The document discusses various types of loads that act on buildings including dead loads, live loads, wind loads, seismic loads, and temperature loads. It also describes different structural systems for high-rise buildings that efficiently transfer loads, such as braced frames, shear walls, core and outrigger systems, bundled tubes, and diagrid systems. Basements are discussed as providing additional space in buildings for parking or other functions. Cores integrate essential services like elevators, stairs, and utilities.
Final presentation by Akramul masum from southeast university bangladesh.Integrated Design
This document provides information about a study on the analysis and design of high-rise buildings. It defines what constitutes a high-rise building and explores the various factors driving demand for them. It examines the history of tall buildings and provides a chart showing increases in building heights over time. It also discusses structural systems and loads, including gravity, lateral and special loads. Core functions, parking considerations and case studies of high-rise projects are presented.
The document discusses high rise buildings and their structures. It defines high rise buildings as between 35-100 meters tall or 12-39 floors. Buildings over 100m are called skyscrapers and over 600m are mega-tall. High rises are constructed to address land scarcity in urban areas and increasing demand for space. Their structures have evolved from early stone and iron frames to steel skeleton frames to reinforced concrete shear walls and core structures. Foundations must transfer enormous loads into the ground through methods like raft or pile foundations. Interior structures use rigid frames, shear walls, and exterior structures employ tube systems to resist lateral wind and seismic loads.
structure, technology and materials of highrise buildingsshahul130103
Structural loads on tall buildings include dead loads, live loads, and environmental loads from seismic activity, wind, and temperature changes. Tall buildings must have structural systems to effectively distribute these loads and resist lateral forces. Common structural typologies include interior moment frames, shear walls, outrigger systems, and exterior tube, diagrid, and bundled tube systems which use closely spaced columns and beams to act as a rigid perimeter wall. The structural forms vary based on the building material (concrete or steel) and optimize the building's ability to transfer loads vertically and resist lateral loads like wind and seismic forces.
This document summarizes different types of high-rise structures and provides case studies. It discusses braced frame structures, rigid frame structures, and infilled frame structures. Braced frames use diagonal bracing like X, K, or knee bracing to provide rigidity. Rigid frames have columns and girders joined together. Infilled frames use infill walls to stiffen and strengthen the structure. Case studies include the Central Plaza in Malaysia and Century Tower in Japan, which use K and knee bracing, and the Petronas Towers, which are a rigid frame structure.
Final presentation by Akramul masum from southeast university bangladesh.Integrated Design
This document provides information about a study on the analysis and design of high-rise buildings. It defines what constitutes a high-rise building and explores the various factors driving demand for them. It examines the history of tall buildings and provides a chart showing increases in building heights over time. It also discusses structural systems and loads, including gravity, lateral and special loads. Core functions, parking considerations and case studies of high-rise projects are presented.
The document discusses high rise buildings and their structures. It defines high rise buildings as between 35-100 meters tall or 12-39 floors. Buildings over 100m are called skyscrapers and over 600m are mega-tall. High rises are constructed to address land scarcity in urban areas and increasing demand for space. Their structures have evolved from early stone and iron frames to steel skeleton frames to reinforced concrete shear walls and core structures. Foundations must transfer enormous loads into the ground through methods like raft or pile foundations. Interior structures use rigid frames, shear walls, and exterior structures employ tube systems to resist lateral wind and seismic loads.
structure, technology and materials of highrise buildingsshahul130103
Structural loads on tall buildings include dead loads, live loads, and environmental loads from seismic activity, wind, and temperature changes. Tall buildings must have structural systems to effectively distribute these loads and resist lateral forces. Common structural typologies include interior moment frames, shear walls, outrigger systems, and exterior tube, diagrid, and bundled tube systems which use closely spaced columns and beams to act as a rigid perimeter wall. The structural forms vary based on the building material (concrete or steel) and optimize the building's ability to transfer loads vertically and resist lateral loads like wind and seismic forces.
This document summarizes different types of high-rise structures and provides case studies. It discusses braced frame structures, rigid frame structures, and infilled frame structures. Braced frames use diagonal bracing like X, K, or knee bracing to provide rigidity. Rigid frames have columns and girders joined together. Infilled frames use infill walls to stiffen and strengthen the structure. Case studies include the Central Plaza in Malaysia and Century Tower in Japan, which use K and knee bracing, and the Petronas Towers, which are a rigid frame structure.
The document provides an overview of different structural systems used in high-rise buildings, including framed tube structures, bundled tube systems, tube-in-tube systems, trussed tube structures, belt truss systems, and core truss mega structures. It also discusses common construction materials, foundations, and construction methods for high-rises, such as slip forming, climb forming, table forming, system column formwork, vertical panel systems, jump forming, and tunnel forming. The document is a presentation on high rise structural systems presented by Akshay Revekar and Durgesh Pippal from MITS Gwalior.
The document provides an overview of different structural systems used in high-rise buildings, including framed tube structures, belt truss systems, bundled tube systems, tube-in-tube systems, and diagrid systems. It also discusses various construction materials, foundations, and construction methods for high-rise buildings such as slip forming, climb forming, jump forming, and tunnel forming. The structural systems allow for wider column spacing to provide large interior spaces while effectively resisting wind and seismic loads.
21 AR 013 Farhan Ullah High Rise Building And Structural Components.ppt.pptxshamshaider10
This document discusses high rise buildings and their structural components. It defines high rise buildings as between 35-100 meters tall or 12-39 floors. It then discusses the demands for high rise buildings such as scarcity of land and increasing space needs. The development of high rise buildings is covered from early structures made of stone/brick and iron to modern steel and concrete designs. Different structural systems used in high rise buildings are described such as shear walls, braced frames, outrigger braces, core structures and different foundation types. Key structural elements like beams, columns, shear walls and bracing are also defined.
This document discusses different structural systems used for high-rise buildings, including belt truss systems, core truss systems, framed tube structures, bundled tube systems, tube-in-tube systems, and diagrid systems. It also covers common construction materials like concrete and steel, different foundation types, and construction methods like slip forming, climb forming, table forming, system column formwork, and vertical panel systems.
Basic beam column structure construction and examples and lastly shell structure in short.
Rafiq azam buildings.Richerd Mier, Le Corbusier, Tadao Ando residences.
Bangladesh Liberation War museum
Sydney opera house
Taipei 101 is a 508-meter tall skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan. It was the tallest building in the world from 2004 to 2010. The tower has 101 floors above ground and 5 floors underground. It was designed to withstand typhoons and earthquakes common in the area. The building uses a tube-in-tube structural system with a reinforced concrete core and steel perimeter columns. Outrigger trusses connect the core columns to the perimeter columns every eight floors to provide increased stability and resistance to strong winds.
This document discusses different types of tube structures used in tall buildings. It defines a tube structure as a hollow cantilever designed to resist lateral loads. The main types discussed are framed tube, tube-in-tube, bundled tube, and braced tube systems. Framed tubes use closely spaced perimeter columns tied by beams, while tube-in-tube systems combine an outer framed tube with an inner core tube. Bundled tubes cluster individual tubes together, and braced tubes add diagonal bracing. Tube structures can be made of steel or concrete. Their efficiencies vary, with steel braced tubes reaching heights of 100-150 meters and advantages including reduced shear lag and improved views.
This slide explains different structural systems used in high rise buildings.what is the true meaning of high rise building ?
aims of high rise? objectives of high rise?
This document discusses the demand for and development of high-rise buildings. It defines high-rises as buildings between 35-100 meters tall or having 12-39 floors. Over time, demand has increased due to factors like scarcity of land and technological advances enabling taller structures. Structural systems have also evolved from bearing walls to more sophisticated exterior tube and outrigger designs that allow for greater heights. The core, composed of elevators and other services, plays an important role in resisting lateral wind loads. Modern skyscrapers often use tube systems that move columns to the perimeter, creating a hollow rigid structure.
The document summarizes seismic damages from the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in India. It killed over 13,000 people and destroyed nearly 400,000 homes. Common failures of reinforced concrete structures included soft stories, floating columns, strong column weak beam configurations, mass and plan irregularities, poor construction materials and techniques, and pounding between adjacent buildings. Soft story failures occurred particularly in buildings with large ground floor openings. Floating columns and strong column weak beam designs led to column failures. Masonry structures commonly experienced out-of-plane wall failures, in-plane shear failures, connection failures between walls and floors, diaphragm failures, and failures around wall openings.
Structural systems in high rise building and analysis methodsDP NITHIN
This presentation is about the structural systems in tall buildings and also consists of overview of methods of analysis in tall buildings like linear and non linear seismic analysis.
Tube structures and its type with comparison .Udayram Patil
Hollow tube section always provide greater strength. So the same concept is applied to the building. Tubed system is designed to act like a three dimensional hollow tube structure which result in increased load resistance .
This document provides information on high-rise buildings. It begins with definitions of high-rise, skyscraper, and supertall buildings based on height. It then discusses the demands and drivers for high-rise construction such as land scarcity and prestige. The document outlines the development of high-rise buildings from early structures made of stone/brick and iron to modern steel and concrete designs. It provides details on structural systems such as tube, shear wall, braced frame, and core structures. Finally, it discusses structural loads, foundation types, construction materials and interior/exterior structural components of high-rise buildings.
Framed structures are building skeleton frameworks formed by columns and beams. There are two main types: in-situ reinforced concrete frames and prefabricated frames. Rectangular framed structures use columns and beams arranged at right angles to support floors, walls, and roofs. They are commonly used for multi-story buildings like offices, schools, and hospitals. Framed structures provide large open floor plans and are adaptable to different shapes. Earthquake-resistant features in framed structures include shear walls, moment-resisting frames, and braced structures which resist lateral forces during seismic activity.
This document provides an overview of concrete and masonry construction for architecture students. It discusses the basic components and properties of concrete, including aggregates, paste, and the hydration process. It also examines the advantages and disadvantages of concrete. Additionally, it outlines different types of building foundations including shallow foundations like spread footings, strip footings, mat foundations, and grillage foundations. It also discusses deep foundations such as pile foundations and pier foundations. The document concludes by examining different types of concrete floor and roof structures as well as masonry walls, bonds, and lintels.
The document discusses space frames, which are lightweight truss-like structures constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames span large areas with few interior supports by transmitting loads through tension and compression along struts. They were developed in the early 1900s and came into wider use in the 1950s. Space frames are used for roofs, floors, and other structures requiring large clear spans. They offer advantages of light weight, prefabrication allowing low-cost construction, and versatility of shapes. Double-layer grids provide increased stiffness over single-layer designs.
The document provides an overview of different structural systems used in high-rise buildings, including framed tube structures, bundled tube systems, tube-in-tube systems, trussed tube structures, belt truss systems, and core truss mega structures. It also discusses common construction materials, foundations, and construction methods for high-rises, such as slip forming, climb forming, table forming, system column formwork, vertical panel systems, jump forming, and tunnel forming. The document is a presentation on high rise structural systems presented by Akshay Revekar and Durgesh Pippal from MITS Gwalior.
The document provides an overview of different structural systems used in high-rise buildings, including framed tube structures, belt truss systems, bundled tube systems, tube-in-tube systems, and diagrid systems. It also discusses various construction materials, foundations, and construction methods for high-rise buildings such as slip forming, climb forming, jump forming, and tunnel forming. The structural systems allow for wider column spacing to provide large interior spaces while effectively resisting wind and seismic loads.
21 AR 013 Farhan Ullah High Rise Building And Structural Components.ppt.pptxshamshaider10
This document discusses high rise buildings and their structural components. It defines high rise buildings as between 35-100 meters tall or 12-39 floors. It then discusses the demands for high rise buildings such as scarcity of land and increasing space needs. The development of high rise buildings is covered from early structures made of stone/brick and iron to modern steel and concrete designs. Different structural systems used in high rise buildings are described such as shear walls, braced frames, outrigger braces, core structures and different foundation types. Key structural elements like beams, columns, shear walls and bracing are also defined.
This document discusses different structural systems used for high-rise buildings, including belt truss systems, core truss systems, framed tube structures, bundled tube systems, tube-in-tube systems, and diagrid systems. It also covers common construction materials like concrete and steel, different foundation types, and construction methods like slip forming, climb forming, table forming, system column formwork, and vertical panel systems.
Basic beam column structure construction and examples and lastly shell structure in short.
Rafiq azam buildings.Richerd Mier, Le Corbusier, Tadao Ando residences.
Bangladesh Liberation War museum
Sydney opera house
Taipei 101 is a 508-meter tall skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan. It was the tallest building in the world from 2004 to 2010. The tower has 101 floors above ground and 5 floors underground. It was designed to withstand typhoons and earthquakes common in the area. The building uses a tube-in-tube structural system with a reinforced concrete core and steel perimeter columns. Outrigger trusses connect the core columns to the perimeter columns every eight floors to provide increased stability and resistance to strong winds.
This document discusses different types of tube structures used in tall buildings. It defines a tube structure as a hollow cantilever designed to resist lateral loads. The main types discussed are framed tube, tube-in-tube, bundled tube, and braced tube systems. Framed tubes use closely spaced perimeter columns tied by beams, while tube-in-tube systems combine an outer framed tube with an inner core tube. Bundled tubes cluster individual tubes together, and braced tubes add diagonal bracing. Tube structures can be made of steel or concrete. Their efficiencies vary, with steel braced tubes reaching heights of 100-150 meters and advantages including reduced shear lag and improved views.
This slide explains different structural systems used in high rise buildings.what is the true meaning of high rise building ?
aims of high rise? objectives of high rise?
This document discusses the demand for and development of high-rise buildings. It defines high-rises as buildings between 35-100 meters tall or having 12-39 floors. Over time, demand has increased due to factors like scarcity of land and technological advances enabling taller structures. Structural systems have also evolved from bearing walls to more sophisticated exterior tube and outrigger designs that allow for greater heights. The core, composed of elevators and other services, plays an important role in resisting lateral wind loads. Modern skyscrapers often use tube systems that move columns to the perimeter, creating a hollow rigid structure.
The document summarizes seismic damages from the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in India. It killed over 13,000 people and destroyed nearly 400,000 homes. Common failures of reinforced concrete structures included soft stories, floating columns, strong column weak beam configurations, mass and plan irregularities, poor construction materials and techniques, and pounding between adjacent buildings. Soft story failures occurred particularly in buildings with large ground floor openings. Floating columns and strong column weak beam designs led to column failures. Masonry structures commonly experienced out-of-plane wall failures, in-plane shear failures, connection failures between walls and floors, diaphragm failures, and failures around wall openings.
Structural systems in high rise building and analysis methodsDP NITHIN
This presentation is about the structural systems in tall buildings and also consists of overview of methods of analysis in tall buildings like linear and non linear seismic analysis.
Tube structures and its type with comparison .Udayram Patil
Hollow tube section always provide greater strength. So the same concept is applied to the building. Tubed system is designed to act like a three dimensional hollow tube structure which result in increased load resistance .
This document provides information on high-rise buildings. It begins with definitions of high-rise, skyscraper, and supertall buildings based on height. It then discusses the demands and drivers for high-rise construction such as land scarcity and prestige. The document outlines the development of high-rise buildings from early structures made of stone/brick and iron to modern steel and concrete designs. It provides details on structural systems such as tube, shear wall, braced frame, and core structures. Finally, it discusses structural loads, foundation types, construction materials and interior/exterior structural components of high-rise buildings.
Framed structures are building skeleton frameworks formed by columns and beams. There are two main types: in-situ reinforced concrete frames and prefabricated frames. Rectangular framed structures use columns and beams arranged at right angles to support floors, walls, and roofs. They are commonly used for multi-story buildings like offices, schools, and hospitals. Framed structures provide large open floor plans and are adaptable to different shapes. Earthquake-resistant features in framed structures include shear walls, moment-resisting frames, and braced structures which resist lateral forces during seismic activity.
This document provides an overview of concrete and masonry construction for architecture students. It discusses the basic components and properties of concrete, including aggregates, paste, and the hydration process. It also examines the advantages and disadvantages of concrete. Additionally, it outlines different types of building foundations including shallow foundations like spread footings, strip footings, mat foundations, and grillage foundations. It also discusses deep foundations such as pile foundations and pier foundations. The document concludes by examining different types of concrete floor and roof structures as well as masonry walls, bonds, and lintels.
The document discusses space frames, which are lightweight truss-like structures constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames span large areas with few interior supports by transmitting loads through tension and compression along struts. They were developed in the early 1900s and came into wider use in the 1950s. Space frames are used for roofs, floors, and other structures requiring large clear spans. They offer advantages of light weight, prefabrication allowing low-cost construction, and versatility of shapes. Double-layer grids provide increased stiffness over single-layer designs.
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
This is an overview of my career in Aircraft Design and Structures, which I am still trying to post on LinkedIn. Includes my BAE Systems Structural Test roles/ my BAE Systems key design roles and my current work on academic projects.
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CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
7. DEAD LOAD: (gravity/static load)
Dead load consists of self weight of structure (beam, column, slab & struts etc.) &
equipment permanently attached to structure such as furniture load, home
accessories etc.
8. LIVE LOAD:
Loads caused by contents of objects within or on a building are called occupancy loads. This
loads includes allowance for the weights of people, furniture, moveable partitions,
mechanical equipment etc.
9. CONSTRUCTION LOADS
• Structural members may be subjected to loads larger than designed loads during
erection of a building these loads called construction loads
• The weight of floor forms and newly placed slab, which in total may equal twice
the floor load.
10. TYPES AND EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE LOAD :
TYPES OF COLUMN EXPOSURE
inside Flange at wall line Partial exposure Full exposure
TYPES AND EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE-INDUCED MOVEMENT:
COLUMN BENDING:
DIFFERENTIAL MOVEMENT
BETWEEN INTERIOR AND
EXTERIOR COLUMNS.
column temperature may vary from -20 F to
120 F depending on the locality .
expansion
Cold air
contraction
Warm air
11. WIND LOAD: (dynamic/lateral load)
The mean wind velocity is generally increases with height.
Wind is essentially the large scale horizontal movement of free air. It plays an
important role in design of tall structure because it exerts loads on building.
12. WIND DIRECTION:
The multidirectional displacement may be
less than It would have been if the same
airflow had encountered the building on
only one face.
15. Wind pressure:
The wind pressure originates from two
components previously defined : mean velocity
and gust velocity. since static mean velocities are
averaged over longer periods of time, the
resulting wind pressure are also average
pressure and exert a steady deflection on the
building.
16.
17.
18. SEISMIC LOAD: (dynamic/lateral load)
It is this wave motion that is known as earthquake., It is
apparent that a fault which has suffered from
earthquakes in the past is most likely subject to future
disturbances.
When earthquakes occur, a buildings undergoes
dynamic motion. This is because the building is
subjected to inertia forces that act in opposite direction
to the acceleration of earthquake excitations.
These inertia forces, called seismic loads
Earthquake is one of the destructive events in the world.
31. Bracing:
It is a device used as a supporting beam in a building that imparts rigidity
and steadies the structure. It is extremely stiff. It helps positioning, supporting,
strengthening or restraining the member of a structural frame.
The basic principles are as follows:
·Vertical K-bracing maybe used along the columns
· Horizontal portal bracing may be applied along the beams .
32. Braced Frame
• The effectiveness of the system, as characterized by a high ratio of
stiffness to material quantity, is recognized for multistory building in the
low to mid height range.
• Generally regarded as an exclusively steel system because the diagonal
are inevitably subjected to tension for or to the other directions of lateral
loading.
• Able to produce a laterally very stiff structure for a minimum of additional
material, makes it an economical structural form for any height of
buildings, up to the very tallest.
Advantages:
- Girders only participate minimally in the lateral bracing action
- Floor framing design is independent of its level in the structure
- Can be repetitive up the height of the building with obvious economy in
design and fabrication.
Disadvantages:
- Obstruct the internal planning and the locations
of the windows and doors; for this reason,
braced bent are usually incorporated internally
along wall and partition lines, especially around elevator,
stair, and service shaft.
- Diagonal connections are expensive to fabricate and erect
33. Type of High-Rise Structure
1. Braced Frame
2. Rigid Frame Structure
3. Infilled Frame Structure
4. Flat Plate and Flat Slab Structure
5. Shear wall structure
6. Coupled wall structure
7. Wall-frame structure
8. Framed tube structure
9. The trussed tube
10. Tube in tube or Hull core structure
11. Bundled tube structure
12.Core and Outrigger system
13. Hybrid structure
34. Tubed mega frame
• Vertical tube mega column
• No central core
• That’s why all the load of the building rest on its
perimeter
36. Outrigger system
• central core with outriggers, connecting
the core to the outer columns.
• the central contains either braced frame of
shear wall.
North east asia trade tower
37. Infilled Frame Structure
• Infilled serve also as external walls or internal
partitions, the system is an economical way
of stiffening and strengthening the structure.
• Consists of reinforce or steel column and
girder frame with infills of brick work or
concrete block works
39. Shear wall
• Concrete wall
• Punches are limited because of torsional and flexural
rigidity
• In most cases lateral loads are carried by shear walls.
Shear wall
• Gravity load and lateral
load are ideally distributed.
• Also shear wall carries all
lateral loads.
Lateral load
Gravity load
41. Diagrid system
• Here diagrid acts as a rigid shell and
beam for support where rings are
also used.
• lateral loads are introduced
directly to the diagrid structure and
immediately transferred into the
triangulation system these loads are
then handled in a similar manner to
vertical
• Load paths are continuous and
uninterrupted.
• Vertical gravity loads follow the structure of
the tube from top to base along the
diagonal members of said tube.
• Each diagonal can be viewed as
continuous from top of tube to the bottom
of the tube – this is one option for a load to
follow to meet the ground
Rings
42.
43. Flat plate and flat slab structure
• flat plate is a two-way reinforced concrete
framing system utilizing a slab of uniform
thickness, the simplest of structural shapes
• flat slab is a two-way reinforced structural
system that includes either drop panels or
column capitals at columns to resist heavier
loads and thus permit longer spans.
44. Tube in tube structure:
Bundle tube
• The inner and
outer tube jointly
resist the gravity
and lateral loads.
Bundle tube structure:
• This system easily
resist the wind pressure
and hold lateral loads.
Tube in tube
45. Framed tube structure
• Gravity loads are distributed between the tubes and
interior columns or walls
• Lateral loading acts at the perimeter.
46.
47. STEPS OF FLOORING
• BASE-lay base coat of 100mm
thick in the ratio of cement
concrete 1:8:16 ( 1 part of
cement,8 parts of fine sand &
16 parts of brick blast) or
1:4:8 on compaced earth under
the floor. The base is same for
all types of floors.
• FINISHING: then finishing of
the floor is carried on, for
different flooring materials. As
we will discuss here the
finishing of
terrazzo,brick,stone & cement
concrete floor
48. -Hard flooring
-Sub flooring
TYPES OF FLOORING
Hard flooring
Hard flooring (not to be confused with
( "hardwood") is a family of
flooring materials that includes concrete or
cement, ceramic tile,glass
tiles, and natural stone products.
49. Sub flooring
The floor under the flooring is called the subfloor,
which provides the support for the flooring.
Special purpose
subfloors like floating floors, raised floors or sprung
floors may be laid upon another
underlying subfloor provides the structural strength.
Subfloors that are below grade
(underground) or ground level floors in buildings
50. Basement and parking
Generally basements are common in tall buildings as
carparks, storage of servicesand underground shopping
centres. The Basement Parking space type refers to
parking located below grade within an occupied building.
The main purpose of constructing basements are:
(a) to provide additional space,
(b) as a form of buoyancy raft,
(c) in some cases, basements may be needed for
reducing net bearing pressure by the
removal of the soil.
(d) safe and efficient passage of automobiles as well as
visitors to and from their vehicles
Buoyancy raft
51. Function and attributes of basement
Additional Structural Requirements:
Below grade extension of the building structure to
accommodate basement parking is required. This
involves additional excavation, structural frame, floor
slabs above, sloped vehicle access ramps, and
basement perimeter walls and partitions separating
parking from other building enclosed areas. Typical
structural floor construction is 4000 PSI 6" concrete
slab with welded wire fabric designed for a live load of
80 LBS/SF, and with a ramp slope of no more than
5.5%.
53. CORE:
The core of a multistory building that integrates functions and
service needs for established occupants. Such areas are
normally composed of toilet facilities, elevator banks, janitors’
closet, utilities, mechanical facilities, smoke shafts and stair.
25% - 30% of the total circulation area.
Core also known as facade envelope is a spatial element
for load-bearing high-rise building system
• Vertical circulation
• Configuration
• Floor-plate design
• Function of Service Core
• Service core types & placement
• Service Core & Building Economy
• Elevator design & configuration
• Population density
• Traffic analysis
• Quality of ride
• Service-core layout & space
requirements
Core wall
54. There are two principles of core design arrangement .
the first is providing effective and conveninet vertical
transportation system. The second is creating intact ,
flexible and consistently high quality space that can be
occupied which can be adapted into the structural
system.
Shanghai tower design.
Shenzhen pingan financial center
56. Vertical Circulation
• Cores = service cores = risers
• Contains:
– Elevator shafts.
– Elevator lobbies.
– Main & escape stairways, ramp.
– Riser-ducts.
– Toilets.
– Other service rooms.
• Elevators = MAIN vertical circulation system.
Configuration
At initial design stage, designer DETERMINES:
• Buildable net rentable areas (NRA)
• Gross floor areas (GFA)
• Typical & atypical floor-plates
• Prepare a diagram + propose elevator configuration:
• No. of banks
• No. of stops
• Transfer floor(s)
57. Function of Service Core
Simply state that service is defined as those part of a building that
consists of the service lift, fire stair , Toilet, service riser duct .
Element of Service :
1. TOILET
2. FIRE STAIR.
3. SERVICE/FIRE ELEVATOR
4. RISER DUCT
1. TOILET
2. PLUMBING
3. DUCTING
4. SERVICE/FIRE LIFT
5. FIRE STAIR
58. Structure of Core
• If the building structure been
R.C.C , the core structure
should be shear wall. In this
case core structure may not be
steel structure.
• If the building structure been
steel , the core structure
should be steel structure. In
this case core structure may
be R.C.C structure.
• If the building structure been
Composite ,the core structure
should be shear wall. In this
case core structure may not be
steel structure
60. Typology of core
1. central core
2. Split core
3. End core
4. Atrium core
configuration
plan
Single tenant
Double tenant
Multiple tenant
61.
62.
63.
64.
65. Core design
Service Core & Building Economy
• Minimization of material costs
• Optimization of core
geometry
• Minimization of core area
• Minimization of construction
time
66. POSITION OF CORE:
should be located on the east & west side of the building.
With both cores on hot sides, they provide Buffer zone.
should be on the periphery of the usable floor space. Because--
1. Mechanical lighting
2. Mechanical ventilation
c
v
v
c
v
Cantilevered system
Slabs are
supported by
the core
individually.
Suspended system
c
v
v
c
v
slabs are
suspended at the
top of the core, so
loads of all floor
act from the top of
the core.
71. Benefits of a peripheral core position:
• No fire-fighting pressurization duct is needed
• Good view out
• Natural ventilation
• Natural sunlight
• A safer building in the event of total power failure
• Solar-buffers & energy savings
Service-core layout & space requirements :
• Elevator car sizes & shapes
• Elevator door types & sizes - common widths 1.1 m or 1.2m
• Elevator shafts - are according to car shapes & sizes, and
door sizes. Sufficient air around cars & counterweights should
be provided to minimize buffeting & air-borne noise during
operation.
• Elevator core & lobby planning - ‘outward facing’ elevators VS
‘inward facing’ elevators.