This document provides information on industrial buildings, including their components and factors to consider in design. Key points include:
- Industrial buildings are used for manufacturing and storage by industries and include steel plants, warehouses, and factories.
- Site selection considers access, raw materials, utilities, land characteristics, and transportation.
- Major components include the roof, trusses, purlins, girts, bracing, and foundations.
- Design considerations cover roofing/wall materials, bay widths, structural framing, truss configurations, and bracing to resist lateral loads.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC), including its history, materials, specifications, and advantages/disadvantages. RCC uses steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to resist tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses. François Coignet is considered a pioneer of RCC, building the first reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Proper proportions and mixing of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water are needed to produce durable concrete. Precast concrete involves casting pieces off-site then transporting them for assembly.
1) High rise buildings are becoming more common due to scarcity of land and demand for space. They are defined differently but generally refer to buildings over 15 meters tall.
2) Foundations for high rise buildings include shallow foundations like spread footings and mat foundations, and deep foundations like piles. Piles transfer load through end bearing or friction along their length.
3) Structural systems for high rise buildings must resist both gravity and lateral loads. Interior systems include rigid frames and shear walls. Exterior systems such as tube and diagrid systems resist loads along the building perimeter.
This document provides an overview of different types of retaining walls, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, sheet pile, and diaphragm walls. It discusses the key components and design considerations for gravity and cantilever retaining walls. Gravity walls rely on their own weight for stability, while cantilever walls consist of a vertical stem with a heel and toe slab acting as a cantilever beam. The document also covers lateral earth pressures, drainage of retaining walls, uses of sheet pile walls, and construction methods for diaphragm walls.
The document discusses different methods of post-tensioning concrete structures. It describes the Freyssinet system as the first introduced method using steel wires grouped into cables with a helical spring. The Magnel Blaton system stresses wires two at a time using sandwich plates and wedges. The Gifford Udall system uses single wires stressed independently with double-acting jacks and tube or plate anchorages. The Lee McCall system prestresses steel bars using threaded bars tightened with nuts against bearing plates.
This document discusses the design of flat slab structures. It begins by defining a flat slab as a type of slab supported directly on columns without beams. It then provides details on the types of flat slabs, their common uses in buildings, and benefits such as flexibility in layout and reduced construction time. The document goes on to discuss key design considerations for flat slabs including thickness, drops, column heads, and methods of analysis. It focuses on the direct design method and provides limitations for its use.
Flat slabs are reinforced concrete slabs that are supported directly by columns without beams. They provide minimum depth, fast construction, and flexible column placement. There are four main types: slabs without drops and with column heads, slabs with drops and without column heads, slabs with both drops and column heads, and typical flat slabs. Column heads increase shear strength while drops increase shear strength and negative moment capacity. Flat slab systems can be either one-way or two-way depending on span ratios and load distribution. Advantages include simple formwork, no beams, and minimum depth, while disadvantages include potential interference from drops.
Trusses are commonly used in buildings to span long distances and carry heavy loads. Steel trusses are preferred over wood trusses for their strength, simplicity of installation, and durability without risk of rotting. Various types of trusses include king post, queen post, Howe, Pratt, and fan trusses used in roofs, as well as north light trusses traditionally used for industrial buildings to maximize natural lighting. Larger spans may use tubular steel, quadrangular, or gusset plate connected trusses, while galvanized steel sheets are often used for roofing material.
Pre-stressed concrete uses tensioned steel strands or bars to place concrete in compression and improve its tensile strength. There are two main methods - pre-tensioning and post-tensioning. Pre-tensioning tensions the strands before the concrete is poured, while post-tensioning tensions strands inside ducts after the concrete has cured. This compression counteracts tensile and flexural stresses from loads to reduce cracking and increase strength, allowing pre-stressed concrete to be lighter and more durable than reinforced concrete. It is commonly used in bridges, buildings, tanks, and other structures.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC), including its history, materials, specifications, and advantages/disadvantages. RCC uses steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to resist tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses. François Coignet is considered a pioneer of RCC, building the first reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Proper proportions and mixing of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water are needed to produce durable concrete. Precast concrete involves casting pieces off-site then transporting them for assembly.
1) High rise buildings are becoming more common due to scarcity of land and demand for space. They are defined differently but generally refer to buildings over 15 meters tall.
2) Foundations for high rise buildings include shallow foundations like spread footings and mat foundations, and deep foundations like piles. Piles transfer load through end bearing or friction along their length.
3) Structural systems for high rise buildings must resist both gravity and lateral loads. Interior systems include rigid frames and shear walls. Exterior systems such as tube and diagrid systems resist loads along the building perimeter.
This document provides an overview of different types of retaining walls, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, sheet pile, and diaphragm walls. It discusses the key components and design considerations for gravity and cantilever retaining walls. Gravity walls rely on their own weight for stability, while cantilever walls consist of a vertical stem with a heel and toe slab acting as a cantilever beam. The document also covers lateral earth pressures, drainage of retaining walls, uses of sheet pile walls, and construction methods for diaphragm walls.
The document discusses different methods of post-tensioning concrete structures. It describes the Freyssinet system as the first introduced method using steel wires grouped into cables with a helical spring. The Magnel Blaton system stresses wires two at a time using sandwich plates and wedges. The Gifford Udall system uses single wires stressed independently with double-acting jacks and tube or plate anchorages. The Lee McCall system prestresses steel bars using threaded bars tightened with nuts against bearing plates.
This document discusses the design of flat slab structures. It begins by defining a flat slab as a type of slab supported directly on columns without beams. It then provides details on the types of flat slabs, their common uses in buildings, and benefits such as flexibility in layout and reduced construction time. The document goes on to discuss key design considerations for flat slabs including thickness, drops, column heads, and methods of analysis. It focuses on the direct design method and provides limitations for its use.
Flat slabs are reinforced concrete slabs that are supported directly by columns without beams. They provide minimum depth, fast construction, and flexible column placement. There are four main types: slabs without drops and with column heads, slabs with drops and without column heads, slabs with both drops and column heads, and typical flat slabs. Column heads increase shear strength while drops increase shear strength and negative moment capacity. Flat slab systems can be either one-way or two-way depending on span ratios and load distribution. Advantages include simple formwork, no beams, and minimum depth, while disadvantages include potential interference from drops.
Trusses are commonly used in buildings to span long distances and carry heavy loads. Steel trusses are preferred over wood trusses for their strength, simplicity of installation, and durability without risk of rotting. Various types of trusses include king post, queen post, Howe, Pratt, and fan trusses used in roofs, as well as north light trusses traditionally used for industrial buildings to maximize natural lighting. Larger spans may use tubular steel, quadrangular, or gusset plate connected trusses, while galvanized steel sheets are often used for roofing material.
Pre-stressed concrete uses tensioned steel strands or bars to place concrete in compression and improve its tensile strength. There are two main methods - pre-tensioning and post-tensioning. Pre-tensioning tensions the strands before the concrete is poured, while post-tensioning tensions strands inside ducts after the concrete has cured. This compression counteracts tensile and flexural stresses from loads to reduce cracking and increase strength, allowing pre-stressed concrete to be lighter and more durable than reinforced concrete. It is commonly used in bridges, buildings, tanks, and other structures.
This document discusses pile foundations. It begins by listing the topics that will be covered, including types of piles, pile spacing, pile caps, load testing, and failures. It then defines a pile foundation as using slender structural members like steel, concrete or timber that are installed in the ground to transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. The document goes on to classify piles based on their function, material, and installation method. It describes common pile types such as precast concrete, driven steel, and cast-in-place piles. The document provides details on pile uses, selection factors, and installation procedures.
Composite construction or Composite Structure/FrameAbdul Rahman
Composite structure of steel and concrete has been explained under this ppt with examples, type of structural members, advantages and comparison with other structures like R.C.C structure and Steel structures.
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression using tensioned steel strands, cables, or bars. This is done through either pre-tensioning or post-tensioning. In pre-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned before the concrete is poured, while in post-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Prestressed concrete provides benefits over reinforced concrete like lower construction costs, thinner structural elements, and longer spans between supports.
Composite structure of concrete and steel.Suhailkhan204
This document discusses composite structures, which combine steel and concrete materials. The key elements of composite structures are composite deck slabs, beams, and columns, along with shear connectors. Composite structures take advantage of concrete's compressive strength and steel's tensile strength. They provide benefits like increased load capacity, stiffness, fire resistance, and cost savings compared to traditional steel or concrete construction alone. An example project, the Millennium Tower in Vienna, is described. The document analyzes costs and concludes that composite structures are best suited for high-rise buildings due to reduced weight, increased ductility, and savings of around 10% compared to reinforced concrete.
Pre-stressed concrete uses tensioned steel strands or bars to place concrete in compression before application of service loads. This counters the tensile stresses induced by loads and prevents cracking. There are two main methods: pre-tensioning applies tension before pouring concrete, while post-tensioning tensions strands after concrete curing. Pre-stressed concrete allows for smaller and lighter structures that resist loads, deflection, and cracking better than reinforced concrete.
The document discusses different types of structural systems. It provides details on catenary arches, portal frames, space frames, domes, and folded plates. Catenary arches derive their shape from a hanging chain and are often used in kiln construction. Portal frames are commonly used for single-story industrial structures while space frames use triangulated struts to span large areas with few supports. Domes are classified into braced, ribbed, plate, network, lamella, and geodesic types. Folded plates combine slab and beam action to carry loads without additional beams.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
This document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete elements are cast and cured off-site then transported for assembly, allowing more efficient production and quality control.
- Elements include slabs, beams, columns, and wall panels that are joined on-site through embedded bolts, plates, and grouted connections.
- The precasting process involves casting concrete around prestressing strands to add strength, then cutting sections and transporting them for erection.
This document discusses different methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before placing concrete around them, while post-tensioning involves stressing tendons after the concrete has cured using hydraulic jacks. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, thinner slabs, and more architectural freedom compared to conventional reinforced concrete or pretensioned concrete. Common applications of post-tensioning include parking structures, bridges, and building floors and roofs.
This document provides specifications for different classes of buildings and roads. It defines specifications as describing the nature, materials, and workmanship for a construction project. Building specifications are classified as general or brief (covering foundation, walls, roofing, etc. for different classes) and detailed. It provides the general specifications for various components like foundation, walls, roofing, flooring and finishing for first, second, third and fourth class buildings. Road specifications include details for subgrade, soiling, intercoat, topcoat, brick edging and considerations for heavy traffic or weak subgrade.
Prefabrication types and Applications explainedEyad Reda
Explaining prefabrication in construction in a simple way. The contents range from steel framing, Precast concrete, Concrete prefab systems, sandwich paneling, timber framing and Real-life applications for prefabrication.
This document provides information on roof trusses, including their components, types, advantages, and uses. It discusses the need for roof trusses to provide clear spans, headroom, and ventilation. Various factors that affect truss selection are outlined. Common truss types include king post and queen post trusses, which differ in their use of vertical posts and beams. Steel trusses are often used for larger spans. Roof coverings like thatch, wood shingles, tiles, asbestos cement sheets, and galvanized iron sheets are also overviewed.
The document discusses specifications in engineering projects. It defines specifications as a detailed description of materials, workmanship, and other requirements to complete a project according to its drawings. Specifications are necessary to define quality standards, guide construction, and resolve disputes. They form an essential part of contract documents along with drawings, bills of quantities, and schedules of rates. The document outlines how to write specifications by describing materials, workmanship, tools, testing, and protection of works. It also differentiates between general and detailed specifications.
This document discusses shoring and underpinning methods used to provide temporary or permanent support to structures. Shoring provides temporary stability during construction or repairs using techniques like raking, flying, or dead shores made of timber or steel. Underpinning supports existing foundations by strengthening soils using pit, pile, or chemical methods to allow additions without disturbing the structure. Proper design, installation, and precautions are needed for both techniques.
Shear walls are vertical structural elements designed to resist lateral forces like winds and earthquakes. They work by transferring shear forces throughout their height and resisting uplift forces. Properly designed and constructed shear wall buildings are very stable and ductile, providing warnings before collapse during severe earthquakes. Common types of shear walls include reinforced concrete, plywood, and steel plate shear walls. Shear walls are an effective and efficient way to resist lateral loads in seismic regions.
Precast concrete construction involves casting concrete structural elements at a manufacturing facility rather than on site. This allows for rapid construction, high quality control, and easy incorporation of prestressing. Precast concrete provides advantages like speed of erection, durability, and economy, but also has disadvantages such as weight, limited flexibility in design, and need for skilled workmanship and lifting equipment on site. Common precast concrete elements include walls, slabs, beams, and structural framing using techniques like welded plates and rebar splicing.
A truss is an assembly of members such as beams, connected by nodes, that creates a rigid structure. In engineering, a truss is a structure that "consists of two-force members only, where the members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object"
This document discusses pile foundations. It begins by listing the topics that will be covered, including types of piles, pile spacing, pile caps, load testing, and failures. It then defines a pile foundation as using slender structural members like steel, concrete or timber that are installed in the ground to transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. The document goes on to classify piles based on their function, material, and installation method. It describes common pile types such as precast concrete, driven steel, and cast-in-place piles. The document provides details on pile uses, selection factors, and installation procedures.
Composite construction or Composite Structure/FrameAbdul Rahman
Composite structure of steel and concrete has been explained under this ppt with examples, type of structural members, advantages and comparison with other structures like R.C.C structure and Steel structures.
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression using tensioned steel strands, cables, or bars. This is done through either pre-tensioning or post-tensioning. In pre-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned before the concrete is poured, while in post-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Prestressed concrete provides benefits over reinforced concrete like lower construction costs, thinner structural elements, and longer spans between supports.
Composite structure of concrete and steel.Suhailkhan204
This document discusses composite structures, which combine steel and concrete materials. The key elements of composite structures are composite deck slabs, beams, and columns, along with shear connectors. Composite structures take advantage of concrete's compressive strength and steel's tensile strength. They provide benefits like increased load capacity, stiffness, fire resistance, and cost savings compared to traditional steel or concrete construction alone. An example project, the Millennium Tower in Vienna, is described. The document analyzes costs and concludes that composite structures are best suited for high-rise buildings due to reduced weight, increased ductility, and savings of around 10% compared to reinforced concrete.
Pre-stressed concrete uses tensioned steel strands or bars to place concrete in compression before application of service loads. This counters the tensile stresses induced by loads and prevents cracking. There are two main methods: pre-tensioning applies tension before pouring concrete, while post-tensioning tensions strands after concrete curing. Pre-stressed concrete allows for smaller and lighter structures that resist loads, deflection, and cracking better than reinforced concrete.
The document discusses different types of structural systems. It provides details on catenary arches, portal frames, space frames, domes, and folded plates. Catenary arches derive their shape from a hanging chain and are often used in kiln construction. Portal frames are commonly used for single-story industrial structures while space frames use triangulated struts to span large areas with few supports. Domes are classified into braced, ribbed, plate, network, lamella, and geodesic types. Folded plates combine slab and beam action to carry loads without additional beams.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
This document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete elements are cast and cured off-site then transported for assembly, allowing more efficient production and quality control.
- Elements include slabs, beams, columns, and wall panels that are joined on-site through embedded bolts, plates, and grouted connections.
- The precasting process involves casting concrete around prestressing strands to add strength, then cutting sections and transporting them for erection.
This document discusses different methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before placing concrete around them, while post-tensioning involves stressing tendons after the concrete has cured using hydraulic jacks. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, thinner slabs, and more architectural freedom compared to conventional reinforced concrete or pretensioned concrete. Common applications of post-tensioning include parking structures, bridges, and building floors and roofs.
This document provides specifications for different classes of buildings and roads. It defines specifications as describing the nature, materials, and workmanship for a construction project. Building specifications are classified as general or brief (covering foundation, walls, roofing, etc. for different classes) and detailed. It provides the general specifications for various components like foundation, walls, roofing, flooring and finishing for first, second, third and fourth class buildings. Road specifications include details for subgrade, soiling, intercoat, topcoat, brick edging and considerations for heavy traffic or weak subgrade.
Prefabrication types and Applications explainedEyad Reda
Explaining prefabrication in construction in a simple way. The contents range from steel framing, Precast concrete, Concrete prefab systems, sandwich paneling, timber framing and Real-life applications for prefabrication.
This document provides information on roof trusses, including their components, types, advantages, and uses. It discusses the need for roof trusses to provide clear spans, headroom, and ventilation. Various factors that affect truss selection are outlined. Common truss types include king post and queen post trusses, which differ in their use of vertical posts and beams. Steel trusses are often used for larger spans. Roof coverings like thatch, wood shingles, tiles, asbestos cement sheets, and galvanized iron sheets are also overviewed.
The document discusses specifications in engineering projects. It defines specifications as a detailed description of materials, workmanship, and other requirements to complete a project according to its drawings. Specifications are necessary to define quality standards, guide construction, and resolve disputes. They form an essential part of contract documents along with drawings, bills of quantities, and schedules of rates. The document outlines how to write specifications by describing materials, workmanship, tools, testing, and protection of works. It also differentiates between general and detailed specifications.
This document discusses shoring and underpinning methods used to provide temporary or permanent support to structures. Shoring provides temporary stability during construction or repairs using techniques like raking, flying, or dead shores made of timber or steel. Underpinning supports existing foundations by strengthening soils using pit, pile, or chemical methods to allow additions without disturbing the structure. Proper design, installation, and precautions are needed for both techniques.
Shear walls are vertical structural elements designed to resist lateral forces like winds and earthquakes. They work by transferring shear forces throughout their height and resisting uplift forces. Properly designed and constructed shear wall buildings are very stable and ductile, providing warnings before collapse during severe earthquakes. Common types of shear walls include reinforced concrete, plywood, and steel plate shear walls. Shear walls are an effective and efficient way to resist lateral loads in seismic regions.
Precast concrete construction involves casting concrete structural elements at a manufacturing facility rather than on site. This allows for rapid construction, high quality control, and easy incorporation of prestressing. Precast concrete provides advantages like speed of erection, durability, and economy, but also has disadvantages such as weight, limited flexibility in design, and need for skilled workmanship and lifting equipment on site. Common precast concrete elements include walls, slabs, beams, and structural framing using techniques like welded plates and rebar splicing.
A truss is an assembly of members such as beams, connected by nodes, that creates a rigid structure. In engineering, a truss is a structure that "consists of two-force members only, where the members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object"
Steel is a versatile material that is commonly used for large scale construction projects due to its strength, durability, and cost-effectiveness. Steel trusses are a type of structure frequently employed in buildings to provide support for roofs, floors, and other loads. They consist of compression and tension elements arranged in a triangulated pattern, allowing them to efficiently span long distances with minimal material. Common types of steel truss designs include Pratt, Warren, and Fink configurations. Truss members are often made of angles, channels, tubes, or other standard steel sections joined together with bolted or welded connections.
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. They are commonly used in high-rise buildings, industrial buildings, warehouses, and temporary structures due to their strength, light weight, and speed of construction. Advantages include quick construction, flexibility, and ability to take various shapes. Disadvantages are reduced strength at high temperatures and susceptibility to corrosion. Common structural steel frames include beam and column construction, trusses, space frames, shear wall frames, framed tube structures, and braced frames. Design must consider both gravity loads like dead and live loads, as well as lateral loads from wind and earthquakes.
This document provides information on trusses and roof trusses. It defines trusses as rigid structures made of two-force members arranged in triangular frameworks. Common applications include rooftops and bridges. Pitched roof trusses are most common, with a sloped top chord to facilitate drainage. Analysis involves regarding members as pinned joints transferring only axial forces. Common types include Pratt, Howe, Fink, and Mansard trusses, suited to different spans. Roof trusses provide economic construction and easier assembly than conventional roofs.
Pre-engineered buildings are factory-built steel structures that are shipped to sites in pieces and bolted together for quick assembly. They are rectangular structures enclosed in corrugated metal sheeting. PEB construction is fast because foundations are poured while factory fabrication occurs. PEBs have primary and secondary structural elements, roof/wall panels, and accessories. They provide benefits like reduced construction time, lower costs, flexibility for expansion, large clear spans, quality control, and energy efficiency. However, they also have disadvantages like corrosion sensitivity, added insulation costs, and limited design customization. PEBs are commonly used for warehouses, factories, workshops, and other industrial and commercial buildings.
The document provides information about various structural elements including gusset plates, cleats, base plates, column splices, stanchions, high-strength friction grip bolts, trusses, and north light trusses. It defines each element and describes their common uses. Gusset plates connect beams and columns, cleats provide support or strength, and base plates distribute loads from columns. Stanchions are vertical supports used for crowd control. High-strength friction grip bolts provide rigid connections. Trusses transfer loads through tension and compression members, and different truss types cover various spans. North light trusses maximize natural lighting through north-facing glazing.
A truss is a structure composed of straight members arranged in a triangular pattern and connected at their ends to form a rigid framework. Trusses are commonly used in buildings to support roofs and floors over long spans. They provide strength and support loads using less material than beams. Common types of trusses include Pratt trusses and lattice girders, which are used to support trusses running perpendicular. Trusses are fabricated from rolled steel sections or built-up sections and connected by bolting, welding, or riveting. They are an economical choice for supporting large loads and spans in industrial and commercial buildings.
The document discusses different types of reinforcement used in concrete construction including hot rolled deformed bars, mild steel plain bars, cold worked steel reinforcement, and prestressing steel. It also discusses ready mixed concrete (RMX), the working process of RMX, advantages and disadvantages compared to site mixed concrete. The document provides information on major RMX companies. It also discusses insulating concrete formwork (ICF), crosswall construction formwork, and photos of ICF site installation.
Expansion and construction joints are necessary in concrete construction to prevent cracking due to concrete movement. Expansion joints allow concrete to expand and contract with temperature changes, and are incorporated in foundations, walls, roofs, and paving. They are carefully designed and located to mitigate stresses. Construction joints are used when concrete placement is stopped, such as due to equipment issues, and are incorporated into the planned joint layout. They require proper consolidation and curing. Both expansion and construction joints are used in slabs, columns, and masonry walls.
Steel Structures - Building technology.pptxNikhil Raut
Steel structures are commonly used for high-rise buildings, long-span structures, industrial and warehouse buildings, and temporary structures due to steel's strength, light weight, speed of construction, and ability to create large spaces. Steel structures have advantages such as strength, flexibility, ductility, stability, earthquake resistance, and lighter weight compared to other materials. However, steel loses strength at high temperatures and is susceptible to corrosion. Common steel sections include angles, channels, I-beams, T-beams, round/square bars, and plates. Steel connections are made through bolting, riveting, and welding. Portal frames provide wide spans and are lightweight but require large members and cranes for erection.
A tensile structure is a construction where load bearing capacity is achieved through tension stress in components like cables, fabrics, or foils. Tension structures include boundary tensioned membranes, pneumatic structures, and pre-stressed cable nets and beams. Tensile membrane structures are often used as roofs as they can economically span large distances. Common types include saddle roofs supported by high and low points, mast-supported structures with fabric attached to interior masts, and structures stabilized by cables in tension like suspension bridges. Tensile structures provide benefits like unique designs, natural lighting, low maintenance, and cost efficiency.
What are the types of structural steel framingnajeeb muhamed
Different types of structural steel framing systems for buildings such as skeleton, wall bearing and long span framing systems and their applications and configurations are discussed.
Definition Where this system can be used
Features of the Grid Slab
Decorative grid slabs in historical structures
Types of Grid Slab
Comparison: Long Span Structures
Construction
Technique
Formwork Required
Reinforcements Details
Modification in Grid Slab for Utility
Services Provided in Grid Slab
Benefits
Iconic Landmarks using Grid Slabs
Portal frames are single storey steel structures that provide large open floor plans. They consist of vertical columns connected by horizontal beams and rafters to form the frame, without interior columns. This allows for unobstructed floor spaces useful for industrial, warehouse and commercial buildings. Portal frames can be made of steel, concrete or timber, with steel being most common due to its strength, light weight and ease of construction.
The document discusses space frames, which are lightweight truss-like structures constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames span large areas with few interior supports by transmitting loads through tension and compression along struts. They were developed in the early 1900s and came into wider use in the 1950s. Space frames are used for roofs, floors, and other structures requiring large clear spans. They offer advantages of light weight, prefabrication allowing low-cost construction, and versatility of shapes. Double-layer grids provide increased stiffness over single-layer designs.
This document provides an overview of high rise structures. It defines high rise buildings and lists some of the demands that drive high rise construction, such as scarcity of land and increasing demand for space. It describes common materials used like steel, concrete, glass, and aluminum. It outlines several structural systems for high rise buildings such as shear wall, braced frame, moment frame, and tube systems. It also discusses design considerations like foundations, wind loads, seismic loads, and architectural factors.
Pre enginnered buildings master-builder_july08, pp.48-62hlksd
This document discusses the selection of framing systems and roof/wall materials for pre-engineered industrial buildings. It describes two main framing systems - braced frames and unbraced frames. Unbraced portal frames are now more commonly used as they provide large column-free spaces and are simpler and more economical. Portal frames typically have spans of 30-40m and use tapered columns and rafters. Roof bracing and wall bracing are needed to resist loads perpendicular to the frame. The document provides details on frame configurations, connections, and considerations in choosing framing and cladding materials.
This document provides information about epoxy flooring. It begins by defining epoxy as a durable material made from mixing chemical compounds. Epoxy flooring involves applying an epoxy coating to concrete floors to provide a smooth, protective surface. The coating consists of resins and hardeners with additives to control properties like abrasion resistance and curing time. Epoxy floors are commonly used in industrial and commercial settings due to their durability and ability to withstand impacts, chemicals, and heavy loads. Different types of epoxy floors and their applications are described, along with the installation process and advantages like easy cleaning and slip resistance. Potential disadvantages like toxic fumes during curing and high installation costs are
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
This is an overview of my career in Aircraft Design and Structures, which I am still trying to post on LinkedIn. Includes my BAE Systems Structural Test roles/ my BAE Systems key design roles and my current work on academic projects.
Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code
By Professor Dr. Costas Sachpazis, Civil Engineer & Geologist
This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
2. Industrial building
• Any building structure used by the industry to store
raw materials or for manufacturing products of the
industry is known as an industrial building.
• Industrial buildings are generally used for steel
plants, automobile industries, utility and process
industries, thermal power stations, warehouse,
assembly plants, storage, garages, etc.
3. Factors considered while selecting site for industrial building
• Site should be located on an arterial road.
• Local availability of raw material.
• Facilities like water supply, electricity
• Topography of an area
• Soil conditions with respect to foundation design
• Waste disposal facilities
• Transportation facilities
• Sufficient space for storage of raw materials
6. • Roof Sheet: Material used to cover the shed is known
as roof shed.
• Roof trusses: A structure that is compound of a
number of line members pined connected at ends to
form a triangular form work is called truss.
8. • Purlin: A member supported on the panel points of
two consecutive roof truss is called purlin.
• Girts: Girts are the secondary structural member
which provide support to roof and wall covering and
also transferred wind load from wall material to
primary frame.
• Eave strut: The member located at the intersection of
roof and exterior wall is known as eave strut.
9. • Bracing: A member which transfer horizontal load
from the frame to the foundation is known as bracing.
• Wind Bracing: Two roof trusses are connected by
cross members to stabilize it against the action of
wind, such a members are called wind bracing.
12. Points to be considered while planning and designing
of industrial building
1. Selection of roofing and wall materials
13. Roofing Material:
• Roofing material is used to cover the roof of truss.
• In India, corrugated galvanized iron (GI) sheets are
usually adopted as coverings for roofs and sides of
industrial buildings.
• Light gauge cold-formed ribbed steel or aluminium
decking can also be used.
• Sometimes asbestos cement (AC) sheets are also provided
as roof coverings owing top their superior insulating
properties.
14. • Galvanized Iron Sheet: Galvanized iron sheets are made by
black sheets rolled from good quality low carbon mild steel.
For corrugated G.I. sheets, the purlin space may vary from
1.5 to 1.75 m.
• End overlap of 150 mm is required.
15. • Asbestos Cement Sheets: Asbestos cement sheets do
not decay because of atmospheric action.
• These sheets are available in 1.75 m, 2.0 m and 3.0 m
lengths. These are manufactured in 6 mm and 7 mm
thickness.
• For asbestos cement sheet, the purlin space may be
vary from 1.4 m for 6 mm sheet and 1.6 m for 7 mm
sheet.
16. • In selection of wall system, the designer should
consider the following areas:
• Cost
• Interior surface requirements
• Aesthetic appearance
• Acoustic and dust control
• Maintenance
• Ease and speed of erection
• Insulating properties
• Fire resistance
17. 2. Selection of bay width
• A bay is defined as the space between two
adjacent bents. The roof truss along with
the columns constitutes a bent.
• An industrial building may have a single
span or multiple spans
18.
19.
20.
21. • In most cases, the bay width may be dictated
by owner requirements. Gravity control
generally control the bay size
• For crane buildings (light or medium cranes),
bays are approximately 4-8 m may be
economical because of the cost of the crane
gantry girder
23. • For the purpose of structural analysis and design,
industrial buildings are classified as:
• Braced Frames
• Unbraced frames
• In braced buildings, the trusses rest on columns with hinge
type of connections and the stability is provided by
bracings in three mutually perpendicular planes.
• Braced frames are efficient in resisting the loads and do
not sway.
24. • Unbraced frames: They are in the form of portal frames
and are used mostly, distinguished by its simplicity,
cleanliness and economy.
• The frames can provide large column free areas,
offering maximum adaptability of the space inside the
building. Such large span buildings require less
foundation and eliminate internal columns and
drainage.
25. • They are advantageous for more effective use of steel
then in simple beams, easy extension at any time and
ability to support heavy concentrated point loads.
• The disadvantages include really high material unit
cost and susceptibility to differential and temperature
stresses. In addition, these frames produce horizontal
reaction on the foundation, which may be resisted by
providing a long tie beam or by designing the
foundation for this horizontal reaction
28. CONFIGURATION OF TRUSSES
Pitched Roof Trusses :
• Most common types of roof trusses are pitched roof trusses
wherein the top chord is provided with a slope in order to
facilitate natural drainage of rainwater and clearance of
dust/snow accumulation.
• These trusses have a greater depth at the mid-span. Due to
this even though the overall bending effect is larger at mid-
span, the chord member and web member stresses are
smaller closer to the mid-span and larger closer to the
supports.
29. • The typical span to maximum depth ratios of
pitched roof trusses are in the range of 4 to 8,
the larger ratio being economical in longer
spans. Pitched roof trusses may have different
configurations.
30. • In Pratt trusses web members are arranged in such a way
that under gravity load the longer diagonal members are
under tension and the shorter vertical members
experience compression. This allows for efficient
design, since the short members are under compression.
31.
32.
33. • However, the wind uplift may cause reversal of
stresses in these members and nullify this benefit.
The converse of the Pratt is the Howe truss, This
is commonly used in light roofing so that the
longer diagonals experience tension under
reversal of stresses due to wind load.
34.
35. Fink trusses are used for longer spans having high
pitch roof, since the web members in such truss are
sub-divided to obtain shorter members.
36. Fan trusses are used when the rafter members of the roof
trusses have to be sub-divided into odd number of panels
37. A combination of fink and fan can also be used to some
advantage in some specific situations requiring appropriate
number of panels.
Mansard trusses are variation of fink trusses, which have
shorter leading diagonals even in very long span trusses,
unlike the fink and fan type trusses.
38. • The economical span lengths of the pitched roof
trusses, excluding the Mansard trusses, range from 6
m to 12 m. The Mansard trusses can be used in the
span ranges of 12 m to 30 m.
39.
40. Types of truss Span used
Pitched fink truss Upto 9 m (economical)
Pratt truss 6 to 15 m
Compound fink truss Longer span upto 28 m
Simple fan truss 12 m
Compound fan truss Upto 24 m
42. • Purlin support roof sheeting, and loads from the
sheeting are transferred to the purlins.
• The loads acting on the purlins are weight of roof
covering and fixtures self-weight of purlin, live load
from sheeting, snow load, and wind load
43. Sections used as purlins:
1.Angle Purlins: It is used in small shops when
spacing of roof truss is between 3 to 5 m.
44.
45. •Channel Purlins: It is used for medium shops, when
spacing of roof truss is between 4 to 6 m.
46. • Beam Purlin: It is used for heavy shops, when
spacing of roof truss is between 6 to 8m.
47. Spacing of Purlin:
• The spacing of purlin depends largely on the maximum safe
span of the roof covering and glazing sheets. Hence they
should be less than or equal to their safe span when they are
directly placed on purlins.
• Thus for corrugated GI sheet, the purlin spacing may vary
from 1.5 to 1.75 m, and for corrugated AC sheets, it is
limited to 1.4 m, for 6 mm thick sheets, and 1.6 m, for 7 mm
thick sheets.
48. • For larger spans, if the configuration of the truss is such that
it is not feasible to place purlin at the nodes of upper chords,
the purlin are placed between the nodes, thus introducing
bending moment in the upper chords, in addition to the
compressive force due to truss action.
• Hence in this case, the weight of the truss may be increased
by about 10-15 %. Therefore, it is preferable to place purlin
at the nodal point of the truss, so that the upper chord
member are subjected to only direct compression
52. Loads on trusses
• The main loads on trusses are dead, imposed and
wind loads.
• The dead loads is due to sheeting or decking and their
fixtures, insulation, false ceiling, weight of purlins
and self weight. This load may range from 0.3 to 1.0
kN/m2
Page no 30, table 1 IS 875-1
53. • The weights of purlins are known in advance as they
are designed prior to the trusses. Since the weight of
truss is small compared to total DL,LL, considerable
assumptions is taken in account for weight of truss
and it will not have a great impact on the stresses in
the various members.
54. • For Live load upto 2 kN/m2, following formula is
used to get the approximate value of weight of truss
• W =20 + 6.6L (w=wt of truss in N/mm2, L=span in
m)
• For welded trusses, the self wt of truss is
w=53.7 + 0.53A (A= area of one bay).
• For LL > 2 kN/m2, the value of w may be multiplied
by the ratio of actual live load in kN/m2/2
55. Load calculations for design
• The following load combinations of loads are
considered when there is no crane load
• DL + LL
• DL + Snow load
• DL + WL (normal to ridge or parallel to ridge
whichever is severe)
• DL + LL + WL(most critical)
56. • The weight of bracings may be assumed to be 12-15
N/m2 of the plan area.
• The imposed load on roofs will be as per IS-875-II.
Page no 15, table 2 IS 875-2
57.
58. • The wind load should be calculated as per IS -
875-III
• Since EQ load depends on the mass of the
building, earthquake load do not govern the
design of light industrial buildings. Thus wind
load governs the design of normal trussed
roofs
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