The document summarizes the evolution of plants from aquatic to terrestrial environments. Early plant ancestors were green algae that lived in water. They developed adaptations like vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients on land. These included roots, stems, leaves, and a waxy cuticle. Land plants diversified into spore-producing plants like ferns and seed-producing plants like flowering plants. All plants undergo an alternation of generations between haploid and diploid forms.
The document describes the three divisions of bryophytes - liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. It outlines their key characteristics such as lacking true roots, stems and vascular tissue. Liverworts have a flattened thallus structure or leafy appearance. Mosses have a leafy body and reproduce asexually through budding. Hornworts are distinguished by their horn-like sporophytes. All bryophytes reproduce both sexually and asexually and play an important role as some of the earliest land plants.
Kingdom Plantae includes eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that are autotrophic, producing their own food through photosynthesis. They have cell walls made of cellulose and lack mobility. Plants reproduce both sexually through male and female gametes and asexually through structures like spores. They are divided into four main groups - mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms - based on the presence of vascular tissue and seeds. Angiosperms make up the majority of plant species and their success is attributed to adaptations like specialized structures for pollination, protected seeds, and fruit aiding in seed dispersal.
Bryophytes and pteridophytes are small, non-vascular land plants and the earliest seedless vascular plants, respectively. They have the following key characteristics:
1. They reproduce via spores and have alternation of generations, where the haploid gametophyte generates gametes and the diploid sporophyte produces spores.
2. Bryophytes lack true stems and vascular tissue. Pteridophytes are the first to develop true stems, leaves, and vascular tissue.
3. Both groups require water for fertilization but pteridophytes can grow larger due to their vascular tissue. They bridge the characteristics between early land plants and modern seed plants.
This document provides a summary of key points from Chapter 24 of Biology 102 on the evolution and diversity of plants. It discusses how plants evolved from green algae over 500 million years ago, and the characteristics that distinguish them as multicellular photosynthetic organisms adapted to life on land, such as cell walls containing cellulose. It also summarizes the alternation of generations life cycle in plants, the adaptations that allowed plants to colonize land, and an overview of the characteristics and reproduction of nonvascular and vascular plants including seedless plants, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.
PLANT KINGDOM CLASS XI CHAPTER-03,BIOLOGY.pptxVivanJ2
ย
This document provides information on the classification of plants. It discusses the four main systems of classification: artificial, natural, phylogenetic, and phenetic. The artificial system classified plants based only on morphological characters and separated closely related species. The natural system considered both external and internal features. The phylogenetic system is based on evolutionary relationships, while the phenetic system is based on all observable characteristics and gives equal importance to all. It also outlines the major groups of plants - algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
This document provides information about different kingdoms of plants. It begins by listing the main kingdoms - Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms, and Algae. It then focuses on describing Algae in more detail, including their characteristics, reproduction methods, economic importance, and classification into three main classes: Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, and Rhodophyceae. Brief descriptions are also provided for Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, and Gymnosperms.
Bryophytes include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They are non-vascular plants that lack true roots, stems, or leaves. Bryophytes reproduce both sexually through an alternation of generations involving gametophytes and sporophytes, and asexually through fragmentation or structures like gemmae. The dominant generation is the gametophyte. Mosses commonly grow in dense colonies on soil, rocks, and trees, helping to form soil and prevent erosion. Liverworts have a thallus shape and reproduce using gemmae cups. Hornworts have thalloid bodies and hornlike sporophyte projections. Bryophytes play various ecological roles and some have human uses as well.
The document summarizes the evolution of plants from aquatic to terrestrial environments. Early plant ancestors were green algae that lived in water. They developed adaptations like vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients on land. These included roots, stems, leaves, and a waxy cuticle. Land plants diversified into spore-producing plants like ferns and seed-producing plants like flowering plants. All plants undergo an alternation of generations between haploid and diploid forms.
The document describes the three divisions of bryophytes - liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. It outlines their key characteristics such as lacking true roots, stems and vascular tissue. Liverworts have a flattened thallus structure or leafy appearance. Mosses have a leafy body and reproduce asexually through budding. Hornworts are distinguished by their horn-like sporophytes. All bryophytes reproduce both sexually and asexually and play an important role as some of the earliest land plants.
Kingdom Plantae includes eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that are autotrophic, producing their own food through photosynthesis. They have cell walls made of cellulose and lack mobility. Plants reproduce both sexually through male and female gametes and asexually through structures like spores. They are divided into four main groups - mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms - based on the presence of vascular tissue and seeds. Angiosperms make up the majority of plant species and their success is attributed to adaptations like specialized structures for pollination, protected seeds, and fruit aiding in seed dispersal.
Bryophytes and pteridophytes are small, non-vascular land plants and the earliest seedless vascular plants, respectively. They have the following key characteristics:
1. They reproduce via spores and have alternation of generations, where the haploid gametophyte generates gametes and the diploid sporophyte produces spores.
2. Bryophytes lack true stems and vascular tissue. Pteridophytes are the first to develop true stems, leaves, and vascular tissue.
3. Both groups require water for fertilization but pteridophytes can grow larger due to their vascular tissue. They bridge the characteristics between early land plants and modern seed plants.
This document provides a summary of key points from Chapter 24 of Biology 102 on the evolution and diversity of plants. It discusses how plants evolved from green algae over 500 million years ago, and the characteristics that distinguish them as multicellular photosynthetic organisms adapted to life on land, such as cell walls containing cellulose. It also summarizes the alternation of generations life cycle in plants, the adaptations that allowed plants to colonize land, and an overview of the characteristics and reproduction of nonvascular and vascular plants including seedless plants, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.
PLANT KINGDOM CLASS XI CHAPTER-03,BIOLOGY.pptxVivanJ2
ย
This document provides information on the classification of plants. It discusses the four main systems of classification: artificial, natural, phylogenetic, and phenetic. The artificial system classified plants based only on morphological characters and separated closely related species. The natural system considered both external and internal features. The phylogenetic system is based on evolutionary relationships, while the phenetic system is based on all observable characteristics and gives equal importance to all. It also outlines the major groups of plants - algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
This document provides information about different kingdoms of plants. It begins by listing the main kingdoms - Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms, and Algae. It then focuses on describing Algae in more detail, including their characteristics, reproduction methods, economic importance, and classification into three main classes: Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, and Rhodophyceae. Brief descriptions are also provided for Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, and Gymnosperms.
Bryophytes include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They are non-vascular plants that lack true roots, stems, or leaves. Bryophytes reproduce both sexually through an alternation of generations involving gametophytes and sporophytes, and asexually through fragmentation or structures like gemmae. The dominant generation is the gametophyte. Mosses commonly grow in dense colonies on soil, rocks, and trees, helping to form soil and prevent erosion. Liverworts have a thallus shape and reproduce using gemmae cups. Hornworts have thalloid bodies and hornlike sporophyte projections. Bryophytes play various ecological roles and some have human uses as well.
Nonvascular plants lack true roots, stems, and leaves due to the absence of vascular tissue. They are called thallophytes and include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They must live in moist environments because they lack internal structures for transporting water and nutrients and generally only grow 1-2 cm tall. Vascular plants have specialized tissues for transport and include both spore-bearing plants like ferns and seed-bearing plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms produce naked seeds enclosed in cones while angiosperms produce seeds enclosed within flowers in an ovary.
The plant kingdom (alage+bryophyta+pteridophyta)Ram Mohan
ย
This document describes characteristics of bryophytes and their importance. It discusses:
1. Bryophytes include mosses, liverworts and hornworts which reproduce via alternation of generations between a haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generation.
2. They play important roles through peat formation, use as fuel and horticultural additives, and in providing seed beds, food and shelter.
3. Bryophytes also serve as indicators of environmental conditions like soil pH and acid rain, and have some medicinal uses.
This document discusses cryptogams, which are early non-vascular land plants. It presents the hypothesis that all plants evolved from ancient green algae based on shared traits like chloroplasts, cellulose cell walls, and starch storage. Bryophytes like mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are described as the first land plants, lacking true roots and vascular tissue. Their life cycles involve a dominant haploid gametophyte phase and a dependent diploid sporophyte phase. Classification systems for different bryophyte groups are also outlined. Pteridophytes represent the next stage of land plant evolution with differentiated roots, stems, and leaves, but lacking seeds.
Kingdom Plantae is divided into subkingdoms Cryptogams and Phanerogams. Cryptogams are spore-producing plants with concealed reproductive structures, while Phanerogams are seed-producing plants with visible reproductive structures. Phanerogams are further divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms include conifers and cycads which bear naked seeds, while angiosperms are flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in fruits.
Botany Bryophytes notes for 1st semester.pptxSPChaithanya
ย
Bryophytes are non-vascular land plants that are considered the first plants to colonize land. They include mosses, hornworts, and liverworts. Bryophytes lack true roots, leaves, and vascular tissues. They have two generations in their life cycle - the haploid gametophyte generation, which produces gametes, and the diploid sporophyte generation, which produces spores. Fertilization of an egg cell by sperm occurs within archegonia on the gametophyte, forming a zygote that develops into the sporophyte. The sporophyte produces haploid spores via meiosis within capsules. There are two hypotheses for the evolutionary origin of b
This document provides an overview of plant evolution and diversity. It discusses how plants evolved from green algae around 500 million years ago and began colonizing land. Key events included the development of vascular tissue that allowed for water and nutrient transport, as well as structural support. This enabled the evolution of non-vascular bryophytes and vascular plants with tracheids. Vascular plants diversified into seedless and seed-bearing forms. Seed plants like angiosperms were more successful and diverse, having specialized tissues and more efficient reproduction. Plant adaptations like cuticles, stomata and lignin allowed for survival on land in various environments. Today there are over 300,000 known plant species across many divisions and environments.
Bryophytes are small, nonvascular plants that lack true roots, stems, and leaves. They reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexually, the haploid gametophyte generation produces male and female gametes that fuse to form a diploid zygote, which develops into the sporophyte generation. The sporophyte undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores, which disperse and germinate to form new gametophytes. Bryophytes play important ecological roles through soil stabilization, moisture retention, and providing habitat. Common bryophyte groups include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
The Plant Kingdom is characterized by autotrophic organisms that produce their own food, have cell walls, chloroplasts, and vascular tissue. Plants are classified based on their plant body, vascular system, and seed formation. The divisions include cryptogams (non-flowering) such as algae, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, and pteridophytes, as well as phanerogams (seed-bearing) such as gymnosperms and angiosperms. Angiosperms are further divided into monocots and dicots.
Plant Biodiversity classifications life cycles.pptxSehrishSarfraz2
ย
The document discusses plant biodiversity and classification. It covers several kingdoms of plants including algae, bryophyta, pteridophyta, and gymnosperms. For each kingdom, it describes key characteristics such as plant structure, life cycles, and examples of types of plants. It also discusses economic importance for some kingdoms.
The document discusses the evolution of land plants from their origins in charophycean algae. It describes the main groups of land plants including bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Bryophytes were the first plants to adapt to land through developments like an embryo protected within female structures. Vascular plants like ferns and horsetails further adapted through structures like roots, stems, leaves and vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients. Most advanced are seed plants including conifers, cycads and flowering plants.
Plant Evolution, Extinction and HybridizationMontecriZz
ย
This document discusses the evolution of early land plants from their aquatic ancestors. It traces how plants first colonized land and adapted over time. Key points include:
- Green algae were early pioneers on land and evolved into the first land plants like mosses and ferns.
- Plants developed adaptations to survive out of water, such as waxy cuticles, stomata, vascular tissue, and lignin.
- Reproduction evolved from spores in water to seeds and flowers on land, protecting embryos.
- Plants diversified into seedless vascular groups and later seed plants like gymnosperms and flowering angiosperms.
- Hybridization was important in generating plant diversity and was studied by early scientists
The document discusses the structures and functions of plant organs and tissues, dividing plants into two main groups - bryophytes which lack specialized tissues for transport, and tracheophytes which have vascular tissues like xylem and phloem. Key plant organs like roots, stems, leaves, and reproductive structures are described. The transport systems allow tracheophytes to grow larger by moving water, nutrients, and food throughout the plant.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Plant Kingdom (Plantae), including characteristics such as being eukaryotic, multicellular organisms capable of photosynthesis using chlorophyll. It describes the classification of plants into non-vascular and vascular groups, providing examples from each division. Moss characteristics and life cycle are outlined in detail. Fern structure and reproduction are also summarized.
The document provides information about different types of plants, including their structures, life cycles, and evolutionary relationships. It discusses bryophytes like mosses which were some of the earliest plants and do not have vascular tissue. It then covers seedless vascular plants including ferns, club mosses, and horsetails, which have specialized tissues to transport water and nutrients. The life cycles of ferns are described in detail, involving alternation between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generations.
Bryophytes are small, green, leafy or flat-bodied plants that generally grow in damp, shaded areas. They have a life cycle that alternates between a photosynthetic gametophyte generation and a sporophyte generation. The gametophyte generation is the dominant phase and lacks true roots, stems, and leaves. It reproduces sexually through structures called antheridia and archegonia that produce sperm and eggs. Fertilization results in a diploid zygote that develops into the sporophyte generation, which is dependent on the gametophyte. The sporophyte produces spores through meiosis in structures called sporangia.
Plants evolved from green algae around 475 million years ago. They share characteristics with algae like chlorophyll and storing energy as starch, but developed adaptations for life on land like roots, leaves, a cuticle, and stomata. Plants have a life cycle with alternation of generations between a haploid gametophyte generation that produces gametes and a diploid sporophyte generation that undergoes meiosis to produce spores. Bryophytes were the first plants on land and include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They lack vascular tissue and have a dominant gametophyte generation.
Bryophytes are small, green plants that grow in damp, shaded areas. They have a life cycle that alternates between a dominant gametophyte generation and a shorter sporophyte generation. The gametophyte is either thalloid or leafy in structure and reproduces sexually through antheridia and archegonia. Fertilization results in a diploid zygote that develops into the sporophyte. The sporophyte produces haploid spores via meiosis that can germinate to form a new gametophyte, completing the life cycle. Bryophytes reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually through fragmentation.
How plants colonized the land and evolutionHotaru Imai
ย
Plants first evolved in water and later adapted to colonize land. They developed traits like sporopollenin walls to prevent spores from drying out, cellulose cell walls, and vascular tissues to transport water and nutrients. Land plants are thought to have evolved from charophyte algae based on similarities in chloroplasts, cell walls, sperm, and molecular evidence. Seed plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms protected embryos in seeds and reproduced using pollen, allowing them to diversify and dominate terrestrial ecosystems.
Nonvascular plants lack true roots, stems, and leaves due to the absence of vascular tissue. They are called thallophytes and include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They must live in moist environments because they lack internal structures for transporting water and nutrients and generally only grow 1-2 cm tall. Vascular plants have specialized tissues for transport and include both spore-bearing plants like ferns and seed-bearing plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms produce naked seeds enclosed in cones while angiosperms produce seeds enclosed within flowers in an ovary.
The plant kingdom (alage+bryophyta+pteridophyta)Ram Mohan
ย
This document describes characteristics of bryophytes and their importance. It discusses:
1. Bryophytes include mosses, liverworts and hornworts which reproduce via alternation of generations between a haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generation.
2. They play important roles through peat formation, use as fuel and horticultural additives, and in providing seed beds, food and shelter.
3. Bryophytes also serve as indicators of environmental conditions like soil pH and acid rain, and have some medicinal uses.
This document discusses cryptogams, which are early non-vascular land plants. It presents the hypothesis that all plants evolved from ancient green algae based on shared traits like chloroplasts, cellulose cell walls, and starch storage. Bryophytes like mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are described as the first land plants, lacking true roots and vascular tissue. Their life cycles involve a dominant haploid gametophyte phase and a dependent diploid sporophyte phase. Classification systems for different bryophyte groups are also outlined. Pteridophytes represent the next stage of land plant evolution with differentiated roots, stems, and leaves, but lacking seeds.
Kingdom Plantae is divided into subkingdoms Cryptogams and Phanerogams. Cryptogams are spore-producing plants with concealed reproductive structures, while Phanerogams are seed-producing plants with visible reproductive structures. Phanerogams are further divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms include conifers and cycads which bear naked seeds, while angiosperms are flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in fruits.
Botany Bryophytes notes for 1st semester.pptxSPChaithanya
ย
Bryophytes are non-vascular land plants that are considered the first plants to colonize land. They include mosses, hornworts, and liverworts. Bryophytes lack true roots, leaves, and vascular tissues. They have two generations in their life cycle - the haploid gametophyte generation, which produces gametes, and the diploid sporophyte generation, which produces spores. Fertilization of an egg cell by sperm occurs within archegonia on the gametophyte, forming a zygote that develops into the sporophyte. The sporophyte produces haploid spores via meiosis within capsules. There are two hypotheses for the evolutionary origin of b
This document provides an overview of plant evolution and diversity. It discusses how plants evolved from green algae around 500 million years ago and began colonizing land. Key events included the development of vascular tissue that allowed for water and nutrient transport, as well as structural support. This enabled the evolution of non-vascular bryophytes and vascular plants with tracheids. Vascular plants diversified into seedless and seed-bearing forms. Seed plants like angiosperms were more successful and diverse, having specialized tissues and more efficient reproduction. Plant adaptations like cuticles, stomata and lignin allowed for survival on land in various environments. Today there are over 300,000 known plant species across many divisions and environments.
Bryophytes are small, nonvascular plants that lack true roots, stems, and leaves. They reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexually, the haploid gametophyte generation produces male and female gametes that fuse to form a diploid zygote, which develops into the sporophyte generation. The sporophyte undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores, which disperse and germinate to form new gametophytes. Bryophytes play important ecological roles through soil stabilization, moisture retention, and providing habitat. Common bryophyte groups include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
The Plant Kingdom is characterized by autotrophic organisms that produce their own food, have cell walls, chloroplasts, and vascular tissue. Plants are classified based on their plant body, vascular system, and seed formation. The divisions include cryptogams (non-flowering) such as algae, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, and pteridophytes, as well as phanerogams (seed-bearing) such as gymnosperms and angiosperms. Angiosperms are further divided into monocots and dicots.
Plant Biodiversity classifications life cycles.pptxSehrishSarfraz2
ย
The document discusses plant biodiversity and classification. It covers several kingdoms of plants including algae, bryophyta, pteridophyta, and gymnosperms. For each kingdom, it describes key characteristics such as plant structure, life cycles, and examples of types of plants. It also discusses economic importance for some kingdoms.
The document discusses the evolution of land plants from their origins in charophycean algae. It describes the main groups of land plants including bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Bryophytes were the first plants to adapt to land through developments like an embryo protected within female structures. Vascular plants like ferns and horsetails further adapted through structures like roots, stems, leaves and vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients. Most advanced are seed plants including conifers, cycads and flowering plants.
Plant Evolution, Extinction and HybridizationMontecriZz
ย
This document discusses the evolution of early land plants from their aquatic ancestors. It traces how plants first colonized land and adapted over time. Key points include:
- Green algae were early pioneers on land and evolved into the first land plants like mosses and ferns.
- Plants developed adaptations to survive out of water, such as waxy cuticles, stomata, vascular tissue, and lignin.
- Reproduction evolved from spores in water to seeds and flowers on land, protecting embryos.
- Plants diversified into seedless vascular groups and later seed plants like gymnosperms and flowering angiosperms.
- Hybridization was important in generating plant diversity and was studied by early scientists
The document discusses the structures and functions of plant organs and tissues, dividing plants into two main groups - bryophytes which lack specialized tissues for transport, and tracheophytes which have vascular tissues like xylem and phloem. Key plant organs like roots, stems, leaves, and reproductive structures are described. The transport systems allow tracheophytes to grow larger by moving water, nutrients, and food throughout the plant.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Plant Kingdom (Plantae), including characteristics such as being eukaryotic, multicellular organisms capable of photosynthesis using chlorophyll. It describes the classification of plants into non-vascular and vascular groups, providing examples from each division. Moss characteristics and life cycle are outlined in detail. Fern structure and reproduction are also summarized.
The document provides information about different types of plants, including their structures, life cycles, and evolutionary relationships. It discusses bryophytes like mosses which were some of the earliest plants and do not have vascular tissue. It then covers seedless vascular plants including ferns, club mosses, and horsetails, which have specialized tissues to transport water and nutrients. The life cycles of ferns are described in detail, involving alternation between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generations.
Bryophytes are small, green, leafy or flat-bodied plants that generally grow in damp, shaded areas. They have a life cycle that alternates between a photosynthetic gametophyte generation and a sporophyte generation. The gametophyte generation is the dominant phase and lacks true roots, stems, and leaves. It reproduces sexually through structures called antheridia and archegonia that produce sperm and eggs. Fertilization results in a diploid zygote that develops into the sporophyte generation, which is dependent on the gametophyte. The sporophyte produces spores through meiosis in structures called sporangia.
Plants evolved from green algae around 475 million years ago. They share characteristics with algae like chlorophyll and storing energy as starch, but developed adaptations for life on land like roots, leaves, a cuticle, and stomata. Plants have a life cycle with alternation of generations between a haploid gametophyte generation that produces gametes and a diploid sporophyte generation that undergoes meiosis to produce spores. Bryophytes were the first plants on land and include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They lack vascular tissue and have a dominant gametophyte generation.
Bryophytes are small, green plants that grow in damp, shaded areas. They have a life cycle that alternates between a dominant gametophyte generation and a shorter sporophyte generation. The gametophyte is either thalloid or leafy in structure and reproduces sexually through antheridia and archegonia. Fertilization results in a diploid zygote that develops into the sporophyte. The sporophyte produces haploid spores via meiosis that can germinate to form a new gametophyte, completing the life cycle. Bryophytes reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually through fragmentation.
How plants colonized the land and evolutionHotaru Imai
ย
Plants first evolved in water and later adapted to colonize land. They developed traits like sporopollenin walls to prevent spores from drying out, cellulose cell walls, and vascular tissues to transport water and nutrients. Land plants are thought to have evolved from charophyte algae based on similarities in chloroplasts, cell walls, sperm, and molecular evidence. Seed plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms protected embryos in seeds and reproduced using pollen, allowing them to diversify and dominate terrestrial ecosystems.
Similar to bryophytes.pptx bsc botany honours second semester (20)
How to Create User Notification in Odoo 17Celine George
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This slide will represent how to create user notification in Odoo 17. Odoo allows us to create and send custom notifications on some events or actions. We have different types of notification such as sticky notification, rainbow man effect, alert and raise exception warning or validation.
The Science of Learning: implications for modern teachingDerek Wenmoth
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Keynote presentation to the Educational Leaders hui Koฬkiritia Marautanga held in Auckland on 26 June 2024. Provides a high level overview of the history and development of the science of learning, and implications for the design of learning in our modern schools and classrooms.
(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง 3)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
Lesson Outcomes:
- students will be able to identify and name various types of ornamental plants commonly used in landscaping and decoration, classifying them based on their characteristics such as foliage, flowering, and growth habits. They will understand the ecological, aesthetic, and economic benefits of ornamental plants, including their roles in improving air quality, providing habitats for wildlife, and enhancing the visual appeal of environments. Additionally, students will demonstrate knowledge of the basic requirements for growing ornamental plants, ensuring they can effectively cultivate and maintain these plants in various settings.
8+8+8 Rule Of Time Management For Better ProductivityRuchiRathor2
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This is a great way to be more productive but a few things to
Keep in mind:
- The 8+8+8 rule offers a general guideline. You may need to adjust the schedule depending on your individual needs and commitments.
- Some days may require more work or less sleep, demanding flexibility in your approach.
- The key is to be mindful of your time allocation and strive for a healthy balance across the three categories.
Post init hook in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
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In Odoo, hooks are functions that are presented as a string in the __init__ file of a module. They are the functions that can execute before and after the existing code.
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
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(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง 2)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ง ๐๐๐ฎ๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐๐๐ฅ๐ ๐ฌ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ๐๐๐ฌ ๐จ๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐๐ซ๐ง๐๐ญ:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
Get Success with the Latest UiPath UIPATH-ADPV1 Exam Dumps (V11.02) 2024yarusun
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Are you worried about your preparation for the UiPath Power Platform Functional Consultant Certification Exam? You can come to DumpsBase to download the latest UiPath UIPATH-ADPV1 exam dumps (V11.02) to evaluate your preparation for the UIPATH-ADPV1 exam with the PDF format and testing engine software. The latest UiPath UIPATH-ADPV1 exam questions and answers go over every subject on the exam so you can easily understand them. You won't need to worry about passing the UIPATH-ADPV1 exam if you master all of these UiPath UIPATH-ADPV1 dumps (V11.02) of DumpsBase. #UIPATH-ADPV1 Dumps #UIPATH-ADPV1 #UIPATH-ADPV1 Exam Dumps
Brand Guideline of Bashundhara A4 Paper - 2024khabri85
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It outlines the basic identity elements such as symbol, logotype, colors, and typefaces. It provides examples of applying the identity to materials like letterhead, business cards, reports, folders, and websites.
5. Major Characteristics:
Oldest land plants on earth and have been around for 400
million years or more
๏ง Bryophytes do not have true vascular tissues for support
and transport of water and nutrients.
6. ๏ง They lack leaves.
๏ However, they have leaf-like
scales that contains chloroplasts
in which photosynthesis occurs.
7. They lack true roots.
They anchor themselves in the soil
by root-like structures called
rhizoids.
Rhizoids are relatively simple,
sometimes multicellular filaments of
thin-walled cells that extend from the
photosynthetic tissue into the soil
8. ๏ง Usually small and ground-hugging. Most
measure between 2 to 4 inches.
๏ง Lack of true stems.
*Amphibians of plant kingdom,need Water
for their fertilization.
๏ Lack vascular tissues
๏ No lignified tissues
๏ Have rhizoids
9. Habitat: lived in moist places and humid
environment.
9000genera,24,000species
Mode of nutrition autotrohic as well as
saprophytic.
Plant body is thallus (not differentiated
into Root,stem and leaf) e.g
Marchantia,Anthoceros.
Sporophyte has three parts :
foot,seta,capsule.
10. Classifications
There are 3 classes of
bryophytes:
1. Class Musci (Mosses)
2. Class Hepaticae (Liverworts)
3. Class Anthocerotae
(Hornworts)
11. 1. Class Musci (Mosses)
๏ง The body of the moss is
usually leafy-like
๏ง Most prefer damp, shaded
locations in the temperate
zone.
12. Class Hepaticae (Liverworts)
๏ง The name liverwort arose
because the lobes of the
thallus resemble the lobes
of the liver
๏งMany have a
flattened body
called thallus, but
some have a leafy
appearance
13. Class Anthocerotae (Hornworts)
๏ง The sporophytes of hornworts
look like small green broom
hancles. Its shape os unique
among bryophytes.
๏ง Unlike bryophytes and higher
plants most species of
hornworts have cells that
contain only single chloroplast
17. Small, soft plants that are usually 1-10 cm
tall
Typically grow close together in moist or
shady areas
Some mosses are found on rocks and in
arid locations
Flowerless and seedless
MOSSES
19. The most familiar liverworts consist of a prostrate,
flattened, ribbon-like or branching structure called
a thallus (plant body); these liverworts are
termed thallose liverworts. However, most liverworts
produce flattened stems with overlapping scales or
leaves in two or more ranks, the middle rank is often
conspicuously different from the outer ranks; these are
called leafy liverworts or scale liverworts
Flowerless, spore-producing plant โ with the spores
producing in small capsules
Typically small; ranging from 2-20 mm wide with
individual plants less than 10 cm long
Certain species may cover large patches of ground,
rocks, trees, or any other reasonably firm substance on
which they occur
LIVERWORTS
In ancient times, it was believed that it could cure
diseases of the liver
Reduces erosion along streambanks
21. a flowerless, spore-producing plant -
with the spores typically produced
in a tapering, horn-like or needle-
like capsule which develops from a
flattish, green sheet
Only 100 species identifies
HORNWORTS
22.
23. The bryophytes reproduce by vegetative, sexual
and asexual modes of reproduction. The
gametophyte reproduces sexually by formation of
gametes whereas the sporophyte reproduces by the
formation of spores, therefore the mode of
reproduction is asexual.
Reproduction
Types Of Reproduction
1=Vegetative reproduction
2=Asexual reproduction
3=Sexual reproduction
24. In some species asexual reproduction takes place by the
vegetative methods of fragmentation and genome.
However asexual spores like endospores or akinetes
produced in algae are absent.
A mature sporogonium consists of a basal swollen
foot, a stalk or seta, and a spore-producing structure,
the capsule. The capsule comprises of sporogenous
cells surrounded by a layers of sterile cells. These cells
undergo divisions repeatedly and last generation of
cells is called spore mother cells which undergo
meiosis to produce tetrads of haploid spores. The
spores are non motile, cutinized, wind disseminated
and alike, therefore the bryophytes are homosporous.
In most cases, e. g., Riccia and Marchantia, sterile cells
called elators are also produced along with spores.
Asexual Reproduction
Vegetative Reproduction
25. The sexual reproduction is oogamous type. The gametes are
produced in multicellular sex organs. The male gametes are
small and motile, while the female gametes are large and non
motile.
The sex organs are antheridia and archegonia.
These are multicellular and each sex organ is protected by an
outer wall of sterile cells surrounding sex cells. Both kinds of
sex organs may develop on the same plant (monoeious or
homothallus) or on different plants (dioecious or
heterothallic).
Each anthridium is usually club shaped. It contains
androcytes or antherozoid mother cells surrounded by a
single layer of sterile jacket cells. Each androcyte
metamorphoses into a motile biflagellate antherozoid or male
sperms. The archegonia are usually flask-shaped. Each
archigonium consists of a basal swollen portion, the venter
and an elongated part, the neck. An axial row of cells
surrounded by jacket of sterile cells is present in the neck and
venter. It consists of few neck canal cells, a ventral canal cell
and an egg or oosphere.
Sexual Reproduction:
26. Fertilization: Water is essential for
fertilization. The jacket if mature
antheridium ruptures liberating the
sperms. The motile flagellated sperms
swim in the film of water and reach the
neck of an archi gonium. In the meantime
axial row of the neck canal cells
disorganize and the tip of the archigonium
ruptures opens. The antherozoids enter
the neck and swim down to the egg. One
of these sperms fertilizes the egg to
produce zygote
28. First time demonstrated by Hofmeister(1851)
Life cycle of a plant is called alternation of
generations.
Haploid and diploid generation
alternating during life cycle
-Sporophyte ie. Multicellular ,
spore forming diploid plant str.
-Gametophyte ie. Multicellular
haploid plant structure, forms
gametes.
What is alternation of generations?
Bryophytes(mosses and ferns)
- dominant generation-haploid phase
- main plant body is composed of
gametophyte
29. Better chance for survival
Better adapted to environment
Newer varieties develop
Variations are produced during meiosis
Significance:
30. Alternation of generation in
Bryophytes
Haploid phase (n) is gametophytic generation or
sexual phase.
Bears reproductive organs
- produce antherozoids and eggs
Gametophytic stage - longer lived ,conspicuous as
compared to sporophyte.
Gametophytic stage is dominant in life cycle.
Diploid phase (2n) or the sporophytic stage
- gametic union results into the formation of zygote
which develops into sporophyte.
Meiosis in SMC(spore mother cell)
- spore formed
- germinate to form gametophyte again.
- cycle continues with alternation b/w gametophye
and sporophyte.
Sporophyte dependent on gametophyte
Heteromorphic alternation of generation.
33. Difference between moss and
liverwort life cycle
GAMETOPHYTE
I. presence of protonema
II. Symmetry
III. Rhizoids
SPOROPHYTE
I. Development of embryo
II. Capsule organization.
III. Photosynthetic system in cell layers
of capsule in mosses and absence in
liver worts.
IV. Presence of air pores,columella
34. Affinities of Bryophytes with Algae
The origin of bryophytes from algae is supported from following facts:
1=There is a close resemblance between CHLOROPHYLLS and XANTHOPHYLLS of
algae
to that of bryophytes.
2=The presence of motile sperms in bryophytes supports algal ancestry.
3=The development of green, filamentous, alga-like PROTONEMA in the life cycle of
some bryophytes.
38. Bryophytes as Fuel
โข Liverworts and mosses have long been tried
and used as a fuel in developed countries
like Finland, Sweden, Ireland, West Ger-
many, Poland and Soviet Union.
โข Peat a brown, soil-like material
characteristic of boggy, acid ground,
consisting of partly decomposed vegetable
matter.
โข Peat is suitable for production of low and
intermediate BTU gas as well as hydrogen,
ethylene, natural gas, methanol and Fisher
Tropsch gasoline.
โข Peat mosses are best suited for the
production of methane, and peat is likely to
become an important source of fuel for
production of heat,methane, or electricity
in the future.
39. Horticultural Uses
โข There is a long tradition
of use of bryophytes in
horticulture as soil
additives, because of
their high water holding
capacity and to air. Peat
is an important soil
conditioner and is
commonly used for
agricultural and
horticultural purposes
around the world.
40. Use of peat in horticulture in UK
to increase yield
41. Bryophytes as ornamental plant
โข Bryophytes have also
been used for green
house crops, potted
ornamental plants and
seedlings, and in
garden soil.
42. As preservative agent
Bryophytes have excellent power to
absorb moisture and can act as a
good preservative agent . They not
only help to prevent food but also
help to preserve death bodies.
43. House Construction
โขThese tiny plants are used in the construction of houses and
their furnishings.
โขAt Kapkot in the Himalayas, villagers use moss mats
with shrubs, grasses, and bamboo to make a pharki, a
kind of door placed at the openings of their
temporary huts. Sphagnumpeat, peatcrete and
peatwood are the new material use for making houses
,they are low cost and easy to transport.
44. Fibre industries
โขMosses are mixed with wool to make
cheap clothes.
โขThey are used in decoration of net bags
and other objects.
โขWomen also wear their steam like
structure in their hair and as decorations
in bracelets .
โขUsed in hiking boats to absorb odour
and moisture.
โขUsed in lining of diapers to improve
absorbing power.
45. Skin
treatment
Sphagnolโchilblains,
scabies, acne and
other forms of skin
diseases
Help to cure
ringworms.
Ash of moss is mixed with
honey and fat to treat cuts,
burns and wounds
Use for curing for
allaying arising
from insect bites.
Medicinal Uses
46. Medicines
China in the
business of
medicines
made up of
bryophytes
tonsillitis
cardio-
vascular
system
cystitis
bronchitis
tympanitis
48. Role of Bryophytes in
Different Ways
PEAT
FORMATION
SEED BEDS
FOOD AND
SHELTER
POLLUTION SOIL
CONSERVATION
INDICATOR
OF soil PH
INDICATOR OF
ACID RAIN
49. PEAT
FORMATION
โข Peat is a brown dark
colour spongy
matter produce due
to compression and
carbonization by
deposits and water.
โข Sphagnum and other
mosses form peat.
โข used in
horticulture, making
ethyl alcohol and
illuminating gas.
50. Food AND SHELTER
โข Many animals make use of
bryophytes. Numerous
invertebrates eat
bryophytes, lay their eggs
on them or shelter in them.
They form a vital part of
the construction material
of the nest of some birds
โ In Vertebrates the range of
associations is much less.
โข Northern Corroboree Frog
are found near Sphagnum
bogs . These endangered
frogs breed in Sphagnum
bogs in the alpine and sub-
alpine areas but move
away from boggy areas
outside of the breeding
season.
51. โข Pollutants come in many
forms from both urban and
rural areas. Sulfur dioxide
has been a significant
industrial pollutant for many
years, being a by-product of
the use of high sulfur fuels.
โข Sulfur dioxide is very
damaging but some
bryophytes are highly
tolerant of sulfur dioxide
pollution and examples of
these are the mosses Funaria
hygrometrica and Bryum
argenteum
POLLUTION
52. โข Bryophytes form a mat and
prevent soil erosion.
โข The intertwined moss stems and
rhizoids bind soil particles firmly.
โข Hold large amount of water and
reduce run off.
SOIL CONSERVATION
53. Indicator of soil pH
โข Liverworts and mosses are good indicators of soil
ph.
โข Some bryophytes can grow in narrow and specific
range of pH so therefore their presence can be
used as an indicator of soil ph.
โข For example Campylopus paradxus indicates
acidic soil.
54. Indicator of acid rain
โข Mosses are good indicators of acid rain
because they lack a protective epidermis
and cuticle hence are most susceptible
than vascular plants.
โข For example Neck era indicates high pH
as like of acid rain.
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