This document provides information on high-rise buildings. It begins with definitions of high-rise, skyscraper, and supertall buildings based on height. It then discusses the demands and drivers for high-rise construction such as land scarcity and prestige. The document outlines the development of high-rise buildings from early structures made of stone/brick and iron to modern steel and concrete designs. It provides details on structural systems such as tube, shear wall, braced frame, and core structures. Finally, it discusses structural loads, foundation types, construction materials and interior/exterior structural components of high-rise buildings.
The document discusses high rise buildings and their structures. It defines high rise buildings as between 35-100 meters tall or 12-39 floors. Buildings over 100m are called skyscrapers and over 600m are mega-tall. High rises are constructed to address land scarcity in urban areas and increasing demand for space. Their structures have evolved from early stone and iron frames to steel skeleton frames to reinforced concrete shear walls and core structures. Foundations must transfer enormous loads into the ground through methods like raft or pile foundations. Interior structures use rigid frames, shear walls, and exterior structures employ tube systems to resist lateral wind and seismic loads.
21 AR 013 Farhan Ullah High Rise Building And Structural Components.ppt.pptxshamshaider10
This document discusses high rise buildings and their structural components. It defines high rise buildings as between 35-100 meters tall or 12-39 floors. It then discusses the demands for high rise buildings such as scarcity of land and increasing space needs. The development of high rise buildings is covered from early structures made of stone/brick and iron to modern steel and concrete designs. Different structural systems used in high rise buildings are described such as shear walls, braced frames, outrigger braces, core structures and different foundation types. Key structural elements like beams, columns, shear walls and bracing are also defined.
Final presentation by Akramul masum from southeast university bangladesh.Integrated Design
This document provides information about a study on the analysis and design of high-rise buildings. It defines what constitutes a high-rise building and explores the various factors driving demand for them. It examines the history of tall buildings and provides a chart showing increases in building heights over time. It also discusses structural systems and loads, including gravity, lateral and special loads. Core functions, parking considerations and case studies of high-rise projects are presented.
Taipei 101 is a 508-meter tall skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan. It was the tallest building in the world from 2004 to 2010. The tower has 101 floors above ground and 5 floors underground. It was designed to withstand typhoons and earthquakes common in the area. The building uses a tube-in-tube structural system with a reinforced concrete core and steel perimeter columns. Outrigger trusses connect the core columns to the perimeter columns every eight floors to provide increased stability and resistance to strong winds.
Framed structures are building skeleton frameworks formed by columns and beams. There are two main types: in-situ reinforced concrete frames and prefabricated frames. Rectangular framed structures use columns and beams arranged at right angles to support floors, walls, and roofs. They are commonly used for multi-story buildings like offices, schools, and hospitals. Framed structures provide large open floor plans and are adaptable to different shapes. Earthquake-resistant features in framed structures include shear walls, moment-resisting frames, and braced structures which resist lateral forces during seismic activity.
structure, technology and materials of highrise buildingsshahul130103
Structural loads on tall buildings include dead loads, live loads, and environmental loads from seismic activity, wind, and temperature changes. Tall buildings must have structural systems to effectively distribute these loads and resist lateral forces. Common structural typologies include interior moment frames, shear walls, outrigger systems, and exterior tube, diagrid, and bundled tube systems which use closely spaced columns and beams to act as a rigid perimeter wall. The structural forms vary based on the building material (concrete or steel) and optimize the building's ability to transfer loads vertically and resist lateral loads like wind and seismic forces.
This document discusses different structural systems used for high-rise buildings, including belt truss systems, core truss systems, framed tube structures, bundled tube systems, tube-in-tube systems, and diagrid systems. It also covers common construction materials like concrete and steel, different foundation types, and construction methods like slip forming, climb forming, table forming, system column formwork, and vertical panel systems.
The document discusses high rise buildings and their structures. It defines high rise buildings as between 35-100 meters tall or 12-39 floors. Buildings over 100m are called skyscrapers and over 600m are mega-tall. High rises are constructed to address land scarcity in urban areas and increasing demand for space. Their structures have evolved from early stone and iron frames to steel skeleton frames to reinforced concrete shear walls and core structures. Foundations must transfer enormous loads into the ground through methods like raft or pile foundations. Interior structures use rigid frames, shear walls, and exterior structures employ tube systems to resist lateral wind and seismic loads.
21 AR 013 Farhan Ullah High Rise Building And Structural Components.ppt.pptxshamshaider10
This document discusses high rise buildings and their structural components. It defines high rise buildings as between 35-100 meters tall or 12-39 floors. It then discusses the demands for high rise buildings such as scarcity of land and increasing space needs. The development of high rise buildings is covered from early structures made of stone/brick and iron to modern steel and concrete designs. Different structural systems used in high rise buildings are described such as shear walls, braced frames, outrigger braces, core structures and different foundation types. Key structural elements like beams, columns, shear walls and bracing are also defined.
Final presentation by Akramul masum from southeast university bangladesh.Integrated Design
This document provides information about a study on the analysis and design of high-rise buildings. It defines what constitutes a high-rise building and explores the various factors driving demand for them. It examines the history of tall buildings and provides a chart showing increases in building heights over time. It also discusses structural systems and loads, including gravity, lateral and special loads. Core functions, parking considerations and case studies of high-rise projects are presented.
Taipei 101 is a 508-meter tall skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan. It was the tallest building in the world from 2004 to 2010. The tower has 101 floors above ground and 5 floors underground. It was designed to withstand typhoons and earthquakes common in the area. The building uses a tube-in-tube structural system with a reinforced concrete core and steel perimeter columns. Outrigger trusses connect the core columns to the perimeter columns every eight floors to provide increased stability and resistance to strong winds.
Framed structures are building skeleton frameworks formed by columns and beams. There are two main types: in-situ reinforced concrete frames and prefabricated frames. Rectangular framed structures use columns and beams arranged at right angles to support floors, walls, and roofs. They are commonly used for multi-story buildings like offices, schools, and hospitals. Framed structures provide large open floor plans and are adaptable to different shapes. Earthquake-resistant features in framed structures include shear walls, moment-resisting frames, and braced structures which resist lateral forces during seismic activity.
structure, technology and materials of highrise buildingsshahul130103
Structural loads on tall buildings include dead loads, live loads, and environmental loads from seismic activity, wind, and temperature changes. Tall buildings must have structural systems to effectively distribute these loads and resist lateral forces. Common structural typologies include interior moment frames, shear walls, outrigger systems, and exterior tube, diagrid, and bundled tube systems which use closely spaced columns and beams to act as a rigid perimeter wall. The structural forms vary based on the building material (concrete or steel) and optimize the building's ability to transfer loads vertically and resist lateral loads like wind and seismic forces.
This document discusses different structural systems used for high-rise buildings, including belt truss systems, core truss systems, framed tube structures, bundled tube systems, tube-in-tube systems, and diagrid systems. It also covers common construction materials like concrete and steel, different foundation types, and construction methods like slip forming, climb forming, table forming, system column formwork, and vertical panel systems.
The document provides an overview of different structural systems used in high-rise buildings, including framed tube structures, bundled tube systems, tube-in-tube systems, trussed tube structures, belt truss systems, and core truss mega structures. It also discusses common construction materials, foundations, and construction methods for high-rises, such as slip forming, climb forming, table forming, system column formwork, vertical panel systems, jump forming, and tunnel forming. The document is a presentation on high rise structural systems presented by Akshay Revekar and Durgesh Pippal from MITS Gwalior.
The document provides an overview of different structural systems used in high-rise buildings, including framed tube structures, belt truss systems, bundled tube systems, tube-in-tube systems, and diagrid systems. It also discusses various construction materials, foundations, and construction methods for high-rise buildings such as slip forming, climb forming, jump forming, and tunnel forming. The structural systems allow for wider column spacing to provide large interior spaces while effectively resisting wind and seismic loads.
Structural systems in high rise building and analysis methodsDP NITHIN
This presentation is about the structural systems in tall buildings and also consists of overview of methods of analysis in tall buildings like linear and non linear seismic analysis.
This slide explains different structural systems used in high rise buildings.what is the true meaning of high rise building ?
aims of high rise? objectives of high rise?
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. They are commonly used in high-rise buildings, industrial buildings, warehouses, and temporary structures due to their strength, light weight, and speed of construction. Advantages include quick construction, flexibility, and ability to take various shapes. Disadvantages are reduced strength at high temperatures and susceptibility to corrosion. Common structural steel frames include beam and column construction, trusses, space frames, shear wall frames, framed tube structures, and braced frames. Design must consider both gravity loads like dead and live loads, as well as lateral loads from wind and earthquakes.
Shear walls are vertical structural elements designed to resist lateral forces like winds and earthquakes. They work by transferring shear forces throughout their height and resisting uplift forces. Properly designed and constructed shear wall buildings are very stable and ductile, providing warnings before collapse during severe earthquakes. Common types of shear walls include reinforced concrete, plywood, and steel plate shear walls. Shear walls are an effective and efficient way to resist lateral loads in seismic regions.
1) Shear walls are vertical elements that carry lateral loads like wind and seismic forces from the building down to the foundation, forming a box structure for support.
2) Shear walls should be placed on all levels of the building, including the basement, and symmetrically on all four exterior walls to form an effective structure. Interior walls can add strength when exterior walls are not sufficient.
3) Common types of shear walls include reinforced concrete, plywood, steel plate, and hollow concrete block masonry walls. Proper design and ductility improve shear wall performance during seismic events.
1) High rise buildings are becoming more common due to scarcity of land and demand for space. They are defined differently but generally refer to buildings over 15 meters tall.
2) Foundations for high rise buildings include shallow foundations like spread footings and mat foundations, and deep foundations like piles. Piles transfer load through end bearing or friction along their length.
3) Structural systems for high rise buildings must resist both gravity and lateral loads. Interior systems include rigid frames and shear walls. Exterior systems such as tube and diagrid systems resist loads along the building perimeter.
The document discusses various types of loads that act on buildings including dead loads, live loads, wind loads, seismic loads, and temperature loads. It also describes different structural systems for high-rise buildings that efficiently transfer loads, such as braced frames, shear walls, core and outrigger systems, bundled tubes, and diagrid systems. Basements are discussed as providing additional space in buildings for parking or other functions. Cores integrate essential services like elevators, stairs, and utilities.
The document discusses various types of tall buildings and earthquake resistant design strategies. It describes bundled tube, framed tube, braced tube, and tube-in-tube structural systems that are used for tall buildings. The document also summarizes the Bhuj earthquake that occurred in Gujarat in 2001 and killed over 19,000 people. It provides steps for seismic design including planning symmetrical buildings, avoiding soft stories, using ductile materials, and providing vertical load paths like shear walls, bracing, and tuned mass dampers.
Load analysis and structural considerationBee Key Verma
The document discusses various types of loads that act on buildings including dead loads, live loads, wind loads, seismic loads, and temperature loads. It also describes different structural systems for high-rise buildings that efficiently transfer loads, such as braced frames, shear walls, core and outrigger systems, bundled tubes, and diagrid systems. Basements are discussed as providing additional space in buildings for parking or other functions.
Seismic retrofitting is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquakes.
While Designing a High rise Load & Structural Analysis is major factor to consider. Here we analyzed some data and try to describe briefly. We hope that it will help you lot :) Done by Neeti Lamic, Bayezid, Sykot Hasan
This document provides information on high rise building construction. It defines what constitutes a high rise building according to different standards which range from 12-100 meters tall. It discusses the different types of foundations that can be used for high rise buildings including shallow foundations like spread and raft foundations, and deep foundations like piles. It also describes different structural systems for high rise buildings such as interior systems like shear walls and outrigger structures, and exterior systems like tube and diagrid systems. Finally, it discusses various construction methods for high rise buildings including slip form, jump form, and climbing formwork.
High Rise Building- Taipei 101, TaiwanPRANJAL MORE
Taipei 101 is a 508m tall skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan completed in 2004. It uses a braced core structural system to withstand the challenges of weak soil conditions, typhoon winds, and earthquakes common to Taipei. Key features include a central reinforced concrete core with steel bracing, outrigger trusses connecting the core to perimeter columns, and a tuned mass damper between floors 87-91 consisting of a 800 ton steel ball to dissipate wind energy.
Tall structures are defined as buildings over 50m or 14 stories tall. Rapid urban growth and limited land availability have driven the construction of ever taller buildings for business, prestige, and tourism. Structural systems for tall buildings must effectively resist both vertical and lateral loads. Common high-rise structural systems include rigid frames, flat plates, cores, shear walls, braced frames, outriggers, tubes, and megaframes. System selection depends on height, with tubes and outriggers enabling the tallest structures over 40 stories. Floor systems also vary between one-way and two-way slabs for steel or concrete construction.
The document provides an overview of different structural systems used in high-rise buildings, including framed tube structures, bundled tube systems, tube-in-tube systems, trussed tube structures, belt truss systems, and core truss mega structures. It also discusses common construction materials, foundations, and construction methods for high-rises, such as slip forming, climb forming, table forming, system column formwork, vertical panel systems, jump forming, and tunnel forming. The document is a presentation on high rise structural systems presented by Akshay Revekar and Durgesh Pippal from MITS Gwalior.
The document provides an overview of different structural systems used in high-rise buildings, including framed tube structures, belt truss systems, bundled tube systems, tube-in-tube systems, and diagrid systems. It also discusses various construction materials, foundations, and construction methods for high-rise buildings such as slip forming, climb forming, jump forming, and tunnel forming. The structural systems allow for wider column spacing to provide large interior spaces while effectively resisting wind and seismic loads.
Structural systems in high rise building and analysis methodsDP NITHIN
This presentation is about the structural systems in tall buildings and also consists of overview of methods of analysis in tall buildings like linear and non linear seismic analysis.
This slide explains different structural systems used in high rise buildings.what is the true meaning of high rise building ?
aims of high rise? objectives of high rise?
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. They are commonly used in high-rise buildings, industrial buildings, warehouses, and temporary structures due to their strength, light weight, and speed of construction. Advantages include quick construction, flexibility, and ability to take various shapes. Disadvantages are reduced strength at high temperatures and susceptibility to corrosion. Common structural steel frames include beam and column construction, trusses, space frames, shear wall frames, framed tube structures, and braced frames. Design must consider both gravity loads like dead and live loads, as well as lateral loads from wind and earthquakes.
Shear walls are vertical structural elements designed to resist lateral forces like winds and earthquakes. They work by transferring shear forces throughout their height and resisting uplift forces. Properly designed and constructed shear wall buildings are very stable and ductile, providing warnings before collapse during severe earthquakes. Common types of shear walls include reinforced concrete, plywood, and steel plate shear walls. Shear walls are an effective and efficient way to resist lateral loads in seismic regions.
1) Shear walls are vertical elements that carry lateral loads like wind and seismic forces from the building down to the foundation, forming a box structure for support.
2) Shear walls should be placed on all levels of the building, including the basement, and symmetrically on all four exterior walls to form an effective structure. Interior walls can add strength when exterior walls are not sufficient.
3) Common types of shear walls include reinforced concrete, plywood, steel plate, and hollow concrete block masonry walls. Proper design and ductility improve shear wall performance during seismic events.
1) High rise buildings are becoming more common due to scarcity of land and demand for space. They are defined differently but generally refer to buildings over 15 meters tall.
2) Foundations for high rise buildings include shallow foundations like spread footings and mat foundations, and deep foundations like piles. Piles transfer load through end bearing or friction along their length.
3) Structural systems for high rise buildings must resist both gravity and lateral loads. Interior systems include rigid frames and shear walls. Exterior systems such as tube and diagrid systems resist loads along the building perimeter.
The document discusses various types of loads that act on buildings including dead loads, live loads, wind loads, seismic loads, and temperature loads. It also describes different structural systems for high-rise buildings that efficiently transfer loads, such as braced frames, shear walls, core and outrigger systems, bundled tubes, and diagrid systems. Basements are discussed as providing additional space in buildings for parking or other functions. Cores integrate essential services like elevators, stairs, and utilities.
The document discusses various types of tall buildings and earthquake resistant design strategies. It describes bundled tube, framed tube, braced tube, and tube-in-tube structural systems that are used for tall buildings. The document also summarizes the Bhuj earthquake that occurred in Gujarat in 2001 and killed over 19,000 people. It provides steps for seismic design including planning symmetrical buildings, avoiding soft stories, using ductile materials, and providing vertical load paths like shear walls, bracing, and tuned mass dampers.
Load analysis and structural considerationBee Key Verma
The document discusses various types of loads that act on buildings including dead loads, live loads, wind loads, seismic loads, and temperature loads. It also describes different structural systems for high-rise buildings that efficiently transfer loads, such as braced frames, shear walls, core and outrigger systems, bundled tubes, and diagrid systems. Basements are discussed as providing additional space in buildings for parking or other functions.
Seismic retrofitting is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquakes.
While Designing a High rise Load & Structural Analysis is major factor to consider. Here we analyzed some data and try to describe briefly. We hope that it will help you lot :) Done by Neeti Lamic, Bayezid, Sykot Hasan
This document provides information on high rise building construction. It defines what constitutes a high rise building according to different standards which range from 12-100 meters tall. It discusses the different types of foundations that can be used for high rise buildings including shallow foundations like spread and raft foundations, and deep foundations like piles. It also describes different structural systems for high rise buildings such as interior systems like shear walls and outrigger structures, and exterior systems like tube and diagrid systems. Finally, it discusses various construction methods for high rise buildings including slip form, jump form, and climbing formwork.
High Rise Building- Taipei 101, TaiwanPRANJAL MORE
Taipei 101 is a 508m tall skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan completed in 2004. It uses a braced core structural system to withstand the challenges of weak soil conditions, typhoon winds, and earthquakes common to Taipei. Key features include a central reinforced concrete core with steel bracing, outrigger trusses connecting the core to perimeter columns, and a tuned mass damper between floors 87-91 consisting of a 800 ton steel ball to dissipate wind energy.
Tall structures are defined as buildings over 50m or 14 stories tall. Rapid urban growth and limited land availability have driven the construction of ever taller buildings for business, prestige, and tourism. Structural systems for tall buildings must effectively resist both vertical and lateral loads. Common high-rise structural systems include rigid frames, flat plates, cores, shear walls, braced frames, outriggers, tubes, and megaframes. System selection depends on height, with tubes and outriggers enabling the tallest structures over 40 stories. Floor systems also vary between one-way and two-way slabs for steel or concrete construction.
Introduction to Monitoring and Evaluation.pptFarhanullah46
This document provides an introduction to monitoring and evaluation (M&E). It discusses key concepts in M&E including defining monitoring and evaluation, the importance of M&E, incorporating gender into M&E, the logical framework approach, the project lifecycle, data collection and analysis, and evaluation design. Gender mainstreaming in M&E is emphasized, including conducting gender analysis and developing sex-disaggregated and gender-specific indicators to measure impacts on women and men. The goal of M&E is to improve project effectiveness, demonstrate impacts, and identify lessons learned.
Communication Skills and its types Also process.pptxFarhanullah46
The document defines communication and discusses its importance. Communication is defined as the exchange of information, ideas, or thoughts between two or more people. Effective communication skills include listening, writing, speaking, and reading clearly. Good communication skills are important for building trust, preventing and resolving problems, providing clarity and direction, creating better relationships, increasing engagement, improving productivity, and promoting team building.
Barriers to communication can take many forms and interfere with the effective exchange of ideas. The document identifies and describes five main categories of communication barriers: physical, semantic and language, socio-psychological, organizational, and cross-cultural. Semantic barriers occur when symbolic obstacles distort the intended message, such as differences in denotation versus connotation of words across cultures or languages. Organizational barriers to change can include threats to power and influence within the organizational structure from top administrators or a climate resistant to change.
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was a Pakistani politician who served as the 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan and 4th President from 1971-1973. As Prime Minister from 1973-1977, he oversaw major reforms including nationalizing key industries, implementing land reforms, and establishing the 1973 constitution which made Pakistan an Islamic republic. However, political opposition and unrest grew and he was eventually overthrown in a 1977 military coup. Bhutto was later convicted of authorizing a murder and executed in 1979 at the age of 51.
The document discusses key concepts in project management including definitions of a project, program, and project management. It describes the five process groups in project management - initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing. It also discusses the typical project life cycle phases of initiation, planning, execution, control and closeout. Finally, it covers project management standards and methodologies that can be used.
Pneumatic structures are membrane structures stabilized by compressed air pressure. They are usually round in shape to maximize volume with minimal material. The membrane must be evenly pressurized for structural integrity. There are two main types: air supported structures which have air pressure higher than atmospheric pressure supporting the envelope, and air inflated structures which have supporting frames consisting of air under high pressure while the interior remains at atmospheric pressure. Pneumatic structures offer benefits such as being lightweight, low cost, quick to erect and dismantle, and providing good natural light transmission.
The document provides an evaluation of a sitting area located on the right side of the main entrance of the PTUT building. It analyzes the environment, materials used, spatial layout, views, and location. The analysis finds the sitting area has an uncomfortable and rough construction with unsustainable materials in a bad location that is not attractive. It also provides costing details for repair materials totaling 18,500 with additional 2000 for transport. The conclusion is that the sitting area has uncomfortable sittings, incomplete construction, uses unsustainable materials, and does not look attractive due to its location and material choices.
The document discusses key aspects of the Renaissance period in Europe such as its start in Italy in the 14th century, lasting approximately 250 years. It brought about major political, social, economic and cultural changes through a rebirth of learning with influences from classical antiquity. Prominent figures like da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael helped spread Renaissance ideas and artistic techniques through their highly realistic paintings, sculptures, and architecture which often featured religious or classical themes focusing on individual humans and emotion. The widespread use of the printing press also helped increase literacy and spread of ideas across Europe during this time.
1) A motel is a hotel designed for motorists, usually located along highways, with rooms that open directly into the parking lot rather than through a central lobby.
2) The motel in the case study is located on the Bangalore-Mangalore highway and includes amenities like a gas station, café, restaurant, kiosk, public toilets, and play area in addition to lodging.
3) The analysis identifies improvements that could be made such as adding more guest rooms, locating some amenities in different areas for better access, and providing parking for motorcycles.
This document summarizes a sustainability presentation given at Oakland University. It defines sustainability and discusses LEED certification. It outlines Oakland University's commitment to sustainability through new construction projects achieving LEED Platinum and Gold ratings. It provides details on current and recently completed sustainability projects on campus including building improvements, lighting upgrades, and recommissioning projects, highlighting energy savings. The presentation contacts are provided for additional information.
This document discusses parking design and different types of parking facilities. It outlines on-street parking facilities like parallel, 30 degree, 45 degree, 60 degree, and 90 degree parking alongside roads. It also discusses off-street parking facilities that are privately or publicly owned surface lots and garages, including self-parking and attendant parking garages. The document provides examples of different types of off-street parking like surface lots, multistoried garages, roof parks, mechanical parks, and underground facilities.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code
By Professor Dr. Costas Sachpazis, Civil Engineer & Geologist
This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
2. INTRODUCTION TO HIGH RISE BUILDING
"AMULTI-STORY STRUCTURE BETWEEN 35–100 METERS TALL, ORA
BUILDING OF UNKNOWN HEIGHT FROM 12–39 FLOORS.“
Buildings higherthan 100m is termed as skyscraper.
Buildings 300m or higher is termed as supertall and buildings 600m or
talleris termed as mega-tall.
3. DEMANDS FOR HIGH RISE BUILDING
•SCARCITY OF LAND IN URBAN AREAS.
•INCREASING DEMANDS OF RESIDENTIAL AND BUSSSINESS SPACE.
•ECONOMIC GROWTH.
•TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS.
•INNOVATIONS IN STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS.
•DESIRE FOR AESTHETICS IN URBAN SETTINGS.
•CONCEPT OF CITY SKYLINE.
•CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE AND PRESTIGE.
•HUMAN ASPIRATION TO BUILD HIGHER.
4. DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH RISE BUILLDINGS
EARLY TIME
Theexteriorwallsof these buildings
consisted of stoneor brick, although
sometimes cast iron wasadded for
decorative purposes.
Thecolumnswereconstructed of
cast iron, often unprotected.
• Steel and wrought iron wasused for
• the beams.
• The floors were madeof wood.
5. SECOND GENERATION
•Thesecond generation of tall buildings, includes the :
1. Metropolitan Life Building (1909),
2. TheWoolworth Building (1913),
3. The Empire State Building (1931).
•Theseall are frame structures, in whicha skeleton of welded- orriveted-steel
columns and beams.
•These all are often encased in concrete, runs through theentire building.
•This type of construction makes foran extremelystrong structure, but not such
attractive floor space. The interiorsare full of heavy, load-bearing columns and walls.
7. Buildings constructed from after World War II
until today make up the most recentgeneration
of high-rise buildings.
Within this generation thereare thoseof
steel-framed construction( coreconstruction
and tube construction ), reinforced concrete
construction(shearwall), and steel-framed
reinforced concreteconstruction .
Hybrid systemsalsoevolved during this time.
Thesesystems make use more than one type
of structural system in a building.
THIRD GENERATION
8. 30 St Mary Axe, also known as Swiss
Re Building (London, UK, 41
stories, 181 m)
STEEL
Material /Configuration•:
• Steel framed tubetype
structural system
Triangularsteel frame
generates the tube
• Beamsare supported by
diagonal steel member
• Requires lesssteel then
conventional steel frame
Triangulargrids are exposed in façade
Triangularsteel frame
13. • Atype of rigid frame construction.
• The shear wall is in steel or concrete to provide
greater lateral rigidity. It is a wall where the entire
material of the wall is employed in the resistance of
both horizontal and vertical loads.
• Is composed of braced panels (or shear panels) to
counter the
effects of lateral load acting on a structure. Wind &
earthquake loads are the most common among
the loads.
• For skyscrapers, as the size of the structure
increases, so
does the size of the supporting wall. Shear walls
tend to be used only
in conjunction with other support systems.
SHEAR WALL SYSTEM
20. Seismic
Load:
• Buildings undergoes
dynamic motion
during earthquake.
• Building is subjected
to inertia forces that
act in opposite
direction to the
acceleration of
earthquake
excitations.
• These inertia forces,
called seismic loads,
are usually dealtwith
by assuming forces
external to the
building.
21. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Materials used for high rise buildings: concrete, steel, glass, cladding material,
high alumina cement used for roofs & floors. It contains bauxite instead of clay,
cement, Portland cement of lime stone, silica.
CONCRETE:- cellular concrete of clay-gypsum and
invention of light weight concrete.
FERRO CONCRETE:-it is layer of fine mesh saturated
with cement.
GUNITE:- it is also known as shot .
Shot Crete is frequently used against vertical soil or
rock surfaces, as it eliminates the need for formwork.
GLASS:- float glass with double glass is used in tall
buildings .
Tempered glass is used in tall buildings instead of
plain glass, as that would shatter at such height.
23. • Raft foundation: one of the most common foundation. It is known for its load
distributing capability. With the usage of this type of foundation the enormous load
of the building gets distributed & helps the building stay upright and sturdy. Loads
are transferred by raft into the ground.
• Pile foundation: used for high rise construction. load
of building is distributed to the ground with the help
of piles. Transfer the loads into the ground with an
Adequate factor of safety.
• Combined raft-pile: is the hybrid of 2 foundation. It
Consists of both the pile and raft foundation. Useful
in marshy sandy soil that has low bearing capacity.
FOUNDATION TYPES
26. LOAD DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM :
All type of loads can beconsidered
as_
•Vertical load &
•Lateral load
Vertical loads transfer
through_
•Bearing wall
•Column
•Core
•Diagonal frame
Lateral loads transfer through_
Core
Core/Column
• Shearwall
• Slab
• Beam
• Diagonal Frame
27. Structural member:
Beam :
Beam is a rigid structural memberdesigned to
carry and transfer loads across spaces to
supporting elements.
Column :
A rigid relativity slenderstructural member
designed primarily to support axial
compressive loads applied at the member
ends.
In high rise buildings it can be useas mega
column, concrete filled tubular(CFT) etc.
Shear wall:
A vertical diaphragm or wall acting as a
thin, deep cantilever beam in loads to the
ground foundation.
Bracing :
It is a structural element for positioning,
supporting, strengthening or restraining
the memberof a structural frame.
28. Core :
Core is oneof the most importantstructural and
functional elements of the high rise building.
Thecoreof a building is theareareserved forelevators’
stairs, mechanical equipment and thevertical shafts that
are necessary forducts, pipes and wires.
Its wall arealso the most common location for thevertical
wind bracing.
The placement of the service core stems from four generic
types which are :
- Central core
- Split core
- End core
- Atrium core
Central core End core Atrium core
split core
29. INTERIOR STRUCTURE
860 & 880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments (Chicago,
USA, 26 stories, 82 m)
Thetwo basic types of lateral load-
resisting systems in thecategoryof
interior structures are the
moment-resisting frames and
sheartrusses/shearwalls.
1. Rigid Frames:
• The moment-resisting frame
(MRF) consists of horizontal
(girder) and vertical (column)
members rigidly connected
together in a planargrid form.
• Thesizeof thecolumns is mainly
controlled by the gravity loads.
• The size of the girders, on the
other hand, is controlled by
stiffness of the frame in order to
ensureacceptable lateral swayof
the building.
30. SHEAR WALL HINGED FRAME
• Reinforced concrete planar solid or
coupled shear walls have been used for
high-rise construction to resist lateral forces
caused by wind and earthquakes.
• Treated as vertical cantilevers fixed at
the base.
• When twoor moreshearwalls in the same
plane are interconnected by beams or
slabs the total stiffness of the system
exceeds the sum of the individual wall
stiffness. Hinged frames are used for this
interconnection.
• Theconnecting beam forces thewalls to act
as a single unit by restraining their
individual cantileveractions. Theseare
known as coupled shear walls.
31. EXTERIOR STRUCTURE
1. Tubesystem
• Concept is based on the idea that a
building can be designed to resist
lateral loads bydesigning it as a
hollowcantilever perpendicular to
theground.
• In the simplest incarnation of the
tube, the perimeterof theexterior
consists of closely spaced
columns that are tied together
with deepspandrel beams
through momentconnections.
• Thisassemblyof columns and
beams forms a rigid frame that
amounts to a dense and strong
structural wall along theexterior
of the building.
Thedifferent tubularsystemsare-
Framed tube
Braced tube
Bundled tube
Tube in tube
32. FRAMED TUBE
• In a framed tube system, which is the basic tubular form, the building has closely spaced
columns and deep spandrel beams rigidly connected together throughout the exterior
frames.
• Exterior column spacing should be from 5 to 15ft (1.5 to 4.5m) on centers. Practical spandrel
beam depths should vary from 24 to 48in (600 to 1200mm)
• Theaxial forces in the cornercolumnsare the greatest and the distribution is non-linear for both
the web frame (i.e., frame parallel to wind), and the flange frame (i.e., frame perpendicular to
wind).
33. • This is because the axial forces in the columns toward the middle of the
flange frames lag behind those near the corner due to the nature of a framed
tube which is different from a solid-wall tube. This phenomenon is known as
shear lag.
34. • Thepurpose is to limit theshear lag effect and aim for morecantilever-
type behavior of the structure.
• A reasonableand practical limits can bea cantileverdeflectionof 50 to 80
percent of the total lateral swayof the building.
The framed tube becomes progressively inefficient over 60 stories since the
web frames begin to behave as conventional rigid frames. Consequently,
beam and column designs are controlled by bending action, resulting in
large size. In addition, the cantilever behavior of the structure is thus
undermined and the shear lag effect isaggravated.
35. BRACED TUBE
• A braced tube overcomes this problem by stiffening the perimeter
frames in theirown planes.
• This concept stems from the fact that instead of using closely spaced
perimeter columns, it is possible to stiffen the widely spaced columns
bydiagonal braces tocreatewall-likecharacteristics.
• The braces also collect gravity loads from floors and act as inclined
columns.
• The diagonals of a trussed tube connected to columns at each joint
effectively eliminate the effects of shear lag throughout the tubular
framework.
• Therefore, the columns can be more widely spaced and the sizes of
spandrels and columns can be smaller than those needed for framed
tubes, allowing for larger window openings than in the framed tubes
(Khan, 1967).
36. John Hancock Center (Chicago, USA, 100 stories
344 m)
Architect: Skidmore, Owings & Merril
Braced
frame
Braced Frame material
/configuration : STEEL
37. Onterie Center (Chicago, 58 stories,
174 m)
Braced frame
Architect: Skidmore, Owings & Merril
Braced Frame material
/configuration : CONCRETE
38. BUNDLED TUBE
• A bundled tube is a cluster of
individual tubes connected
together to actas a single unit.
• Forsuch a structure, the three-
dimensional responseof the
structure could be improved for
strengthand stiffness by providing
crosswallsorcross frames in the
building.
• Alsoallowed for widercolumn
spacing in the tubularwalls, which
made it possible to place interior
frame lines without seriously
compromising interior space
planning of the building.
• It is possible to add diagonals to
them to increase the efficient
height limit.
39. Sears Tower (Chicago, USA, 108 stories, 442 m)
Material /Configuration : STEEL
SectionA-A Section B-B
Section C-C
Two
additional
tube omitted
Section D-D
• 9 steel framed tubes are bundled
at the base.
• Someof which are terminated at
various levels with two tubes
continuing betweenthe 90th
floorand theroof.
40. Carnegie Hall Tower (New York, USA, 62 stories, 230.7 m)
Material /Configuration : CONCRETE
Bundle
Tubes
41. TUBE IN TUBE
• The stiffness of a framed tube can also be
enhanced byusing thecore to resist part
of the lateral load resulting in a tube-in-
tube system.
• The f loordiaphragm connecting the
core and the outertube transfer the
lateral loads to both systems.
• The core itself could be made up of a solid
tube, a braced tube, ora framed tube.
Such a system is called a tube-in-tube.
• It isalso possible to introduce more than
onetube inside the perimetertube.
• The inner tube in a tube-in-tube structure
can actas asecond lineof defense against
a malevolent attack with airplanes or
missiles.
42. Millennium Tower
Architect: Norman Foster
• The exterior columns & beamsare spaced
so closely that the façade has the
appearanceof awall with perforated
window opening.
• The entire building acts as a hollowtube
cantilevering out of theground.
• The interior core increases the stiffness of
the building bysharing the loadswith
the façadetube.
Inner Tube
(Core)
OuterTube
43. 2. DIAGRID SYSTEM
• With theirstructural efficiency as a variedversion of the tubular
systems.
• Fordiagrid structures, almostall theconventional vertical columns are
eliminated.
• This is possible because the diagonal members in diagrid structural
systems can carry gravity loads as well as lateral forces due to their
triangulated configuration in a distributive and uniform manner.
• Efficiently resists lateral shear by axial forces in thediagonal members
but have Complicated joints.
44. Space truss structures are modified
braced tubes with diagonals
connecting theexteriorto interior.
In a typical braced tube structure, all
the diagonals, which connect
vertical cornercolumns in general,
are located on theplaneparallel to
the facades.
However, in space trusses, some
diagonals penetrate the
interiorof the building.
3. SPACE TRUSS STRUCTURE
45. 4. SUPERFRAMES
• A super frame is composed of mega columns comprising braced
frames of large dimensions at building corners, linked by
multistory trussesataboutevery 15 to 20 stories.
• Theconceptof super frame can be used in variousways for tall buildings,
such as the 56-story tall Parque Central Complex Towers of 1979 in
Caracas, Venezuela and the 168-story tall Chicago World Trade Center
proposed by Fazlur Khan in 1982 (Ali, 2001; Iyengar, 1986).
Parque Central
ComplexTowers
Chicago World
Trade Center
46. 5. EXO-SKELETON
• In exoskeleton structures, lateral load-resisting systemsare placed
outsidethe building lines away from their facades. Examples include
Hotel de las Artes in Barcelona.
• Due to the system’scompositional characteristics, it acts asa primary
building identifier – one of the major roles of building facades in
general cases.
• Fireproofing of the system is notaserious issue due to its location
outside the building line.
• However, thermal expansion/contraction of the system, exposed to the
ever-changing outdoor weather, and the systemic thermal bridges
should be carefullyconsidered during design.
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