The document discusses different types of reinforcement used in concrete construction including hot rolled deformed bars, mild steel plain bars, cold worked steel reinforcement, and prestressing steel. It also discusses ready mixed concrete (RMX), the working process of RMX, advantages and disadvantages compared to site mixed concrete. The document provides information on major RMX companies. It also discusses insulating concrete formwork (ICF), crosswall construction formwork, and photos of ICF site installation.
Pneumatic structures are membrane structures that use air pressure for support. They have a thin, flexible membrane that is stabilized by internal pressurization or external tensioning. Some key advantages are their light weight, ability to span large distances without supports, and rapid assembly. However, they require continuous air pressure maintenance and have a relatively short service life. Applications include sports facilities, military structures, exhibition centers, and greenhouses.
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting them to the construction site where the structure is to be located.
The document discusses various types of reinforcement and formwork materials used for speedy construction. It describes hot rolled deformed bars, mild steel plain bars, cold worked steel reinforcement, and pre-stressing steel as the main types of reinforcement. It also discusses different types of formwork systems including conventional timber formwork, MS formwork, and advanced systems like table or flying formwork, column formwork, horizontal panel formwork, and vertical panel formwork. The advanced formwork systems allow for faster construction, better quality, and reduced costs.
Modular coordination is a concept of coordination of dimension and space, in which buildings and components are dimensioned and positioned in a term of a basic unit or module, known as ‘1M’ which is equivalent to 100 mm.
Portal frames are low-rise structures comprising columns and horizontal or pitched rafters connected by moment-resisting connections. They provide clear unobstructed spans and are efficient for enclosing large volumes, making them useful for industrial, commercial, and agricultural buildings. Girder-slab systems combine a structural steel frame with prefabricated concrete girders and slabs for fast construction of mid-to-high rise buildings. Shell structures are thin curved concrete structures that function as both structure and enclosure through their strength and rigidity provided by their form. Common shell structures include folded plate, barrel vaults, and domes of revolution.
The document discusses various types of reinforcement and formwork materials used for speedy construction. It describes four main types of reinforcement - hot rolled deformed bars, mild steel plain bars, cold worked steel reinforcement, and pre-stressing steel. It also discusses four common formwork systems - table or flying formwork, column formwork, horizontal panel systems, and vertical panel systems. The formwork systems allow for faster construction through modular, engineered components that reduce time, costs, and waste compared to traditional formwork.
Trusses are commonly used in buildings to span long distances and carry heavy loads. Steel trusses are preferred over wood trusses for their strength, simplicity of installation, and durability without risk of rotting. Various types of trusses include king post, queen post, Howe, Pratt, and fan trusses used in roofs, as well as north light trusses traditionally used for industrial buildings to maximize natural lighting. Larger spans may use tubular steel, quadrangular, or gusset plate connected trusses, while galvanized steel sheets are often used for roofing material.
Adobe is a traditional building material made of sun-dried mud bricks composed of sand, clay, straw, and water. Adobe construction originated in 600 BC in South America and involves forming mud bricks of varying dimensions and using a mud plaster to hold them together in walls. Traditional adobe buildings are best suited to dry climates where adobe roofs made of logs and vigas can be used. While adobe construction has advantages like low costs and natural temperature regulation, it also has disadvantages like vulnerability to damage from water, wind, and earthquakes requiring regular maintenance.
Pneumatic structures are membrane structures that use air pressure for support. They have a thin, flexible membrane that is stabilized by internal pressurization or external tensioning. Some key advantages are their light weight, ability to span large distances without supports, and rapid assembly. However, they require continuous air pressure maintenance and have a relatively short service life. Applications include sports facilities, military structures, exhibition centers, and greenhouses.
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting them to the construction site where the structure is to be located.
The document discusses various types of reinforcement and formwork materials used for speedy construction. It describes hot rolled deformed bars, mild steel plain bars, cold worked steel reinforcement, and pre-stressing steel as the main types of reinforcement. It also discusses different types of formwork systems including conventional timber formwork, MS formwork, and advanced systems like table or flying formwork, column formwork, horizontal panel formwork, and vertical panel formwork. The advanced formwork systems allow for faster construction, better quality, and reduced costs.
Modular coordination is a concept of coordination of dimension and space, in which buildings and components are dimensioned and positioned in a term of a basic unit or module, known as ‘1M’ which is equivalent to 100 mm.
Portal frames are low-rise structures comprising columns and horizontal or pitched rafters connected by moment-resisting connections. They provide clear unobstructed spans and are efficient for enclosing large volumes, making them useful for industrial, commercial, and agricultural buildings. Girder-slab systems combine a structural steel frame with prefabricated concrete girders and slabs for fast construction of mid-to-high rise buildings. Shell structures are thin curved concrete structures that function as both structure and enclosure through their strength and rigidity provided by their form. Common shell structures include folded plate, barrel vaults, and domes of revolution.
The document discusses various types of reinforcement and formwork materials used for speedy construction. It describes four main types of reinforcement - hot rolled deformed bars, mild steel plain bars, cold worked steel reinforcement, and pre-stressing steel. It also discusses four common formwork systems - table or flying formwork, column formwork, horizontal panel systems, and vertical panel systems. The formwork systems allow for faster construction through modular, engineered components that reduce time, costs, and waste compared to traditional formwork.
Trusses are commonly used in buildings to span long distances and carry heavy loads. Steel trusses are preferred over wood trusses for their strength, simplicity of installation, and durability without risk of rotting. Various types of trusses include king post, queen post, Howe, Pratt, and fan trusses used in roofs, as well as north light trusses traditionally used for industrial buildings to maximize natural lighting. Larger spans may use tubular steel, quadrangular, or gusset plate connected trusses, while galvanized steel sheets are often used for roofing material.
Adobe is a traditional building material made of sun-dried mud bricks composed of sand, clay, straw, and water. Adobe construction originated in 600 BC in South America and involves forming mud bricks of varying dimensions and using a mud plaster to hold them together in walls. Traditional adobe buildings are best suited to dry climates where adobe roofs made of logs and vigas can be used. While adobe construction has advantages like low costs and natural temperature regulation, it also has disadvantages like vulnerability to damage from water, wind, and earthquakes requiring regular maintenance.
A grid slab or waffle slab is a reinforced concrete floor system with a waffle-like pattern of ribs. The ribs form a grid that runs in two directions, giving the underside a waffle-like appearance. This allows the slab thickness to be minimized while maintaining strength. Waffle slabs provide good load distribution, vibration control, and structural stability, making them suitable for use in airports, hospitals, and other large structures.
Speedy construction methods aim to shorten construction timelines through faster curing of concrete elements and optimized formwork. Cast-in-situ concrete involves pouring concrete on-site but takes longer to cure, while precast concrete is cast off-site and lifted into place, shortening construction times. Composite construction combines concrete and steel elements to utilize the strengths of each material. Different slab systems like solid slabs, ribbed slabs, and waffle slabs provide options to span varying distances based on structural needs and optimize material usage.
Prefabrication & Pre-CASTING, Advanced Structural Concretes Materials for Pre...Deepak Verma
This document discusses modular and prefabricated construction components used in precast concrete buildings. It describes the key components that can be prefabricated off-site such as walls, floors, beams, columns, stairs, and their connections. These include different types of precast walls, slabs, beams shaped as I-beams, L-beams or rectangular, and dimensions for efficient construction. Connection details are provided for beam-column, wall-foundation, and other joints.
The document discusses curtain wall systems. It begins with an introduction defining a curtain wall system as a non-structural outer covering that keeps weather and occupants in/out. The history notes that curtain walls emerged as exterior walls became non-load bearing. It describes the components of curtain walls including mullions, transoms, glass, and other materials. Functions are listed as protecting interiors from the environment while providing lighting and occupant comfort. The document also covers installation systems, loads, maintenance, and provides case studies of curtain wall implementations.
A tensile structure carries only tension and no compression or bending forces. It uses a fabric material stretched over a framework to provide stability. Tension roofs are loaded only in tension with no resistance to compression or bending. Tensile structures have environmental benefits like longer lifecycles, reusability, and recyclability with less construction debris. They provide flexible design aesthetics, translucency, durability, lightweight construction, and cost benefits from reduced energy usage. Common types include free-standing, mast-supported, and arch-supported structures.
The document discusses different types of dome structures including geodesic domes, ribbed domes, and braced rib domes. A geodesic dome is a sphere-like structure composed of a network of triangular components that gives it strength using minimal materials. Ribbed domes consist of identical radial components connected at the crown and base, while braced rib domes add intermediate bracing between the ribs. Examples provided of structures that use dome designs include the Montreal Biosphere, Epcot Center, and the Eden Project.
Prestressed hollow core slabs are a type of precast concrete slab used for floors in multi-story buildings. They are made off-site and assembled quickly, providing benefits such as lower costs, reduced construction time, less raw material usage, and good structural and acoustic properties. Hollow core slabs are well-suited for modern housing needs due to their advantages over traditional floor constructions.
This document provides information on various low cost building components that can be used for construction. It discusses precast solid cement concrete blocks, precast concrete stone masonry blocks, hollow and solid lightweight concrete masonry units, precast reinforced concrete door and window frames, ferrocement roofing channels, and other components. These alternative materials provide benefits like reduced cost, improved strength and durability, thermal efficiency, and environmental sustainability compared to traditional building materials.
Architectural journalism is the practice of independent writing and commentary on architecture, design, and urbanism. It helps hold the architectural community accountable and bridge the gap between architecture and the public. While related to design writing, architectural journalism is specifically independent and community-oriented. The field is gaining importance in India as more architectural programs are emerging. Students can pursue it through internships, publications, and online courses to enhance their skills in writing about and analyzing architecture.
Tensile structures provide large column-free interior spaces through the use of tensioned fabric membranes maintained under tension by cable or truss networks. They offer several advantages over conventional structures like flexibility in design, natural daylighting, low costs, and minimal maintenance. However, the lightweight nature of fabric requires careful consideration of structural form finding, static and dynamic load analysis, and material patterning during the design process to develop stable, efficient tensile structures.
a space frame or space structure is a rigid, lightweight, truss-like structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior support
The document provides information about space frames. It discusses that a space frame is a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can span large areas with few interior supports because they are strong due to the inherent rigidity of triangles and how loads are distributed as tension and compression along struts. The document outlines different types of space frame configurations based on curvature and number of grid layers, and discusses their properties, design, construction, and historical development.
Flat slabs are reinforced concrete slabs that are supported directly by columns without beams. They provide minimum depth, fast construction, and flexible column placement. There are four main types: slabs without drops and with column heads, slabs with drops and without column heads, slabs with both drops and column heads, and typical flat slabs. Column heads increase shear strength while drops increase shear strength and negative moment capacity. Flat slab systems can be either one-way or two-way depending on span ratios and load distribution. Advantages include simple formwork, no beams, and minimum depth, while disadvantages include potential interference from drops.
A presentation that explains the various systems and techniques of employing steel and concrete to support long span structures. The range varies from conventional beams, to trusses and portal frames.
ALL INFORMATION ABOUT ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE PANEL, ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE PANEL (ACP)
ALSO ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE MATERIAL,
(ACM) IS A TYPE OF FLAT PANEL THAT
CONSISTS OF TWO THIN ALUMINIUM
SHEETS BONDED TO A NON ALUMINIUM
CORE. ACPS ARE FREQUENTLY USED FOR
EXTERNAL CLADDING OR FACADES OF
BUILDINGS, INSULATION, AND SIGNAGE.
ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE PANEL CLADDING
IS DONE WITH THE HELP OF 2" X 1" PLAIN
RECTANGULAR TUBE, ADHESIVE TAPE, ACP
SHEET, WEATHERING SEALANT AND TOP
QUALITY HARDWARE.
This document provides information on various types of shell structures and folded plate structures. It discusses thin shell structures and the differences between shell structures and plate structures. It then describes various types of shell structures including barrel vaults, domes, folded plates, and intersection shells. It provides details on the design and analysis of these structures, including their elements, behaviors, and reinforcement.
This document provides information on different surface finishing techniques for concrete. It describes smoothing the surface with a hand float, and then further finishing options like magnesium, aluminum or wood floats. Troweling with magnesium or steel trowels is covered, with notes on timing to avoid damaging the concrete. Broom finishing is also explained, including using a stiff broom and dragging it over the wet surface to create a non-slip texture. The summary concludes with the importance of curing the concrete to allow proper drying over several weeks.
A grid slab or waffle slab is a reinforced concrete floor system with a waffle-like pattern of ribs. The ribs form a grid that runs in two directions, giving the underside a waffle-like appearance. This allows the slab thickness to be minimized while maintaining strength. Waffle slabs provide good load distribution, vibration control, and structural stability, making them suitable for use in airports, hospitals, and other large structures.
Speedy construction methods aim to shorten construction timelines through faster curing of concrete elements and optimized formwork. Cast-in-situ concrete involves pouring concrete on-site but takes longer to cure, while precast concrete is cast off-site and lifted into place, shortening construction times. Composite construction combines concrete and steel elements to utilize the strengths of each material. Different slab systems like solid slabs, ribbed slabs, and waffle slabs provide options to span varying distances based on structural needs and optimize material usage.
Prefabrication & Pre-CASTING, Advanced Structural Concretes Materials for Pre...Deepak Verma
This document discusses modular and prefabricated construction components used in precast concrete buildings. It describes the key components that can be prefabricated off-site such as walls, floors, beams, columns, stairs, and their connections. These include different types of precast walls, slabs, beams shaped as I-beams, L-beams or rectangular, and dimensions for efficient construction. Connection details are provided for beam-column, wall-foundation, and other joints.
The document discusses curtain wall systems. It begins with an introduction defining a curtain wall system as a non-structural outer covering that keeps weather and occupants in/out. The history notes that curtain walls emerged as exterior walls became non-load bearing. It describes the components of curtain walls including mullions, transoms, glass, and other materials. Functions are listed as protecting interiors from the environment while providing lighting and occupant comfort. The document also covers installation systems, loads, maintenance, and provides case studies of curtain wall implementations.
A tensile structure carries only tension and no compression or bending forces. It uses a fabric material stretched over a framework to provide stability. Tension roofs are loaded only in tension with no resistance to compression or bending. Tensile structures have environmental benefits like longer lifecycles, reusability, and recyclability with less construction debris. They provide flexible design aesthetics, translucency, durability, lightweight construction, and cost benefits from reduced energy usage. Common types include free-standing, mast-supported, and arch-supported structures.
The document discusses different types of dome structures including geodesic domes, ribbed domes, and braced rib domes. A geodesic dome is a sphere-like structure composed of a network of triangular components that gives it strength using minimal materials. Ribbed domes consist of identical radial components connected at the crown and base, while braced rib domes add intermediate bracing between the ribs. Examples provided of structures that use dome designs include the Montreal Biosphere, Epcot Center, and the Eden Project.
Prestressed hollow core slabs are a type of precast concrete slab used for floors in multi-story buildings. They are made off-site and assembled quickly, providing benefits such as lower costs, reduced construction time, less raw material usage, and good structural and acoustic properties. Hollow core slabs are well-suited for modern housing needs due to their advantages over traditional floor constructions.
This document provides information on various low cost building components that can be used for construction. It discusses precast solid cement concrete blocks, precast concrete stone masonry blocks, hollow and solid lightweight concrete masonry units, precast reinforced concrete door and window frames, ferrocement roofing channels, and other components. These alternative materials provide benefits like reduced cost, improved strength and durability, thermal efficiency, and environmental sustainability compared to traditional building materials.
Architectural journalism is the practice of independent writing and commentary on architecture, design, and urbanism. It helps hold the architectural community accountable and bridge the gap between architecture and the public. While related to design writing, architectural journalism is specifically independent and community-oriented. The field is gaining importance in India as more architectural programs are emerging. Students can pursue it through internships, publications, and online courses to enhance their skills in writing about and analyzing architecture.
Tensile structures provide large column-free interior spaces through the use of tensioned fabric membranes maintained under tension by cable or truss networks. They offer several advantages over conventional structures like flexibility in design, natural daylighting, low costs, and minimal maintenance. However, the lightweight nature of fabric requires careful consideration of structural form finding, static and dynamic load analysis, and material patterning during the design process to develop stable, efficient tensile structures.
a space frame or space structure is a rigid, lightweight, truss-like structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior support
The document provides information about space frames. It discusses that a space frame is a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can span large areas with few interior supports because they are strong due to the inherent rigidity of triangles and how loads are distributed as tension and compression along struts. The document outlines different types of space frame configurations based on curvature and number of grid layers, and discusses their properties, design, construction, and historical development.
Flat slabs are reinforced concrete slabs that are supported directly by columns without beams. They provide minimum depth, fast construction, and flexible column placement. There are four main types: slabs without drops and with column heads, slabs with drops and without column heads, slabs with both drops and column heads, and typical flat slabs. Column heads increase shear strength while drops increase shear strength and negative moment capacity. Flat slab systems can be either one-way or two-way depending on span ratios and load distribution. Advantages include simple formwork, no beams, and minimum depth, while disadvantages include potential interference from drops.
A presentation that explains the various systems and techniques of employing steel and concrete to support long span structures. The range varies from conventional beams, to trusses and portal frames.
ALL INFORMATION ABOUT ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE PANEL, ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE PANEL (ACP)
ALSO ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE MATERIAL,
(ACM) IS A TYPE OF FLAT PANEL THAT
CONSISTS OF TWO THIN ALUMINIUM
SHEETS BONDED TO A NON ALUMINIUM
CORE. ACPS ARE FREQUENTLY USED FOR
EXTERNAL CLADDING OR FACADES OF
BUILDINGS, INSULATION, AND SIGNAGE.
ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE PANEL CLADDING
IS DONE WITH THE HELP OF 2" X 1" PLAIN
RECTANGULAR TUBE, ADHESIVE TAPE, ACP
SHEET, WEATHERING SEALANT AND TOP
QUALITY HARDWARE.
This document provides information on various types of shell structures and folded plate structures. It discusses thin shell structures and the differences between shell structures and plate structures. It then describes various types of shell structures including barrel vaults, domes, folded plates, and intersection shells. It provides details on the design and analysis of these structures, including their elements, behaviors, and reinforcement.
This document provides information on different surface finishing techniques for concrete. It describes smoothing the surface with a hand float, and then further finishing options like magnesium, aluminum or wood floats. Troweling with magnesium or steel trowels is covered, with notes on timing to avoid damaging the concrete. Broom finishing is also explained, including using a stiff broom and dragging it over the wet surface to create a non-slip texture. The summary concludes with the importance of curing the concrete to allow proper drying over several weeks.
Atecon products focus on solving the dilemma on how to guarantee the proper cover or distancing between the metallic structure (rebar) and the terrain or formwork.
In any type of of construction site our Accessories will help you achieve better efficiencies, security and productivity
Colourmet Infratech Pvt. Ltd. is one of the India’;s fastest growing steel building solution company, situated in Pune. We design, manufacture, supply and erect Pre-Engineering Building Systems, complete roofing and wall cladding solutions. Colourmet Infratech Pvt. Ltd.is one of the few manufacturers in India to have a fully Integrated plant for Pre Engineered Building, Roof & Wall Panels, Z & C Purlin, Floor Deck Sheets etc. Colourmet has production capacity to produce total of 3000 tons/month of steel building. Adherence to the internationally accepted engineering practices in production, planning and control helps to keep up the delivery dates, products quality and efficient implementation. The experience, expertise and exposure that had been acquired over the years has enabled COLOURMET to diversify into providing turnkey contracting services to construction industries and offering single source responsibility involving complete pre-engineered building systems and solutions. COLOURMET is committed to provide the customer with the quality products and services. The COLOURMET excellence is reflected in the long list of satisfied customers.
Why Colourmet Infratech Pvt. Ltd.?
At COLOURMET, we ask this question at every stage of business execution and define all our actions to match, positively to the spirit of this question. This enables us to offer the best possible solution to our clients. The client-satisfaction helps COLOURMET to grow from the present level and enter the future with a head start.
Vision - Speed, Quality and Value
That, COLOURMET’;s a one-stop-shop solution for all roofing needs;
COLOURMET -strives always to establish and maintain the market leadership;
COLOURMET is committed to provide the best and the cost-effective solution to give customers value for their money;
That, COLOURMET is devoted to continuously update its material and process technologies to the international standards.
Superior Technology
Fastest Delivery
Site Service
Quality Materials
Fast Quotation
International Quality Standards
Proven Track Record.
Pt slab design philosophy with slides and pictures showing benefitPerwez Ahmad
This document summarizes the history and development of post-tensioned flat slab construction. It began with early research and development of prestressing in Europe in the 1920s-1930s to allow for longer bridge spans. Prestressing was later applied to other structures like aircraft hangars and then to flat slab construction in the 1950s. Post-tensioned flat slabs provide benefits over reinforced concrete flat slabs like reduced cracking, thinner slabs, and increased spans. The document discusses materials, design codes, comparisons to reinforced concrete, and examples of ongoing post-tensioned flat slab projects in Oman.
This document discusses different structural systems used for high-rise buildings, focusing on steel framing systems. It describes shear frames, which provide lateral stiffness through moment connections, and shear truss-frame systems, which combine shear frames with vertical trusses. Outrigger and belt truss systems connect vertical trusses to perimeter frames to improve stiffness. Framed tube systems use closely spaced columns and spandrel beams to create tube-like behavior. Developments in steel, like tailor-made beams and high-strength steels, have enabled taller and more efficient structures. The document provides examples of different structural systems used in high-rise building designs.
Composite construction by Er. SURESH RAOAjit Sabnis
Presentation is a part of Structural Engg. series by ACCE(I) Institutes. Deals with details of Composite Structures-Design and Construction with case studies
A truss is an assembly of members such as beams, connected by nodes, that creates a rigid structure. In engineering, a truss is a structure that "consists of two-force members only, where the members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object"
Sakshi K Mahadik completed an elective on precast and prefabricated construction. The document provides a certificate certifying that the portfolio of work submitted was completed by Sakshi under supervision. It then discusses various types of precast construction techniques used for roofs including precast concrete slab roofing, precast joist roof, and precast roofing systems that use curved metallic profiles to provide strength and waterproofing. Advantages include cost reduction, durability, quick installation and reduced maintenance needs while disadvantages include high initial investment and potential transportation issues.
The document discusses pre-tensioned high-performance concrete (PHC) piles, which are hollow, precast and prestressed concrete piles used worldwide as deep foundations. PHC piles have several advantages over other pile types including higher strength, resistance to impacts and chemicals, faster installation, and greater bending resistance without cracking. They are a popular foundation solution for bridges, buildings, and other structures.
Experimental Investigation on Steel Concrete Composite Floor SlabIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on steel-concrete composite floor slabs. Cold-formed steel decking with trapezoidal profiles was used to construct composite floor slabs with concrete. Shear connectors in the form of stud bolts connected the steel decking to the concrete. Three specimens were tested - an RCC slab, a composite slab, and a composite truss. The composite truss was fabricated from steel and connected to the decking and concrete with shear connectors. All specimens were tested for load carrying capacity. The composite truss performed comparably to the RCC slab and was found to effectively transfer loads through composite action between the steel and concrete components.
The document discusses the planning, analysis, and design of a G+3 steel-concrete composite building. Key aspects summarized include:
1) The building is 15m x 12m with 3.5m floor heights and will be analyzed and designed using STAAD-Pro software.
2) Composite structures combine the high tensile strength of steel with the high compressive strength of concrete. Shear connectors are critical to transfer forces between the steel and concrete.
3) Analysis of the building found typical bending moments, shear forces, and axial forces in the frames. The composite slab, beams, columns, and foundation were then designed.
4) Though initially more costly than RCC, the
This document provides information on industrial buildings, including their components and factors to consider in design. Key points include:
- Industrial buildings are used for manufacturing and storage by industries and include steel plants, warehouses, and factories.
- Site selection considers access, raw materials, utilities, land characteristics, and transportation.
- Major components include the roof, trusses, purlins, girts, bracing, and foundations.
- Design considerations cover roofing/wall materials, bay widths, structural framing, truss configurations, and bracing to resist lateral loads.
This document provides information on formworks, scaffolding, shoring, underpinning, and prefabricated construction components. It discusses the introduction, characteristics, classification, and types of formworks based on materials of construction such as timber, metal, and plastic. It also describes scaffolding and different types used in construction. For underpinning, it explains the conditions that require underpinning and various methods used. Finally, it summarizes prefabricated construction including advantages, classification based on materials and systems, types, and connections used.
This document provides information about prestressed concrete, specifically focusing on post-tensioning methods. It defines post-tensioning as a method of reinforcing concrete with high-strength steel strands called tendons. After the concrete cures, the tendons are tensioned using hydraulic jacks and wedged into place to transfer pressure to the concrete. There are benefits to post-tensioning like allowing longer spans, thinner structures, and reduced cracking compared to conventional reinforced concrete. The document discusses bonded and unbonded post-tensioning methods and provides examples of applications like buildings, bridges, and parking structures.
The document provides information about precast concrete, including:
- Precast concrete is concrete that is cast off-site in a controlled environment using reusable molds. Elements can be joined to form structures.
- Products include buildings, walls, slabs, columns. Elements are poured into molds, cured, then transported and installed.
- History of precast concrete dates back to Rome. Examples given include the Sydney Opera House and buildings by Richard Meier.
- Advantages include reduced construction time, quality control, and earthquake resistance. Disadvantages include high costs for small projects and difficulty altering cast-in services.
Steel fibers vs steel mesh in concrete reinforcementBekaert
Want to know all the benefits of steel fiber concrete reinforcement, as compared to traditional steel mesh concrete reinforcement? This presentation offers a full overview of its unique characteristics.
Portal frames are single storey steel structures that provide large open floor plans. They consist of vertical columns connected by horizontal beams and rafters to form the frame, without interior columns. This allows for unobstructed floor spaces useful for industrial, warehouse and commercial buildings. Portal frames can be made of steel, concrete or timber, with steel being most common due to its strength, light weight and ease of construction.
This document provides information on pipeheads from KraussMaffei Berstorff for PVC pipe production. It discusses their nine pipehead sizes that cover a broad range of diameters and applications. It also describes benefits like perfect pipe quality, a stable process, tight wall thickness tolerances, and a wide processing window. The document provides details on pipehead models, dimensions, throughputs, applications for pressure classes, and the benefits of multilayer PVC pipe production.
Centrifugation is a technique, based upon the behaviour of particles in an applied centrifugal filed.
Centrifugation is a mechanical process which involves the use of the centrifugal force to separate particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, medium viscosity and rotor speed.
The denser components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge, while the less dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis.
precipitate (pellet) will travel quickly and fully to the bottom of the tube.
The remaining liquid that lies above the precipitate is called a supernatant.
Rodents, Birds and locust_Pests of crops.pdfPirithiRaju
Mole rat or Lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicotabengalensis
•Head -round and broad muzzle
•Tail -shorter than head, body
•Prefers damp areas
•Burrows with scooped soil before entrance
•Potential rat, one pair can produce more than 800 offspringsin one year
The use of probiotics and antibiotics in aquaculture production.pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing agriculture sectors in the world, providing food and nutritional security to millions of people. However, disease outbreaks are a constraint to aquaculture production, thereby affecting the socio-economic status of people in many countries. Due to intensive farming practices, infectious diseases are a major problem in finfish and shellfish aquaculture, causing heavy loss to farmers (Austin & Sharifuzzaman, 2022). For instance Bacterial fish diseases are responsible for a huge annual loss estimated at USD 6 billion in 2014, and this figure has increased to 9.58 in 2020 globally.
Disease control in the aquaculture industry has been achieved using various methods, including traditional means, synthetic chemicals and antibiotics. In the 1970s and 1980s oxolinic acid, oxytetracycline (OTC), furazolidone, potential sulphonamides (sulphadiazine and trimethoprim) and amoxicillin were the most commonly used antibiotics in fish farming (Amenyogbe et al., 2020). However, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in disease control has led to selective pressure of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, a property that may be readily transferred to other bacteria (Bondad‐Reantaso et al., 2023a). Traditional methods are ineffective against controlling new disease in large aquaculture systems. Therefore, alternative methods need to be developed to maintain a healthy microbial environment in aquaculture systems, thereby maintaining the health of the cultured organisms.
Continuing with the partner Introduction, Tampere University has another group operating at the INSIGHT project! Meet members of the Industrial Engineering and Management Unit - Aki, Jaakko, Olga, and Vilma!
Physics Investigatory Project on transformers. Class 12thpihuart12
Physics investigatory project on transformers with required details for 12thes. with index, theory, types of transformers (with relevant images), procedure, sources of error, aim n apparatus along with bibliography🗃️📜. Please try to add your own imagination rather than just copy paste... Hope you all guys friends n juniors' like it. peace out✌🏻✌🏻
Discovery of Merging Twin Quasars at z=6.05Sérgio Sacani
We report the discovery of two quasars at a redshift of z = 6.05 in the process of merging. They were
serendipitously discovered from the deep multiband imaging data collected by the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC)
Subaru Strategic Program survey. The quasars, HSC J121503.42−014858.7 (C1) and HSC J121503.55−014859.3
(C2), both have luminous (>1043 erg s−1
) Lyα emission with a clear broad component (full width at half
maximum >1000 km s−1
). The rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) absolute magnitudes are M1450 = − 23.106 ± 0.017
(C1) and −22.662 ± 0.024 (C2). Our crude estimates of the black hole masses provide log 8.1 0. ( ) M M BH = 3
in both sources. The two quasars are separated by 12 kpc in projected proper distance, bridged by a structure in the
rest-UV light suggesting that they are undergoing a merger. This pair is one of the most distant merging quasars
reported to date, providing crucial insight into galaxy and black hole build-up in the hierarchical structure
formation scenario. A companion paper will present the gas and dust properties captured by Atacama Large
Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations, which provide additional evidence for and detailed measurements of
the merger, and also demonstrate that the two sources are not gravitationally lensed images of a single quasar.
Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Double quasars (406); Quasars (1319); Reionization (1383); High-redshift
galaxies (734); Active galactic nuclei (16); Galaxy mergers (608); Supermassive black holes (1663)
This presentation offers a general idea of the structure of seed, seed production, management of seeds and its allied technologies. It also offers the concept of gene erosion and the practices used to control it. Nursery and gardening have been widely explored along with their importance in the related domain.
Order : Trombidiformes (Acarina) Class : Arachnida
Mites normally feed on the undersurface of the leaves but the symptoms are more easily seen on the uppersurface.
Tetranychids produce blotching (Spots) on the leaf-surface.
Tarsonemids and Eriophyids produce distortion (twist), puckering (Folds) or stunting (Short) of leaves.
Eriophyids produce distinct galls or blisters (fluid-filled sac in the outer layer)
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptxshubhijain836
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptx
Speedy construction
1. FORMS & MATERIALS FOR SPEEDY CONSTRUCTION
Khandelwal college of architecture & design, Bareilly
Session 2020-21
SUBMITTED BY:-
SOMITRA BHARDWAJ
DEEPAK VERMA
B.ARCH 5TH YEAR
SUBMITTED TO:-
AR.SHAINA
2. TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT
1. Hot Rolled Deformed Bars
2. Mild Steel Plain bars
3. Cold Worked Steel Reinforcement
4. Prestressing Steel
1.Hot Rolled Deformed Bars :-This is the most common
Type Of reinforcement for regular RCC structures. Hot
rolling is done In the mills which involves giving it deformations
on the surface i.e. ribs so that it can form bond with concrete.
The stress Strain curve shows a distinct yield point Followed by
a plastic stage in which strain increases without increase in
stress. This is Followed by a strain hardening stage. It has typical
tensile yield Strength of 60,000 psi.
Hot Rolled Deformed Bars
3. 2. Mild Steel Plain bars:- These are plain bars and
Have no ribs on them. These are used in small
projects where economy is the real concern. As plain
bars cannot bind Very well with concrete hence
hooks have to be provided at the ends. In this type of
steel too stress – straincurve shows a distinct yield point
followed by a plastic stage in which strain Increases without
increase in stress. This is followed by a strain hardening
stage. Plastic stage in Mild Steel Bars is even more
pronounced than Hot Rolled Deformed Bars. Typical tensile
Yield strength is 40,000 psi.
3. Cold Worked Steel Reinforcement:-When hot
Rolled steel bar undergoes process of cold working,
Cold Worked reinforcement is produced. Cold
working involves twisting or drawing the bars at room
temperature. This effectively eliminates the Plastic Stage in
the Stress-Strain curve, although it gives more control over
the size and tolerances of bars. Due to removal of plastic
stage it has lower ductility than Hot Rolled bars. Its use is
specific to projects where low tolerances and straightness are
a major concern. The stress – strain curve does not show a
distinct yield point as plastic stage is entirely eliminated.
Yield point is determined by drawing a line parallel to the
Tangent Modulus at 0.2% strain. Yield stress is the point
where this line intersects the stress – strain curve. This is
known as 0.2% proof stress. If yild stress is determined at
0.1% strain it is called 0.1% proof stress. Typical tensile yield
strength is 60,000 psi.
Mild steel plain bars
Cold worked steel reinforcement
4. 4. Prestressing Steel: Prestressing steel is used in the form of
bars or tendons which are made up of multiple strands, however,
tendons / strands are more frequently used as these can be laid in
various profiles, which is a primary requirement of prestressing
steel. Prestressing strands are, in turn, made up of multiple wires
(typical 2, 3 or 7 wire strands). Typical seven wire strand consists
of six wires spun around the seventh wire which has a slightly
larger diameter, thus forming a helical strand. These wires are
cold drawn and have very high tensile ultimate strength (typically
250,000 - 270,000 psi). Their high tensile strength makes it
possible to effectively prestress concrete even after undergoing
short term and long term losses. These are used in prestressed
concrete in bridges or prestressed slabs in buildings. Prestressing
steel is also available as non-bonded strands encased in PVC
sheath. It is used in Post-Tensioning of members. Prestressing
strands are also available as Low Relaxation Strands which
exhibit low relaxation losses after prestressing. These are typically
used in prestressing members with large spans.
Due to the process of cold drawing, which is similar in effect to
cold working, plastic stage in this type of steel is eliminated. Thus
stress – strain curve does not show a distinct yield point. Yield
point is determined at 0.1% or 0.2% proof stress. However, the
design of prestressed concrete does not depend on yield stress as
much as it depends on the ultimate strength; hence the property
of interest in this type of steel is the ultimate strength.
7 wire strand
Non bonded 7 wire strand
5. Stress - Strain Curves of various
types of Reinforcing Steels
6. RMX(READY MIXED CONCRETE)
Ready mixed concrete, or rmx as it is popularly called, refers to concrete that is specifically manufactured
For Delivery to the customer's construction site in a freshly mixed and plastic or unhardened
state. Concrete itself is a Mixture of portland cement, water and aggregates comprising sand and gravel or
crushed stone. In traditional work Sites, each of these materials is procured separately and mixed in specified
proportions at site to make concrete.
Ready mixed concrete is bought and sold by volume - usually expressed in cubic meters. Rmx can
Be Custom Made To Suit different applications.
rmx - adding value to concrete
ready mixed concrete is manufactured under computer-controlled operations and transported and placed at
site using sophisticated equipment and methods. rmx assures its customers numerous benefits:
uniform, consistent and assured quality of concrete.
flexibility in concrete design mixes.
easier addition of admixtures
faster and speedier construction
reduced inventories, material handling and storage of raw materials at sites
savings in labour requirements, labour costs and supervision of labour
reduced wastage of materials
8. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF RMC
Advantages of Ready mix Concrete
over Site mix Concrete
A centralized concrete batching plant
can serve a wide area.
The plants are located in areas zoned
for industrial use, and yet the delivery
trucks can service residential districts
or inner cities.
Better quality concrete is produced.
Elimination of storage space for
basic materials at site.
Elimination of procurement / hiring of
plant and machinery
Wastage of basic materials is
avoided.
Labor associated with production of
concrete is eliminated.
Time required is greatly reduced.
Noise and dust pollution at site is
reduced.
Reduce cost.
Disadvantages of Ready-Mix Concrete
• The materials are batched at a central plant,
and the mixing begins at that plant, so the
traveling time from the plant to the
site is critical over longer distances.
Some sites are just too far away, though this
is usually a commercial rather than
technical issue.
• Generation of additional road traffic;
furthermore, access roads, and site access
have to be able to carry the weight of the
truck and load. Concrete is approx.
2.5tonne per m³. This problem can be
overcome by utilizing so-called 'minimix'
companies, using smaller 4m³ capacity
mixers able to access more restricted sites.
• Concrete's limited time span between
mixing and going-off means that ready-mix
should be placed within 90 minutes
of batching at the plant.
9. COMPANIES
The inside of a transit mixer uses a
simple Archimedes' screw to mix
and to lift the concrete to the
delivery chute.
TRANSIT MIXER
•LARSEN & TERBO
•ACC LTD
•ADITYA BIRLA GROUP
•PRIZM
•JP CEMENT
10. INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWORK
• The ICF consists of twin-walled expanded polystyrene (EPS)
panels or blocks
• This formwork is then filled with factory produced, quality
assured, ready-mixed concrete to create a strong structure.
• The forms are thermally efficient with the EPS remaining in
place to provide both complete thermal insulation and a
uniform surface ready for the direct application of external
finishes or proprietary cladding systems.
• The installation of PolySteel is fast and does not need skilled
tradesmen.
• An experienced team of four can comfortably erect and concrete
the walls of a three-bedroom bungalow within three days.
“All materials used in the ICF system are inert, so give off no toxic
fumes. The building maintains an even, more comfortable
temperature and air quality is easily controlled with no leakage –
good news for those with asthma or other allergies. Problems
associated with condensation, mould and mildew on walls are
eliminated.”
12. CROSSWALL FORMWORK
• It is a form of construction where load bearing walls are
placed at right angles to the lateral axis of the building,
• the front and rear walls being essentially non-load bearing
cladding.
•Cross wall construction is suitable for buildings up to 5 storey's
high where the floors are similar.
• The intermediate floors span longitudinally between the
crosswalls providing the necessary lateral restraint
• The junctions between the non-load bearing claddings and the
crosswalls must be weather tight.
• If a pitched roof is to be employed with the ridge parallel to
the lateral axis an edge beam will be required to provide a
seating for the trussed or common rafters and to transmit the
roof loads to the crosswalls.
Typical Crosswall Arrangement Details
13. Advantages Of Crosswall Construction:-
•Load Bearing And Non-load Bearing
Components Can Be Standardized And In Same
Cases Prefabricated Giving Faster Construction
Times.
•Fenestration Between Crosswalls Unrestricted
Structurally.
•Crosswalls Although Load Bearing Need Not Be
Weather Resistant As Is The Case With External
Walls.
Disadvantages Of Crosswall
Construction:-
•Limitations Of Possible Plans.
•Need For Adequate Lateral Ties Between
Crosswalls.
•Need To Weather Adequately Projecting...
14. FIG.1: INSITU FIXING SYSTEM FOR THREE-
WAYJOINT
1. Fixing loops
2. 25mm-diameter rebar tie rod
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