A roof provides structural covering to protect a building from weather. The main functions of a roof are to provide protection from weather, enclose space, and protect interior from moisture and heat loss. Roofs can be flat, pitched, or curved. Common roof types include simple slab, lean-to, couple close, collar beam, double purlin, and framed trussed roofs using king post or queen post designs. Roof design considers span, materials, loads, wind pressure, and weather resistance.
This presentation includes the types of roofs and roof covering materials. this presentation explained briefly about the pitched roofs, curved roofs and flat roofs.
This document discusses different types of timber pitched or sloped roofs and roof trusses. It describes single roofs like lean-to, couple and couple close roofs that use rafters. It also discusses double rooofs, trussed roofs using king posts and queen posts. Various roof covering materials like thatch, tiles, shingles, eternit slates, corrugated galvanized iron sheets and asbestos cement sheets are also explained.
Roof, covering of the top of a building, serving to protect against rain, snow, sunlight, wind, and extremes of temperature. Roofs have been constructed in a wide variety of forms—flat, pitched, vaulted, domed, or in combinations—as dictated by technical, economic, or aesthetic considerations.
different types of roof
types of roofs on houses
roof types and descriptions
The document discusses different types of roofs. It defines roofs and their key components like trusses, rafters, purlins, etc. It classifies roofs into pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further classified into single roofs, double roofs, and trussed roofs. Common truss types discussed include king post, queen post, mansard, and composite trusses. Steel trusses are also introduced as alternatives for larger spans.
unit 5 - building finishes - roof and roofing material.pptxSalmankhanPathan19
This document discusses different types of roofs and roofing materials. It defines a roof as a covering that protects a building from rain, sun, wind and other elements. Roof type depends on climate and available materials, and should be strong, durable, waterproof and provide insulation. Pitched roofs are suitable for heavy rainfall areas while flat roofs work for dry, hot regions. Various terms related to pitched roofs like span, rise, pitch, eaves and ridge are explained. Common materials include thatch, wood, tiles, slates, asbestos sheets, galvanized iron sheets and newer options like fiber sheets. Advantages and disadvantages of flat roofs are also outlined.
The document discusses different types of roofs, their components, and considerations for design. It describes roofs as the uppermost part of a building that protects it from weather using structural elements and coverings. The main types are pitched, flat, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are suitable for heavy rainfall areas and have simple shapes, while flat roofs can be used on buildings of any size or shape, especially in hot and dry regions. Key elements of roofs include the pitch, coverings, rafters, purlins, ridges, and eaves. Single roofs like lean-to and couple roofs have limited spans, while double roofs using purlins can support longer spans.
Roofs come in various types depending on the building, climate, and available materials. Pitched roofs slope in one or multiple directions and include gable, hip, and gambrel styles. Flat roofs are constructed of reinforced concrete and can be one-way slabs, two-way slabs, slab-and-beam, or flat slabs resting directly on columns. Roof coverings include thatch, slates, tiles, asbestos sheets, corrugated metal, shingles, and more, with the selection based on factors like cost, durability, and appearance.
A roof protects a building from weather elements like rain, snow, and heat. It consists of a framework that supports roof coverings. There are several types of roofs including pitched/sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs can be gabled, hipped, gambrel, or butterfly shaped. Trusses are used to support roofs with large spans, and different truss designs include king post, queen post, mansard, and steel trusses.
This presentation includes the types of roofs and roof covering materials. this presentation explained briefly about the pitched roofs, curved roofs and flat roofs.
This document discusses different types of timber pitched or sloped roofs and roof trusses. It describes single roofs like lean-to, couple and couple close roofs that use rafters. It also discusses double rooofs, trussed roofs using king posts and queen posts. Various roof covering materials like thatch, tiles, shingles, eternit slates, corrugated galvanized iron sheets and asbestos cement sheets are also explained.
Roof, covering of the top of a building, serving to protect against rain, snow, sunlight, wind, and extremes of temperature. Roofs have been constructed in a wide variety of forms—flat, pitched, vaulted, domed, or in combinations—as dictated by technical, economic, or aesthetic considerations.
different types of roof
types of roofs on houses
roof types and descriptions
The document discusses different types of roofs. It defines roofs and their key components like trusses, rafters, purlins, etc. It classifies roofs into pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further classified into single roofs, double roofs, and trussed roofs. Common truss types discussed include king post, queen post, mansard, and composite trusses. Steel trusses are also introduced as alternatives for larger spans.
unit 5 - building finishes - roof and roofing material.pptxSalmankhanPathan19
This document discusses different types of roofs and roofing materials. It defines a roof as a covering that protects a building from rain, sun, wind and other elements. Roof type depends on climate and available materials, and should be strong, durable, waterproof and provide insulation. Pitched roofs are suitable for heavy rainfall areas while flat roofs work for dry, hot regions. Various terms related to pitched roofs like span, rise, pitch, eaves and ridge are explained. Common materials include thatch, wood, tiles, slates, asbestos sheets, galvanized iron sheets and newer options like fiber sheets. Advantages and disadvantages of flat roofs are also outlined.
The document discusses different types of roofs, their components, and considerations for design. It describes roofs as the uppermost part of a building that protects it from weather using structural elements and coverings. The main types are pitched, flat, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are suitable for heavy rainfall areas and have simple shapes, while flat roofs can be used on buildings of any size or shape, especially in hot and dry regions. Key elements of roofs include the pitch, coverings, rafters, purlins, ridges, and eaves. Single roofs like lean-to and couple roofs have limited spans, while double roofs using purlins can support longer spans.
Roofs come in various types depending on the building, climate, and available materials. Pitched roofs slope in one or multiple directions and include gable, hip, and gambrel styles. Flat roofs are constructed of reinforced concrete and can be one-way slabs, two-way slabs, slab-and-beam, or flat slabs resting directly on columns. Roof coverings include thatch, slates, tiles, asbestos sheets, corrugated metal, shingles, and more, with the selection based on factors like cost, durability, and appearance.
A roof protects a building from weather elements like rain, snow, and heat. It consists of a framework that supports roof coverings. There are several types of roofs including pitched/sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs can be gabled, hipped, gambrel, or butterfly shaped. Trusses are used to support roofs with large spans, and different truss designs include king post, queen post, mansard, and steel trusses.
This document provides information about space frames, cable structures, and folded plate structures. It defines a space frame as a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can span large areas with few interior supports. Folded plates are assemblies of flat plates rigidly connected along their edges to form a structural system without additional beams. Cable structures derive their strength from tension forces in the cables rather than from bending or compression. Common cable structures include suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges, and cable-supported roofs.
The document discusses foundations and roof structures. It describes foundations as having substructures below ground level that transmit loads to the soil, and superstructures above ground. It outlines different types of shallow foundations like isolated footings, strip footings, combined footings, and raft foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations. The document also defines key terms for roofs like pitch, eaves, ridges, and discusses roof structural elements like purlins, battens, and trusses. Roof design considerations include strength, weather resistance, insulation, and drainage.
This document discusses different types of timber roof structures. It describes lean-to roofs, which consist of rafters sloping on one side and are supported by a single wall. Collared roofs have a horizontal collar beam placed between rafters to prevent their spreading. King post roofs contain a central vertical post to support the tie beam below. Queen post roofs are similar but use two vertical queen posts instead of a single king post. Details and dimensions are provided for each type of roof.
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. They are commonly used in high-rise buildings, industrial buildings, warehouses, and temporary structures due to their strength, light weight, and speed of construction. Advantages include quick construction, flexibility, and ability to take various shapes. Disadvantages are reduced strength at high temperatures and susceptibility to corrosion. Common structural steel frames include beam and column construction, trusses, space frames, shear wall frames, framed tube structures, and braced frames. Design must consider both gravity loads like dead and live loads, as well as lateral loads from wind and earthquakes.
This document discusses different types of roofs for buildings. It describes pitched roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. For pitched roofs, it covers technical terms like span, rise, and pitch. It explains common roof structures like lean-to, couple, collar beam, and truss roofs. For trusses, it provides details on king post, queen post, and mansard trusses. Flat roofs include madras terrace, bengal terrace, and reinforced concrete styles. Finally, it discusses common roof covering materials like tiles, asbestos sheets, galvanized iron, and PVC.
Building materials and construcation Technology (Lintels and Arches)Shivarajkumar Goudar
This document discusses different types of lintels and arches used in building construction. It defines a lintel as a horizontal beam over an opening that carries the weight above it. Lintels are classified by material - timber, stone, brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Stone lintels are most common and can span up to 2 meters. Reinforced concrete lintels have replaced other types due to strength, fire resistance, and ease of construction. Arches are curved structures that support weight above an opening. Key terms related to arches include intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, spandril, abutment, and pier.
Building materials and construction Technology(Lintels and Arches) Shivarajkumar Goudar
This document discusses different types of lintels and arches used in building construction. It defines a lintel as a horizontal beam over an opening that carries the weight above it. Lintels are classified by material - timber, stone, brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Stone lintels are most common and can span up to 2 meters. Reinforced concrete lintels have replaced other types due to strength, fire resistance, and ease of construction. Arches are curved structures that support weight above an opening. Key terms related to arches include intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, spandril, abutment, and pier.
1. The document discusses different types of roofs including pitched, flat, gambrel, mansard, and shed roofs. Pitched roofs are suitable for smaller buildings while flat roofs are better for large or irregularly shaped buildings.
2. Pitched roofs have members like rafters, purlins, wall plates, and ridges. Flat roofs use materials like asphalt, aluminum sheeting, zinc, and copper. Support for roofs includes single, collar, double, and trussed roofs using king posts, queen posts, or mansard trusses for large spans.
3.
Space frames are rigid, lightweight structures constructed from interlocking struts arranged in geometric patterns. They can span large areas with few interior supports due to their inherent rigidity from triangular formations that transmit loads as tension and compression. Folded plate structures are assemblies of rigidly connected flat plates that can carry loads without interior beams. They were first used in 1923 for an aircraft hangar roof in Paris and take inspiration from structures in nature like tree leaves. Cable structures have cables as their primary load-bearing elements and are often used in bridges and roofs to transmit loads between supports.
This document discusses different types of roof trusses used in construction. It describes common trusses, which are used to build sloped roofs with a bottom chord and two top chords meeting at the peak. Other types discussed include scissor trusses, raised heel trusses, dropped chord trusses, parallel chord trusses, attic trusses, bowstring trusses, gambrel trusses, and steel trusses. The document provides details on the design and purpose of each type of truss.
This document discusses different types of roof trusses used in construction. It describes common trusses used for pitched roofs, as well as other types like scissor trusses, raised heel trusses, dropped chord trusses, and parallel chord trusses. Each type is defined and its structural features and benefits are outlined. The document also discusses steel trusses and provides examples of truss designs for various roof spans.
This document provides an overview of different types of roofs and roofing materials. It discusses the key components and functions of roofs. Some main points covered include:
- Roofs provide protection from weather and help regulate interior temperatures. Their design accommodates stresses and movements.
- Common roof types include pitched roofs, flat roofs, shed roofs, and hip roofs. Historic roofing materials included thatch and clay tiles.
- Roof components include ridges, rafters, purlins, eaves, and other structural supports. Different structures like trusses, cuts, and frames are used.
- Common roof coverings discussed are tiles, shingles, slate
This document provides an overview of roofs and roofing materials. It discusses the different types of roofs including pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further divided into types based on their shape such as gable, hip, gambrel, and mansard roofs. Common roofing materials include thatch, wood shingles, tiles, asbestos cement sheets, galvanized iron sheets, and lightweight materials. Truss systems such as king post, queen post, and steel trusses are used to support larger span roofs. Selection of roofing materials depends on factors like cost, durability, maintenance needs, and climate.
This document provides an overview of roofs and roofing materials. It defines roofs and their key components. There are three main types of roofs discussed: pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further broken down based on their shape, including gable, gambrel, hip, and mansard roofs. Common roof framing elements and types of pitched roof framing structures like trusses are also outlined. Finally, the document discusses various roof covering materials appropriate for pitched roofs, such as thatch, wood shingles, tiles, metal sheets, and lightweight roofing.
Form work for R.C.C. Wall, slab, beam and column, centering for arches
of large spans and dams, design features for temporary works, slip
formwork, False work for Bridges
This document provides information on roof trusses, including their components, types, advantages, and uses. It discusses the need for roof trusses to provide clear spans, headroom, and ventilation. Various factors that affect truss selection are outlined. Common truss types include king post and queen post trusses, which differ in their use of vertical posts and beams. Steel trusses are often used for larger spans. Roof coverings like thatch, wood shingles, tiles, asbestos cement sheets, and galvanized iron sheets are also overviewed.
lintels are the horizontal members...this ppt discuss about the lintels ...functions...types etc
structural steel lintels
precast concrete lintels
precast concrete lintels prices
steel lintel lowes
steel lintel beam details
masonry lintel span tables
steel lintel sizes for masonry openings
steel lintels masonry
masonry lintel span tables
steel lintel size chart
lintel of a house
lintel construction
block wall lintels
what is a window lintel
what is a lintel
steel lintel for concrete block
Walls can be classified in several ways including by their load bearing ability, material used, and intended use. Load bearing walls support structural loads like floors and roofs while non-load bearing walls only support themselves. Materials used include brick, stone, concrete, wood and more. Walls are also classified by their intended use such as partition walls which divide interior space into rooms. Proper wall selection depends on factors like aesthetics, enclosure needs, acoustics, and thermal performance.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS BASICS BTCE-503-18SANJEEV Wazir
TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS AND CONSTRUCTION METHOD
BASICS OF FORMWORK AND STAGING
COMMON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION METHOD
MODULAR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION METHOD
PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION METHOD
BASICS OF SLIP FORMING FOR TALL STRUCTURES
BASICS CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES
BASICS CONSTRUCTION METHODS BRIDGES
The Science of Learning: implications for modern teachingDerek Wenmoth
Keynote presentation to the Educational Leaders hui Kōkiritia Marautanga held in Auckland on 26 June 2024. Provides a high level overview of the history and development of the science of learning, and implications for the design of learning in our modern schools and classrooms.
More Related Content
Similar to Building materials and construction Technology Roofs.pptx
This document provides information about space frames, cable structures, and folded plate structures. It defines a space frame as a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can span large areas with few interior supports. Folded plates are assemblies of flat plates rigidly connected along their edges to form a structural system without additional beams. Cable structures derive their strength from tension forces in the cables rather than from bending or compression. Common cable structures include suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges, and cable-supported roofs.
The document discusses foundations and roof structures. It describes foundations as having substructures below ground level that transmit loads to the soil, and superstructures above ground. It outlines different types of shallow foundations like isolated footings, strip footings, combined footings, and raft foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations. The document also defines key terms for roofs like pitch, eaves, ridges, and discusses roof structural elements like purlins, battens, and trusses. Roof design considerations include strength, weather resistance, insulation, and drainage.
This document discusses different types of timber roof structures. It describes lean-to roofs, which consist of rafters sloping on one side and are supported by a single wall. Collared roofs have a horizontal collar beam placed between rafters to prevent their spreading. King post roofs contain a central vertical post to support the tie beam below. Queen post roofs are similar but use two vertical queen posts instead of a single king post. Details and dimensions are provided for each type of roof.
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. They are commonly used in high-rise buildings, industrial buildings, warehouses, and temporary structures due to their strength, light weight, and speed of construction. Advantages include quick construction, flexibility, and ability to take various shapes. Disadvantages are reduced strength at high temperatures and susceptibility to corrosion. Common structural steel frames include beam and column construction, trusses, space frames, shear wall frames, framed tube structures, and braced frames. Design must consider both gravity loads like dead and live loads, as well as lateral loads from wind and earthquakes.
This document discusses different types of roofs for buildings. It describes pitched roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. For pitched roofs, it covers technical terms like span, rise, and pitch. It explains common roof structures like lean-to, couple, collar beam, and truss roofs. For trusses, it provides details on king post, queen post, and mansard trusses. Flat roofs include madras terrace, bengal terrace, and reinforced concrete styles. Finally, it discusses common roof covering materials like tiles, asbestos sheets, galvanized iron, and PVC.
Building materials and construcation Technology (Lintels and Arches)Shivarajkumar Goudar
This document discusses different types of lintels and arches used in building construction. It defines a lintel as a horizontal beam over an opening that carries the weight above it. Lintels are classified by material - timber, stone, brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Stone lintels are most common and can span up to 2 meters. Reinforced concrete lintels have replaced other types due to strength, fire resistance, and ease of construction. Arches are curved structures that support weight above an opening. Key terms related to arches include intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, spandril, abutment, and pier.
Building materials and construction Technology(Lintels and Arches) Shivarajkumar Goudar
This document discusses different types of lintels and arches used in building construction. It defines a lintel as a horizontal beam over an opening that carries the weight above it. Lintels are classified by material - timber, stone, brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Stone lintels are most common and can span up to 2 meters. Reinforced concrete lintels have replaced other types due to strength, fire resistance, and ease of construction. Arches are curved structures that support weight above an opening. Key terms related to arches include intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, spandril, abutment, and pier.
1. The document discusses different types of roofs including pitched, flat, gambrel, mansard, and shed roofs. Pitched roofs are suitable for smaller buildings while flat roofs are better for large or irregularly shaped buildings.
2. Pitched roofs have members like rafters, purlins, wall plates, and ridges. Flat roofs use materials like asphalt, aluminum sheeting, zinc, and copper. Support for roofs includes single, collar, double, and trussed roofs using king posts, queen posts, or mansard trusses for large spans.
3.
Space frames are rigid, lightweight structures constructed from interlocking struts arranged in geometric patterns. They can span large areas with few interior supports due to their inherent rigidity from triangular formations that transmit loads as tension and compression. Folded plate structures are assemblies of rigidly connected flat plates that can carry loads without interior beams. They were first used in 1923 for an aircraft hangar roof in Paris and take inspiration from structures in nature like tree leaves. Cable structures have cables as their primary load-bearing elements and are often used in bridges and roofs to transmit loads between supports.
This document discusses different types of roof trusses used in construction. It describes common trusses, which are used to build sloped roofs with a bottom chord and two top chords meeting at the peak. Other types discussed include scissor trusses, raised heel trusses, dropped chord trusses, parallel chord trusses, attic trusses, bowstring trusses, gambrel trusses, and steel trusses. The document provides details on the design and purpose of each type of truss.
This document discusses different types of roof trusses used in construction. It describes common trusses used for pitched roofs, as well as other types like scissor trusses, raised heel trusses, dropped chord trusses, and parallel chord trusses. Each type is defined and its structural features and benefits are outlined. The document also discusses steel trusses and provides examples of truss designs for various roof spans.
This document provides an overview of different types of roofs and roofing materials. It discusses the key components and functions of roofs. Some main points covered include:
- Roofs provide protection from weather and help regulate interior temperatures. Their design accommodates stresses and movements.
- Common roof types include pitched roofs, flat roofs, shed roofs, and hip roofs. Historic roofing materials included thatch and clay tiles.
- Roof components include ridges, rafters, purlins, eaves, and other structural supports. Different structures like trusses, cuts, and frames are used.
- Common roof coverings discussed are tiles, shingles, slate
This document provides an overview of roofs and roofing materials. It discusses the different types of roofs including pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further divided into types based on their shape such as gable, hip, gambrel, and mansard roofs. Common roofing materials include thatch, wood shingles, tiles, asbestos cement sheets, galvanized iron sheets, and lightweight materials. Truss systems such as king post, queen post, and steel trusses are used to support larger span roofs. Selection of roofing materials depends on factors like cost, durability, maintenance needs, and climate.
This document provides an overview of roofs and roofing materials. It defines roofs and their key components. There are three main types of roofs discussed: pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further broken down based on their shape, including gable, gambrel, hip, and mansard roofs. Common roof framing elements and types of pitched roof framing structures like trusses are also outlined. Finally, the document discusses various roof covering materials appropriate for pitched roofs, such as thatch, wood shingles, tiles, metal sheets, and lightweight roofing.
Form work for R.C.C. Wall, slab, beam and column, centering for arches
of large spans and dams, design features for temporary works, slip
formwork, False work for Bridges
This document provides information on roof trusses, including their components, types, advantages, and uses. It discusses the need for roof trusses to provide clear spans, headroom, and ventilation. Various factors that affect truss selection are outlined. Common truss types include king post and queen post trusses, which differ in their use of vertical posts and beams. Steel trusses are often used for larger spans. Roof coverings like thatch, wood shingles, tiles, asbestos cement sheets, and galvanized iron sheets are also overviewed.
lintels are the horizontal members...this ppt discuss about the lintels ...functions...types etc
structural steel lintels
precast concrete lintels
precast concrete lintels prices
steel lintel lowes
steel lintel beam details
masonry lintel span tables
steel lintel sizes for masonry openings
steel lintels masonry
masonry lintel span tables
steel lintel size chart
lintel of a house
lintel construction
block wall lintels
what is a window lintel
what is a lintel
steel lintel for concrete block
Walls can be classified in several ways including by their load bearing ability, material used, and intended use. Load bearing walls support structural loads like floors and roofs while non-load bearing walls only support themselves. Materials used include brick, stone, concrete, wood and more. Walls are also classified by their intended use such as partition walls which divide interior space into rooms. Proper wall selection depends on factors like aesthetics, enclosure needs, acoustics, and thermal performance.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS BASICS BTCE-503-18SANJEEV Wazir
TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS AND CONSTRUCTION METHOD
BASICS OF FORMWORK AND STAGING
COMMON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION METHOD
MODULAR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION METHOD
PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION METHOD
BASICS OF SLIP FORMING FOR TALL STRUCTURES
BASICS CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES
BASICS CONSTRUCTION METHODS BRIDGES
Similar to Building materials and construction Technology Roofs.pptx (20)
The Science of Learning: implications for modern teachingDerek Wenmoth
Keynote presentation to the Educational Leaders hui Kōkiritia Marautanga held in Auckland on 26 June 2024. Provides a high level overview of the history and development of the science of learning, and implications for the design of learning in our modern schools and classrooms.
Hospital pharmacy and it's organization (1).pdfShwetaGawande8
The document discuss about the hospital pharmacy and it's organization ,Definition of Hospital pharmacy
,Functions of Hospital pharmacy
,Objectives of Hospital pharmacy
Location and layout of Hospital pharmacy
,Personnel and floor space requirements,
Responsibilities and functions of Hospital pharmacist
How to Create a Stage or a Pipeline in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Using CRM module, we can manage and keep track of all new leads and opportunities in one location. It helps to manage your sales pipeline with customizable stages. In this slide let’s discuss how to create a stage or pipeline inside the CRM module in odoo 17.
Creativity for Innovation and SpeechmakingMattVassar1
Tapping into the creative side of your brain to come up with truly innovative approaches. These strategies are based on original research from Stanford University lecturer Matt Vassar, where he discusses how you can use them to come up with truly innovative solutions, regardless of whether you're using to come up with a creative and memorable angle for a business pitch--or if you're coming up with business or technical innovations.
Post init hook in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, hooks are functions that are presented as a string in the __init__ file of a module. They are the functions that can execute before and after the existing code.
How to Create User Notification in Odoo 17Celine George
This slide will represent how to create user notification in Odoo 17. Odoo allows us to create and send custom notifications on some events or actions. We have different types of notification such as sticky notification, rainbow man effect, alert and raise exception warning or validation.
BỘ BÀI TẬP TEST THEO UNIT - FORM 2025 - TIẾNG ANH 12 GLOBAL SUCCESS - KÌ 1 (B...
Building materials and construction Technology Roofs.pptx
1.
2. ROOF
• A roof may be defined as the uppermost part of the building
provided as structural covering to protect the building from
weather.
• Roof consists of structural elements which support roof
coverings.
• The structural element may be trusses, portals, beams, slab,
shells or domes.
• Roof coverings receive rain and snow more directly and in
much grater quantity than walls.
3. Main function:
• To provide protection from the weather
• To enclose space and to protect the space it
covers (against rain, wind and snow)
• To protect interior of the building from
moisture and excessive heat loss
• An integral part of the structural frame –
sustain load
4. Strength and stability
• Roof structure –A major factor for consideration in the
design and choice of roof structure are span, materials
used and its load over spans of varying degrees
• The economic consideration of roof structure is to keep
its dead weight to a minimum
• Minimum dead weight becomes critical with wide span
building, as such the structural problem in design is
trying to achieve a low dead and live load ratio
• The solutions are: Characteristics of materials to be
used must be stiff and do not easily bent
• Form and shape of the roof
5. Wind pressure
• Varies according to its velocity, the height of the building
and the locality of the building
• Wind exert pressure and suction on roof
• Excessive suction can cause uplift to roof (stripped off)
Weather resistance
• Adequate weather resistance should be provided by the
roof covering
• The nature or type of roof covering will affect the form or
shape and some details of the roof structure
6. Flat Roof (R.C.C)
• Roofs of modern buildings are invariably made of Reinforced
Cement Concrete (RCC).
• Concrete is strong in compression and weak in tension, however it is
suitably reinforced with the help of steel bars which take the entire
bending tension.
• Due to this the overall thickness of the RCC roofs is comparatively
small thereby reducing the self weight of floor.
• RCC roofs can be classified into the following types
a. Simple slab roofing
b. Reinforce brick roofing
c. Beam-slab roofing
d. Flat slab roofing
e. Ribbed roofing or hollow tile roofing
12. Simple RCC slab roofing
• In RCC roofing the RCC slab bends
downwards, causing tension at the bottom
fibers of the slab keeping a minimum clear
cover of 15 mm.
• Half these bars are bent up near ends to
take up negative bending moment caused
due to partial fixity at the ends.
• This main reinforcement is placed in the
direction of the span of the slab, which is
equal to the width of the room, specially
when the length of the room is more than
1.5 times the width of the room. Such a
slab is know as one way reinforced slab.
• Nominal reinforcement is placed in the
perpendicular direction.
• Hooks are placed at the end of each plain
bar, though these are not required in ribbed
bars (tor-reinforcement).
• The bearing of the slab in the wall should
neither be less than its thickness, nor less
than half the width of the wall.
• Figure shows one way reinforced slab.
Such slabs are quite suitable and
economical for spans up to 5 m.
13. Simple RCC slab roofing
• The slab is cast on timber or steel shuttering.
• After erecting the centering, properly bent
reinforcement is place in position.
• Distance pieces of stone or concrete are placed
between the reinforcement and the shuttering plate
so that proper cover maintained.
• Cement concrete of appropriate mix (1:1.5:3) is
then poured and well-compacted.
• The slab is then properly cured. Shuttering is
removed only when the concrete has fully set.
• When the length of the room is less than 1.5 times
the width of the room, the slab spans in both the
directions
• It is essential to provide reinforcement on both the
directions.
• Such a slab is known as a two-way reinforced
slab.
• At the corner suitable mesh reinforcement is
provided at the top and bottom to prevent their
lifting.
14. Sloped Roof or Pitched roof
• A roof with sloping surface is known as a pitched or
sloped roof.
• These roofs suitable for buildings in coastal regions
or in areas where in rainfall are very heavy.
• Buildings with limited width and simple shape can
generally be covered satisfactorily by pitched roofs.
• The slope varies according to span, climatic
condition, and nature of covering materials.
15. Elements of a Pitched roof
1. Single roofs
• Single roofs consist of only common rafters which are secured
at the ridge (to ridge beam) and wall plate.
• These are used when span is less so that no intermediate
support is required for the rafters.
Lean-to-roof
16. Single roofs
Lean-to-roof
• This is the simplest type of sloping roofing in which rafters slope to
one side only it is also known as the pent roof or Aisle roof.
• In this type one wall is carried up sufficiently higher than the other
one to give necessary slope to roof.
• A wooden wall plate is supported either on a steel corbel or a stone
corbel which may be of stone, brick or steel.
• The difference in elevation between the two wall plates is so kept
that the desired slope is obtained.
• The common rafters are nailed to wooden wall plate at their upper
end and notched and nailed to the wooden post plate at their lower
end.
• A lean to roof is generally used for sheds, out-houses attached to
main buildings, verandahs etc. it is suitable for a maximum span of
2.40m.
18. • This type of roof is suitable for maximum span of
2.5 m.
• These are provided for sheds, out-house attached
to main building, verandahs, etc.
• Due to the slope of the roof, water and snow
easily run off and reduces, otherwise necessary
extra waterproofing.
• Hence this roof is best for constructing in high
rainfall and snowfall regions. This may be done
either as a part of the original construction or
even after execution after some year
Lean-to-roof
19. Couple Roof
• This type of roof is formed by couple or pair of
rafters which slope to both the sides of the ridge of
the roof.
• In this type of roof the common rafters slope upwards
from the opposite walls and they meet on a ridge
piece in the middle as shown in the fig.
• Such a roof is not very much favoured because it has
the tendency to spread at the feet and thrust out the
walls supporting the wall plates.
• A couple roof is suitable for spans up to about 3.6 m.
20.
21. COUPLE CLOSE ROOF
• This roof is just similar to couple roof except that
the ends of the couple of the common rafters is
connected by horizontal member, called tie beam.
• The tie beam prevents the tendency of rafters to
spread out and thus danger of overturning of the
walls is avoided.
• The tie beam may be a wooden member or a steel
rod.
• This roof can be adopted economically up to the
span of 4.2m.
23. COLLAR BEAM ROOF
• When the span increases or when the load is more
the rafters of the couple close roof have the
tendency to bend.
• This is avoided by raising the tie beam and fixing
it at one-third to one-half of the vertical height
from the wall plate to the ridge.
• This raised beam is known as collar beam.
• This beam roof is adopted to economise the space
and to increase the height of a room.
• This roof can be adopted up to a maximum span
of 4.8m.
25. DOUBLE OR PURLIN ROOFS
• Two basic element i) rafters and ii) purlins
• When the span exceeds 2.4m, the necessary size for
the rafters becomes uneconomical
• Hence in order to reduce the size of rafters,
intermediate supports called purlins are introduced
under the rafters as shown in fig.
• The intermediate support so provided in the form of
purlins, reduce the size of the rafters to the
economical range.
• This roof can be adopted economically up to 4.8m.
26.
27. FRAMED OR TRUSSED ROOF
• When the span exceeds 5 m and when there are no inside
supporting walls or partitions for purlins, framed structure
known as trusses are provided at suitable interval along the
length of the room.
• The spacing is 3m for wooden trusses.
• Here roof consists of 3 elements
a. Rafters to support the roofing material (tiles etc.)
b. Purlins to provide intermediate support rafters.
c. Trusses to provide support to the ends of purlins.
• Trusses carry the ridge piece and purlins on which the
common rafters rest.
28. Trussed Roof
• Various type of trusses are
• King-post truss.
• Queen-post truss
• Mansard truss
• Combination of King and Queen post trusses.
• Bel-fast truss
• Truncated truss
• Steel truss
• Composite truss
29. KING POST TRUSS
• King-post consists of i)lower tie beam, ii) Two inclined
principal rafters, iii) two struts and iv) a king post.
• The inclined members, known as struts, prevents the
principal rafters from bending in the middle.
• The principal rafters support the purlins.
• The purlins support the closely-space common rafters
which have the same slope as the principal rafters.
• A king-post truss suitable for roofs of span varying from
5 to 8 m as shown in fig.
30.
31. • The king-post prevents the tie-beam from sagging at its center
of span.
• The struts connected to the tie beams and the principal rafters
in inclined direction, prevent the sagging of principal rafters.
• The trusses are supported on the bed blocks of stone or
concrete, embedded in the supporting wall so that load is
distributed to a greater area.
• The common rafters may be connected to eaves board or to
pole plate at the other end.
• Pole plates are horizontal timber sections which run across the
tops of the tie beams at their ends or on principal rafters near
their feet.
32. QUEEN POST TRUSS
• This truss is differ from a king-post truss in
having two vertical members known as queen
posts.
• The upper ends of the queen posts are kept in
position by means of a horizontal member known
as straining beam.
• Additional purlins are supported on the queen
posts.
• A queen post truss is suitable for roof spans
varying 8 to 12 m as shown in the fig below
雅虎竞拍
煤炉代买
paypay商城
乐天二手
日本亚马逊
乐天新品
ZOZOTOWN
