This document discusses different types of bridge piers. It defines a bridge pier as a structure that extends from the ground or into water to support the bridge superstructure and transfer loads to the foundation. Bridge piers can be made of concrete, stone, or metal and come in various shapes and sizes depending on aesthetics, site constraints, and loads. The document categorizes piers based on their structure as solid piers, which are impermeable, or open piers, which allow water passage. It also differentiates piers based on their construction material and load transfer mechanism. Specific pier types discussed include cylindrical, column, multicolumn, pile, trestle, masonry, mass concrete, fixed, free,
The document discusses bridge types, components, selection criteria, and design considerations. It begins by defining what a bridge is and its purpose in transportation systems. It then covers typical bridge components and various structural forms for bridges based on material, span length, and other factors. Key criteria for selecting bridge types include span length, site conditions, cost, and aesthetics. The document emphasizes that aesthetic design requires considering function, proportion, harmony, order/rhythm, and contrast/texture to create pleasing structures that blend with their environments.
The document summarizes the construction of a box-type slab bridge near Palaya village. The existing drainage pipe bridge was insufficient and damaged, flooding the village during rains. The solution was to remove the pipes and construct a reinforced concrete box bridge instead. Foundation work was done to a depth of 3 meters. A concrete bed was laid and bottom slab with steel reinforcement was constructed. Profile walls and slab will complete the bridge, allowing easy drainage of water from the village farms.
A concise presentation on bridge construction. Related to civil engineering courses. can be helpful for undergraduate students.
Its a Part of my class presentation.
The document provides guidance on loads and forces that should be considered when designing bridges, including:
1. Dead loads, live loads, dynamic loads, longitudinal forces, wind loads, centrifugal forces, horizontal water currents, buoyancy, earth pressures, temperature effects, and seismic loads.
2. It describes the various live load models (Class A, B, 70R, AA) and provides details on load intensity, wheel/track configuration, and load combinations.
3. Design recommendations are given for calculating impact factors, braking forces, wind loads, water current pressures, earth pressures, and seismic forces.
The document provides information on various aspects of railway planning and engineering. It discusses different types of transportation and railway gauges. It also describes key components of the permanent way including rails, sleepers, ballast and fixtures. Different types of these components are explained along with their requirements and characteristics. The document also covers topics like creep, wear of rails, route alignment survey and different stages of engineering survey.
This document discusses bridge scour, which is the removal of sediment around bridge piers and abutments due to moving water. Scour can undermine bridge foundations and has caused 46 major bridge failures in the US from 1961-1976. The basic components of a bridge are the substructure, which includes piers, abutments and foundations, and the superstructure, which is the deck. Piers can be column or wall types and are vulnerable to scour, which forms scour holes through vortex formation and increased shear stress on sediments. The document presents photos of bridge failures from scour and methods to monitor and protect against scour using gravel bags, rock armor, and sonar scour monitors.
Necessity/advantage of a tunnel, Classification of Tunnels,
Size and shape of a tunnel, Alignment of a Tunnel, Portals and Shafts,
Methods of Tunneling in Hard Rock and Soft ground, Mucking, Lighting
and Ventilation in tunnel, Dust control, Drainage of tunnels, Safety in
tunnel construction.
This document discusses different types of bridge piers. It defines a bridge pier as a structure that extends from the ground or into water to support the bridge superstructure and transfer loads to the foundation. Bridge piers can be made of concrete, stone, or metal and come in various shapes and sizes depending on aesthetics, site constraints, and loads. The document categorizes piers based on their structure as solid piers, which are impermeable, or open piers, which allow water passage. It also differentiates piers based on their construction material and load transfer mechanism. Specific pier types discussed include cylindrical, column, multicolumn, pile, trestle, masonry, mass concrete, fixed, free,
The document discusses bridge types, components, selection criteria, and design considerations. It begins by defining what a bridge is and its purpose in transportation systems. It then covers typical bridge components and various structural forms for bridges based on material, span length, and other factors. Key criteria for selecting bridge types include span length, site conditions, cost, and aesthetics. The document emphasizes that aesthetic design requires considering function, proportion, harmony, order/rhythm, and contrast/texture to create pleasing structures that blend with their environments.
The document summarizes the construction of a box-type slab bridge near Palaya village. The existing drainage pipe bridge was insufficient and damaged, flooding the village during rains. The solution was to remove the pipes and construct a reinforced concrete box bridge instead. Foundation work was done to a depth of 3 meters. A concrete bed was laid and bottom slab with steel reinforcement was constructed. Profile walls and slab will complete the bridge, allowing easy drainage of water from the village farms.
A concise presentation on bridge construction. Related to civil engineering courses. can be helpful for undergraduate students.
Its a Part of my class presentation.
The document provides guidance on loads and forces that should be considered when designing bridges, including:
1. Dead loads, live loads, dynamic loads, longitudinal forces, wind loads, centrifugal forces, horizontal water currents, buoyancy, earth pressures, temperature effects, and seismic loads.
2. It describes the various live load models (Class A, B, 70R, AA) and provides details on load intensity, wheel/track configuration, and load combinations.
3. Design recommendations are given for calculating impact factors, braking forces, wind loads, water current pressures, earth pressures, and seismic forces.
The document provides information on various aspects of railway planning and engineering. It discusses different types of transportation and railway gauges. It also describes key components of the permanent way including rails, sleepers, ballast and fixtures. Different types of these components are explained along with their requirements and characteristics. The document also covers topics like creep, wear of rails, route alignment survey and different stages of engineering survey.
This document discusses bridge scour, which is the removal of sediment around bridge piers and abutments due to moving water. Scour can undermine bridge foundations and has caused 46 major bridge failures in the US from 1961-1976. The basic components of a bridge are the substructure, which includes piers, abutments and foundations, and the superstructure, which is the deck. Piers can be column or wall types and are vulnerable to scour, which forms scour holes through vortex formation and increased shear stress on sediments. The document presents photos of bridge failures from scour and methods to monitor and protect against scour using gravel bags, rock armor, and sonar scour monitors.
Necessity/advantage of a tunnel, Classification of Tunnels,
Size and shape of a tunnel, Alignment of a Tunnel, Portals and Shafts,
Methods of Tunneling in Hard Rock and Soft ground, Mucking, Lighting
and Ventilation in tunnel, Dust control, Drainage of tunnels, Safety in
tunnel construction.
Bridges: Classification of bridges – with respect to construction
materials, structural behavior of super structure, span, sub structure,
purpose. Temporary and movable bridges. Factors affecting site
selection. Various loads/stresses acting on bridges. Bridge hydrology –
design discharge, water way, afflux, scour depth, economical span.
Bridge components – foundation, piers, abutments, wing wall, approach,
bearings, floor, girders, cables, suspenders. Methods of erection of
different types of bridges. River training works and maintenance of
bridges. Testing and strengthening of bridges. Bridge architect.
This document provides an overview of the course MAB1053 Bridge Engineering Introduction. The key points are:
1. The course objectives are to identify types of bridges, perform basic calculations for bridge loading and analysis, and perform basic design of prestressed concrete bridge elements.
2. The course content includes introduction to bridges, bridge substructure elements, bridge loading, bridge superstructure analysis methods, and prestressed concrete bridge design.
3. The course schedule outlines the topics to be covered each week by the lecturers, including bridge types, loading, substructure, superstructure analysis, and prestressed concrete design.
Workshop under the Capacity Building Programme of the Southern Road Connectivity Project / Expressway Connectivity Improvement Plan Project, March 2016
Design principles in prefabricated structures unit iii ce6016 pfsPrakash Kumar Sekar
CE6016 PREFABRICATED STRUCTURES - Design principles in prefabricated structures unit iii ce6016 pfs - Disuniting of structures- Design of cross section based on the efficiency of material used – Problems in design because of joint flexibility ---- Allowance for joint deformation
1. The document discusses the design of an Intze water storage tank for GRIET campus using manual calculations and STAAD Pro software.
2. It provides background on Intze tanks and their advantages over normal tanks. Design considerations like forces, materials and stresses are covered.
3. The existing water supply situation and need for a new tank in the campus is studied. Dimensions and reinforcement details of the designed tank are presented.
4. Both manual and STAAD analysis show the design is stable with no member failures. The manual design is adopted for construction.
The document discusses different types of well foundations used in construction. It describes the key components of well foundations including the cutting edge, steining, bottom plug, top plug, and well cap. It explains the process of sinking well foundations, which involves excavating material inside the well curb to allow the well to sink vertically into the ground. Precautions like maintaining verticality and limiting tilt and shift are important during well sinking.
A weir is a solid structure built across a river to raise the water level and divert water into canals. There are different types of weirs including masonry weirs with vertical drops, rock fill weirs with sloping aprons, and concrete weirs with downstream slopes. Weirs can fail due to subsurface piping, uplift pressure, surface water suction or scouring. Remedies include installing sheet piles and ensuring sufficient floor thickness and length. A barrage is similar to a weir but uses gates rather than a solid structure to control water levels. Barrages are more expensive than weirs but allow better control of water levels and less silting during floods by raising the gates.
Here is the some basic information regarding Tunneling & Rock Drilling Equipments which I have collected from different resources (Internet,Professors,Experts,Engineers,Companies etc). It would be very helpful for M.Tech students of Construction Engineering & Management.
-RAJARSHI
This document discusses the sinking, tilting, and diseases associated with caissons. It begins by defining caissons as watertight structures used in excavating foundations that become part of the substructure. Methods for sinking caissons include using air/water jets, blasting, loading with weight, and creating a sand island. Tilting can occur if a caisson sinks unevenly, and methods to correct tilting include controlling dredging, adding eccentric loads, using water jets, jacks, explosives, or depositing/excavating earth on different sides. Caisson disease, also called decompression sickness, can affect workers in compressed air and is caused by nitrogen bubbles forming in tissues upon rapid decomp
The document discusses various topics related to bridges including their purpose, importance, components, classifications, loadings, aesthetics, materials used such as steel and reinforced concrete, types of bridges like suspension bridges, causes of bridge failures, maintenance, and some landmark bridges in India. Bridges are structures built to provide passage over physical obstacles without closing the gap below and have been developing in sophistication since early human civilization. They are important for connecting difficult terrains, aiding trade and transportation, and reducing travel time.
Canal fall- necessity and location- types of falls- Cross regulator and
distributory head regulator- their functions, Silt control devices, Canal
escapes- types of escapes.
This document provides information about pile foundations. Piles are long, slender members used to transmit foundation loads through weak soil layers to stronger layers below. They can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or other materials. Factors that influence pile selection include soil conditions, load requirements, availability of materials, and costs. Pile foundations allow buildings and bridges to be supported in places with poor soil by transmitting loads to deeper, stronger layers. The document discusses different types of piles and pile driving methods.
This document provides an overview of bridges, including:
1) It defines what a bridge is, its main components, and classifications based on various factors such as material, location, purpose, and structural design.
2) The key components of a bridge are described as the superstructure, which is above the bearings, and the substructure, which is below the bearings.
3) Bridges are investigated and designed based on considerations like span length, site conditions, and cost. Maintaining bridges requires regular inspections to identify deterioration and prevent structural failures.
This document discusses different types of bridge foundations. It describes shallow foundations like open foundations and block foundations. It also describes deep foundations such as pile foundations and well foundations. Pile foundations use timber, reinforced concrete, or bored pipe piles below the river bed. Well foundations involve constructing a well structure and sinking it into the ground to transmit heavy loads. The document provides details on the components and advantages of well foundations. It also lists ideal characteristics for selecting a bridge site such as suitable foundation material, straight banks, and minimum obstructions.
Pile foundation are essential in case where SBC is low or the load coming from superstructure is too heavy,
Topics covered includes Materials used for making piles, Type of piles, load transfer mechanism, factors affecting selection of piles, Installation methods, load carrying capacity of piles, different load tests performed and the behavior of piles as a group.
Bridges are structures built to span physical obstacles without blocking passage underneath. The key components of bridges include foundations, abutments, piers, piles, girders, decks, and bearings. Foundations transmit loads from the rest of the bridge evenly to the soil or bedrock below. Piers and abutments support the superstructure of beams and decks that people or vehicles pass over.
This document provides information about pile foundations. Pile foundations are used when the soil cannot support building loads and piles are driven deep into the ground until they reach a bearing stratum. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, or steel. They transfer loads from the building to the stronger subsurface layer. The document discusses different types of piles including end bearing and friction piles and explains how pile caps are reinforced to resist tensile and shear forces from heavy loads. Diagrams show how pile foundations are arranged and how piles transmit loads into the ground.
This document provides a classification of bridges based on various criteria such as material, alignment, location, purpose, superstructure type, flood hazard level, span, navigation facilities, loading, and lifespan. Some of the main bridge types discussed include slab bridges, girder bridges, truss bridges, suspension bridges, arch bridges, swing bridges, bascule bridges, and lift bridges. Bridges are also classified based on their span length from minor bridges to long span bridges. Temporary bridges discussed include pontoon, boat, and flying bridges while permanent bridges include RCC, masonry, and steel bridges.
1. The document discusses the design and analysis of storage reservoirs and overhead tanks. It covers various types of tanks, design considerations for concrete mixes, crack development remedies, permissible stresses, and reinforcement requirements.
2. Methods for analyzing circular and rectangular tanks are presented. For circular tanks, designs consider rigid versus flexible joints with the base slab. Approximate methods analyze the bottom portion as cantilever and the rest as resisting pressure through horizontal forces.
3. Rectangular tank analysis depends on the length-breadth ratio, treating short walls as bending horizontally between long walls which transfer pressure as tension.
This document provides an introduction to bridge engineering. It defines what a bridge is as a structure that provides passage over an obstacle without blocking the way below. It then discusses basic bridge types including arch bridges, beam/girder bridges, cantilever bridges, truss bridges, suspension bridges, and cable-stayed bridges. The document also covers bridge terminology such as substructure, superstructure, abutments, piers, bearings, and provides descriptions and purposes of these components. Finally, it discusses aesthetics in bridge design and considerations for context, comprehensiveness, cost, and constructability.
The document discusses the history and development of bridges from ancient times to modern day. It covers basic bridge engineering concepts like compression, tension, load transfer and types of bridges including beam, arch, suspension, and cable-stayed bridges. Force analysis is described for each bridge type. Tips are provided for designing bridges including commitment, understanding rules, drawing designs, and ensuring symmetry.
Bridges: Classification of bridges – with respect to construction
materials, structural behavior of super structure, span, sub structure,
purpose. Temporary and movable bridges. Factors affecting site
selection. Various loads/stresses acting on bridges. Bridge hydrology –
design discharge, water way, afflux, scour depth, economical span.
Bridge components – foundation, piers, abutments, wing wall, approach,
bearings, floor, girders, cables, suspenders. Methods of erection of
different types of bridges. River training works and maintenance of
bridges. Testing and strengthening of bridges. Bridge architect.
This document provides an overview of the course MAB1053 Bridge Engineering Introduction. The key points are:
1. The course objectives are to identify types of bridges, perform basic calculations for bridge loading and analysis, and perform basic design of prestressed concrete bridge elements.
2. The course content includes introduction to bridges, bridge substructure elements, bridge loading, bridge superstructure analysis methods, and prestressed concrete bridge design.
3. The course schedule outlines the topics to be covered each week by the lecturers, including bridge types, loading, substructure, superstructure analysis, and prestressed concrete design.
Workshop under the Capacity Building Programme of the Southern Road Connectivity Project / Expressway Connectivity Improvement Plan Project, March 2016
Design principles in prefabricated structures unit iii ce6016 pfsPrakash Kumar Sekar
CE6016 PREFABRICATED STRUCTURES - Design principles in prefabricated structures unit iii ce6016 pfs - Disuniting of structures- Design of cross section based on the efficiency of material used – Problems in design because of joint flexibility ---- Allowance for joint deformation
1. The document discusses the design of an Intze water storage tank for GRIET campus using manual calculations and STAAD Pro software.
2. It provides background on Intze tanks and their advantages over normal tanks. Design considerations like forces, materials and stresses are covered.
3. The existing water supply situation and need for a new tank in the campus is studied. Dimensions and reinforcement details of the designed tank are presented.
4. Both manual and STAAD analysis show the design is stable with no member failures. The manual design is adopted for construction.
The document discusses different types of well foundations used in construction. It describes the key components of well foundations including the cutting edge, steining, bottom plug, top plug, and well cap. It explains the process of sinking well foundations, which involves excavating material inside the well curb to allow the well to sink vertically into the ground. Precautions like maintaining verticality and limiting tilt and shift are important during well sinking.
A weir is a solid structure built across a river to raise the water level and divert water into canals. There are different types of weirs including masonry weirs with vertical drops, rock fill weirs with sloping aprons, and concrete weirs with downstream slopes. Weirs can fail due to subsurface piping, uplift pressure, surface water suction or scouring. Remedies include installing sheet piles and ensuring sufficient floor thickness and length. A barrage is similar to a weir but uses gates rather than a solid structure to control water levels. Barrages are more expensive than weirs but allow better control of water levels and less silting during floods by raising the gates.
Here is the some basic information regarding Tunneling & Rock Drilling Equipments which I have collected from different resources (Internet,Professors,Experts,Engineers,Companies etc). It would be very helpful for M.Tech students of Construction Engineering & Management.
-RAJARSHI
This document discusses the sinking, tilting, and diseases associated with caissons. It begins by defining caissons as watertight structures used in excavating foundations that become part of the substructure. Methods for sinking caissons include using air/water jets, blasting, loading with weight, and creating a sand island. Tilting can occur if a caisson sinks unevenly, and methods to correct tilting include controlling dredging, adding eccentric loads, using water jets, jacks, explosives, or depositing/excavating earth on different sides. Caisson disease, also called decompression sickness, can affect workers in compressed air and is caused by nitrogen bubbles forming in tissues upon rapid decomp
The document discusses various topics related to bridges including their purpose, importance, components, classifications, loadings, aesthetics, materials used such as steel and reinforced concrete, types of bridges like suspension bridges, causes of bridge failures, maintenance, and some landmark bridges in India. Bridges are structures built to provide passage over physical obstacles without closing the gap below and have been developing in sophistication since early human civilization. They are important for connecting difficult terrains, aiding trade and transportation, and reducing travel time.
Canal fall- necessity and location- types of falls- Cross regulator and
distributory head regulator- their functions, Silt control devices, Canal
escapes- types of escapes.
This document provides information about pile foundations. Piles are long, slender members used to transmit foundation loads through weak soil layers to stronger layers below. They can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or other materials. Factors that influence pile selection include soil conditions, load requirements, availability of materials, and costs. Pile foundations allow buildings and bridges to be supported in places with poor soil by transmitting loads to deeper, stronger layers. The document discusses different types of piles and pile driving methods.
This document provides an overview of bridges, including:
1) It defines what a bridge is, its main components, and classifications based on various factors such as material, location, purpose, and structural design.
2) The key components of a bridge are described as the superstructure, which is above the bearings, and the substructure, which is below the bearings.
3) Bridges are investigated and designed based on considerations like span length, site conditions, and cost. Maintaining bridges requires regular inspections to identify deterioration and prevent structural failures.
This document discusses different types of bridge foundations. It describes shallow foundations like open foundations and block foundations. It also describes deep foundations such as pile foundations and well foundations. Pile foundations use timber, reinforced concrete, or bored pipe piles below the river bed. Well foundations involve constructing a well structure and sinking it into the ground to transmit heavy loads. The document provides details on the components and advantages of well foundations. It also lists ideal characteristics for selecting a bridge site such as suitable foundation material, straight banks, and minimum obstructions.
Pile foundation are essential in case where SBC is low or the load coming from superstructure is too heavy,
Topics covered includes Materials used for making piles, Type of piles, load transfer mechanism, factors affecting selection of piles, Installation methods, load carrying capacity of piles, different load tests performed and the behavior of piles as a group.
Bridges are structures built to span physical obstacles without blocking passage underneath. The key components of bridges include foundations, abutments, piers, piles, girders, decks, and bearings. Foundations transmit loads from the rest of the bridge evenly to the soil or bedrock below. Piers and abutments support the superstructure of beams and decks that people or vehicles pass over.
This document provides information about pile foundations. Pile foundations are used when the soil cannot support building loads and piles are driven deep into the ground until they reach a bearing stratum. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, or steel. They transfer loads from the building to the stronger subsurface layer. The document discusses different types of piles including end bearing and friction piles and explains how pile caps are reinforced to resist tensile and shear forces from heavy loads. Diagrams show how pile foundations are arranged and how piles transmit loads into the ground.
This document provides a classification of bridges based on various criteria such as material, alignment, location, purpose, superstructure type, flood hazard level, span, navigation facilities, loading, and lifespan. Some of the main bridge types discussed include slab bridges, girder bridges, truss bridges, suspension bridges, arch bridges, swing bridges, bascule bridges, and lift bridges. Bridges are also classified based on their span length from minor bridges to long span bridges. Temporary bridges discussed include pontoon, boat, and flying bridges while permanent bridges include RCC, masonry, and steel bridges.
1. The document discusses the design and analysis of storage reservoirs and overhead tanks. It covers various types of tanks, design considerations for concrete mixes, crack development remedies, permissible stresses, and reinforcement requirements.
2. Methods for analyzing circular and rectangular tanks are presented. For circular tanks, designs consider rigid versus flexible joints with the base slab. Approximate methods analyze the bottom portion as cantilever and the rest as resisting pressure through horizontal forces.
3. Rectangular tank analysis depends on the length-breadth ratio, treating short walls as bending horizontally between long walls which transfer pressure as tension.
This document provides an introduction to bridge engineering. It defines what a bridge is as a structure that provides passage over an obstacle without blocking the way below. It then discusses basic bridge types including arch bridges, beam/girder bridges, cantilever bridges, truss bridges, suspension bridges, and cable-stayed bridges. The document also covers bridge terminology such as substructure, superstructure, abutments, piers, bearings, and provides descriptions and purposes of these components. Finally, it discusses aesthetics in bridge design and considerations for context, comprehensiveness, cost, and constructability.
The document discusses the history and development of bridges from ancient times to modern day. It covers basic bridge engineering concepts like compression, tension, load transfer and types of bridges including beam, arch, suspension, and cable-stayed bridges. Force analysis is described for each bridge type. Tips are provided for designing bridges including commitment, understanding rules, drawing designs, and ensuring symmetry.
The document discusses different types of structural elements used in building construction including beams, loads, supports, columns, and trusses. It describes several types of beams such as simply supported beams, continuous beams, overhanging beams, cantilever beams, and fixed beams. It also discusses different types of loads, supports, and how columns and trusses function structurally.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of bridges from ancient times to modern times. It discusses key concepts in bridge engineering including basic bridge types (beam, arch, suspension), forces (compression, tension), and components (span, pier, truss). Basic math concepts for bridge design are also covered such as statics equations. Tips for building bridges emphasize commitment, understanding rules, and designing a symmetrical structure.
Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is constructed and anchored, the material used to make it, and the funds available to build it. This module explains the types of bridges and their design characteristics.
This document provides an overview of different types of bridges, including their basic designs, histories, and functions. It discusses beam bridges, arch bridges, suspension bridges, cantilever bridges, truss bridges, cable-stayed bridges, floating bridges, and culverts. The document describes the key forces and materials involved in each bridge type and how they are able to span different distances. It also gives brief histories on the development of bridges from ancient times to modern innovations in bridge engineering.
This document provides an overview of different types of bridges, including their basic designs and histories. It discusses beam bridges, arch bridges, suspension bridges, cantilever bridges, truss bridges, cable-stayed bridges, floating bridges, and culverts. The document describes the key forces that each bridge type handles and how designs have evolved over time to allow for longer spans and new building materials.
The document discusses the history and development of bridge engineering from ancient Roman bridges to modern designs. It describes key bridge types including truss, beam, arch, suspension, and floating bridges. The basic concepts of compression, tension, piers, and loads are explained. Forces on beam, arch, and suspension bridges are illustrated. Effective bridge design requires considering ground conditions, materials used, structural shapes, loads, and environmental factors like wind and water. The case study discusses the unexpected collapse of the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940 due to wind-induced vibrations, despite being engineered to withstand hurricane winds.
This document discusses different types of bridges, with a focus on suspension bridges. It describes the key characteristics of six main bridge types: arch, beam, cable-stayed, cantilever, truss, and suspension. Suspension bridges are highlighted as having the longest possible spans, with cables suspended between towers carrying vertical cables that support the level or arched deck. The document outlines structural components and load distribution in suspension bridges, and their advantages of accommodating very long spans and tall ships, though they require stiffness to prevent wind vibration.
The document summarizes different types of bridges, focusing on suspension bridges. It defines suspension bridges as having cables suspended between towers to support vertical cables carrying the weight of the deck. Suspension bridges allow for the longest spans of any bridge type, from 2,000 to 7,000 feet. The document also discusses structural analysis of suspension bridges, with tension in main cables and compression in towers transferring weight through anchorages. Famous examples given are the Golden Gate Bridge and Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge.
The basic components and parts of a bridge include the superstructure, bearings, and substructure. The superstructure includes the deck and girders that support the roadway. Bearings allow movement between the superstructure and substructure and transmit loads. The substructure includes piers, abutments, and foundations that support the superstructure and transfer loads to the ground. Piers are vertical structures that support spans while abutments retain earth at the ends of the bridge and transfer loads into the ground. Foundations distribute bridge loads evenly into the soil or rock.
The document provides an overview of the history and engineering concepts related to bridge development and design. It discusses the basic types of bridges including beam, arch, suspension and cable-stayed bridges. It also covers concepts such as forces, loads, materials and shapes that affect bridge structure, and tips for building bridges including the importance of connections and structural stability.
This document discusses different types of bridges and their histories. It begins by defining what a bridge is and explaining that bridge designs vary based on their function and location. It then provides a brief history of bridge development from 700 AD to present day, including examples like Roman arch bridges and suspension bridges. The rest of the document defines and describes the six main types of bridges: beam, cantilever, arch, suspension, cable-stayed, and truss bridges. It also discusses floating bridges and culverts. Forces, materials, and spans for each bridge type are outlined.
The document discusses the history and engineering of bridges. It describes how bridges have developed over time, from natural bridges made of tree trunks and stone used by ancient civilizations, to modern bridges made of steel and concrete. It also explains some key bridge engineering concepts, such as compression, tension, trusses, and buckling. Additionally, it outlines the basic types of bridges including beam, arch, suspension, and cable-stayed, and how each is designed to handle forces and span different distances.
A bridge is the key element in a transportation system; it controls both the volume and weight of the traffic. Balance must be achieved between handling future traffic volume and loads and the cost of heavier and wider bridge structure. Economic Analysis and comparisons against competing alternatives is required as Bridges are the most expensive part of a road transportation network. Monetized & Non-Monetized Benefits that will accrue like time savings to road users, benefits to business activities (and to the economy in general) and salvage value benefits like Right-of-Way and substructure use need to be assessed as well.
This document discusses reinforced concrete (RC) girder bridges. It begins by defining girder bridges as the simplest bridge type, consisting of horizontal beams supported at each end. RC girder bridges are comprised of deck slabs that vehicles drive on, supported by main girders. There are three main types of girder bridges: box girders, which can handle twisting forces and are suitable for longer spans; concrete girders made of pre-stressed concrete; and I-beam girders made of steel. RC girder bridges must be designed to support dead loads from the structure itself, live loads from traffic, and dynamic loads from wind and weather.
OUTLINE
introduction
classification
loads
materials used
Type of reinforcement
RCC
construction methods in RCC
Analysis and design
Detailing
Basic Rules
Site visit
video
This document provides an overview of bridge types and engineering concepts. It discusses the history of bridge development from natural bridges and Roman arch bridges to modern suspension and cable-stayed bridges. The basic concepts of forces, materials, and shapes are explained. Common bridge types including beam, arch, suspension, truss, and cable-stayed bridges are described along with the forces that act on each. Engineering concepts such as modulus of elasticity, structural stability formulas, and truss analysis are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of bridge engineering. It defines a bridge as a structure that allows passage over an obstacle without blocking the way underneath. Bridges are critical infrastructure for transportation. The document outlines the key components of bridges, including the substructure (abutments, piers, foundations), superstructure (decking, parapets, bearings), and different classifications of bridges based on materials, purpose, lifespan, spans and loads. It provides examples of different bridge types like beam, cantilever, arch, truss and suspension bridges. Finally, it highlights some landmark bridges in India like the Dhola Sadiya, Pamban and Bandra-Worli sea link bridges.
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11June 2024. An online pre-engagement session was organized on Tuesday June 11 to introduce the Science Policy Lab approach and the main components of the conceptual framework.
About 40 experts from around the globe gathered online for a pre-engagement session, paving the way for the first SASi-SPi Science Policy Lab event scheduled for June 18-19, 2024 in Malmö. The session presented the objectives for the upcoming Science Policy Lab (S-PoL), which featured a role-playing game designed to simulate stakeholder interactions and policy interventions for food systems transitions. Participants called for the sharing of meeting materials and continued collaboration, reflecting a strong commitment to advancing towards sustainable agrifood systems.
Beyond the Veil: Unraveling the Secrets of Your Dreamsamerhanoor20
Unravel the enigmatic threads of your subconscious mind...
In this captivating presentation, we'll venture into the mystical realm of dreams, where secrets lie hidden and mysteries await unraveling. Join us on a journey to:
1:Decipher the cryptic language of your dreams
2:Uncover the hidden symbolism and metaphors
3:Unlock the doors to your subconscious mind
4:Discover the secrets that lie beyond the veil of reality
Prepare to be mesmerized by the mysteries of your own mind...
Client Management Skills.pptx for corporate worldartemacademy2
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2. Course Code: CE414
Course Title: Structural Analysis and Design Sessional II
Course Teacher
Shabbir Ahmed Osmani
Senior Lecturer
Department of Civil Engineering,
Leading University, Sylhet.
4. Prepared By
Tajul Islam
ID: 1512060013
Semester: 8th
Batch: 10th
Department of Civil Engineering
Leading University, Sylhet.
5. Introduction
Piers provide vertical supports for spans at intermediate
points and perform two main functions transferring
superstructure vertical loads to the foundations and resisting
horizontal forces acting on the bridge. Although piers are
traditionally designed to resist vertical loads, it is becoming
more and more common to design piers to resist high lateral
loads caused by seismic events. Even in some low seismic
areas, designers are paying more attention to the ductility
aspect of the design. Piers are predominantly constructed
using reinforced concrete. Steel, to a lesser degree, is also
used for piers. Steel tubes filled with concrete (composite)
columns have gained more attention recently.
6. What is Bridge?
A bridge is a structure that is built over a railway, river, or
road so that people or vehicles can cross from one side to
the other.
7. Component of Bridge
Every bridge can be divided broadly into three
parts.
1. Superstructure
2. Substructure
3. Foundation
Superstructure
Superstructure that part of the structure which
supports traffic and includes deck, slab and girders.
All the parts of the bridge which is mounted on a
supporting system can be classified as a Super
structure.
Substructure
Substructure that part of the structure, piers and
abutments, which supports the superstructure and
which transfers the structural load to the
foundations.
8. Foundation
Foundation is the component which transfers loads from the
substructure to the bearing strata. Depending on the
geotechnical properties of the bearing strata, shallow or deep
foundations are adopted. Usually, piles and well foundations
are adopted for bridge foundations.
Now let’s know about the five major parts of R.C.C bridge.
9. Beam / Girder
Beam or girder is that part of superstructure which is under
bending along the span. it is the load bearing member which
supports the deck.
Bearing
Bearing transfers loads from the girders to the pier caps. Bearing
is a component which supports part of the bridge and which
transmits forces from that part to another part of the structure
whilst permitting angular and/or linear movement between parts.
Pier Cap / Headstock
Pier Cap / Headstock is the component which transfers loads from
the superstructure to the piers. Pier cap provide sufficient seating
for the Bridge girders and disperse the loads from the bearings to
the Piers.
10. Pier
Pier is that part of a part of the substructure which supports
the superstructure at the end of the span and which transfers
loads on the superstructure to the foundations. Piers are
compression members. Depending on the loading and bearing
articulations, piers may be subjected to bending as well.
Pile cap and Piles
Pile foundation is the most commonly used foundation system
for bridges. Pile is a slender compression member driven into
or formed in the ground to resist loads. A reinforced concrete
mass cast around the head of a group of piles to ensure they act
together and distribute the load among them it is known as pile
cap.
12. What is Bridge pier?
Bridge Pier support the spans of the bridge and transfer the loads
from superstructure to the foundation. Piers should be strong
enough to take the vertical load and horizontal forces. Its main
function is to transfer the load from the bridge superstructure to
foundation. They are subjected to huge axial loads and bi-axial
moments and shear forces in transverse and longitudinal direction.
Said that, pier are usually compression elements of a bridge.
13. Types of Pier?
Type of piers to be used in the bridge depends upon the type of
bridge, sub-soil conditions as well as the procedure adopted for the
construction of bridge. The bridge pier can be broadly divided into
two parts:
1. Solid piers
2. Open piers
1. Solid piers
These piers have solid and impermeable structure. The generally used
materials used for the construction of these type of piers are bricks,
stone Masonry, Concrete or RCC, etc. They may be further classified
as:
a. Solid masonry pier.
b. Solid RCC pier.
14. Solid masonry pier
Masonry piers are normally provided in residential buildings to
support the ends of beams. Once the length of a wall becomes less
than 3 times its thickness it is called a pier (or column) rather than
a wall.
16. Solid R.C.C. pier
The solid piers which are constructed with the reinforcement are
called R.C.C. piers. These piers are generally rectangular in cross-
section and are generally used where the height of the piers are
more and the solid masonry piers.
Solid R.C.C. pier.
17. 2. Open piers
The piers which are open also allows the water to
pass through the structure are called as open piers.
Open piers can be classified into the following types:
a. Cylindrical piers
b. Column bents
c. Trestle piers or Trestle bent
d. Pile bents
e. Special or typical framed piers
18. Cylindrical piers
The piers which are
constructed with the mild
steels or cast iron cylinder in
which the concrete are filled
are known as cylindrical piers.
These are used for bridges
having moderate height.
Sometimes horizontal and
diagonal steel bracing are also
provided for additional
stability.
Cylindrical piers.
19. Column bents
A rigid frame commonly made of reinforced concrete or
steel that supports a vertical load and is placed transverse to
the length of a structure. Bents are commonly used to
support beams and girders. An end bent is the supporting
frame forming part of an abutment. The vertical members of
a bent are columns or piles.
Column bents.
20. Trestle piers or Trestle bent
It consist of column with bent cap at the top. As per the
latest recommendation the hinges may also be provided.
It is generally used for flyovers and elevated roads. These
are suitable for bridges where water current is slow and
river bed is sufficiently firm.
Trestle bent.
21. Pile piers or Pile bents
These are used where the ground is unstable and the low
piers are required. In these type of piers number of steel or
RCC piles are driven into the ground provided with the
cap at their top to support the main girder. It is the
common variation of multicolumn bent. It is generally used
for the type of bent on low height and short span structure.
Pile bent.
22. Typical Framed Piers
These are the latest type of piers used in the
bridges. In these piers the effective span length
for girders get reduced. Hence the construction
will be economical.
Typical Framed Piers.
23. Classification of Bridge Piers based on Force Transfer
Mechanisms
Based on the type of forces the pier is subjected to bridge piers are classified
as:
1. Fixed piers.
2. Free piers.
Fixed pier
This is actually be R.C.C. pier. When a bridge pier casting with girder or slab
simultaneously, this is call fixed pier.
25. Free pier.
Free pier
Free pier is one kind of
timber pier. When a bridge
pier be timber and the slab
or girder just stay above in
this pier without any fixed
joint, this is called free pier.
26. Some other types of bridge piers
Hammerhead piers
It is also called as solid shaft piers. It have a single solid
concrete cross section that support the cap. In this pier, it
is seen that the major axis of the pier and the direction of
steam flow is approximately same. It is recommended to
use circular or small rectangular cross section when the
flow is not in the same direction as the major axis. Spread
footing are generally used for this type of piers.
28. Multicolumn or Pile bent
It has two or more column that support the cap. There is a problem
of debris collection when the water is allowed to flow between the
columns. Combined footing may be used where the column spacing
is less & isolated footing where the spacing is greater. It also known
as frame bent.
Multicolumn or Pile bent.
32. Architectural pier.
Architectural pier
A pier, in architecture, is an
upright support for a structure
or superstructure such as an
arch or bridge. Sections of
structural walls between
openings (bays) can function as
piers.
33. Requirements of Bridge Piers
It should effectively transfer loads from Superstructure to foundation without
failure.
It should withstand all force actions.
The material for the piers should be easily available
It should have pleasant appearance.
Its design should be simple.
The piers should be durable against weathering, impacts and corrosion.
The cost of construction should be cheap.
It should have minimum repair and maintenance cost.
It should have stability against the lateral and longitudinal force actions
Seismic, Wind, Ice, Currents, Impacts.
35. Loads and Force acting on Pier
Dead loads.
Live loads and impact from the superstructure.
Wind loads on the structure and the live loads.
Centrifugal force from the superstructure.
Longitudinal force from live loads.
Drag forces due to the friction at bearings.
Earth pressure.
Stream flow pressure.
Ice pressure.
Earthquake forces.
Thermal and shrinkage forces.
Ship impact forces.
Force due to pre-stressing of the superstructure.
Forces due to settlement of foundations.
37. 2D view of normal and interlocking bar distribution.
38. Failure of Pier
Weld failure of column longitudinal reinforcement, 1995
Kobe Earthquake
39. Shear failure of columns during the 1971 San Fernando
earthquake (Moehle et al., 2000) Fig. 17: Shear failure of
a column of Shinkansen bridge. 2004, Japan, (Moehle et
al., 2000).
41. Failure for scouring.
In river for scouring
sometimes the support of
pier will removed and this
failure be occur, this is
called scouring failure of
pier.
42. Repair procedures of shear failure.
The repair procedures were similar for all the damaged
pier specimens and can be summarized as follows:
(1) The damaged concrete in and around the damage
region should removed, and the pier surface of the
damage region cleaned using a high-pressure air gun.
(2) The buckled longitudinal bars are straightened by
pounding them with a rubber hammer, and then the
fractured spiral bars in specimens are welded together
using new similar reinforcing bars.
(3) Early-strength concrete of damage region is cast,
and the surface of the pier specimens is finished to their
original shape and dimension.
Note: This can be done in flyover bridge pier and building pier. But in river it
might not done for due to some limitations.
43. Covering the failure pier with steel.
The bonding failure can repair by
covering the failure pier by steel materials
although it’s costly . And it requires
experienced people for work.
Repair process of bond failure.
44. Selection criteria of pier.
Selections of proper pier type depend upon many
factors. First of all, it depends upon the type of
superstructure. For example, steel girder
superstructures are normally supported by
cantilevered piers, whereas the cast-in-place
concrete superstructures are normally supported by
monolithic bents. Second, it depends upon whether
the bridges are over a waterway or not. Pier walls
are preferred on river crossings, where debris is a
concern and hydraulics dictates it. Multiple pile
extension bents are commonly used on slab bridges.
Last, the height of piers also dictates the type
selection of piers. The taller piers often require
hollow cross sections in order to reduce the weight
of the substructure. This then reduces the load
demands on the costly foundations.
45. References:
A.RAHAI and M.AREZOUMANDI The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-
17, 2008, Beijing, China “EFFECT OF VERTICAL MOTION OF EARTHQUAKE ON RC
BRIDGE PIER”
Atsuhiko MACHIDA And Khairy H ABDELKAREEM “EFFECT OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT ON
FAILURE MODE OF RC BRIDGE PIERS SUBJECTED TO STRONG EARTHQUAKE
MOTIONS”
Deyuan Zhou, Ruiwen Li, Juan Wang, and Changtuan Guo Received 29 November 2016; Revised 16
April 2017; Accepted 9 May 2017; Published 16 July 2017 Hindawi Shock and Vibration
Volume 2017, Article ID 7085392, 12 pages “Study on Impact Behavior and Impact Force of
Bridge Pier Subjected to Vehicle Collision”
Kazuyuki Mizuguchi, Norimasa Higashida, Koji Osada, Gaku Ohashi, “ Design and Construction
Highway Piers with Interlocking Hoops in Japan”
Jain, J. K.; Saxena, A. K.; and Shrivastava, Sanjay Kumar, "Pier Failure of Bridge and Geotechnical
Investigation − A Case Study"(1998). International Conference on Case Histories in
Geotechnical Engineering. 11.
Engr. Md. Abdur Rahman Bhuiyan,” Strength and Ductility of Reinforced Concrete Highway
Bridge Pier” National Seminar on Performance Based Design of Reinforced Concrete
Structures.