1. The document discusses different types of joints used to connect structural components including knuckle joints, welded joints, and fillet joints.
2. Knuckle joints provide flexibility and angular movement, while welded joints create a permanent connection through fusion. Fillet joints are made by overlapping plates and welding their edges.
3. The document provides equations to calculate the strength of various welded and fillet joint configurations based on the load applied and permissible stress levels. Examples are given of calculating weld sizes for different joint geometries under static and fatigue loading conditions.
The document discusses different types of welded joints used in mechanical assemblies, including butt joints, fillet/lap joints, transverse fillet welds, and parallel fillet welds. It provides formulas to calculate the strength of different welded joint configurations based on factors like weld throat area, plate dimensions, and allowable tensile and shear stresses. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating the required weld lengths for specific plate joining problems based on the given stresses and loads.
This document discusses the design of welded joints. It begins by defining welding and describing the two main applications of welded joints. It then lists several advantages of welded joints over riveted joints, including lower weight, cost, and ability to be modified. The document also discusses advantages over cast structures. It describes different welding processes and types of welded joints. It provides formulas for calculating the strength of butt, parallel fillet, and transverse fillet welds. Finally, it includes examples of calculations for determining required weld lengths.
Design of steel structure as per is 800(2007)ahsanrabbani
It does not offer resistance against rotation and also termed as a hinged or pinned connections.
It transfers only axial or shear forces and it is not designed for moment
It is generally connected by single bolt/rivet and therefore full rotation is allowed
The document discusses various types of welded joints, including lap joints, butt joints, and fillet welds. It describes the advantages of welded joints over riveted joints. Various welding processes are covered, including fusion welding processes like gas welding and electric arc welding. The document provides formulas to calculate the strength of different welded joint configurations, like transverse and parallel fillet welds, and discusses special cases like circular fillet welds subjected to torsion or bending moments. Design considerations for different welded joints are also presented.
The document discusses different types of welded joints including butt joints and fillet joints. It describes the geometry and strengths of square butt joints, single V-butt joints, and single and double U-butt joints used to join plates of different thicknesses. Fillet joints can be transverse or parallel and the document explains how to calculate the strengths of each type. Several example problems are also included showing how to calculate weld sizes for butt and fillet joints subjected to tensile, shear, bending, and eccentric loads.
Calulation of deflection and crack width according to is 456 2000Vikas Mehta
This document discusses the calculation of crack width in reinforced concrete flexural members. It provides information on:
1) Crack width is calculated to satisfy serviceability limits and is only relevant for Type 3 pre-stressed concrete members that crack under service loads.
2) Crack width depends on factors like amount of pre-stress, tensile stress in bars, concrete cover thickness, bar diameter and spacing, member depth and location of neutral axis, bond strength, and concrete tensile strength.
3) The method of calculation involves determining the shortest distance from the surface to a bar and using equations involving member depth, neutral axis depth, average strain at the surface level. Permissible crack widths are specified depending on exposure
The document discusses the design of welded joints. It begins by defining a welded joint as a permanent fusion of two parts achieved through heating and optionally applying pressure and a filler material. Welding provides advantages over riveted joints like lighter weight and greater efficiency. Various welding processes are described including gas, electric arc, thermit and forge welding. Common welded joint types like lap, butt, corner and T-joints are also outlined. The document then examines the strength calculations for transverse and parallel fillet welds as well as butt joints. It concludes by discussing stresses in eccentrically loaded and unsymmetrical welded sections.
1. The document discusses the design of various welded joints, including butt joints, transverse and parallel fillet joints, and circular fillet joints subjected to torsion. It provides the equations to calculate the permissible load or torque based on the weld material properties and joint geometry.
2. Examples of design calculations are provided for parallel fillet joints subjected to load and transverse fillet joints. Design stresses for welds using bare and covered electrodes are also tabulated.
3. Review questions at the end test the understanding of welded joint design, and examples are worked out for fillet joints subjected to load and a circular fillet joint subjected to torque.
The document discusses different types of welded joints used in mechanical assemblies, including butt joints, fillet/lap joints, transverse fillet welds, and parallel fillet welds. It provides formulas to calculate the strength of different welded joint configurations based on factors like weld throat area, plate dimensions, and allowable tensile and shear stresses. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating the required weld lengths for specific plate joining problems based on the given stresses and loads.
This document discusses the design of welded joints. It begins by defining welding and describing the two main applications of welded joints. It then lists several advantages of welded joints over riveted joints, including lower weight, cost, and ability to be modified. The document also discusses advantages over cast structures. It describes different welding processes and types of welded joints. It provides formulas for calculating the strength of butt, parallel fillet, and transverse fillet welds. Finally, it includes examples of calculations for determining required weld lengths.
Design of steel structure as per is 800(2007)ahsanrabbani
It does not offer resistance against rotation and also termed as a hinged or pinned connections.
It transfers only axial or shear forces and it is not designed for moment
It is generally connected by single bolt/rivet and therefore full rotation is allowed
The document discusses various types of welded joints, including lap joints, butt joints, and fillet welds. It describes the advantages of welded joints over riveted joints. Various welding processes are covered, including fusion welding processes like gas welding and electric arc welding. The document provides formulas to calculate the strength of different welded joint configurations, like transverse and parallel fillet welds, and discusses special cases like circular fillet welds subjected to torsion or bending moments. Design considerations for different welded joints are also presented.
The document discusses different types of welded joints including butt joints and fillet joints. It describes the geometry and strengths of square butt joints, single V-butt joints, and single and double U-butt joints used to join plates of different thicknesses. Fillet joints can be transverse or parallel and the document explains how to calculate the strengths of each type. Several example problems are also included showing how to calculate weld sizes for butt and fillet joints subjected to tensile, shear, bending, and eccentric loads.
Calulation of deflection and crack width according to is 456 2000Vikas Mehta
This document discusses the calculation of crack width in reinforced concrete flexural members. It provides information on:
1) Crack width is calculated to satisfy serviceability limits and is only relevant for Type 3 pre-stressed concrete members that crack under service loads.
2) Crack width depends on factors like amount of pre-stress, tensile stress in bars, concrete cover thickness, bar diameter and spacing, member depth and location of neutral axis, bond strength, and concrete tensile strength.
3) The method of calculation involves determining the shortest distance from the surface to a bar and using equations involving member depth, neutral axis depth, average strain at the surface level. Permissible crack widths are specified depending on exposure
The document discusses the design of welded joints. It begins by defining a welded joint as a permanent fusion of two parts achieved through heating and optionally applying pressure and a filler material. Welding provides advantages over riveted joints like lighter weight and greater efficiency. Various welding processes are described including gas, electric arc, thermit and forge welding. Common welded joint types like lap, butt, corner and T-joints are also outlined. The document then examines the strength calculations for transverse and parallel fillet welds as well as butt joints. It concludes by discussing stresses in eccentrically loaded and unsymmetrical welded sections.
1. The document discusses the design of various welded joints, including butt joints, transverse and parallel fillet joints, and circular fillet joints subjected to torsion. It provides the equations to calculate the permissible load or torque based on the weld material properties and joint geometry.
2. Examples of design calculations are provided for parallel fillet joints subjected to load and transverse fillet joints. Design stresses for welds using bare and covered electrodes are also tabulated.
3. Review questions at the end test the understanding of welded joint design, and examples are worked out for fillet joints subjected to load and a circular fillet joint subjected to torque.
This document summarizes key requirements for ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures according to IS 13920:2016. It discusses the importance of ductility in allowing structures to resist seismic forces through inelastic deformation without collapse. Requirements are provided for ductile detailing of beams and columns, including minimum steel grades, reinforcement ratios and spacing, hook and lap splice details, and confinement reinforcement. The goal of ductile detailing is to avoid brittle failures and ensure ductile behavior through controlled yielding of steel reinforcement.
This document discusses riveted joints, which are used to join metal plates. It describes the different types of rivet heads, riveted joint configurations like lap joints and butt joints, and how rivets are installed through heating and hammering. The document also discusses factors that determine the strength of riveted joints like the tearing resistance of plates, shearing resistance of rivets, and crushing resistance of plates and rivets. It explains how riveted joints can fail through tearing of plates, shearing of rivets, or crushing of plates/rivets. The efficiency of riveted joints is defined as the ratio of the joint's strength to the strength of an unriveted solid
This document contains important questions and answers related to the subject of Strength of Materials. It is divided into multiple parts and units. It includes questions related to engineering materials, deformation of metals, geometric properties of sections and thin shells, and theory of torsion and springs. The questions range from definitions and concepts to practical problems involving calculations. The document is intended to serve as a question bank for students studying Strength of Materials.
Structural Connection Design & Construction Aspect .pptxahmad705917
Structural connection design and constructability are discussed. Connections are critical for transferring forces between structural members safely and economically. Simple bolted connections are commonly used due to ease of fabrication and ability to accommodate site adjustments. Connection types include shear, moment, and splice connections. Failure modes like bolt shear, bearing, and block shear are reviewed. Constructability considerations include connection design for simplicity and repetition to reduce erection costs.
1) Connections are an important part of steel structures as they allow different structural elements to act together as a single unit by transferring forces between members. Common types of connections include riveted, bolted, welded, and pinned connections.
2) Bolted connections use bolts with heads and threaded ends to connect structural elements. Steel washers are often included to distribute clamping pressure and prevent bearing on connected pieces.
3) Design of bolted connections considers factors like bolt grade, type of joint, edge and end distances, pitch, and capacity in shear, tension, and bearing to ensure the connection can safely transfer loads between members. Failure can occur in bolts or connected elements due to various limit
Coupling is one kind of mechanical device which is used to connect two shafts together at their
ends for the purpose of transmitting power.
The primary purpose of couplings is to join two pieces of rotating equipment while permitting
some degree of misalignment or end movement or both.
A rigid coupling is a unit of hardware used to join two shafts within a motor or mechanical system.
It may be used to connect two separate systems, such as a motor and a generator, or to repair a
connection within a single system. A rigid coupling may also be added between shafts to reduce
shock and wear at the point where the shafts meet.
Flanged coupling is a type of rigid coupling in which two co-linear shafts are connected by the
flanges. The coupling enables torque transmission between the shafts & prevents relative rotation
between them.
In the project work a flanged coupling was made by local material available & the analysis of
various stresses & safety factor was also performed.
The outcome of analysis is there’s no danger of failure by pure shear, even if a fatigue strength
reduction factor is included, but this same section may have severe & undefinable bending stresses
on it if the flanges are imperfectly aligned, and they surely will be. The bolts bending was neglected
since they were too small compared to the result outcome.
Finally, the computed factor of safety of the flanges suggest that it would withstand repeated
bending if the misalignment is small.
1. The document describes various types of flanges according to ASME B16.5 standards, including welding neck, slip on, socket weld, lap joint, threaded, and blind flanges.
2. It provides details on each flange type, such as how they connect to pipes (e.g. butt weld for welding neck, two fillet welds for slip on), their relative strengths, and advantages/disadvantages.
3. Additional tips are provided at the end on ensuring proper gaps for socket welds and holding lap joint flanges in place during disassembly.
Steel connections are used to join steel members like beams and columns. There are different types of connections classified by connecting medium like bolted, welded, and riveted. Bolted connections are common and cost-effective. Welded connections provide rigidity but require careful welding and inspection. Common connections include single and double plate angle connections for beams to columns, and seated and top-and-bottom angle connections for moments. Proper connections allow complex steel structures to be designed and fabricated.
Welded connections can join metal pieces through a metallurgical bond. Common welded joints include butt joints, fillet welds, slot welds, and plug welds. Fillet welds join surfaces at right angles and have a triangular cross-section. Specifications cover weld sizes, lengths, and stresses. Advantages of welding include increased strength and reduced weight, while disadvantages include potential cracking and distortion during cooling. Design of welded joints involves calculating weld sizes and lengths to transmit required loads based on permissible stresses.
The document discusses different types of fasteners used to join machine parts, including screwed fasteners, riveted joints, and keys. It describes various threaded components like bolts, nuts, and studs. It discusses different thread profiles like metric, square, and ACME threads. It also covers rivet types, dimensions of riveted joints, and types of keys used in pin joints.
The document discusses ductility and ductile detailing in reinforced concrete structures. It states that structures should be designed to have lateral strength, deformability, and ductility to resist earthquakes with limited damage and no collapse. Ductility allows structures to develop their full strength through internal force redistribution. Detailing of reinforcement is important to avoid brittle failure and induce ductile behavior by allowing steel to yield in a controlled manner. Shear walls are also discussed as vertical reinforced concrete elements that help structures resist earthquake loads in a ductile manner.
This document discusses the design of helical compression springs. It describes different types of springs including compression, extension, torsion, and leaf springs. It covers spring characteristics such as wire diameter, mean diameter, free length, solid length, operating length, spring rate, spring index, number of coils, pitch, end configurations, and materials. The document provides equations to calculate spring stresses, deflections, and buckling loads. It includes example problems demonstrating how to analyze an existing spring and design a new spring to meet specified force and deflection requirements.
Multi-StageSheet Metal Fromed Bolted Fastener DesignMark Brooks
This document discusses the development of a multi-stage sheet metal fastening design that eliminates nuts to reduce costs and improve manufacturing efficiency. Testing showed that while extruded, rivet, and PEM nuts exceeded torque specifications, shear/tap fasteners only marginally met specifications, failing through thread tear. To breakthrough this technology barrier, the basics of thread forming were revisited. Roll-forming threads through compression may improve performance over cutting threads.
This document discusses ductile detailing of reinforced concrete (RC) frames according to Indian standards. It explains that detailing involves translating the structural design into the final structure through reinforcement drawings. Good detailing ensures reinforcement and concrete interact efficiently. Key aspects of ductile detailing covered include requirements for beams, columns, and beam-column joints to improve ductility and seismic performance. Specific provisions are presented for longitudinal and shear reinforcement in beams and columns, as well as confining reinforcement and lap splices. The importance of cover and stirrup spacing is also discussed.
This document contains a question bank for a steel structures design course. It includes 20 questions in Part A testing basic knowledge of steel structures terminology and concepts. Part B contains 14 design problems testing application and evaluation skills. Topics covered include riveted and bolted connections, tension members, compression members, beams, plate girders, roof trusses, and crane girders. Students are asked to calculate strengths, suitable dimensions, and designs meeting loading criteria. Design factors like load magnitudes, member lengths, connection materials, and support conditions are provided.
The document discusses the design of various types of screw fasteners. It describes screw threads as helical grooves cut into cylindrical surfaces. Screw joints are commonly used for assembly and have advantages of being convenient to assemble/disassemble, reliable, and inexpensive due to standardization. The main types of screw fasteners are bolts, screws, studs, tapping screws, and set screws. Stresses in screw joints include tension, torsional shear, shear across threads, crushing stress, and bending stress. Screw joints are also subjected to stresses from initial tightening and external loads. Design considerations are discussed for bolted joints under eccentric loading parallel or perpendicular to the bolt axis.
This document discusses the design of tension members according to IS 800-2007. It defines tension members as structural elements subjected to direct axial tensile loads. Tension members can fail due to gross section yielding, net section rupture, or block shear failure. The document describes various types of tension members including wires, bars, plates, structural shapes, and their behavior under tensile loads. It provides equations to calculate the design strength based on the different failure modes and discusses factors like slenderness ratio and shear lag that influence tension member design. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the design strength calculations.
Presentation 4 - Bolted and Welded Connections.pptxnarayanch1979
This document discusses different types of connections used in steel structures. It describes the main components of connections and provides classifications. Connections are classified based on connecting medium (riveted, bolted, welded), type of internal forces (shear, moment), type of structural elements (single plate angle, double web angle), and type of members joining (beam to beam, column to column, beam to column). The key types of bolted, welded and bolted-welded connections are defined along with their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
This document summarizes key requirements for ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures according to IS 13920:2016. It discusses the importance of ductility in allowing structures to resist seismic forces through inelastic deformation without collapse. Requirements are provided for ductile detailing of beams and columns, including minimum steel grades, reinforcement ratios and spacing, hook and lap splice details, and confinement reinforcement. The goal of ductile detailing is to avoid brittle failures and ensure ductile behavior through controlled yielding of steel reinforcement.
This document discusses riveted joints, which are used to join metal plates. It describes the different types of rivet heads, riveted joint configurations like lap joints and butt joints, and how rivets are installed through heating and hammering. The document also discusses factors that determine the strength of riveted joints like the tearing resistance of plates, shearing resistance of rivets, and crushing resistance of plates and rivets. It explains how riveted joints can fail through tearing of plates, shearing of rivets, or crushing of plates/rivets. The efficiency of riveted joints is defined as the ratio of the joint's strength to the strength of an unriveted solid
This document contains important questions and answers related to the subject of Strength of Materials. It is divided into multiple parts and units. It includes questions related to engineering materials, deformation of metals, geometric properties of sections and thin shells, and theory of torsion and springs. The questions range from definitions and concepts to practical problems involving calculations. The document is intended to serve as a question bank for students studying Strength of Materials.
Structural Connection Design & Construction Aspect .pptxahmad705917
Structural connection design and constructability are discussed. Connections are critical for transferring forces between structural members safely and economically. Simple bolted connections are commonly used due to ease of fabrication and ability to accommodate site adjustments. Connection types include shear, moment, and splice connections. Failure modes like bolt shear, bearing, and block shear are reviewed. Constructability considerations include connection design for simplicity and repetition to reduce erection costs.
1) Connections are an important part of steel structures as they allow different structural elements to act together as a single unit by transferring forces between members. Common types of connections include riveted, bolted, welded, and pinned connections.
2) Bolted connections use bolts with heads and threaded ends to connect structural elements. Steel washers are often included to distribute clamping pressure and prevent bearing on connected pieces.
3) Design of bolted connections considers factors like bolt grade, type of joint, edge and end distances, pitch, and capacity in shear, tension, and bearing to ensure the connection can safely transfer loads between members. Failure can occur in bolts or connected elements due to various limit
Coupling is one kind of mechanical device which is used to connect two shafts together at their
ends for the purpose of transmitting power.
The primary purpose of couplings is to join two pieces of rotating equipment while permitting
some degree of misalignment or end movement or both.
A rigid coupling is a unit of hardware used to join two shafts within a motor or mechanical system.
It may be used to connect two separate systems, such as a motor and a generator, or to repair a
connection within a single system. A rigid coupling may also be added between shafts to reduce
shock and wear at the point where the shafts meet.
Flanged coupling is a type of rigid coupling in which two co-linear shafts are connected by the
flanges. The coupling enables torque transmission between the shafts & prevents relative rotation
between them.
In the project work a flanged coupling was made by local material available & the analysis of
various stresses & safety factor was also performed.
The outcome of analysis is there’s no danger of failure by pure shear, even if a fatigue strength
reduction factor is included, but this same section may have severe & undefinable bending stresses
on it if the flanges are imperfectly aligned, and they surely will be. The bolts bending was neglected
since they were too small compared to the result outcome.
Finally, the computed factor of safety of the flanges suggest that it would withstand repeated
bending if the misalignment is small.
1. The document describes various types of flanges according to ASME B16.5 standards, including welding neck, slip on, socket weld, lap joint, threaded, and blind flanges.
2. It provides details on each flange type, such as how they connect to pipes (e.g. butt weld for welding neck, two fillet welds for slip on), their relative strengths, and advantages/disadvantages.
3. Additional tips are provided at the end on ensuring proper gaps for socket welds and holding lap joint flanges in place during disassembly.
Steel connections are used to join steel members like beams and columns. There are different types of connections classified by connecting medium like bolted, welded, and riveted. Bolted connections are common and cost-effective. Welded connections provide rigidity but require careful welding and inspection. Common connections include single and double plate angle connections for beams to columns, and seated and top-and-bottom angle connections for moments. Proper connections allow complex steel structures to be designed and fabricated.
Welded connections can join metal pieces through a metallurgical bond. Common welded joints include butt joints, fillet welds, slot welds, and plug welds. Fillet welds join surfaces at right angles and have a triangular cross-section. Specifications cover weld sizes, lengths, and stresses. Advantages of welding include increased strength and reduced weight, while disadvantages include potential cracking and distortion during cooling. Design of welded joints involves calculating weld sizes and lengths to transmit required loads based on permissible stresses.
The document discusses different types of fasteners used to join machine parts, including screwed fasteners, riveted joints, and keys. It describes various threaded components like bolts, nuts, and studs. It discusses different thread profiles like metric, square, and ACME threads. It also covers rivet types, dimensions of riveted joints, and types of keys used in pin joints.
The document discusses ductility and ductile detailing in reinforced concrete structures. It states that structures should be designed to have lateral strength, deformability, and ductility to resist earthquakes with limited damage and no collapse. Ductility allows structures to develop their full strength through internal force redistribution. Detailing of reinforcement is important to avoid brittle failure and induce ductile behavior by allowing steel to yield in a controlled manner. Shear walls are also discussed as vertical reinforced concrete elements that help structures resist earthquake loads in a ductile manner.
This document discusses the design of helical compression springs. It describes different types of springs including compression, extension, torsion, and leaf springs. It covers spring characteristics such as wire diameter, mean diameter, free length, solid length, operating length, spring rate, spring index, number of coils, pitch, end configurations, and materials. The document provides equations to calculate spring stresses, deflections, and buckling loads. It includes example problems demonstrating how to analyze an existing spring and design a new spring to meet specified force and deflection requirements.
Multi-StageSheet Metal Fromed Bolted Fastener DesignMark Brooks
This document discusses the development of a multi-stage sheet metal fastening design that eliminates nuts to reduce costs and improve manufacturing efficiency. Testing showed that while extruded, rivet, and PEM nuts exceeded torque specifications, shear/tap fasteners only marginally met specifications, failing through thread tear. To breakthrough this technology barrier, the basics of thread forming were revisited. Roll-forming threads through compression may improve performance over cutting threads.
This document discusses ductile detailing of reinforced concrete (RC) frames according to Indian standards. It explains that detailing involves translating the structural design into the final structure through reinforcement drawings. Good detailing ensures reinforcement and concrete interact efficiently. Key aspects of ductile detailing covered include requirements for beams, columns, and beam-column joints to improve ductility and seismic performance. Specific provisions are presented for longitudinal and shear reinforcement in beams and columns, as well as confining reinforcement and lap splices. The importance of cover and stirrup spacing is also discussed.
This document contains a question bank for a steel structures design course. It includes 20 questions in Part A testing basic knowledge of steel structures terminology and concepts. Part B contains 14 design problems testing application and evaluation skills. Topics covered include riveted and bolted connections, tension members, compression members, beams, plate girders, roof trusses, and crane girders. Students are asked to calculate strengths, suitable dimensions, and designs meeting loading criteria. Design factors like load magnitudes, member lengths, connection materials, and support conditions are provided.
The document discusses the design of various types of screw fasteners. It describes screw threads as helical grooves cut into cylindrical surfaces. Screw joints are commonly used for assembly and have advantages of being convenient to assemble/disassemble, reliable, and inexpensive due to standardization. The main types of screw fasteners are bolts, screws, studs, tapping screws, and set screws. Stresses in screw joints include tension, torsional shear, shear across threads, crushing stress, and bending stress. Screw joints are also subjected to stresses from initial tightening and external loads. Design considerations are discussed for bolted joints under eccentric loading parallel or perpendicular to the bolt axis.
This document discusses the design of tension members according to IS 800-2007. It defines tension members as structural elements subjected to direct axial tensile loads. Tension members can fail due to gross section yielding, net section rupture, or block shear failure. The document describes various types of tension members including wires, bars, plates, structural shapes, and their behavior under tensile loads. It provides equations to calculate the design strength based on the different failure modes and discusses factors like slenderness ratio and shear lag that influence tension member design. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the design strength calculations.
Presentation 4 - Bolted and Welded Connections.pptxnarayanch1979
This document discusses different types of connections used in steel structures. It describes the main components of connections and provides classifications. Connections are classified based on connecting medium (riveted, bolted, welded), type of internal forces (shear, moment), type of structural elements (single plate angle, double web angle), and type of members joining (beam to beam, column to column, beam to column). The key types of bolted, welded and bolted-welded connections are defined along with their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages.
Similar to Design of machine elements-UNIT 3.pptx (20)
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
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2. Define knuckle joint
A knuckle joint is a mechanical joint used to connect two rods which are under a
tensile load, when there is a requirement of small amount of flexibility, or angular
moment is necessary. ... The knuckle joint assembly consists of the following
major components: Single eye. Double eye or fork.
4. 1. Failure of Rod In Tension
Area of Failure Stress Indused
5. 2. Failure of Knuckle Pin Under Shear
Area of Failure
Stress Indused
6. 3. Failure of Double Eye Under
Tension
Area of Failure
Stress Indused
7. 4. Failure of Double Eye Under Shear
Area of Failure
Stress Indused
8. 5. Failure of Double Eye Under
Crushing
Area of Failure
Stress Indused
V.V.P.Polytechnic, Solapur,
Prof. V.R. Muttagi,
Mechanical Department,
9. 6. Failure of Single Eye Under Tension
Area of Failure
Stress Indused
10. 7. Failure of Single Eye Under Shear
Area of Failure
Stress Indused
11. 8. Failure of Single Eye Under
Crushing
Area of Failure
Stress Indused
12. Design a knuckle joint to transmit 150 kN. The design stresses may be taken as 75 MPa in
tension, 60 MPa in shear and 150 MPa in compression.
13.
14.
15. A welded joint is a permanent joint which is obtained by the fusion of the edges of the
two parts to be joined together, with or without the application of pressure and a filler
material. The heat required for the fusion of the material may be obtained by burning of
gas (in case of gas welding) or by an electric arc (in case of electric arc welding).
Define welding joint
Advantages and Disadvantages of Welded Joints over Riveted Joints
Advantages
1. The welded structures are usually lighter than riveted structures. This is due to the reason,
that in welding, gussets or other connecting components are not used.
2. The welded joints provide maximum efficiency (may be 100%) which is not possible in case of
riveted joints.
3. Alterations and additions can be easily made in the existing structures.
4. As the welded structure is smooth in appearance, therefore it looks pleasing.
5. In welded connections, the tension members are not weakened as in the case of riveted joints.
6. A welded joint has a great strength. Often a welded joint has the strength of the parent
metal itself.
7. Sometimes, the members are of such a shape (i.e. circular steel pipes) that they afford
difficulty for riveting. But they can be easily welded.
8. The welding provides very rigid joints. This is in line with the modern trend of providing
rigid frames.
9. It is possible to weld any part of a structure at any point. But riveting requires enough
clearance.
10. The process of welding takes less time than the riveting.
16. Disadvantages
1. Since there is an uneven heating and cooling during fabrication, therefore the members
may get distorted or additional stresses may develop.
2. It requires a highly skilled labour and supervision.
3. Since no provision is kept for expansion and contraction in the frame, therefore there is a
possibility of cracks developing in it.
4. The inspection of welding work is more difficult than riveting work.
Types of Welded Joints
1. Lap joint or fillet joint, and
2. Butt joint.
Lap Joint
The lap joint or the fillet joint is obtained by overlapping the plates and then welding the
edges of the plates. The cross-section of the fillet is approximately triangular. The fillet
joints may be
1. Single transverse fillet, 2. Double transverse fillet, and 3. Parallel fillet joints.
17. Butt Joint
The butt joint is obtained by placing the plates edge to edge. In butt welds, the plate edges do
not require bevelling if the thickness of plate is less than 5 mm. On the other hand, if the
plate thickness is 5 mm to 12.5 mm, the edges should be bevelled to V or U-groove on both
sides.
Types of butt joints.
18. The other type of welded joints are corner joint, edge joint and T-joint
Basic Weld Symbols
19. Strength of Transverse Fillet Welded Joints
We have already discussed that the fillet or lap joint is obtained by overlapping the plates
and then welding the edges of the plates. The transverse fillet welds are designed for
tensile strength. Let us consider a single and double transverse fillet welds
20. In order to determine the strength of the fillet joint, it is assumed that the section of fillet
is a right angled triangle ABC with hypotenuse AC making equal angles with other two
sides AB and BC. The enlarged view of the fillet is shown in Fig. The length of each side
is known as leg or size of the weld and the perpendicular distance of the hypotenuse from
the intersection of legs (i.e. BD) is known as throat thickness. The minimum area of the
weld is obtained at the throat BD, which is given by the product of the throat thickness
and length of weld.
21. Strength of Parallel Fillet Welded Joints
The parallel fillet welded joints are designed for shear strength. Consider a double parallel
fillet welded joint as shown in Fig. We have already discussed in the previous article, that the
minimum area of weld or the throat area,
A = 0.707 s × l
22. A plate 100 mm wide and 10 mm thick is to be welded to another plate by means of double
parallel fillets. The plates are subjected to a static load of 80 kN. Find the length of weld if
the permissible shear stress in the weld does not exceed 55 MPa.
l =Length of weld, and
s = Size of weld = Plate thickness = 10 mm
23. Special Cases of Fillet Welded Joints
The following cases of fillet welded joints are important from the subject point of view.
1. Circular fillet weld subjected to torsion. Consider a circular rod connected to a rigid
plate by a fillet weld as shown in Fig
24.
25. Long fillet weld subjected to torsion. Consider a vertical plate attached to a horizontal plate
by two identical fillet welds as shown in Fig
26. A 50 mm diameter solid shaft is welded to a flat plate by 10 mm fillet weld as shown in Fig..
Find the maximum torque that the welded joint can sustain if the maximum shear stress
intensity in the weld material is not to exceed 80 MPa.
27. A plate 100 mm wide and 12.5 mm thick is to be welded to another plate by means of parallel
fillet welds. The plates are subjected to a load of 50 kN. Find the length of the weld so that
the maximum stress does not exceed 56 MPa. Consider the joint first under static loading and
then under fatigue loading.
Length of weld for fatigue loading
maximum load which the plates can carry for
double parallel fillet welds (P),
28. A plate 75 mm wide and 12.5 mm thick is joined with another plate by a single transverse
weld and a double parallel fillet weld as shown in Fig.. The maximum tensile and shear
stresses are 70 MPa and 56 MPa respectively. Find the length of each parallel fillet weld, if
the joint is subjected to both static and fatigue loading.
Length of each parallel fillet for static loading
29. Length of each parallel fillet for fatigue loading
we find that the stress concentration factor for transverse welds is 1.5 and for parallel fillet
welds is 2.7.
30. A 200 × 150 × 10 mm angle is to be welded to a steel plate by fillet welds as shown in Fig.
If the angle is subjected to a static load of 200 kN, find the length of weld at the top and
bottom. The allowable shear stress for static loading may be taken as 75 MPa.
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