Connections are critical structural elements that join members in steel structures. Common connection types include bolted, welded, and bolted-welded combinations. Connections are classified based on the connecting medium, type of forces transmitted, and elements joined. Riveted connections were previously common but have been replaced by bolted connections which are faster and cheaper to install. Welded connections provide rigidity but require careful design to avoid cracking. Modern connections often combine bolting and welding for strength and economy. Shear and moment connections behave differently in transmitting forces between members like beams and columns. Proper connection design is important for structural integrity and safety.
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. Some famous steel structures include the Walt Disney Concert Hall, Tyne Bridge, and Howrah Bridge. Steel structures have advantages like high strength, ductility, elasticity, and ease of fabrication and erection. The Howrah Bridge is a steel cantilever bridge that connects Howrah and Kolkata. When built, it was the 3rd longest cantilever bridge in the world. It uses steel components like I-beams, rivets, and expansion joints and was constructed between 1936-1942.
Connections are critical components that join structural elements to transfer forces safely. Steel connections influence construction costs and failures often originate from connections. Common steel connections include bolted, welded, and riveted joints. Bolted connections can be bearing type or friction grip bolts. Welded joints include fillet and butt welds. Connections must be designed for the expected loads, with shear connections allowing rotation and moment connections resisting it. Proper connection design is important for structural integrity and economy.
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression using tensioned steel strands, cables, or bars. This is done through either pre-tensioning or post-tensioning. In pre-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned before the concrete is poured, while in post-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Prestressed concrete provides benefits over reinforced concrete like lower construction costs, thinner structural elements, and longer spans between supports.
This document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete elements are cast and cured off-site then transported for assembly, allowing more efficient production and quality control.
- Elements include slabs, beams, columns, and wall panels that are joined on-site through embedded bolts, plates, and grouted connections.
- The precasting process involves casting concrete around prestressing strands to add strength, then cutting sections and transporting them for erection.
The document discusses structural steel, including its composition, properties, types, and applications in construction. It describes how steel is made from iron with added elements, and its varying properties based on carbon content. The types discussed are mild steel, medium carbon steel, and high carbon steel. Common structural steel applications mentioned include beams, columns, trusses, and framing for buildings like airports and stadiums.
This document discusses different types of dome structures. It begins by explaining that domes are prominent architectural features seen in many historic styles. Domes evolved from simple huts and tombs to large cathedrals and government buildings. The key elements of domes include the cupola, coffering, lantern, oculus, pendentive, rotunda, squinch, and drum. Common dome materials include brick, concrete, bamboo, metal, timber and cast iron. The document goes on to describe different dome types including corbel, geodesic, crossed-arch, onion, oval, saucer and umbrella domes. It concludes by discussing advantages like strength and aesthetics, disadvantages like cost and complexity, and
Trusses are commonly used in buildings to span long distances and carry heavy loads. Steel trusses are preferred over wood trusses for their strength, simplicity of installation, and durability without risk of rotting. Various types of trusses include king post, queen post, Howe, Pratt, and fan trusses used in roofs, as well as north light trusses traditionally used for industrial buildings to maximize natural lighting. Larger spans may use tubular steel, quadrangular, or gusset plate connected trusses, while galvanized steel sheets are often used for roofing material.
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. Some famous steel structures include the Walt Disney Concert Hall, Tyne Bridge, and Howrah Bridge. Steel structures have advantages like high strength, ductility, elasticity, and ease of fabrication and erection. The Howrah Bridge is a steel cantilever bridge that connects Howrah and Kolkata. When built, it was the 3rd longest cantilever bridge in the world. It uses steel components like I-beams, rivets, and expansion joints and was constructed between 1936-1942.
Connections are critical components that join structural elements to transfer forces safely. Steel connections influence construction costs and failures often originate from connections. Common steel connections include bolted, welded, and riveted joints. Bolted connections can be bearing type or friction grip bolts. Welded joints include fillet and butt welds. Connections must be designed for the expected loads, with shear connections allowing rotation and moment connections resisting it. Proper connection design is important for structural integrity and economy.
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression using tensioned steel strands, cables, or bars. This is done through either pre-tensioning or post-tensioning. In pre-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned before the concrete is poured, while in post-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Prestressed concrete provides benefits over reinforced concrete like lower construction costs, thinner structural elements, and longer spans between supports.
This document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete elements are cast and cured off-site then transported for assembly, allowing more efficient production and quality control.
- Elements include slabs, beams, columns, and wall panels that are joined on-site through embedded bolts, plates, and grouted connections.
- The precasting process involves casting concrete around prestressing strands to add strength, then cutting sections and transporting them for erection.
The document discusses structural steel, including its composition, properties, types, and applications in construction. It describes how steel is made from iron with added elements, and its varying properties based on carbon content. The types discussed are mild steel, medium carbon steel, and high carbon steel. Common structural steel applications mentioned include beams, columns, trusses, and framing for buildings like airports and stadiums.
This document discusses different types of dome structures. It begins by explaining that domes are prominent architectural features seen in many historic styles. Domes evolved from simple huts and tombs to large cathedrals and government buildings. The key elements of domes include the cupola, coffering, lantern, oculus, pendentive, rotunda, squinch, and drum. Common dome materials include brick, concrete, bamboo, metal, timber and cast iron. The document goes on to describe different dome types including corbel, geodesic, crossed-arch, onion, oval, saucer and umbrella domes. It concludes by discussing advantages like strength and aesthetics, disadvantages like cost and complexity, and
Trusses are commonly used in buildings to span long distances and carry heavy loads. Steel trusses are preferred over wood trusses for their strength, simplicity of installation, and durability without risk of rotting. Various types of trusses include king post, queen post, Howe, Pratt, and fan trusses used in roofs, as well as north light trusses traditionally used for industrial buildings to maximize natural lighting. Larger spans may use tubular steel, quadrangular, or gusset plate connected trusses, while galvanized steel sheets are often used for roofing material.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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This document discusses prefabricated modular structures. Some key points:
1. Prefabricated structures have standardized components that are produced off-site in a controlled environment and then transported for assembly. This allows for faster, more efficient construction.
2. Precast concrete offers advantages like higher quality, less weather dependency, and unlimited design possibilities compared to site-cast construction.
3. There are different precast systems like large panel, frame, and lift-slab. Precast components include walls, floors, beams, and more.
Precast concrete construction involves casting concrete structural elements at a manufacturing facility rather than on site. This allows for rapid construction, high quality control, and easy incorporation of prestressing. Precast concrete provides advantages like speed of erection, durability, and economy, but also has disadvantages such as weight, limited flexibility in design, and need for skilled workmanship and lifting equipment on site. Common precast concrete elements include walls, slabs, beams, and structural framing using techniques like welded plates and rebar splicing.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
1) High rise buildings are becoming more common due to scarcity of land and demand for space. They are defined differently but generally refer to buildings over 15 meters tall.
2) Foundations for high rise buildings include shallow foundations like spread footings and mat foundations, and deep foundations like piles. Piles transfer load through end bearing or friction along their length.
3) Structural systems for high rise buildings must resist both gravity and lateral loads. Interior systems include rigid frames and shear walls. Exterior systems such as tube and diagrid systems resist loads along the building perimeter.
The document discusses different methods of post-tensioning concrete structures. It describes the Freyssinet system as the first introduced method using steel wires grouped into cables with a helical spring. The Magnel Blaton system stresses wires two at a time using sandwich plates and wedges. The Gifford Udall system uses single wires stressed independently with double-acting jacks and tube or plate anchorages. The Lee McCall system prestresses steel bars using threaded bars tightened with nuts against bearing plates.
This document provides information on industrial buildings, including their components and factors to consider in design. Key points include:
- Industrial buildings are used for manufacturing and storage by industries and include steel plants, warehouses, and factories.
- Site selection considers access, raw materials, utilities, land characteristics, and transportation.
- Major components include the roof, trusses, purlins, girts, bracing, and foundations.
- Design considerations cover roofing/wall materials, bay widths, structural framing, truss configurations, and bracing to resist lateral loads.
Framed structures are building skeleton frameworks formed by columns and beams. There are two main types: in-situ reinforced concrete frames and prefabricated frames. Rectangular framed structures use columns and beams arranged at right angles to support floors, walls, and roofs. They are commonly used for multi-story buildings like offices, schools, and hospitals. Framed structures provide large open floor plans and are adaptable to different shapes. Earthquake-resistant features in framed structures include shear walls, moment-resisting frames, and braced structures which resist lateral forces during seismic activity.
It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently.
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Composite structure of concrete and steel.Suhailkhan204
This document discusses composite structures, which combine steel and concrete materials. The key elements of composite structures are composite deck slabs, beams, and columns, along with shear connectors. Composite structures take advantage of concrete's compressive strength and steel's tensile strength. They provide benefits like increased load capacity, stiffness, fire resistance, and cost savings compared to traditional steel or concrete construction alone. An example project, the Millennium Tower in Vienna, is described. The document analyzes costs and concludes that composite structures are best suited for high-rise buildings due to reduced weight, increased ductility, and savings of around 10% compared to reinforced concrete.
This document discusses the design of flat slab structures. It begins by defining a flat slab as a type of slab supported directly on columns without beams. It then provides details on the types of flat slabs, their common uses in buildings, and benefits such as flexibility in layout and reduced construction time. The document goes on to discuss key design considerations for flat slabs including thickness, drops, column heads, and methods of analysis. It focuses on the direct design method and provides limitations for its use.
The document discusses rigid frame systems used in high-rise buildings. It provides a history of rigid frames, an introduction to what they are, and examples of their applications. It describes the material properties and connections used. It discusses considerations for rigid frame design like behavior under lateral loads. It notes advantages like architectural freedom but also disadvantages like increased drift. It concludes with a case study on using hybrid rigid/semi-rigid frames to improve seismic performance.
Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe or unstable structure. There are three main types of shoring: raking shores, flying shores, and dead shores. Raking shores use inclined members called rakers to provide lateral support to walls. Flying shores provide temporary support between party walls when an intermediate building is demolished. Dead shores provide vertical support to walls and structures when the lower part of a wall is removed, such as to add an opening.
The document discusses the design of staircases. It begins by defining key components of staircases like treads, risers, stringers, etc. It then describes different types of staircases such as straight, doglegged, and spiral. The document outlines considerations for designing staircases like dimensions, loads, and structural behavior. It provides steps for geometric design, load calculations, structural analysis, reinforcement design, and detailing of staircases. Numerical examples are also included to illustrate the design process.
The document discusses different types of lintels and arches used in building construction. It describes lintels as horizontal structural members placed across openings to support the structure above. Various lintel materials include timber, stone, brick, reinforced brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Arches are structures that span openings and support weight below through arch action. Key arch types include flat, semi-circular, segmental, relieving, parabolic, and others defined by their geometric shape. Arches are classified based on materials like brick, stone, concrete, metal and wood. Factors in arch construction and methods to prevent arch failure are also summarized.
This document discusses riveted connections in steel structures. It describes the different types of rivets, including their shape and method of installation. Some key types are snap headed rivets, pan headed rivets, and flat counter sunk rivets. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of riveted connections. Advantages include ease of installation without electricity, while disadvantages include noise and required skilled labor. The document further explains different riveted joint configurations, including lap joints and butt joints, providing examples of single and double riveted versions of each. Finally, it briefly outlines potential failure modes of riveted connections, such as shear failure of rivets or plates, and bearing failure of plates or
This document discusses flitched beams, which are composite beams made of wood beams sandwiched around a steel plate and held together with bolts. It defines beams and types of beams, then explains what composite beams and flitched beams are. It describes the design principle of flitched beams, which combines the properties of wood and steel to provide greater strength than either material alone. Applications of flitched beams include construction of houses and decks where they are stronger than wood but lighter than steel. However, engineered wood has replaced flitched beams due to lower costs and easier installation.
The document discusses structural steel construction, including the various methods used such as beam and column construction, long span construction, and wall bearing construction. It describes the common structural steel members like columns, beams, joists, and trusses that are erected and secured together using fastening systems like bolts and welds to form the structural framework. Details provided on erection plans guide the fabrication and installation of the different steel components.
Multi storey structural steel structuresThomas Britto
Steel has been used in construction for over 150 years. Its use in Hong Kong started in the 1970s with projects like the Park Lane Hotel. Steel has properties that make it suitable for high-rise buildings like strength and versatility, though it can be heavy, lose strength in heat, and rust. Standard steel sections provide design flexibility. Connections are made through joints like splices and welds. Common frame types include simple cage frames, cantilevers, wind-braced, and core structures. Steel construction has advantages like lighter weight and flexibility for changes, but has challenges like fire resistance, movement, and corrosion protection.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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This document discusses prefabricated modular structures. Some key points:
1. Prefabricated structures have standardized components that are produced off-site in a controlled environment and then transported for assembly. This allows for faster, more efficient construction.
2. Precast concrete offers advantages like higher quality, less weather dependency, and unlimited design possibilities compared to site-cast construction.
3. There are different precast systems like large panel, frame, and lift-slab. Precast components include walls, floors, beams, and more.
Precast concrete construction involves casting concrete structural elements at a manufacturing facility rather than on site. This allows for rapid construction, high quality control, and easy incorporation of prestressing. Precast concrete provides advantages like speed of erection, durability, and economy, but also has disadvantages such as weight, limited flexibility in design, and need for skilled workmanship and lifting equipment on site. Common precast concrete elements include walls, slabs, beams, and structural framing using techniques like welded plates and rebar splicing.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
1) High rise buildings are becoming more common due to scarcity of land and demand for space. They are defined differently but generally refer to buildings over 15 meters tall.
2) Foundations for high rise buildings include shallow foundations like spread footings and mat foundations, and deep foundations like piles. Piles transfer load through end bearing or friction along their length.
3) Structural systems for high rise buildings must resist both gravity and lateral loads. Interior systems include rigid frames and shear walls. Exterior systems such as tube and diagrid systems resist loads along the building perimeter.
The document discusses different methods of post-tensioning concrete structures. It describes the Freyssinet system as the first introduced method using steel wires grouped into cables with a helical spring. The Magnel Blaton system stresses wires two at a time using sandwich plates and wedges. The Gifford Udall system uses single wires stressed independently with double-acting jacks and tube or plate anchorages. The Lee McCall system prestresses steel bars using threaded bars tightened with nuts against bearing plates.
This document provides information on industrial buildings, including their components and factors to consider in design. Key points include:
- Industrial buildings are used for manufacturing and storage by industries and include steel plants, warehouses, and factories.
- Site selection considers access, raw materials, utilities, land characteristics, and transportation.
- Major components include the roof, trusses, purlins, girts, bracing, and foundations.
- Design considerations cover roofing/wall materials, bay widths, structural framing, truss configurations, and bracing to resist lateral loads.
Framed structures are building skeleton frameworks formed by columns and beams. There are two main types: in-situ reinforced concrete frames and prefabricated frames. Rectangular framed structures use columns and beams arranged at right angles to support floors, walls, and roofs. They are commonly used for multi-story buildings like offices, schools, and hospitals. Framed structures provide large open floor plans and are adaptable to different shapes. Earthquake-resistant features in framed structures include shear walls, moment-resisting frames, and braced structures which resist lateral forces during seismic activity.
It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently.
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Composite structure of concrete and steel.Suhailkhan204
This document discusses composite structures, which combine steel and concrete materials. The key elements of composite structures are composite deck slabs, beams, and columns, along with shear connectors. Composite structures take advantage of concrete's compressive strength and steel's tensile strength. They provide benefits like increased load capacity, stiffness, fire resistance, and cost savings compared to traditional steel or concrete construction alone. An example project, the Millennium Tower in Vienna, is described. The document analyzes costs and concludes that composite structures are best suited for high-rise buildings due to reduced weight, increased ductility, and savings of around 10% compared to reinforced concrete.
This document discusses the design of flat slab structures. It begins by defining a flat slab as a type of slab supported directly on columns without beams. It then provides details on the types of flat slabs, their common uses in buildings, and benefits such as flexibility in layout and reduced construction time. The document goes on to discuss key design considerations for flat slabs including thickness, drops, column heads, and methods of analysis. It focuses on the direct design method and provides limitations for its use.
The document discusses rigid frame systems used in high-rise buildings. It provides a history of rigid frames, an introduction to what they are, and examples of their applications. It describes the material properties and connections used. It discusses considerations for rigid frame design like behavior under lateral loads. It notes advantages like architectural freedom but also disadvantages like increased drift. It concludes with a case study on using hybrid rigid/semi-rigid frames to improve seismic performance.
Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe or unstable structure. There are three main types of shoring: raking shores, flying shores, and dead shores. Raking shores use inclined members called rakers to provide lateral support to walls. Flying shores provide temporary support between party walls when an intermediate building is demolished. Dead shores provide vertical support to walls and structures when the lower part of a wall is removed, such as to add an opening.
The document discusses the design of staircases. It begins by defining key components of staircases like treads, risers, stringers, etc. It then describes different types of staircases such as straight, doglegged, and spiral. The document outlines considerations for designing staircases like dimensions, loads, and structural behavior. It provides steps for geometric design, load calculations, structural analysis, reinforcement design, and detailing of staircases. Numerical examples are also included to illustrate the design process.
The document discusses different types of lintels and arches used in building construction. It describes lintels as horizontal structural members placed across openings to support the structure above. Various lintel materials include timber, stone, brick, reinforced brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Arches are structures that span openings and support weight below through arch action. Key arch types include flat, semi-circular, segmental, relieving, parabolic, and others defined by their geometric shape. Arches are classified based on materials like brick, stone, concrete, metal and wood. Factors in arch construction and methods to prevent arch failure are also summarized.
This document discusses riveted connections in steel structures. It describes the different types of rivets, including their shape and method of installation. Some key types are snap headed rivets, pan headed rivets, and flat counter sunk rivets. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of riveted connections. Advantages include ease of installation without electricity, while disadvantages include noise and required skilled labor. The document further explains different riveted joint configurations, including lap joints and butt joints, providing examples of single and double riveted versions of each. Finally, it briefly outlines potential failure modes of riveted connections, such as shear failure of rivets or plates, and bearing failure of plates or
This document discusses flitched beams, which are composite beams made of wood beams sandwiched around a steel plate and held together with bolts. It defines beams and types of beams, then explains what composite beams and flitched beams are. It describes the design principle of flitched beams, which combines the properties of wood and steel to provide greater strength than either material alone. Applications of flitched beams include construction of houses and decks where they are stronger than wood but lighter than steel. However, engineered wood has replaced flitched beams due to lower costs and easier installation.
The document discusses structural steel construction, including the various methods used such as beam and column construction, long span construction, and wall bearing construction. It describes the common structural steel members like columns, beams, joists, and trusses that are erected and secured together using fastening systems like bolts and welds to form the structural framework. Details provided on erection plans guide the fabrication and installation of the different steel components.
Multi storey structural steel structuresThomas Britto
Steel has been used in construction for over 150 years. Its use in Hong Kong started in the 1970s with projects like the Park Lane Hotel. Steel has properties that make it suitable for high-rise buildings like strength and versatility, though it can be heavy, lose strength in heat, and rust. Standard steel sections provide design flexibility. Connections are made through joints like splices and welds. Common frame types include simple cage frames, cantilevers, wind-braced, and core structures. Steel construction has advantages like lighter weight and flexibility for changes, but has challenges like fire resistance, movement, and corrosion protection.
The document discusses the history and development of steel as a building material. It describes how early iron extraction methods led to wrought iron with low strength, and how later techniques on like the Bessemer process improved steel production. Major historical structures that demonstrated the growing use of iron and steel in construction are highlighted, from 18th century cast iron bridges to tall skyscrapers in the early 20th century. The properties and classifications of steel per various codes and standards are also covered.
Connections are devices used to join structural elements together to safely transfer forces between them. There are different types of connections classified by their means of connection, such as welded, riveted, and bolted, and by the forces transferred, such as truss connections, fully restrained connections, and partially restrained connections. Fully restrained connections provide continuity between structural members and allow over 90% of moment to be transferred to provide greater flexural resistance. Partially restrained connections have less rigidity than fully restrained connections and allow some percentage of moment and full shear to be transferred. Semi-rigid connections provide rigidity between fully restrained and simple connections and transfer approximately 20-90% of moment.
This document discusses bolted connections used in structural engineering. It begins by explaining why connection failures should be avoided, as they can lead to catastrophic structural failures. It then classifies bolted connections based on their method of fastening, rigidity, joint resistance, fabrication location, joint location, connection geometry, and type of force transferred. It describes different types of bolts and bolt tightening techniques used for friction grip connections. It discusses advantages and drawbacks of bolted connections compared to riveted or welded connections. The document provides detailed information on design and behavior of various bolted connections.
Presentation 4 - Bolted and Welded Connections.pptxnarayanch1979
This document discusses different types of connections used in steel structures. It describes the main components of connections and provides classifications. Connections are classified based on connecting medium (riveted, bolted, welded), type of internal forces (shear, moment), type of structural elements (single plate angle, double web angle), and type of members joining (beam to beam, column to column, beam to column). The key types of bolted, welded and bolted-welded connections are defined along with their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages.
Connections are structural elements used to join members in a steel framework. Common types include bolted connections, welded connections, and bolted-welded combinations. Bolted connections use bolts loaded in tension, shear, or a combination, while welded connections fasten members primarily through welding. Various connection configurations are used for beams to beams, beams to columns, column splices, and attaching columns to foundation plates with anchor bolts. Proper connection design considers the forces and structural role of the connecting members.
Steel connections are used to join steel members like beams and columns. There are different types of connections classified by connecting medium like bolted, welded, and riveted. Bolted connections are common and cost-effective. Welded connections provide rigidity but require careful welding and inspection. Common connections include single and double plate angle connections for beams to columns, and seated and top-and-bottom angle connections for moments. Proper connections allow complex steel structures to be designed and fabricated.
The document provides information about various structural elements including gusset plates, cleats, base plates, column splices, stanchions, high-strength friction grip bolts, trusses, and north light trusses. It defines each element and describes their common uses. Gusset plates connect beams and columns, cleats provide support or strength, and base plates distribute loads from columns. Stanchions are vertical supports used for crowd control. High-strength friction grip bolts provide rigid connections. Trusses transfer loads through tension and compression members, and different truss types cover various spans. North light trusses maximize natural lighting through north-facing glazing.
The document discusses different types of connections used in steel structures. It describes connections as structural elements that join members like beams and columns. The main types of connections discussed are riveted, bolted, and welded connections. Riveted connections use round steel bars called rivets with heads on both ends. Bolted connections fasten members together using bolts that can be loaded in tension, shear, or both. Welded connections primarily join members using welds, with groove welds being the most reliable. The document provides advantages and disadvantages of each type of connection and notes that connections allow the different steel members to function as a single composite unit.
Design of steel structure as per is 800(2007)ahsanrabbani
It does not offer resistance against rotation and also termed as a hinged or pinned connections.
It transfers only axial or shear forces and it is not designed for moment
It is generally connected by single bolt/rivet and therefore full rotation is allowed
This presentation discusses steel truss structures, specifically king post trusses. It describes the components of a king post truss, including the principle rafter, strut, tie beam, gusset plate, purlins, and king post. It explains that trusses resist loading through axial forces in their members and that joints are typically hinged. The presentation also covers steel connections like riveted, bolted, and welded connections, as well as pinned joints, laced columns, batten columns, and column bases.
A truss is an assembly of members such as beams, connected by nodes, that creates a rigid structure. In engineering, a truss is a structure that "consists of two-force members only, where the members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object"
The document discusses various methods for gear generation and finishing. It describes gear forming processes like milling and broaching that cut gear teeth into a blank. It also describes gear generation processes like hobbing where a helical cutter progressively generates teeth. Hobbing uses pinion or rack shaped cutters to cut internal or external gears. Gear finishing methods like shaving, honing, and grinding are used to improve gear accuracy and lifetime. High energy rate forming processes like explosive forming are also introduced which can form metals at high speeds using explosives or electromagnetic forces.
This document provides an overview of cold-formed steel sections. It discusses that cold-formed steel sections are manufactured from steel sheets without applying heat through a process like roll forming. The document compares the properties of cold-formed and hot-rolled steel sections, outlines common shapes and applications of cold-formed sections, and describes their behavior under compression and factors like local buckling. It also defines terms related to cold-formed steel and discusses provisions in codes governing their design and use in construction.
This document discusses various gear manufacturing processes including gear generation. It describes gear forming methods like milling and broaching that cut gear teeth directly into a gear blank. It also describes gear generation methods like hobbing where a helical cutter progressively cuts gear teeth. Hobbing uses pinion or rack shaped cutters to cut internal or external gears. The document also discusses gear finishing processes like shaving, honing, grinding and lapping to improve gear accuracy and lifetime. High energy rate forming processes like explosive forming, electrohydraulic forming and electromagnetic forming that deliver energy in very short intervals are also summarized.
The document provides information on various welding processes and factors related to welding design and quality. It discusses different welding techniques, their typical applications based on production quantities, joint design considerations for minimizing distortion and stresses, non-destructive and destructive testing methods, and common welding defects such as lack of fusion, undercut, porosity, overlap and their causes.
The document discusses ductility and ductile detailing in reinforced concrete structures. It states that structures should be designed to have lateral strength, deformability, and ductility to resist earthquakes with limited damage and no collapse. Ductility allows structures to develop their full strength through internal force redistribution. Detailing of reinforcement is important to avoid brittle failure and induce ductile behavior by allowing steel to yield in a controlled manner. Shear walls are also discussed as vertical reinforced concrete elements that help structures resist earthquake loads in a ductile manner.
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Steel structures are commonly used for high-rise buildings, long-span structures, industrial and warehouse buildings, and temporary structures due to steel's strength, light weight, speed of construction, and ability to create large spaces. Steel structures have advantages such as strength, flexibility, ductility, stability, earthquake resistance, and lighter weight compared to other materials. However, steel loses strength at high temperatures and is susceptible to corrosion. Common steel sections include angles, channels, I-beams, T-beams, round/square bars, and plates. Steel connections are made through bolting, riveting, and welding. Portal frames provide wide spans and are lightweight but require large members and cranes for erection.
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NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi_compressed.pdfKhaled Al Awadi
Greetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USA
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2. Connections are structural elements used for joining
different members of a structural steel frame work.
Steel Structure is an assemblage of different
member such as “BEAMS,COLUMNS” which are
connected to one other, usually at member ends
fastners,so that it shows a single composite unit.
6. On the Basis of Connecting Medium.
According to the type of internal forces.
According to the type of structural Elements
According to the type of members joining
9. Used for very long time.
Made up of:
Round Ductile steel bar called shank.
A head at one end
The length of the rivet should sufficient to form the
second head.
Design - very similar to bearing type of
bolted connection.
10. Heating of the rivet
Inserting it to an oversize hole pressure to the head.
Squeezing the plain End by Pneumatic driver Round
head.
On Cooling Reduces in
Length–Clamping Force
11.
12. The introduction of high strength structural bolts.
The labour costs associated with large riveting
crews
The cost involved in careful inspection and removal
of poorly installed rivets.
The high level of noise associated with driving
rivets.
13. Fastened Together primarily by Bolts.
Bolts may be loaded in:
Tension
Shear
Both Tension & Shear
Threads of bolts under shear force:
Excluded - Increased strength
Included - Decreased stregth.
14. Bearing type bolts
High strength friction grip bolts (HSFG)
15. The most common type is bearing bolts in clearance
holes, often referred to as
1. Black Bolts
Ordinary, unfinished, rough, or common bolts.
Least Expensive
Primarily - Light structures under static load such as
small trusses, purlins etc
16. 2. Turned Bolts
Similar to unfinished bolts.
Shanks - Hexagonal Rods
Primarily - Light structures under static load such as
small trusses, purlins etc
Expensive – Limited use – Structures with no
Slippage Connections
17. 3. Ribbed Bolts
• Round head similar to Rivets.
• Raised ribs parallel to the shank.
• Actual Diameter - slightly Larger than the hole
• Tightly fit into the hole.
• Popular - Economical in Material &
Installation
18. Uses when bearing type bolts slips under shear
High strength bolts (8G or 10K grade) Pre-tensioned
against the plates to be bolted together so that
contact pressure developed between the plates being
joined
Prevents relative slip when extra shear is applied
Higher Shear Resistance.
19. Advantages
1. The bolting operation is very silent
2. Bolting is a cold process hence there is no risk of fire
3. Bolting operation is more quicker than riveting.
4. Less man power is required in making the connections.
Disadvantages
1. If subjected to vibratory loads, results in reduction in
strength get loosened.
2. Unfinished bolts have lesser strength because of non
uniform diameter
20. whose components are joined together
primarily by welds.
Welding Notations were developed by
American Welding Society (AWS).
21. • Groove ( More reliable than others)
Fillet (Mostly used, Weaker than groove and
others)
Plug (expensive – poor transmission of tensile
forces)
Slot (expensive - poor transmission of tensile
forces)
Plug and Slot welds – stitch different parts of
members together.
23. Economical – Cost of materials and labors.
Efficiency is 100% as compared to rivets (75- 90%)
Fabrication of Complex Structures – Easy – like
Circular Steel pipes.
Provides Rigid Joints – Modern Practice is of Rigid
Joints.
24. No provision for expansion or contraction therefore
greater chances of cracking.
Uneven heating and cooling - member may distort -
may result in additional stresses.
Inspection is difficult and more costlier than rivets
25. Most connections are Shop Welded and Field Bolted
types.
More Cost Effective
Better Strength &
Ductility characteristics –Fully welded.
27. Allows the beam end to rotate without a significant
restraint.
Transfers shear out of beam
Most Common Types:
Double clip
Shear End Plate
Fin Plate
28. Designed to resist both Moment and Shear.
Often referred - rigid or fully restrained connections
• Provide full continuity between the connected
members
• Designed to carry the full factored moments.
Principal Reason - buildings has to resist the
effect of lateral forces such as wind and
earthquake.
30. Single plate angle Connections
Double web angle connections
Top and seated angle connections
Seated beam connections
31. Two Step Process
A plate is welded to secondary section (beam)
An Angle is welded to Primary Section (column or
Beam)
single shear plate welded to secondary
beam and bolted to Primary beam or column.
32. Two angles welded or shop bolted to the web
of a secondary beam.
After erection the angles are bolted or site
welded to the primary member (beam or
column).
33. Generally used in case of moment connections.
Two angles are provided at top and bottom of
the beam to resist moment.
Generally used for lesser moments where
heavy loads are not acting
34. Generally used in case of shear connections.
A seating angle - at bottom of secondary
beam - shop welded to the primary member.
Seating angle resists vertical shear coming
from the beam.
35. Beam to beam connections
Column to column connections
(column splices)
Beam to Column Connections
Column Base Plate Connections
37. Connects column to column.
Column splice comes under this category.
Used to connect column sections of different
sizes.
Splices - designed for both moment
and shear unless intended to
utilize the splices as internal
hinges.
38. Connects Beam to column.
Very Common
A wide range of different types are used
Fin Plates
End Plates
Web or Flange Cleats
Hunched Connections
39. Beams are normally attached using two or
more bolts through the web.
End plate connections
single plate welded to the end of the beams
Bolted to the column flange or web - two or bolts
pair.
Fin plate connections
Single Plate welded to the Column.
Beams are normally attached using two or more
bolts through the web.
40.
41. Steel plates placed at the bottom of Columns.
Function - to transmit column loads to the
concrete pedestal.
The design of a column base plate:
determining the size of the plate.
determining the thickness of the plate
42. A layer of grout should be placed between
the base plate and its support for the purpose
of leveling.
Anchor bolts should be
provided to stabilize the
column during erection
or to prevent uplift.
43.
44. R Usually cost of fabrication and erection
constitute as high as 50% of the total cost of
steel structures, per tones of material used
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