The document discusses stress ribbon bridges. It begins by explaining that a stress ribbon bridge is a tension structure similar to a suspension bridge, with suspension cables embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc. Unlike simple suspension bridges, the ribbon is stressed in compression which adds stiffness. Supports provide upward thrusting arcs to change the grade between spans. Stress ribbon bridges are typically reinforced concrete with steel tensioning cables to prevent excessive flexing from vehicle traffic. Fewer than 50 have been built worldwide due to their rare design.
Stress ribbon bridges are tension structures similar to suspension bridges. They transmit loads via tension in the deck to anchored abutments. Unlike simple spans, the ribbon is stressed in compression, adding stiffness. The first was built in Switzerland in the 1960s. They consist of precast concrete planks supported by bearing tendons and separate prestressing tendons to create the catenary shape. Stress ribbon bridges are economical, aesthetic, and require minimal maintenance.
A stressed ribbon bridge (also stress-ribbon bridge or catenary bridge) is a tension structure (similar in many ways to a simple suspension bridge). The suspension cables are embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc between supports. Unlike the simple span, the ribbon is stressed in traction, which adds to the stiffness of the structure (simple suspension spans tend to sway and bounce).
what is a ribbon bridge
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Suspension bridges are suspended from cables. The earliest suspension bridges were made of ropes or vines covered with pieces of bamboo. In modern bridges, the cables hang from towers that are attached to caissons or cofferdams. The caissons or cofferdams are implanted deep into the bed of the lake, river or sea. Sub-types include the simple suspension bridge, the stressed ribbon bridge, the underspanned suspension bridge, the suspended-deck suspension bridge, and the self-anchored suspension bridge. There is also what is sometimes called a "semi-suspension" bridge, of which the Ferry Bridge in Burton-upon-Trent is the only one of its kind in Europe.[19]
The longest suspension bridge in the world is the 3,909 m (12,825 ft) Akashi Kaikyō Bridge in Japan.
Composite structure of concrete and steel.Suhailkhan204
This document discusses composite structures, which combine steel and concrete materials. The key elements of composite structures are composite deck slabs, beams, and columns, along with shear connectors. Composite structures take advantage of concrete's compressive strength and steel's tensile strength. They provide benefits like increased load capacity, stiffness, fire resistance, and cost savings compared to traditional steel or concrete construction alone. An example project, the Millennium Tower in Vienna, is described. The document analyzes costs and concludes that composite structures are best suited for high-rise buildings due to reduced weight, increased ductility, and savings of around 10% compared to reinforced concrete.
This document discusses composite construction, where a prefabricated beam and cast-in-place concrete slab act together as a unit. It defines composite construction and describes its advantages over non-composite construction, including increased stiffness, strength, and span length. The document discusses how shear connectors interconnect the beam and slab to achieve composite action. It provides equations for calculating the effective slab width, section properties of the composite section, and required strength of shear connectors. An example is given for designing a composite slab on a precast reinforced concrete beam.
This document discusses shear wall analysis and design. It defines shear walls as structural elements used in buildings to resist lateral forces through cantilever action. The document classifies different types of shear walls and discusses their behavior under seismic loading. It outlines the steps for designing shear walls, including reviewing layout, analyzing structural systems, determining design forces, and detailing reinforcement. The document emphasizes the importance of properly locating shear walls in a building to resist seismic loads and minimize torsional effects.
The document discusses proper detailing of reinforced concrete structures, which is essential for safety and structural performance. It provides guidelines and examples of good and bad detailing practices for common reinforced concrete elements like slabs, beams, columns, and foundations. Proper detailing is important to avoid construction errors and ensure the structural design works as intended under gravity and seismic loads.
Stress ribbon bridges are tension structures similar to suspension bridges. They transmit loads via tension in the deck to anchored abutments. Unlike simple spans, the ribbon is stressed in compression, adding stiffness. The first was built in Switzerland in the 1960s. They consist of precast concrete planks supported by bearing tendons and separate prestressing tendons to create the catenary shape. Stress ribbon bridges are economical, aesthetic, and require minimal maintenance.
A stressed ribbon bridge (also stress-ribbon bridge or catenary bridge) is a tension structure (similar in many ways to a simple suspension bridge). The suspension cables are embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc between supports. Unlike the simple span, the ribbon is stressed in traction, which adds to the stiffness of the structure (simple suspension spans tend to sway and bounce).
what is a ribbon bridge
stress ribbon pedestrian bridges
cancer symbols and colors
bridge materials for sale
materials used to build bridges
used bridge
material used in construction
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
seminar topics pdf
best seminar topics for civil engineering
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2019
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
mechanical engineering seminar topics 2018
Suspension bridges are suspended from cables. The earliest suspension bridges were made of ropes or vines covered with pieces of bamboo. In modern bridges, the cables hang from towers that are attached to caissons or cofferdams. The caissons or cofferdams are implanted deep into the bed of the lake, river or sea. Sub-types include the simple suspension bridge, the stressed ribbon bridge, the underspanned suspension bridge, the suspended-deck suspension bridge, and the self-anchored suspension bridge. There is also what is sometimes called a "semi-suspension" bridge, of which the Ferry Bridge in Burton-upon-Trent is the only one of its kind in Europe.[19]
The longest suspension bridge in the world is the 3,909 m (12,825 ft) Akashi Kaikyō Bridge in Japan.
Composite structure of concrete and steel.Suhailkhan204
This document discusses composite structures, which combine steel and concrete materials. The key elements of composite structures are composite deck slabs, beams, and columns, along with shear connectors. Composite structures take advantage of concrete's compressive strength and steel's tensile strength. They provide benefits like increased load capacity, stiffness, fire resistance, and cost savings compared to traditional steel or concrete construction alone. An example project, the Millennium Tower in Vienna, is described. The document analyzes costs and concludes that composite structures are best suited for high-rise buildings due to reduced weight, increased ductility, and savings of around 10% compared to reinforced concrete.
This document discusses composite construction, where a prefabricated beam and cast-in-place concrete slab act together as a unit. It defines composite construction and describes its advantages over non-composite construction, including increased stiffness, strength, and span length. The document discusses how shear connectors interconnect the beam and slab to achieve composite action. It provides equations for calculating the effective slab width, section properties of the composite section, and required strength of shear connectors. An example is given for designing a composite slab on a precast reinforced concrete beam.
This document discusses shear wall analysis and design. It defines shear walls as structural elements used in buildings to resist lateral forces through cantilever action. The document classifies different types of shear walls and discusses their behavior under seismic loading. It outlines the steps for designing shear walls, including reviewing layout, analyzing structural systems, determining design forces, and detailing reinforcement. The document emphasizes the importance of properly locating shear walls in a building to resist seismic loads and minimize torsional effects.
The document discusses proper detailing of reinforced concrete structures, which is essential for safety and structural performance. It provides guidelines and examples of good and bad detailing practices for common reinforced concrete elements like slabs, beams, columns, and foundations. Proper detailing is important to avoid construction errors and ensure the structural design works as intended under gravity and seismic loads.
Connections are critical components that join structural elements to transfer forces safely. Steel connections influence construction costs and failures often originate from connections. Common steel connections include bolted, welded, and riveted joints. Bolted connections can be bearing type or friction grip bolts. Welded joints include fillet and butt welds. Connections must be designed for the expected loads, with shear connections allowing rotation and moment connections resisting it. Proper connection design is important for structural integrity and economy.
This document discusses bridge expansion joints. It begins by explaining that expansion joints accommodate movements in bridges due to thermal effects, loading, and structural deformation. It then categorizes joints based on their range of motion and provides examples of common joint types for small, medium, and large movements. Details are given on the construction, advantages, and disadvantages of sliding plate, compression seal, asphaltic plug, poured sealant, strip seal, finger plate, bolt-down, and modular joints. The document concludes with information on installing finger joints and maintaining expansion joints.
Shear walls are vertical structural elements designed to resist lateral forces like winds and earthquakes. They work by transferring shear forces throughout their height and resisting uplift forces. Properly designed and constructed shear wall buildings are very stable and ductile, providing warnings before collapse during severe earthquakes. Common types of shear walls include reinforced concrete, plywood, and steel plate shear walls. Shear walls are an effective and efficient way to resist lateral loads in seismic regions.
Suspension bridges can span long distances using cables and vertical suspenders to hang the deck below. They are lightweight yet strong structures using cables anchored at each end and resting on towers. The Golden Gate Bridge is an iconic suspension bridge that connects San Francisco to Marin County, built between 1933-1937. At over 1 mile long, it was the longest in the world until 1964 and demonstrates the advantages of suspension bridges to cross long spans over water.
This document outlines the advantages of using post-tensioning in building structures. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, reduced floor thickness, increased floor area, faster construction speeds, and reduced material usage. It discusses common post-tensioning systems used in building floors and specialized structural elements. Post-tensioning provides more flexible and economical building structures compared to other methods.
Pre-stressed concrete builds in compressive stresses during construction to oppose tensile stresses that occur when in use. There are two main types: pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stretching wires or strands called tendons between anchorages before concrete is placed, while post-tensioning stresses tendons after concrete has gained strength. Common prestressing systems include Freyssinet, Magnel, Lee-McCall, and Gifford-Udall. Prestressed concrete is more durable and requires less material than reinforced concrete, but requires specialized techniques and quality control. It is widely used in bridges and building construction.
This document discusses riveted connections in steel structures. It describes the different types of rivets, including their shape and method of installation. Some key types are snap headed rivets, pan headed rivets, and flat counter sunk rivets. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of riveted connections. Advantages include ease of installation without electricity, while disadvantages include noise and required skilled labor. The document further explains different riveted joint configurations, including lap joints and butt joints, providing examples of single and double riveted versions of each. Finally, it briefly outlines potential failure modes of riveted connections, such as shear failure of rivets or plates, and bearing failure of plates or
The document summarizes the construction of a box-type slab bridge near Palaya village. The existing drainage pipe bridge was insufficient and damaged, flooding the village during rains. The solution was to remove the pipes and construct a reinforced concrete box bridge instead. Foundation work was done to a depth of 3 meters. A concrete bed was laid and bottom slab with steel reinforcement was constructed. Profile walls and slab will complete the bridge, allowing easy drainage of water from the village farms.
The document discusses tensioned fabric structures, which use fabric materials stretched over frameworks to form exterior shells. Some key advantages of fabric structures include their lightweight and flexible nature, environmental sensitivity, and high strength-to-weight ratio. However, they also have disadvantages like lack of rigidity and potential instability if tension is lost. The document describes different types of fabric structures defined by their support systems, as well as common membrane materials, hardware components, drainage methods, and environmental impacts.
The document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete components are cast off-site in a controlled environment and transported to the construction site for assembly. This allows for standardized, mass produced elements.
- Large precast concrete panels form the walls and floors, connecting vertically and horizontally. When joined, they form a rigid box structure that transfers lateral loads.
- Connections between precast elements can be either dry joints using bolts/welds, or monolithic placement with concrete poured to join components.
This document discusses different types of bridge structures and their characteristics. It covers common bridge substructures like piers, abutments, and foundations. It then examines various superstructure types including slab bridges, plate girders, trusses, arches, cable-stayed, suspension, and movable bridges. For each type it provides details on their advantages, disadvantages, common span lengths, construction considerations, and limitations. It also discusses bridge inspection and protection methods.
Slip form construction is a method where concrete is poured into a continuously moving form to construct structures without joints. There are two main types - vertical slip forming used for tall structures like buildings and towers, and horizontal slip forming for pavement. The moving formwork is supported by hydraulic jacks and remains intact until the entire structure is completed, allowing faster construction at lower cost compared to traditional formwork. Slip forming produces monolithic, jointless structures but requires careful planning of the construction process and a skilled workforce.
This document discusses various techniques for retrofitting existing structures to improve their resistance to seismic activity. It describes adding new shear walls, steel bracing, or jacketing columns as common retrofitting methods. Base isolation, which isolates the structure from foundations, is also discussed. The objectives of retrofitting are outlined as increasing strength, ductility, and protecting life safety. Different classification of retrofitting techniques are provided based on addressing local deficiencies or global irregularities.
Presentation on construction of cable stay bridge - a modern technique for su...Rajesh Prasad
This document provides details about the construction of a cable-stayed bridge in Bardhaman, India. The bridge has a main span of 124 meters and side spans of 64.5 meters. It is constructed with precast concrete segments and steel pylons that are 62 meters high. The bridge construction involves casting piers and segments, erecting the steel pylons and towers, and then incrementally launching the concrete segments and installing the stay cables to complete the bridge deck.
OUTLINE
introduction
classification
loads
materials used
Type of reinforcement
RCC
construction methods in RCC
Analysis and design
Detailing
Basic Rules
Site visit
video
The document discusses the principles and applications of prestressing in construction. It describes how prestressing uses tensioned steel strands or wires to put concrete members into compression through pre-tensioning or post-tensioning. This counters the tensile stresses experienced by concrete and allows for longer spans, reduced member depth, crack control, and cost savings. Common applications of prestressing include bridges, flyovers, buildings, parking structures, and industrial structures.
This presentation summarizes the key aspects of one-way slab design. It defines one-way slabs as having an aspect ratio of 2:1 or greater, with bending primarily along the long axis. The presentation discusses the types of one-way slabs including solid, hollow, and ribbed. It also outlines the design considerations for one-way slabs according to the ACI code, including minimum thickness, reinforcement ratios, and bar spacing. An example problem demonstrates how to design a one-way slab for a given set of loading and dimensional conditions.
This document discusses prestressed concrete, which uses tensioned steel cables or bars to put concrete members into compression and increase their strength. It describes three main methods: pre-tensioned concrete where the steel is tensioned before the concrete is cast; bonded post-tensioned concrete where steel is tensioned after casting to compress the concrete; and unbonded post-tensioned concrete where greased steel is used to allow individual adjustment. Applications include buildings, bridges, nuclear reactors and earthquake resistant structures. Advantages are lower costs, thinner members, and increased spans.
Pre-stressed concrete uses tensioned steel cables or rods to put concrete members under compression and increase their strength. It allows for longer spans than reinforced concrete. There are three methods: pre-tensioned concrete uses tensioned tendons before pouring concrete; bonded post-tensioned concrete uses tendons tensioned after pouring; unbonded post-tensioned concrete uses individually coated tendons without bonding to the concrete. Prestressed concrete has advantages like less cracking and material efficiency but also disadvantages like higher costs.
This document discusses methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before concrete is poured around them. Post-tensioning involves stressing steel tendons inserted into voids in cured concrete using jacks. Both methods put the concrete in compression and improve its tensile strength. Common applications include building floors/roofs, bridges, and parking structures.
Connections are critical components that join structural elements to transfer forces safely. Steel connections influence construction costs and failures often originate from connections. Common steel connections include bolted, welded, and riveted joints. Bolted connections can be bearing type or friction grip bolts. Welded joints include fillet and butt welds. Connections must be designed for the expected loads, with shear connections allowing rotation and moment connections resisting it. Proper connection design is important for structural integrity and economy.
This document discusses bridge expansion joints. It begins by explaining that expansion joints accommodate movements in bridges due to thermal effects, loading, and structural deformation. It then categorizes joints based on their range of motion and provides examples of common joint types for small, medium, and large movements. Details are given on the construction, advantages, and disadvantages of sliding plate, compression seal, asphaltic plug, poured sealant, strip seal, finger plate, bolt-down, and modular joints. The document concludes with information on installing finger joints and maintaining expansion joints.
Shear walls are vertical structural elements designed to resist lateral forces like winds and earthquakes. They work by transferring shear forces throughout their height and resisting uplift forces. Properly designed and constructed shear wall buildings are very stable and ductile, providing warnings before collapse during severe earthquakes. Common types of shear walls include reinforced concrete, plywood, and steel plate shear walls. Shear walls are an effective and efficient way to resist lateral loads in seismic regions.
Suspension bridges can span long distances using cables and vertical suspenders to hang the deck below. They are lightweight yet strong structures using cables anchored at each end and resting on towers. The Golden Gate Bridge is an iconic suspension bridge that connects San Francisco to Marin County, built between 1933-1937. At over 1 mile long, it was the longest in the world until 1964 and demonstrates the advantages of suspension bridges to cross long spans over water.
This document outlines the advantages of using post-tensioning in building structures. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, reduced floor thickness, increased floor area, faster construction speeds, and reduced material usage. It discusses common post-tensioning systems used in building floors and specialized structural elements. Post-tensioning provides more flexible and economical building structures compared to other methods.
Pre-stressed concrete builds in compressive stresses during construction to oppose tensile stresses that occur when in use. There are two main types: pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stretching wires or strands called tendons between anchorages before concrete is placed, while post-tensioning stresses tendons after concrete has gained strength. Common prestressing systems include Freyssinet, Magnel, Lee-McCall, and Gifford-Udall. Prestressed concrete is more durable and requires less material than reinforced concrete, but requires specialized techniques and quality control. It is widely used in bridges and building construction.
This document discusses riveted connections in steel structures. It describes the different types of rivets, including their shape and method of installation. Some key types are snap headed rivets, pan headed rivets, and flat counter sunk rivets. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of riveted connections. Advantages include ease of installation without electricity, while disadvantages include noise and required skilled labor. The document further explains different riveted joint configurations, including lap joints and butt joints, providing examples of single and double riveted versions of each. Finally, it briefly outlines potential failure modes of riveted connections, such as shear failure of rivets or plates, and bearing failure of plates or
The document summarizes the construction of a box-type slab bridge near Palaya village. The existing drainage pipe bridge was insufficient and damaged, flooding the village during rains. The solution was to remove the pipes and construct a reinforced concrete box bridge instead. Foundation work was done to a depth of 3 meters. A concrete bed was laid and bottom slab with steel reinforcement was constructed. Profile walls and slab will complete the bridge, allowing easy drainage of water from the village farms.
The document discusses tensioned fabric structures, which use fabric materials stretched over frameworks to form exterior shells. Some key advantages of fabric structures include their lightweight and flexible nature, environmental sensitivity, and high strength-to-weight ratio. However, they also have disadvantages like lack of rigidity and potential instability if tension is lost. The document describes different types of fabric structures defined by their support systems, as well as common membrane materials, hardware components, drainage methods, and environmental impacts.
The document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete components are cast off-site in a controlled environment and transported to the construction site for assembly. This allows for standardized, mass produced elements.
- Large precast concrete panels form the walls and floors, connecting vertically and horizontally. When joined, they form a rigid box structure that transfers lateral loads.
- Connections between precast elements can be either dry joints using bolts/welds, or monolithic placement with concrete poured to join components.
This document discusses different types of bridge structures and their characteristics. It covers common bridge substructures like piers, abutments, and foundations. It then examines various superstructure types including slab bridges, plate girders, trusses, arches, cable-stayed, suspension, and movable bridges. For each type it provides details on their advantages, disadvantages, common span lengths, construction considerations, and limitations. It also discusses bridge inspection and protection methods.
Slip form construction is a method where concrete is poured into a continuously moving form to construct structures without joints. There are two main types - vertical slip forming used for tall structures like buildings and towers, and horizontal slip forming for pavement. The moving formwork is supported by hydraulic jacks and remains intact until the entire structure is completed, allowing faster construction at lower cost compared to traditional formwork. Slip forming produces monolithic, jointless structures but requires careful planning of the construction process and a skilled workforce.
This document discusses various techniques for retrofitting existing structures to improve their resistance to seismic activity. It describes adding new shear walls, steel bracing, or jacketing columns as common retrofitting methods. Base isolation, which isolates the structure from foundations, is also discussed. The objectives of retrofitting are outlined as increasing strength, ductility, and protecting life safety. Different classification of retrofitting techniques are provided based on addressing local deficiencies or global irregularities.
Presentation on construction of cable stay bridge - a modern technique for su...Rajesh Prasad
This document provides details about the construction of a cable-stayed bridge in Bardhaman, India. The bridge has a main span of 124 meters and side spans of 64.5 meters. It is constructed with precast concrete segments and steel pylons that are 62 meters high. The bridge construction involves casting piers and segments, erecting the steel pylons and towers, and then incrementally launching the concrete segments and installing the stay cables to complete the bridge deck.
OUTLINE
introduction
classification
loads
materials used
Type of reinforcement
RCC
construction methods in RCC
Analysis and design
Detailing
Basic Rules
Site visit
video
The document discusses the principles and applications of prestressing in construction. It describes how prestressing uses tensioned steel strands or wires to put concrete members into compression through pre-tensioning or post-tensioning. This counters the tensile stresses experienced by concrete and allows for longer spans, reduced member depth, crack control, and cost savings. Common applications of prestressing include bridges, flyovers, buildings, parking structures, and industrial structures.
This presentation summarizes the key aspects of one-way slab design. It defines one-way slabs as having an aspect ratio of 2:1 or greater, with bending primarily along the long axis. The presentation discusses the types of one-way slabs including solid, hollow, and ribbed. It also outlines the design considerations for one-way slabs according to the ACI code, including minimum thickness, reinforcement ratios, and bar spacing. An example problem demonstrates how to design a one-way slab for a given set of loading and dimensional conditions.
This document discusses prestressed concrete, which uses tensioned steel cables or bars to put concrete members into compression and increase their strength. It describes three main methods: pre-tensioned concrete where the steel is tensioned before the concrete is cast; bonded post-tensioned concrete where steel is tensioned after casting to compress the concrete; and unbonded post-tensioned concrete where greased steel is used to allow individual adjustment. Applications include buildings, bridges, nuclear reactors and earthquake resistant structures. Advantages are lower costs, thinner members, and increased spans.
Pre-stressed concrete uses tensioned steel cables or rods to put concrete members under compression and increase their strength. It allows for longer spans than reinforced concrete. There are three methods: pre-tensioned concrete uses tensioned tendons before pouring concrete; bonded post-tensioned concrete uses tendons tensioned after pouring; unbonded post-tensioned concrete uses individually coated tendons without bonding to the concrete. Prestressed concrete has advantages like less cracking and material efficiency but also disadvantages like higher costs.
This document discusses methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before concrete is poured around them. Post-tensioning involves stressing steel tendons inserted into voids in cured concrete using jacks. Both methods put the concrete in compression and improve its tensile strength. Common applications include building floors/roofs, bridges, and parking structures.
This document discusses different methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before placing concrete around them, while post-tensioning involves stressing tendons after the concrete has cured using hydraulic jacks. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, thinner slabs, and more architectural freedom compared to conventional reinforced concrete or pretensioned concrete. Common applications of post-tensioning include parking structures, bridges, and building floors and roofs.
The document provides information on methods of prestressing in concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. It discusses:
- Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before the concrete is cast around them.
- Post-tensioning involves stressing steel tendons after the concrete has cured using jacks, then grouting the voids.
- Both methods put the concrete in compression and increase its strength and durability compared to conventional reinforced concrete.
The document provides information on methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. It discusses:
- Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before the concrete is cast around them.
- Post-tensioning involves stressing steel tendons after the concrete has cured using jacks, then grouting the voids.
- Both methods put the concrete in compression and increase its strength and durability compared to conventional reinforced concrete.
Prestressed concrete uses high-strength steel tendons to place concrete in compression before loading. This counters the tensile stresses from loads and allows for longer spans and lighter structures. There are two main methods: pretensioning, where tendons are tensioned before concrete is poured, and post-tensioning, where tendons are tensioned after concrete cures. Prestressed concrete has advantages like reduced cracking, increased load capacity, and smaller deflections under loads.
Running Head BRIDGE DESIGN1BRIDGE DESIGN31.docxtoddr4
Running Head: BRIDGE DESIGN 1
BRIDGE DESIGN 31
Title:
Student Name:
Institution:
Course:
Date:
BRIDGE DESIGN FOR THE MOTOR WAY BELOW
8m
Embankment
A
Motorway
16m
10m
Central Reservation
Motorway
16m
Grass Verge
Existing Factory Units
Footway
A
Carriagewaym
Existing Factory Units
Fixed Factory Entrance
Fixed Factory Entrance
3m
2m
3m
2m
10mm
Existing Highway to Proposed Bridge
Existing Development
Proposed Development
Existing Development
Existing Retaining Wall – 500mm thick rc construction indicated by old record drawings
Central Reservation
10m
10m
Section A-A
2m footway
1.2m high parapets
10m carriageway
Bridge Deck Section
Figure 1
Bridge design
Most suitable bridge forms
· Beam bridge
· Arch bridge
The beam bridge: Beam and slab with ladder decks
This form of bridges comprises of slab which sits on top of steel I-beams. This form is mostly used for mid span highway bridge which is where our required bridge falls in.
Slab in this system is supported on tow main girders with a spacing of about 3.5m and it lies longitudinally between the girders as per the below diagram.
Figure 1
The bridge will use plate girders giving us a scope to vary the flange and web sizes to fit and suit the bridge load carrying capabilities. In the design process, ability of the bridge to carry the maximum load expected and the loading at the various stages of construction will guide on the proportion of girders that is their depth, width of tension and compression flanges and web thickness.
The girders are erected firmly on the ground and have stud connectors welded on the top flange to provide composite action between the slab and girder. The number of studs and spacing vary depending on expected level of shear flow between steel girder and concrete slab.
The girders rest on bearings fastened to the bottom flange. The girders are stiffened to carry the bearing loads at these points. Some cases apply bracing between the girders at support to carry lateral forces and provide torsional restraint.
Bridge description
· The bridge will have a span of 50m.
· The bridge will be raised to a height of 10m on both sides to be in level with the existing highway. The girders will have constant height.
· The bridge cross section will have the reinforced concrete slab sitting on top of two main abutment substructures and an extra substructure which will be on the central reservation. The main substructure will be located at the embarkment of the road.
Construction sequence
Abutment substructure construction
Girder construction
The bridge will consist of two main girder I beams. The girders will be of the same height. To make the I-beam, steel plates will be used. The steel plate is cut into the required sizes for the bottom flange and top flange and for the web. The cut pieces are then fillet welded into the I-section. This is done either by machine manual assembling in jig or through improved pressing machine .
This document discusses various construction techniques for super structures including launching girders, bridge decks, offshore platforms, space decks, domes, and high-rise structures. It describes methods for sliding girders into place, launching girders using temporary supports, erecting concrete girders with cranes, and cantilever construction. It also provides details on constructing different types of bridge decks, space decks using tubular sections, ribbed and schwedler domes, and transmission towers.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on stress ribbon bridges. It defines a stress ribbon bridge as a tension structure similar to a simple suspension bridge, where the suspension cables are embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc between supports. This provides stiffness to prevent excessive swaying. Such bridges use pre-tensioned concrete reinforced by steel cables. The document outlines the history and theory behind stress ribbon bridges, describes their construction process, and provides examples of existing stress ribbon bridges along with their advantages and disadvantages.
Post-tensioning is a method of reinforcing (strengthening) concrete or other materials with high-strength steel strands or bars, typically referred to as tendons. Post-tensioning applications include office and apartment buildings, parking structures, slabs-on-ground, bridges, sports stadiums, rock and soil anchors, and water-tanks.
>>>Published by Post-Tensioning Institute
This document discusses stress ribbon bridges. It provides an introduction to stress ribbon bridges, describing them as slender concrete deck segments placed on bearing cables shaped like a catenary curve. It explains their construction, comparing them to simple suspension bridges. Advantages include being economical, aesthetic, environmentally friendly structures that require little material and can be erected without falsework. Stress ribbon bridges transfer loads via tension in the thin, precast concrete deck between cable-anchored abutments.
The document provides information on the construction and erection of bridge elements such as prestressed concrete girders and deck slabs. It discusses casting of bridge girders using steel molds, various launching methods for erecting girders including using launching girders, and the balanced cantilever method of construction where bridge segments are constructed in a balanced manner from each pier until the two halves are joined. It also covers different types of bridge decks and systems used for structural steel girder bridges.
The document discusses stress ribbon bridges, which are a type of suspension bridge where cables are embedded in the deck below the walking surface. Stress ribbon bridges follow a catenary profile and transmit loads via tension in the sagging deck to anchored abutments. The document outlines the history, form, construction techniques, applications, advantages, and recent advances of stress ribbon bridges. Stress ribbon bridges are economically efficient, aesthetically pleasing, require minimal maintenance, and can be erected without falsework.
The document discusses precast concrete construction. It defines precast concrete as concrete that is cast in reusable molds and cured in a controlled environment off-site before being transported to the construction site. Benefits of precast construction include better quality control during curing, less weather dependence, faster construction time, and lower costs. Examples of precast concrete applications include buildings, bridges, retaining walls, and transportation products. The document also discusses design considerations, formwork, casting, handling, transportation and erection of precast concrete elements.
This document provides a brief history of prestressed concrete, beginning in 1824 with the development of Portland cement. It then outlines several important developments in prestressed concrete technology from the late 19th century through the mid-20th century by innovators from various countries. These include early uses of steel in concrete, prestressing methods like pre-tensioning and post-tensioning, and development of high-strength steel and anchoring systems. It also mentions increased use of prestressed concrete during World War 2 and establishment of professional organizations to support the field.
This document provides an outline for lectures on prestressed concrete, including basic concepts, materials, flexural analysis, design considerations, shear/torsion, loss of prestress over time, composite beams, and deflections. Key points covered include how prestressing controls cracking by applying compressive stresses to concrete before service loads; common prestressing methods of pre-tensioning and post-tensioning; estimating stresses in uncracked concrete beams using elastic theory; and accounting for various load stages in analysis and design.
This document summarizes a presentation on prestressed concrete. It begins with an introduction to prestressed concrete and how it overcomes weaknesses in concrete in tension. It then describes the principles of prestressing by inducing compressive stresses with high-strength tendons before loads are applied. The document compares reinforced concrete with prestressed concrete and describes the methods of pre-tensioning and post-tensioning. It provides examples of prestressed concrete structures like beams, bridges and discusses advantages like reduced size and increased spans as well as disadvantages like higher material costs.
This document provides information about prestressed concrete, specifically focusing on post-tensioning methods. It defines post-tensioning as a method of reinforcing concrete with high-strength steel strands called tendons. After the concrete cures, the tendons are tensioned using hydraulic jacks and wedged into place to transfer pressure to the concrete. There are benefits to post-tensioning like allowing longer spans, thinner structures, and reduced cracking compared to conventional reinforced concrete. The document discusses bonded and unbonded post-tensioning methods and provides examples of applications like buildings, bridges, and parking structures.
The document discusses various methods for constructing and erecting bridge elements. It describes the construction of prestressed concrete girders including casting them on site and using precast panels. Common bridge girder erection methods are also summarized, such as using launching girders to shift girders into place span by span. Balanced cantilever construction is explained as building out cantilever segments from each pier until the two halves meet in the middle.
PILE FOUNDATION and METHODS OF INSTALLING PILE FOUNDATIONSShivananda Roy
This document discusses pile foundations and methods of installing pile foundations. It defines pile foundations as slender columns made of materials like concrete or steel that support structures by transferring loads to deeper soil layers through end bearing or skin friction. It then describes different types of piles (e.g. sheet piles, load bearing piles, end bearing piles, friction piles) and materials used (e.g. timber, steel, precast concrete, cast-in-place concrete). The document proceeds to discuss various pile installation methods like dropping weight, vibration, jetting, and boring. It concludes by describing common pile driving equipment used such as piling rigs, winches, hammers, and protective gear placed on pile heads.
EXCAVATION FOR FOUNDATION - Methods & Temporary Earth Retaining StructuresShivananda Roy
Generally excavation means to loosen and take out materials leaving space above or below ground. Sometimes in civil engineering term earthwork is used which include back-filling with new or original materials to voids, spreading and leveling over an area.
The underwater concreting techniques designed mostly to prevent cement washout. These methods did not obtain the full purpose of avoiding cement wash out at early stages of using under water concreting apart from cases where large masses of concreting were employed.
This document discusses trenching and excavation methods. It defines trenching as digging a narrow opening in the ground, typically deeper than it is wide, to install or maintain underground pipes, cables, or conduits. Excavation refers to any man-made opening or depression in the earth. The document describes different trenching methods including conventional excavation, drill and blast, and chain trenching. It also discusses trench safety considerations like sloped or benched walls based on soil type and depth.
This document discusses various heavy equipment used in construction projects. It describes excavators, backhoes, dragline excavators, bulldozers, graders, wheel tractor scrapers, trenchers, loaders, tower cranes, pavers, compactors, telehandlers, feller bunchers, dump trucks, pile boring equipment, and pile driving equipment. For each type of equipment, it provides details on their purpose, basic components, and how they are used in construction activities like excavation, material handling, compaction, lifting, and piling.
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code
By Professor Dr. Costas Sachpazis, Civil Engineer & Geologist
This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
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An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
3. A Stress Ribbon Bridge is a tension structure (similar in many ways
to a simple suspension bridge). The suspension cables are embedded in
the deck which follows a catenary arc between supports.
Unlike the simple span, the ribbon is stressed in traction, which
adds to the stiffness of the structure. The supports in turn
support upward thrusting arcs that allow the grade to be
changed between spans.
4. Typically made from concrete reinforced by steel tensioning
cables. Where such bridges carry vehicle traffic a certain degree
of stiffness is required to prevent excessive flexure of the
structure, obtained by stressing the concrete in compression.
The stress ribbon design is rare. Few people including bridge
engineers are familiar with this form and fewer than 50 have
been built worldwide.
5. Pedestrian Bridge
Highly Stressed Freely Suspended Pre-Stressed Tendons
Precast or Cast-in-situ deck Slab
Characterized by successive and complementary smooth curves
Catenary Shape or Funicular shape Stress Ribbon Bridge
6. The suspension cables are embedded in the deck which follows a catenary
arc between the supports.
As opposed to suspension bridges, where the cables carry the load, in
stress ribbon, by tensioning the cables and the deck between abutments,
the deck shares axial tension forces.
Unlike the simple span the ribbon is stressed in compression, which adds to
the stiffness of the structure. A simple suspension span tends to sway and
bounce. The supports in turn support upward thrusting arcs that allow the
grade to be changed between spans, where multiple spans are used.
Anchorage forces are unusually large since the structure is tightly
tensioned.
7.
8. SUPERSTRUCTURE
A typical stress ribbon bridge deck consists of precast concrete planks with
bearing tendons to support them during construction and separate
prestressing tendons which are tensioned to create the final designed
geometric form.
The joints between the planks are most often sealed with in-situ concrete
before stressing the deck.
The prestressing tendons transfer horizontal forces in to the abutments and
then to the ground most often using ground anchors. The tendons are
encased in ducts which are generally grouted after tensioning in order to lock
in the stress and protect them from corrosion.
9. SUBSTRUCTURE
The abutments are designed to transfer the horizontal forces from the deck
cables into the ground via ground anchors.
The ground anchors are normally tensioned in 2 stages, the first step is
tensioned before the deck is erected and the rest, after the deck is
complete.
If stressed in one stage only, there will be a large out of balance force to be
resisted by the abutments in the temporary case. The soil pressure,
overturning and sliding has to be checked for construction as well as
permanent condition.
10. GROUND CONDITIONS
The ideal ground condition for resisting large horizontal forces from the
ribbon is a rock base. This occurs rarely but suitable foundations can be
devised even if competent soils are only found at some depth below the
abutments.
In some cases where soil conditions do not permit the use of anchors, piles
can also be used. Horizontal deformations can be significant and are
considered in the design. It is also possible to use a combination of anchors
and drilled shafts.
11. The abutments and piers are built first. Then bearing cables were stretched from
abutment to abutment and draped over steel saddles that rested atop the piers.
Once the bearing cables were tensioned to the specified design force,
precast panels were suspended via support rods located at the four corners
of each panel. At this point the bridge sagged into its catenary shape.
The next step is to place post tensioning ducts in the bridge. The ducts is
placed directly above the bearing cables and support rods, which are all
located in two longitudinal troughs that run the length of the bridge.
After the ducts were in place, the cast-in place concrete is placed in the
longitudinal troughs in small transverse closure joints. Concrete is poured
in the joints between the planks and allowed to harden before the final
tensioning is carried out.
12. After allowing the cast in place concrete to cure and achieve its full strength,
the bridge was post tensioned. The post tensioning lifts each span, closes the
gap between the panels, puts the entire bridge in to compression and
transforms the bridge in to continuous ribbon of prestressed concrete.
13. Cables are pre-tensioned by anchoring into support structure, hence this
region is highly stressed.
Performance may be improved by construction of:
Flexible saddle
Parabolic haunch
Intermediate arch support Stress Ribbon Bridge
14. Flexible saddle arrangement at supportSimple Support with Constant Section
Parabolic hunch arrangement at support Stress ribbon supported by arch
15. Might be pre-fabricated or cast in-situ
Stressed only by normal forces hence might be reduced by
waffles
Integrated with end and intermediate supporting construction
so as to work as a composite structure. Stress Ribbon Bridge
16. Leviation Stage
1. Cables are hanged from supports
2. Pre cast segments are slided over the bearing tendons to desired position
3. Segments are jointed by cast in-situ composite slabs
18. BASIC STAGE
1. Static analysis is done at this stage.
2. After sufficient hardening of joints, post tensioning is done by pre-
stressing tendons.
3. Effect of dead load, creep, shrinkage, temperature and pre-stressing are
determined.
4. Shape at this stage determines the final sag in the bridge.
20. Concrete or steel columns as
intermediate supports
Concrete arch as
intermediate supports
21. Stress ribbon pedestrian bridges are very economical, aesthetical and almost
maintenance free structures.
They require minimal quantity of materials.
They are erected independently from existing terrain and therefore they have
a minimum impact upon the environment during construction.
Minimal long-term maintenance is required.
A stress ribbon bridge allows for long spans with a minimum number of
piers and the piers can be shorter than those required for cable stayed or
suspension bridges.
They are quick and convenient to construct if given appropriate
conditions, without foam work.
22. Large horizontal forces at the end and intermediate which determines
economy of bridge.
Remedy-
Construction of flexible member close to supports
Widening of deck at the ends
Having an arch shaped intermediate support
Danger of overturning and oscillations due to high span to width ratio.
Remedy-
Increasing sag
Proper dynamic analysis Stress Ribbon Bridge
23. Innovative design uses unidirectional solid
carbon fibre cables (TSC).
Unsupported spans were significantly
increased
Supporting structure was reduced
Installation time and cost were reduced by
over 80%
Stress Ribbon Bridge
Cuenca, ESP
24. Stress ribbon bridges are a versatile
form of bridge, the adaptable form of
structure is applicable to a variety of
requirements.
Post tensioned concrete minimizes
cracking and assures durability.
Bearings and expansion joints are
rarely required minimizing
maintenance and inspections.
Using bearing tendons can eliminate
the need for site foam work and large
plant, contributing to fast
construction.
The slender decks are visually pleasing
and have a visual impact on
surroundings giving a light aesthetic
impression.
There is a wide range of different
topographies and soil conditions
found and a number of areas which
require aesthetic yet cost effective
pedestrian bridges to be built: Stress
ribbon bridges could provide elegant
solutions to these challenges.
25. Rio Colorado Bridge, CR
Rogue River Pedestrian
Bridge, USA
Glacis Bridge, GER
Kent Messenger Millennium
Bridge, UK
McLoughlin Boulevard
Pedestrian Bridge,USA
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