The document discusses different types of flooring materials and their construction. It describes the key components of flooring as the sub-floor or base course, and floor covering. Common materials used include cement concrete, lime concrete, stones, bricks and wood. The selection of flooring depends on factors like initial cost, appearance, durability, damp and fire resistance. Specific flooring types discussed include mud, muram, brick, flagstone, cement concrete, terrazzo, mosaic and tile flooring.
The document discusses flooring materials and their properties. It provides information on various types of flooring materials including ceramic tiles, marble, terrazzo tiles, and vitrified tiles. For each material, it describes the manufacturing process, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, common uses, and costs. Ceramic tiles are made from clay, sand and other natural materials that are fired at high temperatures. Marble is a natural stone that comes in various colors and grades. Terrazzo involves pouring a composite material that is ground and polished smooth. Vitrified tiles are made through a process that makes them non-porous and highly durable.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
This document provides information on different types of floor finishes. It discusses the structure and components of a floor. It then describes various flooring materials like stone, tile, terrazzo, brick, cement concrete and timber flooring. For each material, it provides details on their manufacture, sizes, properties, advantages and uses. Stone flooring discussed in detail includes marble, granite and kota stone. For tiles, both ceramic and vitrified tiles are explained. Mosaic and terrazzo flooring techniques are also summarized.
Brick masonry involves laying bricks together using mortar. Bricks are laid in various bond patterns with headers and stretchers. English bond and Flemish bond are common, strong bonds. Brick masonry walls are durable and fire resistant due to the thermal mass of bricks. Proper bonding, jointing, and avoiding continuous vertical joints are important for strength. Bricks are classified based on quality and used for different purposes depending on loads and importance of structure.
Floors serve to divide buildings into levels and support occupants, furniture, and equipment. There are different types of floors including basement, ground, and upper floors. Floors must provide adequate strength, fire resistance, sound insulation, damp resistance, and thermal insulation. Common flooring materials include ceramic tiles, concrete, wood, and stone. Selection of flooring depends on factors like initial cost, appearance, cleanliness, durability, insulation, and maintenance requirements. Mud, brick, flagstone and concrete are some traditional flooring types described in the document.
This document discusses timber flooring. It begins by defining timber flooring as flooring made of wood. It then discusses the history of timber flooring from the Baroque Era to modern trends. It describes different types of timber flooring like strip, wood block, parquet and plank flooring. It also discusses joists, construction details, joinery details, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of timber flooring. In the end, it provides sketches illustrating different timber floor constructions and common joint types used in timber flooring.
The document discusses flooring materials and their properties. It provides information on various types of flooring materials including ceramic tiles, marble, terrazzo tiles, and vitrified tiles. For each material, it describes the manufacturing process, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, common uses, and costs. Ceramic tiles are made from clay, sand and other natural materials that are fired at high temperatures. Marble is a natural stone that comes in various colors and grades. Terrazzo involves pouring a composite material that is ground and polished smooth. Vitrified tiles are made through a process that makes them non-porous and highly durable.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
This document provides information on different types of floor finishes. It discusses the structure and components of a floor. It then describes various flooring materials like stone, tile, terrazzo, brick, cement concrete and timber flooring. For each material, it provides details on their manufacture, sizes, properties, advantages and uses. Stone flooring discussed in detail includes marble, granite and kota stone. For tiles, both ceramic and vitrified tiles are explained. Mosaic and terrazzo flooring techniques are also summarized.
Brick masonry involves laying bricks together using mortar. Bricks are laid in various bond patterns with headers and stretchers. English bond and Flemish bond are common, strong bonds. Brick masonry walls are durable and fire resistant due to the thermal mass of bricks. Proper bonding, jointing, and avoiding continuous vertical joints are important for strength. Bricks are classified based on quality and used for different purposes depending on loads and importance of structure.
Floors serve to divide buildings into levels and support occupants, furniture, and equipment. There are different types of floors including basement, ground, and upper floors. Floors must provide adequate strength, fire resistance, sound insulation, damp resistance, and thermal insulation. Common flooring materials include ceramic tiles, concrete, wood, and stone. Selection of flooring depends on factors like initial cost, appearance, cleanliness, durability, insulation, and maintenance requirements. Mud, brick, flagstone and concrete are some traditional flooring types described in the document.
This document discusses timber flooring. It begins by defining timber flooring as flooring made of wood. It then discusses the history of timber flooring from the Baroque Era to modern trends. It describes different types of timber flooring like strip, wood block, parquet and plank flooring. It also discusses joists, construction details, joinery details, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of timber flooring. In the end, it provides sketches illustrating different timber floor constructions and common joint types used in timber flooring.
Stairs are designed to provide access between different levels of a building. The document defines stairs and their key components like treads, risers, landings, etc. It discusses different types of stairs like straight, turning, circular and geometrical. The materials used for stairs construction are also explained, including stone, timber, RCC, brick and metal stairs. Technical terms related to stairs are defined. In the end, common stair types are identified from images.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components such as walls, columns, foundations, arches and lintels. Stones are selected based on availability, ease of working, appearance, strength, polishing characteristics and economy. There are two main types of stone masonry - rubble masonry which uses roughly dressed stones with wider joints, and ashlar masonry which uses accurately dressed stones with fine, uniform joints. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed, coursed, random, dry and polygonal styles based on stone arrangement. Ashlar masonry has fine, rough, rock-faced, block and chamfered styles based on stone dressing. Stone
This document discusses different types of flooring materials and their properties. It describes various flooring options like brick, flagstone, concrete, tile, wood, and terrazzo. The key factors that influence the selection of flooring materials are initial cost, appearance, durability, moisture resistance, sound and thermal insulation, fire resistance, and maintenance requirements. Different flooring types suit various needs based on their strengths and weaknesses. The document provides details on constructing and laying different flooring types like brick, concrete, tile and terrazzo floors.
This document provides an overview of different types of flooring materials and their characteristics. It discusses traditional flooring materials like mud, brick, stone and wooden flooring. It also covers modern materials like cement concrete, terrazzo, tile, marble, vinyl and glass flooring. For each type, it provides details on their composition, construction process, advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses different structural systems for reinforced concrete floors like simple slab, beam-slab and flat slab flooring, as well as pre-cast concrete floors.
This document discusses various causes and effects of dampness in buildings and methods of damp proofing. It covers:
1. The main causes of dampness are moisture rising up from the ground, rain penetrating wall tops and external walls, and condensation.
2. Effects of dampness include unhealthy conditions, damage to structures and decorations, and deterioration of electrical fittings.
3. Methods of damp proofing include using a damp proof course (DPC), integral damp proofing of concrete, surface treatments, cavity wall construction, guniting, and pressure grouting.
4. Suitable materials for DPC include bitumen, mastic asphalt, metal sheets, cement concrete, and
This document discusses different types of roofing materials. It describes slate, Allahabad, burnt clay, and concrete roof tiles. Slate tiles are extremely durable with low water absorption. They are available in grey, black, or red. Allahabad tiles have flat bottom tiles that alternate with convex curved top tiles. Burnt clay tiles are suitable for sloped roofs from 20-50 degrees and are durable but heavy. Concrete tiles are made from cement and sand and come in various shapes like pantiles and ridges. Factors that affect roof material selection include climate, cost, appearance, and maintenance requirements. Proper installation methods are also outlined.
This document discusses doors and windows used in buildings. It covers the locations of doors and windows and how they should be placed to allow for ventilation and passage. It also defines various technical terms used for door and window components. Finally, it describes different types of doors and windows, including their sizes and constructions. The types of doors covered include paneled, glazed, flush, louvered, revolving, and collapsible doors. Window types include fixed, pivoted, double hung, sliding, casement, louvered, bay, dormer, gable and skylight windows.
This document discusses various methods of damp-proofing and waterproofing buildings. It defines damp-proofing as preventing moisture from rising through walls, floors, and basements, while waterproofing refers to preventing water leakage from roofs. Common sources of dampness include rising ground moisture, rain splashing, and poor drainage. Dampness can cause issues like efflorescence, plaster damage, and mold growth. Methods of damp-proofing discussed include membrane barriers like bitumen and plastic sheets, integral waterproof concrete additives, and surface treatments to fill pores. Flexible, semi-rigid and rigid damp proof course materials are also outlined.
Brick floors have a timeless sense of beauty and charm. They have a warm, inviting appeal, but installing brick floors is often a time consuming and expensive.
This document defines bricks and their constituents and manufacturing process. It provides the following key details:
- Bricks are clay constructions of uniform size and shape, traditionally 23cm x 11.4cm x 7.6cm or modular 19cm x 9cm x 9cm.
- Good bricks contain 50-60% silica, 20-30% alumina, up to 5% lime, and 5-6% iron oxide.
- Bricks are manufactured through processes of preparation, molding, drying for 7-14 days, and burning at 750-1000°C using clamp or kiln methods.
- Various bonds including English, Flemish, stretcher and header are used in brickwork construction
The document discusses different types of wall panelling materials and their uses. It describes various panelling materials like wood, metal, acoustic and structural panels. Wood panelling provides insulation and decorative appearance. Panelling is used to cover walls for aesthetic purposes and can provide insulation, soundproofing and reduce construction costs. Common panelling materials mentioned include wood, metal, laminate and tileboard panels.
This document discusses various types of flooring and wall cladding materials used in construction. It provides information on exterior and interior insulation finishing systems, roofing materials, waterproofing treatments, damp proofing, and terminite proofing. It also describes different stone flooring options like Shahabad stone, Kota stone, and marble stone flooring. Additional flooring materials discussed include chequered tiles, glazed tiles, block paving, terrazzo tiles, and various types of floor finishes.
All you need to know about timber in just a single ppt with interesting slides. Hope it hlps! This ppt was created as the result of a teamwork with my classmates
This document provides an overview of roofs and roofing materials. It defines roofs and their key components. There are three main types of roofs discussed: pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further broken down based on their shape, including gable, gambrel, hip, and mansard roofs. Common roof framing elements and types of pitched roof framing structures like trusses are also outlined. Finally, the document discusses various roof covering materials appropriate for pitched roofs, such as thatch, wood shingles, tiles, metal sheets, and lightweight roofing.
Flooring materials are selected based on factors like cost, appearance, durability, etc. Tile is a common flooring material made from stone or other hard materials. For tile flooring, a sub-floor provides support, tiles are set in mortar and grout is applied between tiles to strengthen the bond and finish. Proper slope, spacing, curing and installation techniques ensure durable and clean tile flooring.
This document discusses partition walls, which divide interior spaces without carrying structural loads. It defines partition walls and lists their advantages such as dividing spaces, providing privacy, and being lightweight. It describes requirements for good partition walls and various types including brick, hollow block, concrete, glass, wood, strawboard, plaster, metal, and asbestos cement. Movable and portable partition walls are also discussed. Common applications include offices, schools, hotels, and event spaces.
Introduction;
Reinforced brick masonry (RBM) consists of brick masonry which incorporates steel reinforcement embedded in mortar.
This masonry has greatly increased resistance to forces that produce tensile and shear stresses.
The reinforcement provides additional tensile strength, allowing better use of brick masonry's inherent compressive strength.
The two materials complement each other, resulting in an excellent structural material.
HISTORY;
Brick masonry is one of the oldest forms of building construction, and reinforcement has been used to strengthen masonry since 1813.
...
The document discusses different types of staircases and their components. It provides definitions for technical terms related to staircases like tread, riser, landing, flight, etc. It also outlines requirements for a good staircase such as location, width, pitch, headroom and balustrade requirements. Different types of staircases are classified as straight, turning, continuous and spiral. Dimensions of steps and materials used for staircase construction like timber, metal, RCC and stone are also covered.
The document discusses the key components of a building structure. It describes the substructure or foundation, which is located below ground level and transmits loads to the soil. The superstructure is the part above ground level that serves the intended use of the building. A building also contains masonry units like walls and columns, floor structures, roof structures, doors and windows, vertical transportation structures, and finishes. Foundations transmit loads to the soil in a way that limits settlements and prevents soil failure.
Stairs are designed to provide access between different levels of a building. The document defines stairs and their key components like treads, risers, landings, etc. It discusses different types of stairs like straight, turning, circular and geometrical. The materials used for stairs construction are also explained, including stone, timber, RCC, brick and metal stairs. Technical terms related to stairs are defined. In the end, common stair types are identified from images.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components such as walls, columns, foundations, arches and lintels. Stones are selected based on availability, ease of working, appearance, strength, polishing characteristics and economy. There are two main types of stone masonry - rubble masonry which uses roughly dressed stones with wider joints, and ashlar masonry which uses accurately dressed stones with fine, uniform joints. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed, coursed, random, dry and polygonal styles based on stone arrangement. Ashlar masonry has fine, rough, rock-faced, block and chamfered styles based on stone dressing. Stone
This document discusses different types of flooring materials and their properties. It describes various flooring options like brick, flagstone, concrete, tile, wood, and terrazzo. The key factors that influence the selection of flooring materials are initial cost, appearance, durability, moisture resistance, sound and thermal insulation, fire resistance, and maintenance requirements. Different flooring types suit various needs based on their strengths and weaknesses. The document provides details on constructing and laying different flooring types like brick, concrete, tile and terrazzo floors.
This document provides an overview of different types of flooring materials and their characteristics. It discusses traditional flooring materials like mud, brick, stone and wooden flooring. It also covers modern materials like cement concrete, terrazzo, tile, marble, vinyl and glass flooring. For each type, it provides details on their composition, construction process, advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses different structural systems for reinforced concrete floors like simple slab, beam-slab and flat slab flooring, as well as pre-cast concrete floors.
This document discusses various causes and effects of dampness in buildings and methods of damp proofing. It covers:
1. The main causes of dampness are moisture rising up from the ground, rain penetrating wall tops and external walls, and condensation.
2. Effects of dampness include unhealthy conditions, damage to structures and decorations, and deterioration of electrical fittings.
3. Methods of damp proofing include using a damp proof course (DPC), integral damp proofing of concrete, surface treatments, cavity wall construction, guniting, and pressure grouting.
4. Suitable materials for DPC include bitumen, mastic asphalt, metal sheets, cement concrete, and
This document discusses different types of roofing materials. It describes slate, Allahabad, burnt clay, and concrete roof tiles. Slate tiles are extremely durable with low water absorption. They are available in grey, black, or red. Allahabad tiles have flat bottom tiles that alternate with convex curved top tiles. Burnt clay tiles are suitable for sloped roofs from 20-50 degrees and are durable but heavy. Concrete tiles are made from cement and sand and come in various shapes like pantiles and ridges. Factors that affect roof material selection include climate, cost, appearance, and maintenance requirements. Proper installation methods are also outlined.
This document discusses doors and windows used in buildings. It covers the locations of doors and windows and how they should be placed to allow for ventilation and passage. It also defines various technical terms used for door and window components. Finally, it describes different types of doors and windows, including their sizes and constructions. The types of doors covered include paneled, glazed, flush, louvered, revolving, and collapsible doors. Window types include fixed, pivoted, double hung, sliding, casement, louvered, bay, dormer, gable and skylight windows.
This document discusses various methods of damp-proofing and waterproofing buildings. It defines damp-proofing as preventing moisture from rising through walls, floors, and basements, while waterproofing refers to preventing water leakage from roofs. Common sources of dampness include rising ground moisture, rain splashing, and poor drainage. Dampness can cause issues like efflorescence, plaster damage, and mold growth. Methods of damp-proofing discussed include membrane barriers like bitumen and plastic sheets, integral waterproof concrete additives, and surface treatments to fill pores. Flexible, semi-rigid and rigid damp proof course materials are also outlined.
Brick floors have a timeless sense of beauty and charm. They have a warm, inviting appeal, but installing brick floors is often a time consuming and expensive.
This document defines bricks and their constituents and manufacturing process. It provides the following key details:
- Bricks are clay constructions of uniform size and shape, traditionally 23cm x 11.4cm x 7.6cm or modular 19cm x 9cm x 9cm.
- Good bricks contain 50-60% silica, 20-30% alumina, up to 5% lime, and 5-6% iron oxide.
- Bricks are manufactured through processes of preparation, molding, drying for 7-14 days, and burning at 750-1000°C using clamp or kiln methods.
- Various bonds including English, Flemish, stretcher and header are used in brickwork construction
The document discusses different types of wall panelling materials and their uses. It describes various panelling materials like wood, metal, acoustic and structural panels. Wood panelling provides insulation and decorative appearance. Panelling is used to cover walls for aesthetic purposes and can provide insulation, soundproofing and reduce construction costs. Common panelling materials mentioned include wood, metal, laminate and tileboard panels.
This document discusses various types of flooring and wall cladding materials used in construction. It provides information on exterior and interior insulation finishing systems, roofing materials, waterproofing treatments, damp proofing, and terminite proofing. It also describes different stone flooring options like Shahabad stone, Kota stone, and marble stone flooring. Additional flooring materials discussed include chequered tiles, glazed tiles, block paving, terrazzo tiles, and various types of floor finishes.
All you need to know about timber in just a single ppt with interesting slides. Hope it hlps! This ppt was created as the result of a teamwork with my classmates
This document provides an overview of roofs and roofing materials. It defines roofs and their key components. There are three main types of roofs discussed: pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further broken down based on their shape, including gable, gambrel, hip, and mansard roofs. Common roof framing elements and types of pitched roof framing structures like trusses are also outlined. Finally, the document discusses various roof covering materials appropriate for pitched roofs, such as thatch, wood shingles, tiles, metal sheets, and lightweight roofing.
Flooring materials are selected based on factors like cost, appearance, durability, etc. Tile is a common flooring material made from stone or other hard materials. For tile flooring, a sub-floor provides support, tiles are set in mortar and grout is applied between tiles to strengthen the bond and finish. Proper slope, spacing, curing and installation techniques ensure durable and clean tile flooring.
This document discusses partition walls, which divide interior spaces without carrying structural loads. It defines partition walls and lists their advantages such as dividing spaces, providing privacy, and being lightweight. It describes requirements for good partition walls and various types including brick, hollow block, concrete, glass, wood, strawboard, plaster, metal, and asbestos cement. Movable and portable partition walls are also discussed. Common applications include offices, schools, hotels, and event spaces.
Introduction;
Reinforced brick masonry (RBM) consists of brick masonry which incorporates steel reinforcement embedded in mortar.
This masonry has greatly increased resistance to forces that produce tensile and shear stresses.
The reinforcement provides additional tensile strength, allowing better use of brick masonry's inherent compressive strength.
The two materials complement each other, resulting in an excellent structural material.
HISTORY;
Brick masonry is one of the oldest forms of building construction, and reinforcement has been used to strengthen masonry since 1813.
...
The document discusses different types of staircases and their components. It provides definitions for technical terms related to staircases like tread, riser, landing, flight, etc. It also outlines requirements for a good staircase such as location, width, pitch, headroom and balustrade requirements. Different types of staircases are classified as straight, turning, continuous and spiral. Dimensions of steps and materials used for staircase construction like timber, metal, RCC and stone are also covered.
The document discusses the key components of a building structure. It describes the substructure or foundation, which is located below ground level and transmits loads to the soil. The superstructure is the part above ground level that serves the intended use of the building. A building also contains masonry units like walls and columns, floor structures, roof structures, doors and windows, vertical transportation structures, and finishes. Foundations transmit loads to the soil in a way that limits settlements and prevents soil failure.
Floors divide buildings into levels and support occupants, furniture, and equipment. There are different types of floors including basement, ground, and upper floors. Basement floors must be at least 7 feet high and include smoke and carbon monoxide alarms. Ground floors rest directly on the ground. Upper floors only have stability issues since they are supported at the ends. Materials used for floors include tiles, bricks, flagstone, concrete, terrazzo, wood, and more.
This document provides information on different types of flooring materials and their construction methods. It discusses plain cement concrete flooring, PVC flooring, tiles, stone flooring including marble and granite, terrazzo flooring, brick flooring, carpets and rugs, glass flooring, and pre-cast paving. For each type of flooring, it describes the materials used, benefits, installation process, and precautions. The document is submitted as part of an assignment on building construction for a architecture program.
This document discusses various types of flooring materials used in building construction including their properties and construction methods. Some key flooring materials mentioned are mud, brick, flagstone, cement concrete, mosaic, tile, marble, wood, rubber, and glass. For each type, the document outlines the material's characteristics like cost, appearance, durability, insulation, ease of maintenance and typical applications. Proper preparation of the base or sub-grade is also emphasized before installing different flooring options.
This document provides information on different types of floor finishes. It discusses the structure and components of a floor. It then describes various flooring materials like stone, tile, terrazzo, brick, cement concrete and timber flooring. For each material, it provides details on their manufacture, sizes, properties, advantages and uses. Stone flooring discussed in detail includes marble, granite and kota stone. For tiles, both ceramic and vitrified tiles are described. Mosaic and terrazzo flooring techniques are also summarized.
Floor finishes in commercial and institutional uses make considerable use of synthetic-fibre carpeting and vinyl composition tile. In areas of higher traffic harder surfaces may be used—for example, cut stone tiles of marble or granite, ceramic tile applied with epoxy adhesive to the substrate, or terrazzo. Terrazzo is made in two ways, traditional and thin-set. In the traditional form a four-centimetre (1.5-inch) layer of cement and sand grout is poured over the substrate; a grid of metal divider strips to control shrinkage cracks is set on the hardened surface, and grout mix of coloured cement and marble chips is poured between the strips. After hardening, the surface is machine polished to expose the marble chips and metal dividers. Thin-set terrazzo is made by placing the metal strips and pouring the binder and marble chips directly onto the subfloor, without the underbed of cement and sand. It is generally possible only when epoxy resins are used in place of cement binders. Terrazzo is available in many colours, and it forms a hard, smooth, and durable surface that is easily cleaned.
Hardwood Floor
Solid hardwood flooring of the past in lengths able to span joists is becoming more of a rare thing. Commodity flooring in a variety of lengths, some as short as 6 or 8 inches, is more the norm.
Laminate Flooring
Laminate flooring can cover other, existing floor coverings, as long as the total height of the flooring does not interfere with other functions. As a floating floor, laminate flooring is easy to remove and replace with new laminate flooring.
Engineered Wood Flooring
Engineered wood flooring is a hybrid that brings the best of solid hardwood with the functionality of dimensionally stable plywood. Hardwood veneer comprises the very top layer of engineered wood flooring.
Sheet Vinyl Flooring
Sheet vinyl flooring stretches from end to end of a room, often as one continuous sheet.
Vinyl Tile Flooring
Vinyl tile flooring is a floor covering that depends on an ultra-smooth underlayment so that bumps and imperfections from below do not telegraph to the top of the flooring.
Wooden flooring
Such types of flooring is mostly preferred in cold winter as wood is a bad conductor of heat and so warm temperature is maintained in the house. Small pieces of planks when kept together leaving no voids in between, constitute the wooden flooring. In some floorings a thin layer of veneer finish is also given to enhance the look. The veneer finish comes in matte as well as in glossy form. It is solely up to the owner of the house to select the suitable type of finish.
Concrete flooring
Concrete flooring is preferred in hot weather conditions as it maintains the temperature inside the house cool. Nowadays, many textures have emerged in concrete flooring and so people are opting such flooring.
Laminates
It is board made of fibre and is compressed to make a thin flat plate.
Flooring refers to the permanent covering of a floor and should be hard, durable, and strong. This document provides specifications for various types of flooring including terrazzo, kota stone, marble, and brick flooring. Terrazzo is durable and can be pre-cast into complex shapes. Kota stone is a limestone available in blue and brown that is durable with good physical properties. Marble is an expensive stone available in various colors that requires grinding and polishing. Brick flooring is suitable for warehouses using well-burnt bricks.
Floors divide buildings into levels and provide surfaces to support loads. There are two main types of floors: ground floors and upper floors. The document then describes 20 different types of floor finishes, including mud, stone, tile, concrete, pavement blocks, asphalt, wood, rubber, linoleum, cork, glass, plastic, vinyl, and laminate flooring. Each type of flooring is summarized in 1-3 sentences explaining its material, use, benefits and drawbacks. The document concludes by listing the project members.
This document provides information on different types of flooring materials and their construction methods. It discusses the functional requirements of floors including strength, stability, resistance to weather and moisture, durability, fire resistance, and resistance to heat and sound passage. Common flooring materials described are mud, brick, tile, and flagstone floors. Mud floors are suitable for rural homes, while brick floors are used in stores and godowns. Tile floors are suitable for courtyards and glazed tiles for modern buildings. Flagstone floors are used in warehouses, motor sheds, and stores. Reinforced concrete provides strength, fire resistance, and better sound resistance than timber floors. The type of flooring material chosen depends on the building function and
This document discusses different types of flooring materials including mud, brick, stone, concrete, granite mosaic, and tile flooring. Stone flooring uses materials like granite and marble which are strong, abrasion resistant and provide an aesthetically pleasing appearance. Concrete flooring is durable, easy to construct and maintain, and economical compared to other flooring types. Mosaic flooring embeds small tiles or cubes in a cement mixture to create decorative patterns.
The document discusses different types of flooring materials, including mud, brick, stone, concrete, granolithic, terrazzo, mosaic, marble, wood, and asphalt floors. It provides details on mud, brick, cement concrete, mosaic, and tile flooring. Mud flooring is the simplest and most economical option, while brick flooring uses locally available bricks. Cement concrete is durable and economical. Mosaic flooring embeds small tiles into cement, and tile flooring comes in ceramic, vitrified, stone, and other materials.
Floor finishes - flooring and finish typesAnqaParvez
Floor finishes provide protective and decorative coverings for floor surfaces. Common floor finishes include concrete, terrazzo, stone, wood, brick, tile, and vinyl. Finishes are chosen based on factors like durability, maintenance requirements, aesthetics, and intended use of the space. Proper preparation, installation techniques, and sealing are important to ensure floor finishes perform as intended.
7 building construction part 2 flooring,roofs,staircase and maintance - editmuhammadumairallahdi
The document discusses different types of floors and their construction. It describes seven common types of floors - brick, earth, cement concrete, mosaic/terrazzo, tile, marble, and wooden. It also outlines materials used for flooring and key factors to consider when selecting a floor, such as initial cost, appearance, durability, cleanliness, dampness, indentation, noiselessness, and maintenance requirements. The document then provides details on constructing different types of floors, including brick, cement concrete, mosaic/terrazzo, tile, glass, asphalt, and wooden floors. It also discusses types of sloping roofs and important roofing terminology.
Epoxy, polished concrete, vinyl, and rubber are four common types of industrial flooring. Epoxy is very durable and can handle heavy traffic and weights. Polished concrete is also durable but can be hard on employees. Vinyl is moisture resistant and comes in many colors but requires more maintenance. Rubber provides cushioning, is sound absorbent, and anti-slip, but can be easily scratched. Other industrial flooring options include cement concrete, granolithic, precast tiles, stone, and various properties and applications are discussed for each.
This document discusses different types of flooring materials, including mud, brick, stone, concrete, granite, terrazzo, mosaic, marble, wood, and asphalt. It provides details on several of the most common materials. Concrete flooring is described as durable, easy to construct and maintain, and economical compared to other options like tile and marble. Mosaic flooring uses small tiles or cubes set in cement to create images or patterns. Tile flooring includes ceramic, vitrified, stone, and other options that vary in strength, durability, and resistance to water.
The document provides specifications for laying mastic asphalt flooring. It specifies that mastic asphalt with a thickness of 2.5cm should be laid over a 10-15cm thick 1:3:6 cement concrete sub-grade. It describes the requirements for bitumen, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate used in mastic asphalt. The fine aggregate and bitumen should be heated and mixed for 5-6 hours to form mastic, then coarse aggregate is added and mixed in. The finished mastic should be laid at a temperature not exceeding 205°C.
The document discusses different types of flooring materials and methods. It describes cement concrete flooring in detail, including laying a base layer, applying cement slurry, laying panels with or without strips, finishing, curing, and measurements. It also summarizes terrazzo flooring laid with an under layer of concrete and top layer of marble chips and cement mortar. A variety of other flooring types are listed such as brick, wooden, and tile flooring. Specifications for materials, installation processes, and testing are provided for different flooring options.
This presentation takes you through the various theoretical aspects of FLOORS. This comprehensive presentation has self explanatory diagrams which are very easy to comprehend.
This document discusses different types of stone masonry and brick masonry. It describes various stone masonry techniques including rubble masonry (uncoursed, coursed random, coursed squared, polygonal, flint) and ashlar masonry (fine, rough, rock-faced, chamfered, block). It also outlines key principles for stone and brick masonry work and compares their properties and construction methods. Supervision tips are provided to ensure proper brickwork.
This document discusses safety in the construction industry in India. It begins with an introduction to construction and issues of safety due to extensive labor use. It then defines safety and discusses why safety is an issue due to frequent accidents resulting in losses. The document outlines common accident causes like human factors, faulty work practices, and structural failures. It also discusses effects of accidents like loss of life, time, and costs. The document concludes with recommendations to ensure safety such as the role of designers, safety programs, appointing safety officers, and using personal protective equipment.
This document defines and describes different types of shallow foundations, including spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, grillage foundations, and raft foundations. Spread footings distribute a structure's load over a large area and can be single, stepped, or sloped. Combined footings are used when columns are close together to avoid interference. Strap footings connect independent column footings with a beam. Grillage foundations use layers of steel beams in concrete to distribute loads in poor soil. Raft foundations use a thick concrete slab covering the entire building area for structures on very poor soils.
Scaffolding is a temporary structure erected to support workers and materials during construction activities. It consists of vertical standards, horizontal ledgers and putlogs, diagonal braces, and boarding to form a working platform. Scaffolds include single scaffolds for bricklaying, double scaffolds for superior works, cantilever scaffolds when ground cannot support standard scaffolds, and suspended scaffolds for light works on multi-story buildings. Underpinning involves strengthening existing foundations by excavating below and installing new foundations, using either the pit method with jacks and beams or the pile method by driving piles connected with needles. Both methods provide deeper, stronger foundations to support the building.
This document discusses different types of concrete block masonry and reinforced masonry. It describes the manufacturing process of concrete blocks and their properties. Hollow concrete blocks have a void area over 25% and are lighter than solid blocks. Cavity walls provide insulation benefits and consist of an inner and outer leaf separated by a ventilated cavity. Reinforced masonry incorporates steel reinforcement to increase strength, using techniques like horizontal bars in walls, vertical bars in retaining walls, and stirrups in lintels and piers.
Formwork refers to the temporary structure used to support wet concrete until it is cured. There are different types of formwork including wood and steel. Wood formwork uses props, planks, battens and sheeting while steel uses sheets, angles and tees. Formwork must be strong, waterproof, and allow concrete to harden to the required strength before removal. The timing of removal depends on concrete mix design and weather conditions. Formwork is an important part of concrete construction and can account for 20-60% of the total concrete cost.
This document discusses arches and their elements. It defines key terms like intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, and springing line. It describes how arches transmit loads through compression between wedge-shaped units. Arches are classified by their shape (flat, segmental, semicircular), number of centers (one-centered, two-centered), and construction material (stone, brick, concrete). Common arch types include flat arches, segmental arches, semicircular arches, and pointed Gothic arches.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
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An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
3. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of a floor is to provide a level surface
capable of supporting the occupants of a building,
furniture, equipment and sometimes internal
partitions.
To perform this function and in addition, others
which may vary according to the situation of the
floor in the building and the nature of the building
itself, the floor must satisfy the following
requirements:-
i) Adequate strength and stability
ii) Adequate fire resistance
iii)Sound insulation
iv) Damp resistance
v) Thermal insulation
4. COMPONENTS OF
FLOORING
1. Sub floor, base course or floor base:-
The floor base is a structural component which
supports the floor covering.
For the ground floors, the object of floor base is to
give proper support to the covering so that it does
not settle and to provide damp resistance and
thermal insulation.
Ground floors may either rest directly on the
ground or may be supported a little distance
above the ground.
2. Floor covering or simply flooring
6. SELECTION OF
FLOORING MATERIAL
INITIAL COST:- The cost of material should be
in conformity with the type of building and its
likely use.
APPEARANCE:– Covering should give pleasing
appearance that is it should produce the desired
color effect and architectural beauty
CLEANLINESS:– The flooring should be
capable of being cleaned easily and it should be
not absorbent.
DURABILITY:– The flooring should have
sufficient resistance to wear, temperature
changes, disintegration with time and decay so
that long life is obtained.
7. SELECTION OF
FLOORING MATERIAL
DAMP RESISTANCE:– Flooring should offer
the resistance against dampness so that healthy
environment is obtained in the building.
SOUND INSULATION:– The flooring should
insulate the noise. Also, it should not be such
that the noise is produced when users walk on it.
THERMAL INSULATION:– The flooring
should offer reasonably good thermal insulation
so that comfort is imparted to the residents of the
building.
SMOOTHNESS:– The flooring material should
be smooth and should have even surface.
However, it should not be slippery.
8. SELECTION OF
FLOORING MATERIAL
FIRE RESISTANCE:– This is more important
for upper floors. Flooring material should offer
sufficient fire resistance so that fire barriers are
obtained between different levels of the building.
HARDNESS:– It should be sufficiently hard so
as to have resistance to indentation marks,
imprints etc. likely to be caused by shifting of
furniture, equipments etc.
MAINTENANCE:– The flooring material should
require least maintenance.
9. MUD FLOORING
This flooring is cheap, hard, fairly impervious,
easy to construct & easy to maintain.
It has good thermal insulation property.
Over a well prepared ground a 25 cm thick moist
earth is spread & then rammed well to get
compacted thickness of 15 cm.
In order to prevent cracks, small quantity of
chopped straw is mixed in the moist earth before
rammed.
Sometimes, cow-dung is mixed with earth & a
thin layer of this spread over the compacted
layer.
14. MURAM FLOORING
Muram is a form of disintegrated rock with
binding material.
To construct such a floor, a 15 cm thick layer of
muram is laid over prepared sub grade.
Over it 2.5 cm thick layer of powder muram is
spread & water is sprinkled over it and surface is
then rammed well.
After ramming, the surface is saturated with a
6mm thin film of water.
The surface is well-compacted under the feet of
workmen till the cream of muram rises to top.
Then surface is leveled & allow to dry.
15. BRICK FLOORING
It is used in cheap construction, specially where
good bricks are available.
This flooring is specially suited to ware-house,
stores, godowns etc.
10 to 15 cm thick layer of lean cement concrete
(1:8:16) or lime concrete is laid over the prepared
sub grade.
This forms the base course, over which bricks are
laid flat on 12 mm thick mortar bed in such way
that all the joints are full with mortar.
19. FLAG STONE FLOORING
Flag stone is sand stone available in 2 cm to 4 cm
thickness in the form of stone slabs of square ( 30
cm X 30 cm, 45 cm X 45 cm, 60 cm X 60 cm) or
rectangular size (45 cm X 60 cm).
Sub soil is properly compacted, over which 10 to
15 cm thick lime or lean cement concrete is laid.
This forms the base course.
The Flag stones are then laid over 20 to 25 mm
thick layer of bed mortar.
In laying the slabs, work is started from two
diagonally opposite corners & brought up from
both sides.
24. CEMENT CONCRETE
FLOORING
This is commonly used for residential,
commercial & even industrial building.
It is moderately cheap, quite durable and easy to
construct.
The floor consists of two components:-
a) Base concrete b) Topping or wearing surface.
They are constructed either monolithically or
non-monolithically. When the floor is laid
monolithically, good bond between the two
components is obtained resulting in smaller
overall thickness. However, such a construction
has three disadvantages.
25. CEMENT CONCRETE
FLOORING
a) Topping is damaged during subsequent
operations.
b) Hair cracks are developed because of
settlement of freshly laid base course which
has not set.
c) Work progress is slow because to wait till the
initial setting of base course. Hence, in most of
the cases, non-monolithic construction is
preferred.
26. CEMENT CONCRETE
FLOORING
The base course may be 7.5 to 10 cm thick, either
in lean cement concrete (1:3:6 to 1:5:10) or lime
concrete containing 40% mortar of 1:2 lime-sand
& 60% coarse aggregate of 40mm nominal size.
When base concrete has hardened, its surface is
brushed with stiff broom & cleaned thoroughly.
It is wetted the previous night and excess water
is drained.
27. CEMENT CONCRETE
FLOORING
The topping consists of 1:2:4 cement concrete,
laid in desired thickness (usually 4cm) in one
single operation.
Other alternate layers are then laid after 72 hrs,
so that initial shrinkage of already laid panels
takes place, thus eliminating the cracks.
The prepared surface is protected from sunlight,
rain, other damages for a period 12 to 20 hrs.
The surface is then properly cured for a period of
7 to 14 days.
29. TERRAZZO FLOORING
It is very decorative and has good wearing
properties. The flooring is however more
expensive.
It is widely used in residential buildings,
hospitals, offices, schools and other public
buildings.
Terrazzo is special prepared concrete surface
containing cement and marble chips in
proportion to 1:2.
When surface has set, the chips are exposed by
grinding operation. The sub base preparation and
concrete base laying is done in the similar
manner of cement concrete flooring.
30. TERRAZZO FLOORING
The top layer may have 40 mm thickness
consisting of:-
a) 34mm thick cement concrete layer (1:2:4) laid
over the base concrete.
b) About 6 mm thick terrazzo topping.
Concrete of the grade 1:2:4 is then laid in
alternate panels leveled and finished to rough
surface. When the surface is hardened, the
terrazzo mix is laid and finished to the level
surface. Additional marble chips may be added
during the temping and rolling operations. So
that, at least 80% of the finished surface show
exposed marble chips.
31. TERRAZZO FLOORING
The surface is then floated and trowelled and left
to dry for 12 to 20 hours. After that the surface is
cured properly for 2 to 3 days.
The first grinding is done, preferably by machine
using course grade (no. 60) carborundum stones
using plenty of water. The ground surface is then
scrabbed and cleaned.
Cement grout of cream like consistency, is then
applied and is cured for 7 days. Then second
grinding is done with carborundum stones of fine
grade (no. 120).
32. TERRAZZO FLOORING
The surface is cured for 4 to 6 days and final
grinding is done with carborundum stone of 320
grit size.
The surface is thoroughly scrabbed and cleaned
using plenty of water.
Wax polish is applied with the help of polishing
machine to get final glossy surface.
37. MOSAIC FLOORING
It is made of small pieces of broken tiles of china
glazed or of cement or of marble arranged in
different pattern.
A concrete base is prepared as in the case of
concrete flooring and over it 5 to 8 cm thick lime-
surkhi (Powder of bricks) mortar is spread and
leveled.
On this, a 3 mm thick cementing material in the
form of paste of 2 parts of slaked lime, one part of
powdered marble and one part of puzzolana
material is spread and is left to dry for about 4
hours.
38. MOSAIC FLOORING
Thereafter small pieces of broken tiles are
arranged in definite patterns and hammered into
cementing layer.
The surface is gently rolled by a stone roller of 30
cm diameter and 40 to 60 cm long, sprinkling
water over the surface, so that cementing
materials comes up through the joints and an
even surface is obtained.
Floor is allowed to dry for 2 weeks before use.
42. TILED FLOORING
Tiled flooring is constructed from square,
hexagonal, or other shapes made up of clay,
cement concrete or terrazzo.
These are commonly used in residential flooring,
offices, hospitals, schools and other public
buildings.
Over the concrete base, a 25 to 30 mm thick layer
of lime mortar 1:3 is spread to serve as a
bedding.
Before laying the tiles it is cured for 12 to 24
hours, neat cement slurry is spread over the
bedding mortar and the tiles are laid flat over it,
gently pressing them into the bedding mortar
with the help of wooden mallet till level surface
46. MARBLE FLOORING
It is a superior type of flooring used in bathrooms
and kitchens of residential building and in
hospitals, sanatoriums, temples etc. where extra
cleanliness is an essential requirement.
The base concrete is prepared in the same
manner as that of concrete floor.
Over the base concrete, 20 mm thick bedding
mortar of either 1:4 cement-sand mix is spread
under the area of each individual slab.
The marble slab is then laid over it, gently
pressed with the wooden mallet and leveled. The
paved area is properly cured for about a week.
50. WOODEN FLOORING
It is used for carpentry halls, dancing halls,
auditorium etc.
They are not commonly used in residential
building of India because timber flooring is quiet
costlier.
In hilly areas, where timber is cheaply & readily
available, and where temperature drops very low,
timber flooring is quite common.
One of the major problems in timber flooring is
the damp prevention.
This can be done by introducing D.P.C. layer
below the flooring.
54. ASPHALT FLOORING
1) ASPHALT MASTIC FLOORING:-
Asphalt mastic is the mixture of sand and
asphalt in the ratio of 2:1, mixed hot and then
laid in continuous sheet.
It can also be applied cold, by mixing with
mineral oil and asbestos.
The thickness of asphalt mastic may be 2.5cm for
ordinary construction. It is laid on cement
concrete base course.
55. ASPHALT FLOORING
2) ASPHALTIC TILES:-
These are prepared from asphalt, asbestos fibers,
and mineral pigments by pressing the mix in
different sizes with thickness wearing from 3 to 6
mm.
Asphaltic tiles are cheap, resilient, soundproof,
non absorbent and moisture proof.
56. ASPHALT FLOORING
3) ASPHALTIC MOSAIC:-
This is prepared similar to mastic asphalt, the
marble chips are used in the place of sand.
Asphalt may be either in black or other suitable
color, and is laid in hot condition.
4) ACID PROOF MASTIC FLOORING:-
Acid proof blocks of asphalt are available. The
asphalt blocks are first laid on concrete base then
acid proof asphalt is uniformly spread over the
surface of the blocks. Fined sand is spread over
the liquid asphalt before it hardens.
58. RUBBER FLOORING
It consists of sheets or tiles of rubber in variety of
patterns and colors with thickness varying from
3 to 10mm.
The sheets or tiles are fixed to concrete base or
wood by means of appropriate adhesives ( epoxy-
polyurethane).
Rubber flooring are resilient and sound proof,
however they are costly.
They are used only in office and public buildings.
63. LINOLEUM FLOORING
(COVERING)
It is covering which is available in rolls and
which is spread directly on concrete or wooden
flooring.
The sheets are either plane or printed and are
available in 2 to 6 mm thickness and 2 to 4 m
wide rolls.
Linoleum tiles are also available which can be
fixed to concrete base in different pattern.
Linoleum covering are attractive, resilient,
durable and cheap and can be cleaned very
easily.
However it is subjected to rotting when kept wet
or moist for some time. Therefore it cannot be
used for bathrooms, kitchens etc.
65. CORK FLOORING
It is perfectly noise less and used in libraries,
theatres, art galleries, broadcasting stations etc.
Cork is the outer bark of cork oak tree, is
available in the form of cork carpet and cork
tiles.
It is fixed to concrete base by inserting a layer of
saturated felt.
They are available in various sized (10cm x 10cm
to 30cm x 90cm) various thickness (5 to 15mm)
and various shades.
68. GLASS FLOORING
This is a special purpose flooring used in
circumstances where it is desired to transmit
light from upper floor to lower floor and specially
to admit the light at the basement from the
upper floor.
Structural glass is available in the form of tiles
in thickness varying from 12 to 30 mm.
Glass flooring is very costly and it is not used
commonly.
72. PLASTIC OR P.V.C.
FLOORING
It is made up of plastic material called poly-vinyl-
chloride (PVC) fabricated in the form of tiles of
different sizes and different color shades.
These tiles are now widely used in residential as
well as non-residential building.
The tiles are laid on concrete base.
The tile is laid when the adhesive has set
sufficiently; it is gently pressed with the help of
5kg weight wooden roller and the oozing out
adhesive is wiped off.
73. PLASTIC OR P.V.C.
FLOORING
The floor is washed with warm soap water before
used.
It is resilient, smooth, good looking and can be
easily cleaned.
It is costly and slippery and can be damaged very
easily when in contact with burning object.