled, crib, cellular, concrete, suspended, and sandbag dike cofferdams. For each type, it provides details on suitable applications based on water depth and flow, and construction methods. The overall purpose of a cofferdam is to temporarily enclose an area of water to allow work to proceed in dry conditions.
This document discusses properties of concrete and compaction methods. It covers the importance of compacting concrete to remove air voids and increase strength. Methods of compaction include manual techniques like rodding and tamping as well as mechanical vibration using internal and external vibrators. Improper vibration can lead to defects like honeycombing or segregation. Newer techniques like self-compacting concrete use superplasticizers to reduce the need for external vibration during pouring and placement.
The document discusses different types of foundations for structures. It describes shallow foundations, which are less than the width of the structure, including isolated footings for columns and combined footings for structures with small spaces between columns. Deep foundations include pile foundations, which transfer structural loads deeper into the soil using piles, and pier foundations, which use large masonry cylinders supported by soil or bedrock. Piles can be friction piles that use friction along their sides to support loads or load bearing piles that rest on a hard soil stratum. Common materials used for foundations include concrete, metal, aggregate, waterproofing materials, and wood.
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression using tensioned steel strands, cables, or bars. This is done through either pre-tensioning or post-tensioning. In pre-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned before the concrete is poured, while in post-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Prestressed concrete provides benefits over reinforced concrete like lower construction costs, thinner structural elements, and longer spans between supports.
Piles are deep foundations used to transfer structural loads through weak or wet soils to stronger soils below. Piles can be classified based on function (end bearing, friction, tension), material (concrete, timber, steel), or installation method (driven, cast-in-place). Key factors in pile design include soil properties, load types, and groundwater conditions. The ultimate load capacity of a pile considers end bearing and side friction, while the allowable load uses a factor of safety. Dynamic testing and soil parameters can be used to estimate pile capacities.
1) The document discusses soil bearing capacity, which refers to the capacity of soil to support loads applied to the ground without failing.
2) Important factors in soil bearing capacity include the stability of foundations, which depends on the bearing capacity of soil beneath and the settlement of soil.
3) The document outlines several key terminologies used in soil bearing capacity such as ultimate bearing capacity, net ultimate bearing capacity, net safe bearing capacity, and more.
4) Several methods to increase the bearing capacity of black cotton soil are described, including increasing foundation depth, chemical treatment, grouting, compaction, drainage, and confining the soil.
Sheet Piles; Advantages, Types and Methods - Sheet piles are commonly used for retaining walls, land reclamation, underground structures such as car parks and basements, in marine locations for riverbank protection, seawalls, cofferdams, and so on
Pile foundations use driven or bored piles to transfer structural loads to deeper, load-bearing soil strata. Piles are classified by their function (end bearing, friction, anchor piles), material (timber, concrete, steel), and installation method (driven, cast in situ). Pile foundations are used when bearing capacity is limited at shallow depths or in unstable soils like waterlogged or compressible soils. Selection depends on factors like subsurface conditions, structural loads, groundwater levels, and material availability and costs.
This document discusses different types of shallow foundations used in civil engineering. It describes shallow foundations as those placed immediately below the superstructure to distribute structural loads over a wide, shallow area below ground level. The main types discussed are spread footings, combined footings, mat/raft foundations, and grillage footings. Spread footings are used to support columns and walls, and can be wall, reinforced concrete, inverted arch, or column footings. Combined and mat foundations are used when columns are close together or loads are large.
This document discusses bearing capacity theory and methods for determining the bearing capacity of soil. It defines key terms like maximum safe bearing capacity, allowable bearing pressure, and net pressure intensity. It describes different types of bearing capacity failure and assumptions in Terzaghi's bearing capacity method. The document also discusses other theories by Meyerhof, Vesic, and Skempton that improved on Terzaghi's method. Finally, it outlines field tests like plate load tests and laboratory tests to directly determine the bearing capacity of soil.
The document discusses different types of well foundations used in construction. It describes the key components of well foundations including the cutting edge, steining, bottom plug, top plug, and well cap. It explains the process of sinking well foundations, which involves excavating material inside the well curb to allow the well to sink vertically into the ground. Precautions like maintaining verticality and limiting tilt and shift are important during well sinking.
This document discusses different types of well foundations used in construction. It describes three main types: open caissons, which have open tops and bottoms; pneumatic caissons, which use air pressure; and box caissons, which are closed at the bottom. It provides details on each type, including advantages and disadvantages. Open caissons can be built to greater depths but inspection of the bottom is not possible. Pneumatic caissons allow work under water but require complex machinery. Box caissons have a lower construction cost but the foundation base cannot be inspected.
Slab is a thin concrete structure used for flooring that can be square, rectangular, or circular. Slabs vary in thickness from 4-6 inches depending on load and are made of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and reinforcement bars. There are several types of slabs including one-way slabs which carry load in one direction, two-way slabs which carry load in two directions, joist slabs which have concrete ribs for support, and precast slabs which are constructed off-site and transported. Other slab types include flat plates, flat slabs, waffle slabs, hollow core slabs, and composite slabs which incorporate a steel deck.
The document discusses underpinning, which is strengthening and stabilizing an existing building's foundation. Reasons for underpinning include an insufficient original foundation, changed building usage or soil properties, or nearby construction requiring soil excavation. Underpinning extends the foundation deeper or wider to bear on stronger soil or distribute load. Common methods are micropiles, jet grouting, and soil grouting. Types of underpinning include mass concrete, beam and base, and mini-piled underpinning. Mass concrete involves digging boxes and pouring concrete sequentially. Beam and base uses a reinforced concrete beam supported by mass concrete bases. Mini-piles are used for deep foundations on variable soils.
This document provides information about pile foundations. Pile foundations are used when the soil cannot support building loads and piles are driven deep into the ground until they reach a bearing stratum. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, or steel. They transfer loads from the building to the stronger subsurface layer. The document discusses different types of piles including end bearing and friction piles and explains how pile caps are reinforced to resist tensile and shear forces from heavy loads. Diagrams show how pile foundations are arranged and how piles transmit loads into the ground.
Caissons are watertight structures used as foundations when construction needs to be done under water or in locations with a high water table. They are constructed out of materials like wood, steel, or reinforced concrete. There are different types of caissons including open caissons, box caissons, and pneumatic caissons. Caissons are sunk into position using methods like dredging or compressed air in a pneumatic caisson. Proper construction involves building curbs, plugs, and reinforcement to withstand loads and facilitate controlled sinking. Caissons allow foundations to be constructed in deep underwater locations for structures like bridges, piers, and buildings.
DESTRUCTIVE AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST OF CONCRETEKaran Patel
The standard method of evaluating the quality of concrete in buildings or structures is to test specimens cast simultaneously for compressive, flexural and tensile strengths.
The main disadvantages are that results are not obtained immediately; that concrete in specimens may differ from that in the actual structure as a result of different curing and compaction conditions; and that strength properties of a concrete specimen depend on its size and shape.
Although there can be no direct measurement of the strength properties of structural concrete for the simple reason that strength determination involves destructive stresses, several non- destructive methods of assessment have been developed.
This document provides an overview of foundations for building construction. It discusses the importance of foundations in distributing building loads to the ground. There are two main types of foundations - shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, grillage foundations, raft foundations, stepped foundations, and mat/slab foundations. Deep foundations transfer loads deep into the earth and include drilled caissons, driven piles, and precast concrete piles. Foundation design considers factors like soil type, structural requirements, construction requirements, site conditions, and cost. The document also discusses waterproofing, drainage, and underpinning foundations.
This document provides information about pile foundations, including:
- Piles transfer structural loads through weak soil layers into stronger soils and rocks below.
- Common types of piles include pre-cast concrete, cast-in-situ concrete (e.g. Raymond, MacArthur), steel, timber, and composite piles.
- Piles are selected based on factors like soil properties, loading conditions, costs, and availability of materials. Proper pile type and design are necessary to safely support structures.
This document discusses different types of cofferdams used in construction projects. It describes earth-fill, rock-fill, single-walled, double-walled, crib, cellular, concrete, suspended, and sandbag dike cofferdams. For each type, it provides details on suitable applications based on water depth and flow, and construction methods. The overall purpose of a cofferdam is to temporarily enclose an area of water to allow work to proceed in dry conditions.
This document discusses properties of concrete and compaction methods. It covers the importance of compacting concrete to remove air voids and increase strength. Methods of compaction include manual techniques like rodding and tamping as well as mechanical vibration using internal and external vibrators. Improper vibration can lead to defects like honeycombing or segregation. Newer techniques like self-compacting concrete use superplasticizers to reduce the need for external vibration during pouring and placement.
The document discusses different types of foundations for structures. It describes shallow foundations, which are less than the width of the structure, including isolated footings for columns and combined footings for structures with small spaces between columns. Deep foundations include pile foundations, which transfer structural loads deeper into the soil using piles, and pier foundations, which use large masonry cylinders supported by soil or bedrock. Piles can be friction piles that use friction along their sides to support loads or load bearing piles that rest on a hard soil stratum. Common materials used for foundations include concrete, metal, aggregate, waterproofing materials, and wood.
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression using tensioned steel strands, cables, or bars. This is done through either pre-tensioning or post-tensioning. In pre-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned before the concrete is poured, while in post-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Prestressed concrete provides benefits over reinforced concrete like lower construction costs, thinner structural elements, and longer spans between supports.
Piles are deep foundations used to transfer structural loads through weak or wet soils to stronger soils below. Piles can be classified based on function (end bearing, friction, tension), material (concrete, timber, steel), or installation method (driven, cast-in-place). Key factors in pile design include soil properties, load types, and groundwater conditions. The ultimate load capacity of a pile considers end bearing and side friction, while the allowable load uses a factor of safety. Dynamic testing and soil parameters can be used to estimate pile capacities.
1) The document discusses soil bearing capacity, which refers to the capacity of soil to support loads applied to the ground without failing.
2) Important factors in soil bearing capacity include the stability of foundations, which depends on the bearing capacity of soil beneath and the settlement of soil.
3) The document outlines several key terminologies used in soil bearing capacity such as ultimate bearing capacity, net ultimate bearing capacity, net safe bearing capacity, and more.
4) Several methods to increase the bearing capacity of black cotton soil are described, including increasing foundation depth, chemical treatment, grouting, compaction, drainage, and confining the soil.
Sheet Piles; Advantages, Types and Methods - Sheet piles are commonly used for retaining walls, land reclamation, underground structures such as car parks and basements, in marine locations for riverbank protection, seawalls, cofferdams, and so on
Pile foundations use driven or bored piles to transfer structural loads to deeper, load-bearing soil strata. Piles are classified by their function (end bearing, friction, anchor piles), material (timber, concrete, steel), and installation method (driven, cast in situ). Pile foundations are used when bearing capacity is limited at shallow depths or in unstable soils like waterlogged or compressible soils. Selection depends on factors like subsurface conditions, structural loads, groundwater levels, and material availability and costs.
Foundation is the lowest part of the building or the civil structure that is in direct contact with the soil which transfers loads from the structure to the soil safely. Generally, the foundation can be classified into two, namely shallow foundation and deep foundation.
Deep foundations are foundations that extend far below the surface due to poor subsurface soil conditions that prevent the use of shallow foundations. The three most common types of deep foundations are pile foundations, caisson foundations, and drilled shaft foundations. Pile foundations transfer structural loads to the ground by end bearing on a hard layer of soil or bedrock and through friction along the pile's surface. Pile types include precast concrete, cast-in-place concrete, composite, and timber. Caisson foundations are constructed by sinking large reinforced concrete boxes or cylinders into the ground. Drilled shafts are constructed by drilling a hole into the ground and filling it with reinforced concrete. Deep foundations are necessary when suitable bearing soil is located at depth
Deep foundations are used when the bearing capacity of soil near the surface is insufficient or space is restricted for shallow foundations. Deep foundations extend below the shallow soil layers to reach stronger soil at depth. Common types include pile foundations, caisson foundations, and cofferdams. Pile foundations transmit structural loads to the ground through end bearing on a hard layer or side friction along the pile. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite of materials. The type of pile used depends on factors like soil conditions, structural loads, material availability, and cost.
Pile types can be classified based on function, material, or construction method. Common pile types include end bearing piles, friction piles, and composite piles made of different materials. Piles are also classified as concrete piles, which can be pre-cast or cast-in-situ, timber piles, steel piles like H-piles or pipe piles, and composite piles combining materials. Construction methods include displacement piles that displace soil during installation and replacement piles that extract soil to form the pile shaft.
The document discusses different types of foundations and piles used in construction projects. It describes shallow foundations that are at ground level and deep foundations like piles and piers that extend below the surface into stronger soil layers. It outlines various pile types including timber, concrete, steel, and composite piles. For each pile type, it provides details on materials, advantages, disadvantages, installation methods, and factors to consider in selection. The document is an informative overview of foundation and pile foundation options for structural support.
This document discusses different types of piles used in foundation engineering. It classifies piles based on their function and materials. The main types described are end bearing piles, friction piles, sheet piles, tension piles, anchor piles and batter piles. Friction piles carry load through skin friction rather than bottom bearing. Concrete piles can be pre-cast, cast-in-situ or prestressed. Timber, concrete and steel are common pile materials.
Pile foundations extend deep below buildings to support heavy loads on poor soil conditions. There are different types of piles including wood, steel, and concrete piles that are installed using various methods such as driving, drilling, or jacking. Piles can be classified based on their material, load transfer method, degree of soil displacement during installation, and installation method. Common types include end bearing piles that transfer load to firm soil at depth and friction piles that transfer load along their shaft through skin friction with surrounding soil.
The document provides information on different types of pile foundations. It discusses various classifications of piles including based on function (end bearing, friction, etc.), material (timber, steel, concrete), and installation method (pre-cast, cast-in-place, driven). It also outlines factors that affect pile type selection such as ground conditions, structure type, cost, and durability. Specific pile foundation types are described like Raymond piles, MacArthur piles, BSP base driven piles, and swage piles.
Introduction, uses, selection of pile, types of piles, pile cap and pile
shoe, pile driving methods, micro piling, causes of failures of piles,
Heaving of piles
This document discusses deep foundation piles. It defines deep foundations as those where the depth is much larger than the width and are not constructed through ordinary open pit excavation. It then discusses different types of piles based on function and material, including bearing piles, friction piles, sheet piles, and timber, concrete, composite and steel piles. It provides details on pile construction procedures, including borehole drilling, reinforcement installation, concrete pouring using a tremie pipe, and casting the pile cap. It concludes by discussing potential causes of pile failure.
This document discusses Indian standards related to piles and provides information on various types of piles. It covers piles categorized by standards, material, installation method, load carrying characteristics, and testing methods. The key points are:
- It outlines Indian standards for different types of piles including concrete, timber, and pile testing.
- Piles are classified by material as concrete, steel, timber, or composite piles made of two materials.
- Installation methods include displacement piles driven into soil and replacement piles where soil is removed.
- Piles carry loads through end bearing, friction along the pile, or a combination depending on the soil conditions.
- Pile load tests directly measure a pile's capacity and
This document provides information about pile foundations. It begins with an introduction defining a pile foundation as a construction for supporting foundations that is supported on piles. It then discusses where piles are placed and when they are adopted, such as in loose soils or when load transfer is needed. The document categorizes piles based on their function, material composition, installation method, and load carrying characteristics. It provides examples within each category and discusses factors that affect pile selection. The document also describes pile accessories like caps and shoes and pile driving methods. Overall, it serves as an overview of pile foundation types, uses, and design considerations.
This document provides an overview of pile foundations, including different types of piles classified by material, length, orientation, and installation method. Piles transfer structural loads to deeper firm soil layers when the top soil is loose, soft, or swelling. Piles are long slender columns that can be driven, bored, or cast in place using materials like concrete, steel, or timber. Driven piles compact the surrounding soil to increase capacity, while cast-in-place piles are constructed by drilling holes and filling with concrete to avoid disturbing soil. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of different pile types.
The document discusses different types of pile foundations. It begins by explaining that pile foundations transfer structural loads through weak soil layers to stronger layers below. It then describes different types of piles based on their function (load bearing, sheet), material (wood, concrete, steel), and installation method (driven, precast). Key points covered include how end bearing, friction, and composite piles transmit loads differently. The document also lists situations where pile foundations are necessary and advantages/disadvantages of different pile materials.
Piles have been used for foundations for centuries, initially using timber driven into the ground. Over time, pile driving machinery improved and steel and concrete piles came into use. Piles transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers, preventing failures in weak surface soils. They are commonly used when expansive or collapsible soils are present, for offshore structures, and near waterways prone to erosion. Piles can be made of wood, steel, concrete, or composites of multiple materials. They are classified based on load transmission, material type, and their effect on surrounding soils during installation. Modern pile foundations employ a variety of techniques to provide strong, durable support for structures in difficult soil conditions.
This document provides information on different types of deep foundations, including pile foundations, pier foundations, and caisson foundations. It discusses the key components and types of pile foundations based on function, material, and installation method. The main types of piles are end bearing piles, skin friction piles, and auger cast piles. Piles can also be classified based on material as timber piles, steel piles, concrete piles, or composite piles. The two primary installation methods are driven piles and bored piles. Pier foundations and caisson foundations are also summarized, including different types of caissons.
The document discusses different types of foundations for structures, including shallow and deep foundations. It describes spread footings, mat/raft foundations, piles, piers, and caissons. Spread footings are the most common shallow foundation and involve concrete slabs under columns and load-bearing walls. Mat/raft foundations use a continuous slab to spread loads over a large area, especially for high loads or poor soil. Deep foundations like piles, piers, and caissons extend deeper into the ground to bear loads in stronger soil layers. Piles transfer loads through end bearing or friction, while piers and caissons are constructed by excavating holes and filling with concrete.
The document discusses different types of foundations used to transmit the load of a building to the underlying soil. It describes shallow foundations such as wall footings, isolated column footings, and combined footings. Deep foundations including pile foundations, well foundations using caissons and cofferdams, are also summarized. Specific foundation types are defined, like mat/raft foundations used for soft soils, and grillage foundations for supporting high-rise steel structures.
Similar to Pile foundation ppt 2 (usefulsearch.org) (useful search) (20)
This document provides an overview of optimization techniques that can be performed using MATLAB. It discusses unconstrained optimization problems where the goal is to minimize or maximize an objective function without any constraints on the variables. Constrained optimization problems are also discussed, where the goal is to optimize the objective function subject to certain equality and inequality constraints. MATLAB functions like fminsearch and fmincon can be used to find the optimal solution for unconstrained and constrained problems respectively. Gradient-based methods for solving constrained optimization problems are also briefly covered.
This document discusses earthquake geotechnical engineering and its practices. It describes various earthquake hazards such as ground shaking, liquefaction, landslides, and retaining structure failure. It then discusses how earthquake damage depends on factors like magnitude, distance from epicenter, site properties, and structure properties. Specific failure modes are explored like soft first story collapse, foundation detachment, and bridge abutment failure. The document examines geomorphological changes caused by earthquakes and various techniques for ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction hazards.
Engineering Graphics Drawing PPT : Download above File and Click on each topi...Make Mannan
The document outlines the course content for Engineering Graphics, including topics such as projections of points, lines, planes, solids and their development of surfaces. It also covers sections of solids, orthographic projections of objects and machine components. Introduction to computer-aided drafting including basic drawing and editing commands for CAD software is included. Evaluation involves continuous assessment as an integral part of classes and external assessment. References for the course are also provided.
Geo technical Geotech. Soil Mechanics : Download above File and Click on eac...Make Mannan
The document outlines the course content and syllabus for a Geotechnical Engineering course. It is divided into 5 units that cover topics such as basic soil properties, soil water and consolidation, stress distribution and shear strength, slope stability, and lateral earth pressure. It also lists 10 laboratory experiments that will be conducted as part of the course, including determining consistency limits, permeability, direct shear tests, and consolidation tests. The goal is to provide students the knowledge to investigate soils for engineering projects.
This document provides problems and examples related to detailing of beams and slabs in reinforced concrete structures. It discusses concepts like continuous beams, cantilever beams, flanged beams, one-way slabs, and two-way slabs. Seven problems are presented involving drawing the longitudinal section and cross sections of beams and slabs and showing reinforcement details. The document concludes with two problems for the reader to solve involving preparing bar bending schedules and estimating quantities of steel and concrete.
This document discusses various types of traditional building materials including granite, sandstone, slate, laterite, marble, gneiss, quartzite and bricks.
It provides details on the properties, uses and testing methods for each material. Several types of bricks are defined including building bricks, paving bricks, fire bricks and special shaped bricks. Bricks are classified based on their quality from first to fourth class.
The document also covers lime, describing types like fat lime, hydraulic lime and poor lime. Their properties and uses in building construction are outlined.
This document contains links to slideshow presentations on the topics of basic civil engineering and engineering mechanics from past years between 2009-2015. Specifically, it lists 11 slideshow links related to a course called BE 204/205 on basic civil engineering and engineering mechanics, along with the month and year of each presentation.
Be 205 basic civil engineering jun 09 (useful search)Make Mannan
This document appears to be an exam for a Basic Civil Engineering course covering topics like building materials testing, building elements and planning, foundations, masonry, stairs and doors, surveying techniques, contour mapping, remote sensing, natural disasters and disaster management. The exam consists of 5 questions with internal choices within each question. Questions cover identifying lab tests for bricks and cement; describing reinforced concrete, ferrocement and other building materials; explaining building orientation and space planning; describing foundations like spread footings and raft foundations; explaining surveying tools like theodolites and their uses; performing surveying calculations; describing contour lines and remote sensing applications; and providing short notes on topics relating to natural disasters and disaster management.
Be 204 basic civil engineering and engineering mechanics jun 14 (useful search)Make Mannan
This document is an exam paper for the subjects Basic Civil Engineering & Engineering Mechanics. It contains 5 questions, each with multiple parts:
- Question 1 covers topics like M30 concrete, brick testing, workability of concrete, and foundations. Part D asks to draw a reinforced concrete circular column footing.
- Question 2 addresses topics in surveying like theodolites, leveling, and contour mapping. Part D involves entering leveling staff readings into a field book and calculating reduced levels.
- Question 3 covers contour mapping, remote sensing applications, and calculating excavation volumes from site plans and level data.
- Question 4 involves mechanics topics like Varignon's theorem, equivalent force couples, frame
Be 204 basic civil engineering and engineering mechanics jun 13 (useful search)Make Mannan
This document contains a 10 question exam for a Basic Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics course. The questions cover a range of topics including:
1. Field testing of bricks, definitions of plastering/pointing and concrete/mortar.
2. Factors affecting the workability of concrete and definitions of footing/foundation and bleeding/segregation.
3. Methods of plane table surveying, leveling, and contour mapping.
4. Calculating volumes, definitions related to contours, and requirements of a good survey station.
5. Statics concepts including Varignon's theorem, conditions of equilibrium, and calculating reactions.
Be 204 basic civil engineering and engineering mechanics dec 14 (useful search)Make Mannan
This document contains a 5 question exam for a Basic Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics course. Each question has 4 parts (A, B, C, D) covering topics ranging from concrete workability and surveying to structural analysis. Question 1 covers timber defects, Question 2 involves leveling calculations, Question 3 includes contour interpolation and earthwork volume calculations, Question 4 analyzes forces in a frame, and Question 5 defines shear force and bending moment sign conventions. The exam involves short answer parts and longer calculations or explanations, testing students' understanding of key civil engineering concepts.
Be 204 basic civil engineering and engineering mechanics dec 13 (useful search)Make Mannan
This document contains a 10 question exam on basic civil engineering and engineering mechanics. The questions cover a range of topics including concrete properties and testing, stair and flooring materials, leveling staff readings and calculations, theodolite adjustments, area calculations using trapezoidal and Simpson's rules, force and friction calculations, truss and beam analysis, and moment of inertia calculations for pipes. The exam contains diagrams to supplement some of the questions and provides the necessary information and calculations to solve the problems.
Sheet pile walls are constructed by driving prefabricated sheet pile sections into the ground to form retaining structures for earth and water. Sheet piles have advantages over other materials like high resistance to stresses, light weight, reusability, and long service life above or below water. They are constructed by laying out and interlocking sheet pile sections and driving them into the ground. Disadvantages include the inability to reuse sections permanently and difficulties installing in soils with debris.
Sheet pile and bulkhead (usefulsearch.org) (useful search)Make Mannan
Sheet pile walls, bulkheads, and cofferdams are retaining structures used for waterfront construction and temporary works.
Sheet pile walls are continuous walls formed by driving interlocking sheet piles into the ground side by side. Bulkheads are sheet pile retaining walls along waterfronts. Cofferdams are enclosed working areas made of waterproof sheet pile walls used to exclude water during construction.
Sheet pile walls are classified based on their material (timber, concrete, steel, aluminum), support condition (cantilever or anchored), and loading scheme. Cantilever walls derive stability from soil resistance alone, while anchored walls use tie rods for additional support. Design involves calculating earth and water pressures to determine the theoretical
Pile dynamic capacity formula (usefulsearch.org) (useful search)Make Mannan
The document is a scanned image of a receipt from a restaurant called "The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf" dated January 15, 2023. It lists items purchased including a latte, chai tea latte and banana bread for a total of $15.27. The receipt includes a thank you message and reminds customers that they can earn rewards by joining the loyalty program.
This document contains programs and algorithms for simulating different CPU scheduling algorithms like FCFS, SJF, Priority and Round Robin. It also contains a program for implementing the Producer-Consumer problem using semaphores and an algorithm for implementing optimal page replacement.
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
This is an overview of my career in Aircraft Design and Structures, which I am still trying to post on LinkedIn. Includes my BAE Systems Structural Test roles/ my BAE Systems key design roles and my current work on academic projects.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
MODULE 5 BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS TRENDS IN BIO ENGINEERING.pptx
Pile foundation ppt 2 (usefulsearch.org) (useful search)
1.
2. Pile Foundation means a construction for the foundation
of a abutment or pier which is supported on piles.
Pile is as like a column that is driven into the foundation
soil or constructed inside the foundation soil.
3. o When stratum of required bearing capacity is at greater depth
o Where the soil is compressible
o Where the soil is Water-logged
o Where the Soil is of made-up type
Examples;
o Piles are used for foundation for heavy bridges,
o Buildings
o Water front installations (piers, Wharf, docks etc ).
4. Provides a common solution to all difficult foundation site
problems
Can be used for any type of structure
Can be used in any type of soil
Now-a-days pile foundation is vastly in use instead of well and
caisson foundation.
5. Sub-soil water table is so high that it can easily affect the
other foundations.
Load coming from the structure is heavy and non uniform.
Where grillage or raft foundations are either very costly or
their adoption impossible due to local difficulties.
When it is not possible to maintain foundation trenches in
dry condition by pumping, due to very heavy inflow of
seepage or capillary water.
When it is not possible to timber the excavation trenches
in the case of deep strip foundation. (strip foundation-
spread footing under wall ).
6. When overlay soil is compressible, and water-logged and
firm hard bearing strata is located at quite a large depth.
When structures are located on river-bed or sea-shore
and foundations are likely to be scoured due to action of
water.
Large fluctuations in sub-soil water level.
Canal or deep drainage lines exist near the foundations.
In the construction of docks, piers and other marine
structures they are used as fender piles.
7. a) Classification based on Function or Use
b) Classification based on Materials
c) Classification based on method of
installation
8.
9. a) Classification based on Function or Use
1. Bearing Piles or End Bearing Piles
2. Friction Piles or Skin Friction Piles
3. Tension Piles or Uplift Piles
4. Anchor Piles
5. Batter Piles
6. Fender Piles
7. Compaction Piles
8. Sheet Piles
10. Bearing Piles
Driven into the ground until a hard stratum is reached.
Acts as pillars supporting the super-structure and transmitting
the load to the ground.
Piles, by themselves do not support the load, rather acts as a
medium to transmit the load from the foundation to the
resisting sub-stratum.
12. Friction Piles
Piles are driven at a site where soil is weak or soft to a
considerable depth and it is not economical or rather
possible to rest the bottom end of the pile on the hard
stratum,
Load is carried by the friction developed between the sides of
the pile and the surrounding ground ( skin friction).
The piles are driven up to such a depth that skin friction
developed at the sides of the piles equals the load coming on
the piles.
13. Friction Piles
Skin friction should be carefully evaluated and suitable factor
of safety applied
The load carrying capacity of friction pile can be increased by-
increasing diameter of the pile
increasing the depth of pile
increasing the number of piles (use as group of piles)
making surface of the pile rough
17. Anchor Piles
Piles are used to provide anchorage against horizontal
pull from sheet piling wall or other pulling forces.
Batter piles:
Piles are driven at an inclination to resist large
horizontal and inclined forces.
18. Fender piles:
Piles are used to protect concrete deck or other water
front structures from the abrasion or impact caused from
the ships or barges.
Ordinarily made up of timber.
Compaction piles:
When piles are driven in granular soil with the aim of
increasing the bearing capacity of the soil, the piles are
termed as compaction piles.
19.
20. Sheet Piles
Sheet piles are never used to provide vertical support but
mostly used to act as retaining walls. They are used for the
following purposes:
o To construct retaining walls in docks, and other marine works.
o To protect erosion of river banks.
o To retain the sides of foundation trenches.
o To confine the soil to increase its bearing capacity.
o To protect the foundation of structures from erosion by river or
sea.
o To isolate foundations from adjacent soils.
22. b) Classification based on Materials
1. Timber Piles
2. Concrete Piles
3. Composite Piles
4. Steel Piles
5. Sand Piles
23. TimberTimber
Concrete; Site cast or PrecastConcrete; Site cast or Precast
CompositeComposite
Steel; H- piles, Steel pipeSteel; H- piles, Steel pipe
24. 1. Timber Piles:
Transmission of load takes place by the frictional resistance of
ground and the pile surface.
Economical to support light structure.
Piles made from timber of tree like Sal, Teak, Deodar, Babul,
Kail etc.
May be circular, square in x-section.
Piles are driven with the help of pile driving machine in which
drop hammers delivers blows on the pile head.
Brooming of pile head is prevented by providing an iron ring of
less than 25mm in diameter than the pile head at the pile top.
25. 1. Timber Piles:
To facilitate driving, the lower end is pointed and provided
with a cast iron conical shoe.
Piles should not be spaced less than 60 cm center to
center, the best spacing is 90 cm c/c. closer spacing
destroys frictional resistance.
Max load should not exceed 20 tonnes.
Piles are subjected to decay for alternate dry and wet
condition (on account of variation of ground water level)
Diameter varies from 30 to 50cm.
Length should not be more than 20 times the least
sectional dimension.
26. Advantages of Timber Piles:
Economical where timber is easily available.
Can be driven rapidly & as such saves time.
Because of elasticity, timber piles are recommended for
sites subjected to unusual lateral forces e.g. ship, ferry
terminals.
Do not need heavy machinery and expensive technical
supervision.
Being light, they can be easily handled.
They can be easily withdrawn if needed.
27. Disadvantages of Timber Piles:
Liable to decay or deteriorate by salt water/insects.
Restricted length. It is rather difficult to procure piles in
required size and length.
Low bearing capacity.
They are not very durable unless suitably treated.
It is difficult or rather impossible to drive these piles into
hard stratum
28.
29.
30. Advantages of Concrete piles:
Durability is independent of ground water level.
For large size and greater bearing power number of piles
required is much less.
Can be cast to any length, size or shape.
Can be used to marine work without any treatment.
Material required for manufacture is easily obtainable.
Concrete piles can be monolithically bonded into pile cap
which is not possible in wooden piles.
31. Disadvantages of Concrete piles:
Costlier than timber piles.
Can not be driven rapidly.
Required costly technical supervision and heavy driving
machines.
Must be reinforced to withstand handling stresses.
33. a. Pre-cast Piles:
Reinforced concrete piles, molded in circular, square,
rectangular or octagonal form.
Cast and cured in the casting yard, then transported to the
site of driving.
If space available it can be cast and cured near the work site.
Driven in similar manner as timber piles with the help of piles
drivers.
Diameter normally varies from 35cm to 65cm, length varies
from 4.5m to 30m.
34. a. Pre-cast Piles:
Function of reinforcement in a pre-cast pile is to resist the
stresses during handling, driving and final loading on the pile
rather than strengthen the pile to act as a column.
Longitudinal reinforcements usually 20mm to 50mm in
diameter, stirrups 6mm to 10mm in dia.
For 90 cm length at head and toe, stirrups spacing is 8cm c/c
and for remaining intermediate length it is about 30cm c/c.
A concrete cover of 5cm is maintained throughout, over the
main steel bars.
35. Advantages of Pre-cast Piles:
Very effective
Simple quality control
Improves the entire area
Disadvantages of Pre-cast Piles:
Limited in length
Difficult to transport
Not suitable for densely built up area
Requires costly equipment
36. Size : 150mm to 400mm
Lengths : 3m, 6m, 9m and 12m
Structural Capacity : 25Ton to 185Ton
Material : Grade 40MPa Concrete
Joints: Welded
Installation Method : Drop Hammer
42. b. Cast-in-Situ Piles:
Cast in position inside the ground.
First of all a bore is dug
Then the soil from the bore is drawn out
Reinforce cage is placed in
and filled with cement concrete
43. Advantages of Cast-in-Situ Concrete Piles:
Not limited in length
Can be cast at any place
Requires less equipment
Cost is less and is depended on the size
Disadvantages of Cast-in-Situ Concrete Piles:
Quality control is difficult
49. Piles of two different materials are driven one over the other,
so as to enable them to act together to perform the function
of a single pile.
This type of composite pile is used with the object of
achieving economy in the cost of piling work.
50.
51. Steel piles are of steel section. Useful where driving
conditions are difficult and other types of piles are not suitable.
Usually used for building and bridge foundations. The piles are
in form of I, H sections and steel pipe piles.
Steel piles are available in the following forms.
Steel H piles
Sheet piles
Disc piles
Screw piles.
52. Similar to I-beam except that cross-section is generally
heavier and the flange width and distance from flange
face to flange face is nearly the same.
53. The following photo sequence was taken at the site of the NashvilleThe following photo sequence was taken at the site of the Nashville
ColiseumColiseum
67,000 seat sports Stadium in Nashville, TN67,000 seat sports Stadium in Nashville, TN
–Deep Foundations is adoptedDeep Foundations is adopted::
3,500 Driven Piles; 12x53 H Piles (End Bearing)3,500 Driven Piles; 12x53 H Piles (End Bearing)
Pile length varied from 25’-75’Pile length varied from 25’-75’
Used 3 Pile Drivers (Diesel Powered Hammers)Used 3 Pile Drivers (Diesel Powered Hammers)
Driving rate: 20-25 piles/day/rigDriving rate: 20-25 piles/day/rig
54.
55.
56.
57. C) Classification based on method of
installation
Large displacement piles
They consist of all solid driven piles (e.g precast
concrete piles, steel or concrete tubes closed at
the lower end, Timber piles)
Small displacement piles
They include rolled steel sections such as H-pile
and open-end tubular piles
Replacement piles
They are formed by machine boring, grabbing
58. Combinations of vertical, horizontal and moment
loading may be applied at the soil surface from
the overlying structure
For the majority of foundations the loads applied
to the piles are primarily vertical
For piles in jetties, foundations for bridge piers,
tall chimneys, and offshore piled foundations the
lateral resistance is an important consideration
Pile installation will always cause change of
adjacent soil properties, sometimes good,
sometimes bad.
H
V
M
59. The nature of the ground, where piling operation is to be
carried out, determines to a large extent the choice of type of
pile to be used.
In addition, the other important factors which must be
considered in this regard are:
o The nature of the structure.
o Loading conditions.
o Elevation of the ground water level with respect to the pile cap.
o Probable length of pile required.
o Availability of materials and equipment.
o Factors which may cause deterioration of pile.
o Probable cost of pile.
60. Load on the pile is more than the designed load.
Defective workmanship during casting of the pile.
Displacement of reinforcement during casting.
Bearing pile resting on a soft strata.
Improper classification of soil.
Improper choice of the type of pile.
Insufficient reinforcement in the pile.
Decay of timber piles due to attack by insects.
Buckling of piles due to inadequate lateral support.
Defective method adopted for driving the pile.
Incorrect assessment of the bearing capacity of the pile.
Lateral forces not considered in the design of piles.
63. Drop Hammer.
Steam Hammer: single-acting, double-acting
Air Hammer: single-acting, double-acting,
Diesel hammer: single-acting (open end) or
double-acting (closed end)
Hydraulic Hammer
Vibratory Hammer
64. The drop hammer is the simplest and oldest type of
impact hammer. A hammer with approximately the
weight of the pile is raised a suitable height in a guide
and released to strike the pile head. This is a simple
form of hammer.
65. Hammer is raised by a rope or a steel cable
Then it is allowed to drop on pile cap
The weight of drop varies from 230-1800 kg
Weight depends on the shape and length of
pile and the nature of the ground
Takes a lot of time
66.
67.
68.
69.
70. Hammer is automatically raised and dropped.
A steam cylinder and piston is used.
Steam pressure and the rate of hammer blow
are kept uniform.
Steam Hammers are of two types
Single Acting Type
Double Acting Type
71.
72. Pile Driving
Equipment
mobile crane (usually
crawler)
leads: fixed or swinging
hammer, helmet, & cushion
compressor (if air driven)
hydraulic unit (if vibratory)
steam plant (becoming
obsolete)
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79. Wash boring is a fast and simple method for advancing holes in
soft to stiff cohesive soils and fine sand. This method is nt
suitable for boulders soil and rock.
The method consists of first driving a hollow steel pipe known as
casing pipe/drive pipe in to the ground.
Through this casing pipe, a hollow drilled rod with a sharp chisel or
chopping bit at the lower end known as water jet pipe or wash pipe
is inserted.
Upper end of wash pipe is connected to water pump and lower end
is contracted to produce jet action.
80. Water is forced under pressure through the drill rod which is
alternatively raised and dropped, and also rotated. The resulting
chopping and jetting action of the bit and water disintegrates the
soil.
The cuttings are forced up to the ground surface in the form of soil-
water slurry through the annular space between the drill rod and
the casing.
The slurry is collected and samples of materials are obtained by
settlement.
81.
82. Interpretation of Results
The change in soil stratification is guessed from the rate of
progress of driving the casing pipe and from the color of slurry
flowing out.
Results give fairly good information about the nature of the sub-soil
strata.
Disadvantages
Finer particles such as clay, loam etc do not settle easily.
Larger and heavy particles may not be brought up at all.
Exact location of materials (in bore length) can not be easily
determined.
83.
84. Cast-In In-Situ Piles may be of Large Diameter
Size : 450mm to 2m (Up to 3.0m for special case)
Lengths : Varies
Structural Capacity : 80Ton to 2,300Tons
Concrete Grade : 20MPa to 35MPa (Tremie)
Joints : None
Installation Method : Drill then Cast-In-Situ
85. Boring method is adopted for in-situ piles in hard soil or
soft rock.
Various boring methods are given following;
Percussion method
Augur Boring method
Rotary Drilling
86. Steps in augar/rotary drilling;
Boring is continued down to planned depth (using a guiding
tube/rod)
Using bentonite mud (slurry) under the groundwater level
Placing of reinforcement
Placing of the concrete and removing off the guiding tube
Note the piles will support the footing in this case.
Slide Control
None
Reference
Reference Manual 3.3.7.5 Example 3
Speaking Points
Same subsurface conditions as in other examples but rock is replaced by a hard overconsolidated clay.
Go through parameters
Adult learning
Remind participants to follow along in their RM.
10.5.5.3.2 Scour
The provisions of Articles 2.6.4.4.2 and 3.7.5 shall apply to the changed foundation conditions resulting from scour. Resistance factors at the strength limit state shall be taken as specified herein. Resistance factors at the extreme event shall be taken as 1.0 except that for uplift resistance of piles and shafts, the resistance factor shall be taken as 0.80 or less.
雅虎竞拍
煤炉代买
paypay商城
乐天二手
日本亚马逊
乐天新品
ZOZOTOWN
