MODULE 5 BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS TRENDS IN BIO ENGINEERING.pptx

Module -5
TRENDS IN BIO-ENGINEERING (QUALITATIVE)

• DNA origami and Biocomputing
• Bioimaging and Artificial Intelligence for disease diagnosis.
• Self-healing Bioconcrete (based on bacillus spores, calcium lactate nutrients and
biomineralization processes)
• Bioremediation and Biomining via microbial surface adsorption (removal of
heavy metals like Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, Arsenic)

DNA ORIGAMI AND BIOCOMPUTING:
• DNA origami is the nanoscale folding of DNA to create arbitrary two- and three-
dimensional shapes at the nanoscale.
• The specificity of the interactions between complementary base pairs makes DNA
a useful construction material, through design of its base sequences.
• DNA is a well understood material that is suitable for creating scaffolds that hold
other molecules in place or to create structures all on its own.

• The current method of DNA origami was developed by Paul Rothemund at the
California Institute of Technology.
• The process involves the folding of a long single strand of viral DNA aided by
multiple smaller "staple" strands.
• These shorter strands bind the longer in various places, resulting in the formation
of a pre-defined two or three-dimensional shape.

• To produce a desired shape, images are drawn with a raster fill of a single long DNA molecule.
• This design is then fed into a computer program that calculates the placement of individual
staple strands.
• Each staple binds to a specific region of the DNA template, and thus due to Watson-Crick base
pairing, the necessary sequences of all staple strands are known and displayed.
• The DNA is mixed, then heated and cooled. As the DNA cools, the various staples pull the
long strand into the desired shape.
• Designs are directly observable via several methods, including electron microscopy, atomic
force microscopy, or fluorescence microscopy when DNA is coupled to fluorescent materials.

• researchers to use a computer to determine the way to create the correct staples
needed to form a certain shape.
• One such software called caDNAno is an open source software for creating such
structures from DNA.
• The use of software has not only increased the ease of the process but has also
drastically reduced the errors made by manual calculations.

Applications:
• enzyme immobilization
• drug delivery systems
• nanotechnological self-assembly of materials.
• Cancer therapy and diagnosis is one such potential domain where DNA origami
showed significant anticancer efficacy and may contribute immensely.

Key ways that bio-computing impact technology

BIOCOMPUTING:
• A computer that uses components of biological origin (such as molecules of DNA)
instead of electrical components.
• The device is rudimentary—it can only perform basic high-school-level math
problems.
• To understand and model the healthy or sick human body, re searchers and
medical doctors are utilizing more and more quantitative tools and techniques.
• This trend is pushing the envelope of a new field we call Biomedical Computing,
as an exciting frontier among signal processing, pattern recognition, optimization,
nonlinear dynamics, computer science and biology, chemistry and medicine.

• Computing process which use synthesized biological components to store and
manipulate data analogous to processes in the human body.
• The result is small, faster computing processes that operates with great accuracy.
Main component used is DNA.
• The main application is in disease prediction and disease diagnosis.

BIOIMAGING AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR
DISEASE DIAGNOSIS:

Artificial Intelligence for disease diagnosis

BIOIMAGING AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR
DISEASE DIAGNOSIS:
• Bioimaging is a noninvasive process of visualizing biological activity in a specific
period.
• It does not inhibit the various life processes such as movement, respiration, etc.
• it helps to report the 3D structure of specimens apart from inferencing physically.
• It is helpful in connecting the observation of subcellular structures and all the
tissues in the multicellular organisms.

• Bioimaging, plays a key role in current life science research, enabling scientists to
analyze molecules, cells and tissues from a range of living systems.
• Nanoparticle fluorescence imaging has been used in gene detection, protein
analysis, enzyme activity evaluation, element tracing, cell tracking, early stage
disease diagnosis, tumor related research, and monitoring real time therapeutic
effects.
• it uses light, fluorescence, electrons, ultrasound, X-ray, magnetic resonance and
positrons as sources for imaging.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DISEASE DIAGNOSIS:
• Artificial intelligence techniques ranging from machine learning to deep learning
are prevalent in healthcare for disease diagnosis, drug discovery, and patient risk
identification.
• Numerous medical data sources are required to perfectly diagnose diseases using
artificial intelligence techniques, such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging,
mammography, genomics, computed tomography scan, etc.
• The best thing about applying AI in health care is to improve from gathering and
processing valuable data to programming surgeon robots.

• AI describes the capability of a machine to study the way a human learns, e.g.,
through image identification and detecting pattern in a problematic situation.
• System planning is the fundamental abstract design of the system. It includes the
framework’s views, the course of action of the framework, and how the
framework carries on underneath clear conditions.
• In pre-preparing, real-world information requires upkeep and pre-preparing before
being taken care of by the calculation. Because of the justifiable explanation, real-
world data regularly contains mistakes regarding the utilized measures yet cannot
practice such blunders.

Process of Self healing Concrete

Technological importance of self healing concrete

SELF HEALING BIOCONCRETE:
• Bio-concrete is a self-healing form of concrete designed to repair its own cracks.
• To heal cracks in the concrete, Jonkers chose bacteria that are able to produce limestone
on a biological basis.
• The positive side-effect of this property: the bacteria consume oxygen, which in turn
prevents the internal corrosion of reinforced concrete.
• the bacteria do not pose a risk to human health.
• three different bacterial concrete mixtures: self-healing concrete, repair mortar, and
a liquid repair system.

• In self-healing concrete, bacterial content is integrated during construction, while
the repair mortar and liquid system only come into play when acute damage has
occurred on concrete elements.
• Self-healing concrete is the most complex of the three variants.

• Bacterial spores are encapsulated within two-to four-millimeter wide clay pellets
and added to the cement mix with separate nitrogen, phosphorous and a nutrient
agent.
• This innovative approach ensures that bacteria can remain dormant in the concrete
for up to 200 years.
• Contact with nutrients occurs only if water penetrates into a crack – and not while
mixing cement.
• This variant is well-suited for structures that are exposed to weathering, as well as
points that are difficult to access for repair workers.
• Thus, the need for expensive and complex manual repairs is eliminated.

• Self-healing concrete is nothing but concrete which can retain itself to the original
state when it is subjected to cracks.
• " Bio-concrete is a material that will biologically produce minerals like limestone
with the help of bacteria present in it, which will heal cracks that appear on the
concrete surfaces.
• Bacterial self- healing is an innovative technology allowing repairing open micro-
cracks in concrete by CaCO3 precipitation.

Process of removing polluting heavy metals using bioremediation and
biomining via microbes

BIOREMEDIATION AND BIO MINING VIA MICROBIAL
SURFACE ADSORPTION:
• Bioremediation is a biotechnical process, which cleans up contamination.
• It is a type of waste management technique which involves the use of organisms to
remove or utilize the pollutants from a polluted area.
• Types of Bioremediation
Biostimulation:
Bioaugmentation:
Intrinsic Bioremediation:

1) Bio stimulation:
• The bacteria is stimulated to initiate the process.
• The contaminated soil is first mixed with special nutrients substances including
other vital components either in the form of liquid or gas.
• It stimulates the growth of microbes thus resulting in efficient and quick removal
of contaminants by microbes and other bacterias.

2) Bioaugmentation:
• There are certain sites where microorganisms are required to extract the
contaminants. For example – municipal wastewater.
• In these special cases, the process of bioaugmentation is used.
• There’s only one major drawback in this process. It almost becomes impossible to
control the growth of microorganisms in the process of removing the contaminant.

3) Intrinsic Bioremediation:
• The process of intrinsic bioremediation is most effective in the soil and water because of these two
biomes which always have a high probability of being full of contaminants and toxins.
• The process of intrinsic bioremediation is mostly used in underground places like underground
petroleum tanks. In such place, it is difficult to detect a leakage and contaminants and toxins can
find their way to enter through these leaks and contaminate the petrol. Thus, only microorganisms
can remove the toxins and clean the tanks.
• Bioremediation helps clean up water sources, create healthier soil, and improve air quality around
the globe. But unlike excavation-based remediation processes, which can be disruptive,
bioremediation is less intrusive and can facilitate remediation of environmental impacts without
damaging delicate ecosystems.

2) BIOMINING:
• Biomining is the process of using microorganisms (microbes) to extract metals of
economic interest from rock ores or mine waste.
• Biomining techniques may also be used to clean up sites that have been polluted
with metals.
• Valuable metals are commonly bound up in solid minerals. Some microbes can
oxidize those metals, allowing them to dissolve in water. This is the basic process
behind most biomining, which is used for metals that can be more easily recovered
when dissolved than from the solid rocks.

• A different biomining technique, for metals which are not dissolved by the
microbes, uses microbes to break down the surrounding minerals, making it easier
to recover the metal of interest directly from the remaining rock.
• Most current biomining operations target valuable metals like copper, uranium,
nickel, and gold that are commonly found in sulfidic (sulfur-bearing) minerals.
Microbes are especially good at oxidizing sulfidic minerals, converting metals like
iron and copper into forms that can dissolve more easily.
• Other metals, like gold, are not directly dissolved by this microbial process, but
are made more accessible to traditional mining techniques because the minerals
surrounding these metals are dissolved and removed by microbial processes.

• When the metal of interest is directly dissolved, the biomining process is called
“bioleaching” .
• when the metal of interest is made more accessible or “enriched” in the material
left behind, it is called “biooxidation.”

Bioleaching (or biomining)
• Process in mining and biohydrometallurgy (natural processes of interactions
between microbes and minerals) that extracts valuable metals from a low-grade
ore with the help of microorganisms such as bacteria or archaea.
• Instead of separating the metal from the pyrite with high temperatures or
pressures, biomining uses microbes from the Acidthiobacillus and Leptospirillum
genera to do the job.

A)Heavy metal ions adsorption process; the metal ions of wastewater adhere to the
surface of nanoporous adsorbents, which has a high surface area due to its porosity.
• The adsorption process could be selective for one or more metals than others. The
regeneration process could be achieved using a desorbing agent.

B) Various modification techniques (i.e., nitrogenation, oxidation, and sulfuration)
are used to functionalize carbon with different functional groups. Functionalization
enhances adsorption capacity and stability.

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