Connections are critical components that join structural elements to transfer forces safely. Steel connections influence construction costs and failures often originate from connections. Common steel connections include bolted, welded, and riveted joints. Bolted connections can be bearing type or friction grip bolts. Welded joints include fillet and butt welds. Connections must be designed for the expected loads, with shear connections allowing rotation and moment connections resisting it. Proper connection design is important for structural integrity and economy.
information on types of beams, different methods to calculate beam stress, design for shear, analysis for SRB flexure, design for flexure, Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam,
This document discusses bolted connections used in structural engineering. It begins by explaining why connection failures should be avoided, as they can lead to catastrophic structural failures. It then classifies bolted connections based on their method of fastening, rigidity, joint resistance, fabrication location, joint location, connection geometry, and type of force transferred. It describes different types of bolts and bolt tightening techniques used for friction grip connections. It discusses advantages and drawbacks of bolted connections compared to riveted or welded connections. The document provides detailed information on design and behavior of various bolted connections.
Connections are critical structural elements that join members in steel structures. Common connection types include bolted, welded, and bolted-welded combinations. Connections are classified based on the connecting medium, type of forces transmitted, and elements joined. Riveted connections were previously common but have been replaced by bolted connections which are faster and cheaper to install. Welded connections provide rigidity but require careful design to avoid cracking. Modern connections often combine bolting and welding for strength and economy. Shear and moment connections behave differently in transmitting forces between members like beams and columns. Proper connection design is important for structural integrity and safety.
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. Some famous steel structures include the Walt Disney Concert Hall, Tyne Bridge, and Howrah Bridge. Steel structures have advantages like high strength, ductility, elasticity, and ease of fabrication and erection. The Howrah Bridge is a steel cantilever bridge that connects Howrah and Kolkata. When built, it was the 3rd longest cantilever bridge in the world. It uses steel components like I-beams, rivets, and expansion joints and was constructed between 1936-1942.
This presentation summarizes different types of bolted connections. It discusses bearing bolts, which can be unfinished or finished. Unfinished bolts have rough shanks while finished bolts have circular shanks from turning. It also defines terminology used in bolted connections like pitch, gauge distance, and edge distance. Finally, it discusses grade classifications for bolts based on their strength and specifies requirements for bolted connections according to Indian codes and standards, distinguishing between lap joints and butt joints.
This document provides guidance on the design of lacing and battens for built-up compression members. It discusses the key design considerations and calculations for both single and double lacing systems, including the angle of inclination, slenderness ratio, effective lacing length, bar width and thickness. Similar guidelines are given for battens, covering spacing, thickness, effective depth, transverse shear and overlap. The document also includes an example problem on designing a slab foundation for a column with given load and material properties.
The document discusses limit state design of reinforced concrete structures. It introduces limit states as conditions where the structure becomes unfit for use, including limit states of strength and serviceability. Limit state design involves characterizing loads and resistances as random variables and using partial safety factors on loads and resistances to achieve a target reliability. The document outlines the general principles of limit state design according to Indian Standard code IS 800, including defining actions, factors governing strength limits, and serviceability limits related to deflection, vibration and durability.
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression using tensioned steel strands, cables, or bars. This is done through either pre-tensioning or post-tensioning. In pre-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned before the concrete is poured, while in post-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Prestressed concrete provides benefits over reinforced concrete like lower construction costs, thinner structural elements, and longer spans between supports.
information on types of beams, different methods to calculate beam stress, design for shear, analysis for SRB flexure, design for flexure, Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam,
This document discusses bolted connections used in structural engineering. It begins by explaining why connection failures should be avoided, as they can lead to catastrophic structural failures. It then classifies bolted connections based on their method of fastening, rigidity, joint resistance, fabrication location, joint location, connection geometry, and type of force transferred. It describes different types of bolts and bolt tightening techniques used for friction grip connections. It discusses advantages and drawbacks of bolted connections compared to riveted or welded connections. The document provides detailed information on design and behavior of various bolted connections.
Connections are critical structural elements that join members in steel structures. Common connection types include bolted, welded, and bolted-welded combinations. Connections are classified based on the connecting medium, type of forces transmitted, and elements joined. Riveted connections were previously common but have been replaced by bolted connections which are faster and cheaper to install. Welded connections provide rigidity but require careful design to avoid cracking. Modern connections often combine bolting and welding for strength and economy. Shear and moment connections behave differently in transmitting forces between members like beams and columns. Proper connection design is important for structural integrity and safety.
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. Some famous steel structures include the Walt Disney Concert Hall, Tyne Bridge, and Howrah Bridge. Steel structures have advantages like high strength, ductility, elasticity, and ease of fabrication and erection. The Howrah Bridge is a steel cantilever bridge that connects Howrah and Kolkata. When built, it was the 3rd longest cantilever bridge in the world. It uses steel components like I-beams, rivets, and expansion joints and was constructed between 1936-1942.
This presentation summarizes different types of bolted connections. It discusses bearing bolts, which can be unfinished or finished. Unfinished bolts have rough shanks while finished bolts have circular shanks from turning. It also defines terminology used in bolted connections like pitch, gauge distance, and edge distance. Finally, it discusses grade classifications for bolts based on their strength and specifies requirements for bolted connections according to Indian codes and standards, distinguishing between lap joints and butt joints.
This document provides guidance on the design of lacing and battens for built-up compression members. It discusses the key design considerations and calculations for both single and double lacing systems, including the angle of inclination, slenderness ratio, effective lacing length, bar width and thickness. Similar guidelines are given for battens, covering spacing, thickness, effective depth, transverse shear and overlap. The document also includes an example problem on designing a slab foundation for a column with given load and material properties.
The document discusses limit state design of reinforced concrete structures. It introduces limit states as conditions where the structure becomes unfit for use, including limit states of strength and serviceability. Limit state design involves characterizing loads and resistances as random variables and using partial safety factors on loads and resistances to achieve a target reliability. The document outlines the general principles of limit state design according to Indian Standard code IS 800, including defining actions, factors governing strength limits, and serviceability limits related to deflection, vibration and durability.
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression using tensioned steel strands, cables, or bars. This is done through either pre-tensioning or post-tensioning. In pre-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned before the concrete is poured, while in post-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Prestressed concrete provides benefits over reinforced concrete like lower construction costs, thinner structural elements, and longer spans between supports.
This document provides an overview of the design of steel beams. It discusses various beam types and sections, loads on beams, design considerations for restrained and unrestrained beams. For restrained beams, it covers lateral restraint requirements, section classification, shear capacity, moment capacity under low and high shear, web bearing, buckling, and deflection checks. For unrestrained beams, it discusses lateral torsional buckling, moment and buckling resistance checks. Design procedures and equations for determining effective properties and capacities are also presented.
This document discusses riveted connections in steel structures. It describes the different types of rivets, including their shape and method of installation. Some key types are snap headed rivets, pan headed rivets, and flat counter sunk rivets. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of riveted connections. Advantages include ease of installation without electricity, while disadvantages include noise and required skilled labor. The document further explains different riveted joint configurations, including lap joints and butt joints, providing examples of single and double riveted versions of each. Finally, it briefly outlines potential failure modes of riveted connections, such as shear failure of rivets or plates, and bearing failure of plates or
Connections are devices used to join structural elements together to safely transfer forces between them. There are different types of connections classified by their means of connection, such as welded, riveted, and bolted, and by the forces transferred, such as truss connections, fully restrained connections, and partially restrained connections. Fully restrained connections provide continuity between structural members and allow over 90% of moment to be transferred to provide greater flexural resistance. Partially restrained connections have less rigidity than fully restrained connections and allow some percentage of moment and full shear to be transferred. Semi-rigid connections provide rigidity between fully restrained and simple connections and transfer approximately 20-90% of moment.
Composite structure of concrete and steel.Suhailkhan204
This document discusses composite structures, which combine steel and concrete materials. The key elements of composite structures are composite deck slabs, beams, and columns, along with shear connectors. Composite structures take advantage of concrete's compressive strength and steel's tensile strength. They provide benefits like increased load capacity, stiffness, fire resistance, and cost savings compared to traditional steel or concrete construction alone. An example project, the Millennium Tower in Vienna, is described. The document analyzes costs and concludes that composite structures are best suited for high-rise buildings due to reduced weight, increased ductility, and savings of around 10% compared to reinforced concrete.
The document discusses structural steel, including its composition, properties, types, and applications in construction. It describes how steel is made from iron with added elements, and its varying properties based on carbon content. The types discussed are mild steel, medium carbon steel, and high carbon steel. Common structural steel applications mentioned include beams, columns, trusses, and framing for buildings like airports and stadiums.
This document discusses different methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before placing concrete around them, while post-tensioning involves stressing tendons after the concrete has cured using hydraulic jacks. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, thinner slabs, and more architectural freedom compared to conventional reinforced concrete or pretensioned concrete. Common applications of post-tensioning include parking structures, bridges, and building floors and roofs.
This document discusses the design of beams. It defines different types of beams like floor beams, girders, lintels, purlins, and rafters. It describes how beams are classified based on their support conditions as simply supported, cantilever, fixed, or continuous beams. Commonly used beam sections include universal beams, compound beams, and composite beams. The document also covers plastic analysis of beams, classification of beam sections, and failure modes of beams.
This document discusses different types of columns used in construction. It defines a column as a structural member subjected to compressive axial loads. Columns are classified as long, short, or intermediate based on their length-to-minimum radius of gyration ratio. Long columns have a ratio greater than 50, short columns less than 15-50, and intermediate between 30-100. The document provides examples of column types and discusses effective length, radius of gyration, buckling load, and Euler's formula for calculating crippling load.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
A grid slab is a type of building material that has two-directional reinforcement in the shape of a waffle. It can be used as both ceilings and floors, especially in areas requiring large spans with fewer columns. Features include panels on a 1 meter grid with trench mesh or individual bars. Grid slabs use less concrete and steel than conventional slabs while providing strength and resistance to cracking and sagging. Construction involves arranging a framework, fixing connectors and pods, then removing forms. Services like HVAC, plumbing and wiring can be run through holes in modified grid slabs. Benefits include flexibility, lighter weight, speed of construction, vibration control and fire resistance. Famous structures using grid slabs include terminals,
Tension members are structural elements subjected to direct tensile loads. Their strength depends on factors like length of connection, size and spacing of fasteners, cross-sectional area, fabrication type, connection eccentricity, and shear lag. Failure can occur through gross section yielding, net section rupture, or block shear. Design involves selecting a member with sufficient gross area to resist factored loads in yielding, then checking strength considering net section rupture and block shear failure modes.
This document provides an overview of different types of retaining walls, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, sheet pile, and diaphragm walls. It discusses the key components and design considerations for gravity and cantilever retaining walls. Gravity walls rely on their own weight for stability, while cantilever walls consist of a vertical stem with a heel and toe slab acting as a cantilever beam. The document also covers lateral earth pressures, drainage of retaining walls, uses of sheet pile walls, and construction methods for diaphragm walls.
The document discusses the design of staircases. It begins by defining key components of staircases like treads, risers, stringers, etc. It then describes different types of staircases such as straight, doglegged, and spiral. The document outlines considerations for designing staircases like dimensions, loads, and structural behavior. It provides steps for geometric design, load calculations, structural analysis, reinforcement design, and detailing of staircases. Numerical examples are also included to illustrate the design process.
The document discusses the design of steel structures according to BS 5950. It provides definitions for key terms related to steel structural elements and their design. These include beams, columns, connections, buckling resistance, capacity, and more. It then discusses the design process and different types of structural forms like tension members, compression members, beams, trusses, and frames. The properties of structural steel and stress-strain behavior are also covered. Methods for designing tension members, including consideration of cross-sectional area and end connections, are outlined.
This document discusses prefabricated modular structures. Some key points:
1. Prefabricated structures have standardized components that are produced off-site in a controlled environment and then transported for assembly. This allows for faster, more efficient construction.
2. Precast concrete offers advantages like higher quality, less weather dependency, and unlimited design possibilities compared to site-cast construction.
3. There are different precast systems like large panel, frame, and lift-slab. Precast components include walls, floors, beams, and more.
This document provides design requirements for lacing and battening systems used in steel structural elements. It discusses two types of lacing systems - single and double. It outlines 9 design requirements for lacing per Indian code IS 800, including angle of inclination, slenderness ratio, effective length, width/thickness, transverse shear force, strength checks, and end connections. It also discusses 7 design requirements for battening systems, including transverse shear force calculation, slenderness ratio, spacing, thickness, effective depth, overlap for welded connections, and notes battening offers less shear resistance than lacing.
Prestressed concrete combines high-strength concrete and high-strength steel in an active manner by tensioning steel tendons and holding them against the concrete, putting it into compression. This transforms concrete from a brittle to a more elastic material. It allows for optimal use of each material's properties and better behavior under loads. Prestressed concrete was pioneered in the 1930s and its use has expanded, finding applications in bridges and other structures. Common methods are pretensioning and post-tensioning, using various tendon types, with bonded or unbonded configurations. Tensioning is done using mechanical, hydraulic, electrical or chemical devices.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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Design of steel structure as per is 800(2007)ahsanrabbani
It does not offer resistance against rotation and also termed as a hinged or pinned connections.
It transfers only axial or shear forces and it is not designed for moment
It is generally connected by single bolt/rivet and therefore full rotation is allowed
1. The document summarizes the design of a steel intensive toilet block in India under the Swachh Bharat initiative.
2. It includes the design of steel connections and members using STAAD and the types of connections that were designed, which include shear and moment connections.
3. Key structural elements like columns, beams, and beam-columns are discussed along with their potential failure modes.
This document provides an overview of the design of steel beams. It discusses various beam types and sections, loads on beams, design considerations for restrained and unrestrained beams. For restrained beams, it covers lateral restraint requirements, section classification, shear capacity, moment capacity under low and high shear, web bearing, buckling, and deflection checks. For unrestrained beams, it discusses lateral torsional buckling, moment and buckling resistance checks. Design procedures and equations for determining effective properties and capacities are also presented.
This document discusses riveted connections in steel structures. It describes the different types of rivets, including their shape and method of installation. Some key types are snap headed rivets, pan headed rivets, and flat counter sunk rivets. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of riveted connections. Advantages include ease of installation without electricity, while disadvantages include noise and required skilled labor. The document further explains different riveted joint configurations, including lap joints and butt joints, providing examples of single and double riveted versions of each. Finally, it briefly outlines potential failure modes of riveted connections, such as shear failure of rivets or plates, and bearing failure of plates or
Connections are devices used to join structural elements together to safely transfer forces between them. There are different types of connections classified by their means of connection, such as welded, riveted, and bolted, and by the forces transferred, such as truss connections, fully restrained connections, and partially restrained connections. Fully restrained connections provide continuity between structural members and allow over 90% of moment to be transferred to provide greater flexural resistance. Partially restrained connections have less rigidity than fully restrained connections and allow some percentage of moment and full shear to be transferred. Semi-rigid connections provide rigidity between fully restrained and simple connections and transfer approximately 20-90% of moment.
Composite structure of concrete and steel.Suhailkhan204
This document discusses composite structures, which combine steel and concrete materials. The key elements of composite structures are composite deck slabs, beams, and columns, along with shear connectors. Composite structures take advantage of concrete's compressive strength and steel's tensile strength. They provide benefits like increased load capacity, stiffness, fire resistance, and cost savings compared to traditional steel or concrete construction alone. An example project, the Millennium Tower in Vienna, is described. The document analyzes costs and concludes that composite structures are best suited for high-rise buildings due to reduced weight, increased ductility, and savings of around 10% compared to reinforced concrete.
The document discusses structural steel, including its composition, properties, types, and applications in construction. It describes how steel is made from iron with added elements, and its varying properties based on carbon content. The types discussed are mild steel, medium carbon steel, and high carbon steel. Common structural steel applications mentioned include beams, columns, trusses, and framing for buildings like airports and stadiums.
This document discusses different methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before placing concrete around them, while post-tensioning involves stressing tendons after the concrete has cured using hydraulic jacks. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, thinner slabs, and more architectural freedom compared to conventional reinforced concrete or pretensioned concrete. Common applications of post-tensioning include parking structures, bridges, and building floors and roofs.
This document discusses the design of beams. It defines different types of beams like floor beams, girders, lintels, purlins, and rafters. It describes how beams are classified based on their support conditions as simply supported, cantilever, fixed, or continuous beams. Commonly used beam sections include universal beams, compound beams, and composite beams. The document also covers plastic analysis of beams, classification of beam sections, and failure modes of beams.
This document discusses different types of columns used in construction. It defines a column as a structural member subjected to compressive axial loads. Columns are classified as long, short, or intermediate based on their length-to-minimum radius of gyration ratio. Long columns have a ratio greater than 50, short columns less than 15-50, and intermediate between 30-100. The document provides examples of column types and discusses effective length, radius of gyration, buckling load, and Euler's formula for calculating crippling load.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
A grid slab is a type of building material that has two-directional reinforcement in the shape of a waffle. It can be used as both ceilings and floors, especially in areas requiring large spans with fewer columns. Features include panels on a 1 meter grid with trench mesh or individual bars. Grid slabs use less concrete and steel than conventional slabs while providing strength and resistance to cracking and sagging. Construction involves arranging a framework, fixing connectors and pods, then removing forms. Services like HVAC, plumbing and wiring can be run through holes in modified grid slabs. Benefits include flexibility, lighter weight, speed of construction, vibration control and fire resistance. Famous structures using grid slabs include terminals,
Tension members are structural elements subjected to direct tensile loads. Their strength depends on factors like length of connection, size and spacing of fasteners, cross-sectional area, fabrication type, connection eccentricity, and shear lag. Failure can occur through gross section yielding, net section rupture, or block shear. Design involves selecting a member with sufficient gross area to resist factored loads in yielding, then checking strength considering net section rupture and block shear failure modes.
This document provides an overview of different types of retaining walls, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, sheet pile, and diaphragm walls. It discusses the key components and design considerations for gravity and cantilever retaining walls. Gravity walls rely on their own weight for stability, while cantilever walls consist of a vertical stem with a heel and toe slab acting as a cantilever beam. The document also covers lateral earth pressures, drainage of retaining walls, uses of sheet pile walls, and construction methods for diaphragm walls.
The document discusses the design of staircases. It begins by defining key components of staircases like treads, risers, stringers, etc. It then describes different types of staircases such as straight, doglegged, and spiral. The document outlines considerations for designing staircases like dimensions, loads, and structural behavior. It provides steps for geometric design, load calculations, structural analysis, reinforcement design, and detailing of staircases. Numerical examples are also included to illustrate the design process.
The document discusses the design of steel structures according to BS 5950. It provides definitions for key terms related to steel structural elements and their design. These include beams, columns, connections, buckling resistance, capacity, and more. It then discusses the design process and different types of structural forms like tension members, compression members, beams, trusses, and frames. The properties of structural steel and stress-strain behavior are also covered. Methods for designing tension members, including consideration of cross-sectional area and end connections, are outlined.
This document discusses prefabricated modular structures. Some key points:
1. Prefabricated structures have standardized components that are produced off-site in a controlled environment and then transported for assembly. This allows for faster, more efficient construction.
2. Precast concrete offers advantages like higher quality, less weather dependency, and unlimited design possibilities compared to site-cast construction.
3. There are different precast systems like large panel, frame, and lift-slab. Precast components include walls, floors, beams, and more.
This document provides design requirements for lacing and battening systems used in steel structural elements. It discusses two types of lacing systems - single and double. It outlines 9 design requirements for lacing per Indian code IS 800, including angle of inclination, slenderness ratio, effective length, width/thickness, transverse shear force, strength checks, and end connections. It also discusses 7 design requirements for battening systems, including transverse shear force calculation, slenderness ratio, spacing, thickness, effective depth, overlap for welded connections, and notes battening offers less shear resistance than lacing.
Prestressed concrete combines high-strength concrete and high-strength steel in an active manner by tensioning steel tendons and holding them against the concrete, putting it into compression. This transforms concrete from a brittle to a more elastic material. It allows for optimal use of each material's properties and better behavior under loads. Prestressed concrete was pioneered in the 1930s and its use has expanded, finding applications in bridges and other structures. Common methods are pretensioning and post-tensioning, using various tendon types, with bonded or unbonded configurations. Tensioning is done using mechanical, hydraulic, electrical or chemical devices.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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Design of steel structure as per is 800(2007)ahsanrabbani
It does not offer resistance against rotation and also termed as a hinged or pinned connections.
It transfers only axial or shear forces and it is not designed for moment
It is generally connected by single bolt/rivet and therefore full rotation is allowed
1. The document summarizes the design of a steel intensive toilet block in India under the Swachh Bharat initiative.
2. It includes the design of steel connections and members using STAAD and the types of connections that were designed, which include shear and moment connections.
3. Key structural elements like columns, beams, and beam-columns are discussed along with their potential failure modes.
Threaded fasteners such as bolts and nuts are used to join machine parts. They allow parts to be dismantled without damage. Threaded joints provide clamping force through wedge action of threads. They are reliable, have small dimensions, and can be positioned vertically, horizontally, or inclined. However, they require holes which cause stress concentrations and can loosen under vibration. Bolts have heads and threaded shanks, while nuts have internal threads. Washers distribute load and prevent marring. Bolts are subjected to both tension and shear stresses, and standard nuts have a height of 0.8 times the bolt diameter to prevent shear failure. Eccentric loads on bolts cause additional stresses.
Presentation 4 - Bolted and Welded Connections.pptxnarayanch1979
This document discusses different types of connections used in steel structures. It describes the main components of connections and provides classifications. Connections are classified based on connecting medium (riveted, bolted, welded), type of internal forces (shear, moment), type of structural elements (single plate angle, double web angle), and type of members joining (beam to beam, column to column, beam to column). The key types of bolted, welded and bolted-welded connections are defined along with their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages.
Steel connections are used to join steel members like beams and columns. There are different types of connections classified by connecting medium like bolted, welded, and riveted. Bolted connections are common and cost-effective. Welded connections provide rigidity but require careful welding and inspection. Common connections include single and double plate angle connections for beams to columns, and seated and top-and-bottom angle connections for moments. Proper connections allow complex steel structures to be designed and fabricated.
Presentation on coupling prepared by Engr. Usman Ghani.
The presentation is made to foucs on very basics of coupling, even people from non engineering fields can also get an introductory idea from this presentation.
If you like this ppt and if you want me to make presentations on other important topics. please let me know.
This document discusses steel structure connections. It explains that connections are critical and failures often occur due to poor connection design rather than structural member failures. Modern connections use welding or bolting. Bolting has replaced riveting due to being faster and safer to install. Connections are categorized by their loading type, and failure can occur through fasteners or connected parts. Bolted shear connections can fail via fastener shear or bearing on connected materials. Design considers various failure modes.
This document discusses types of bolt connections based on arrangement of bolts and plates, mode of load transmission, and nature and location of load. There are two main types of joints subjected to axial loads: lap joints and butt joints. Butt joints are preferable to lap joints because the load is split between members, eliminating eccentricity and bending. Bolt connections can fail due to shear, bearing, or tension failures of bolts or plates. The design strength of bolts is governed by their strength in shear, bearing, or tension with safety factors applied.
Structural Connection Design & Construction Aspect .pptxahmad705917
Structural connection design and constructability are discussed. Connections are critical for transferring forces between structural members safely and economically. Simple bolted connections are commonly used due to ease of fabrication and ability to accommodate site adjustments. Connection types include shear, moment, and splice connections. Failure modes like bolt shear, bearing, and block shear are reviewed. Constructability considerations include connection design for simplicity and repetition to reduce erection costs.
This document provides an overview of cold-formed steel sections. It discusses that cold-formed steel sections are manufactured from steel sheets without applying heat through a process like roll forming. The document compares the properties of cold-formed and hot-rolled steel sections, outlines common shapes and applications of cold-formed sections, and describes their behavior under compression and factors like local buckling. It also defines terms related to cold-formed steel and discusses provisions in codes governing their design and use in construction.
This presentation discusses steel connections, including why steel structures are used, the components and types of connections, and the design philosophy. It covers the classification of connections based on the connecting medium (riveted, bolted, welded), type of force transferred (axial, shear, moment), and members joined (beams, columns, bases). Connection types discussed include axial, shear/pin, moment, end plate, split beam, bracket, beam splice, column splice, and column bases. The objectives are to understand the role of connections in load transfer and structural behavior, as well as the design of different connection configurations.
Coupling is one kind of mechanical device which is used to connect two shafts together at their
ends for the purpose of transmitting power.
The primary purpose of couplings is to join two pieces of rotating equipment while permitting
some degree of misalignment or end movement or both.
A rigid coupling is a unit of hardware used to join two shafts within a motor or mechanical system.
It may be used to connect two separate systems, such as a motor and a generator, or to repair a
connection within a single system. A rigid coupling may also be added between shafts to reduce
shock and wear at the point where the shafts meet.
Flanged coupling is a type of rigid coupling in which two co-linear shafts are connected by the
flanges. The coupling enables torque transmission between the shafts & prevents relative rotation
between them.
In the project work a flanged coupling was made by local material available & the analysis of
various stresses & safety factor was also performed.
The outcome of analysis is there’s no danger of failure by pure shear, even if a fatigue strength
reduction factor is included, but this same section may have severe & undefinable bending stresses
on it if the flanges are imperfectly aligned, and they surely will be. The bolts bending was neglected
since they were too small compared to the result outcome.
Finally, the computed factor of safety of the flanges suggest that it would withstand repeated
bending if the misalignment is small.
1. The document discusses different types of joints used to connect structural components including knuckle joints, welded joints, and fillet joints.
2. Knuckle joints provide flexibility and angular movement, while welded joints create a permanent connection through fusion. Fillet joints are made by overlapping plates and welding their edges.
3. The document provides equations to calculate the strength of various welded and fillet joint configurations based on the load applied and permissible stress levels. Examples are given of calculating weld sizes for different joint geometries under static and fatigue loading conditions.
This document provides information about beams used in structural engineering. It defines beams, discusses their structural characteristics like moment of inertia and stresses, and describes different types of beams including simply supported, fixed, cantilever, and trussed beams. It also covers beam design, applications in bridges and cranes, potential failure modes from plastic hinges, buckling or material failure, and methods to prevent failures like lateral restraints.
Connections are structural elements used to join members in a steel framework. Common types include bolted connections, welded connections, and bolted-welded combinations. Bolted connections use bolts loaded in tension, shear, or a combination, while welded connections fasten members primarily through welding. Various connection configurations are used for beams to beams, beams to columns, column splices, and attaching columns to foundation plates with anchor bolts. Proper connection design considers the forces and structural role of the connecting members.
BOLTING MECHANISM OF ONE-SIDED BOLTED CONNECTION IN PREFABRICATED STEEL STRUC...IRJET Journal
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Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
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2. Introduction
• Connections are the devices which are used to join elements of a
structure together at a point such that forces can be transferred
between them safely.
• Historically, most major structural failures have been due to some
form of connection failure.
• Steel connections have a direct influence on the cost of the framing
system.
• While a connection may be efficient in the use of material, it may still
be very expensive to erect. Repetitive connection design may save
costs.
6. • Connecting Plates • Connecting Angles
Continue….seat angle and clip plate, end plate, cleats
( Image is from Google)
7. Types Of Connections
Connections depend on: Type of loading, Strength and stiffness,
Economy, Difficulty or ease of erection
Based on means of connections
1. Bolted Connections
2. Welded Connections
3. Riveted Connections
Based on forces to be transferred
1. Shear Connections
2. Moment Connections
Beam and column Splices connections
Bracket connections etc….
8. 1.Bolted Connections
• Bolting is the preferred method of connecting members on the site.
• Several types of bolts are used in bolted connection.
1) Unfinished bolts or black bolts or C grade bolts (IS 1363 : 2002)
2) Turned bolts
i. Precision bolts or A grade bolts (IS 1364 : 2002)
ii. Semi-precision bolts or B grade bolts (IS 1364 : 2002)
3) Ribbed bolts
4) High strength friction grip bolts (IS 3757 : 1985 and IS 4000 : 1992)
9. Continue..
1. Black Bolts:
• It is the most common type of bearing bolts in clearance holes, often
referred to as ordinary bolts.
• They are popular since they are economical, both in terms of material
and installation costs.
• The force transfer mechanism under shear is as shown in Fig.
10. Bolt Shear Transfer Mechanism In Bearing
Connections
• The force is transferred by bearing
between the plate and bolts at the bolt
holes. The bolts experience single or
double shear depending upon the
plate configuration. The failure may
be either by shearing of the bolts or
bearing of the plate and the bolt.
Disadvantage: Bearing type of bolted connections is that the elements
undergo some slip even under a small shear, before being able to transfer
force by bearing
( Image is from Google)
11. 2. High strength friction grip (HSFG) bolts.
• In HSFG bolted joints, high strength bolts are pre-tensioned against the
plates to be bolted together, so that contact pressure is developed between
the plates being joined.
• When external shear force is applied, the frictional resistance to slip
between the plates prevents their relative slip. These bolted joints achieve
higher stiffness in shear because of frictional resistance between the contact
surfaces.
Continue..
12. Bolt Shear Transfer Mechanism In HSFB
Connections
• Only when the externally
applied force exceeds the
frictional resistance between
the plates, the plates slip and
the bolts bear against the bolt
holes. Thus even after slip,
there is a reserve strength due
to bearing.
Disadvantage: The HSFG bolts are expensive both from material and
installation points of view. They require skilled labour and effective
supervision.
( Image is from Google)
13. Continue…
• Bolted connection further can be classified in two:
1. Lap joint
2. Butt Joint
Lap Joint:
• When the two members to be
connected together by
overlapping then the joint is
called lap joint.
• A single bolted lap joint and a
double bolted lap joint are shown
in figure respectively.
( Image is from Google)
14. Continue…
Butt Joint:
• When the two members are to
be connected by placing the
members end to end and
additional plate/plates provided
on either one or both sides to
attach them properly, then this
joint is called butt joint and the
additional plate is called cover
plate.( Image is from Google)
15. Which joint is better and which joint is more desirable?
It is more desirable to provide a butt joint rather than a lap joint for main
two reasons:
• In the case of a double cover butt joint, the total shear force to be
transmitted by the members is split into two parts and the force acts on
each half. But in the case of lap joints, there is only one plate one
which the forces acts and therefore, the shear-carrying capacity of a
bolt in a double cover butt joint is double that of a bolt in a lap joint.
• In the case of a double cover butt joint, eccentricity of forces does not
exist and hence bending is eliminated, whereas it exists in the case of a
lap joint.
17. 2.Riveted Connections
• Riveted joints are very rare in
modern steel construction practice,
were predominantly used in
railway bridges (vibration) in India
and it is very similar to bearing
type of bolted connections.
• Structural rivets are driven hot, the
rivet shank expands to fill the hole
while being driven.
( Image is from Google)
18. Types of riveted joints
A riveted joint may be classified according to arrangement of rivets
and plates
Lap joint
i. Single riveted lap point
ii. Double riveted lap point
Butt joint
i. Single riveted single cover butt joint
ii. Single riveted double cover butt joint
iii. Double rivet double cover butt joint
19. 3.Welded Connections
• Welded connections are direct and efficient means of transferring
forces from one member to the adjacent member.
• Welded connections are generally made by melting base metal from
parts to be joined with weld metal, which upon cooling form the
connection.
• The welded connections in a majority of the cases may be categorised
as fillet weld and butt (or groove) welds.
20. Continue..
• Fillet welds, are made against two
surfaces of adjacent plates to join
them together.
• Butt welds, are made by butting
plate surfaces against one another
and filling the gap between
contact surfaces with weld metal,
in the process fusing the base
metal also together.
( Image is from Google)
21. Fillet Weld Butt Weld
simple, fast and economical to make more expensive than fillet welds because of the
edge preparation required
no prior edge preparation is necessary, easily designed and fabricated to be as strong as
the member
does not require very skilled labour. require more skilled manpower, than that required
for filled welds.
less attractive in appearance. better appearance, compared to fillet welds, and
poorer performance under fatigue loading, and better fatigue characteristics, compared to fillet
welds,
Throat thickness=0.707 x weld size Thickness=(5/8) x thickness of thinner plate
not appropriate to transfer forces large in
magnitude
easy to detail and the length of the connection is
considerably reduced.
Difference Between Fillet Weld And Butt Weld
22. Based on forces to be transferred
1. Shear Connection
• A shear connection (also called a
simple connection) transfers
shear forces and little or no
moment to the connecting
member, thus allowing end
rotation of the member.
• Shear connections may be
made to the web of the
supported member while the
flanges remain unconnected.
( Image is from Google)
24. 2. Moment Connections
• Moment connections are also called rigid
connections.
• Moment connections carry a portion or
the full moment capacity of the supported
member thus preventing any end-rotation
of the member and also carry the shear
component of the load.
• Relative rotation between the supporting
and supported members is negligible.
• In this type of connection both the webs
and flanges are connected. ( Image is from Google)
26. 3. Beam and column splices
• It is often required to join structural
members (Beam, column) along their
length due to the available length of
sections being limited and also due to
transportation and erection
constraints. Such joints are called
splices.
• Typical bolted column splices used
for rolled I section and hollow
section members are shown in the
figure on the right.
( Image is from Google)
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