The document discusses pre-tensioned high-performance concrete (PHC) piles, which are hollow, precast and prestressed concrete piles used worldwide as deep foundations. PHC piles have several advantages over other pile types including higher strength, resistance to impacts and chemicals, faster installation, and greater bending resistance without cracking. They are a popular foundation solution for bridges, buildings, and other structures.
This document discusses the design of floor slabs including one-way spanning slabs, two-way spanning slabs, continuous slabs, cantilever slabs, and restrained slabs. It covers slab types based on span ratios, bending moment coefficients, determining design load, reinforcement requirements, shear and deflection checks, crack control, and reinforcement curtailment details for different slab conditions. The document is authored by Eng. S. Kartheepan and is related to the design of floor slabs for a civil engineering project.
This document provides design recommendations for an isolated square footing foundation, including:
- The allowable bearing capacity of the soil is 314 kN/m^2 at a minimum depth of 2 meters.
- For a given service load of 1230.3 kN dead load and 210.6 kN live load, the required base area is calculated as 5.18 m^2 and the footing size is determined to be 2.3x2.3 meters.
- The required thickness is determined to be 500 mm based on checks for one-way shear, two-way punching shear, flexure in the long direction, and flexure in the short direction. Steel reinforcement of 12 bars of
This document provides an overview of reinforced concrete design principles for civil engineers and construction managers. It discusses the aim of structural design according to BS 8110, describes the properties and composite action of reinforced concrete, explains limit state design methodology, and summarizes key elements like slabs, beams, columns, walls, and foundations. The document also covers material properties, stress-strain curves, failure modes, and general procedures for slab sizing and design.
One way slab is designed for an office building room measuring 3.2m x 9.2m. The slab is 150mm thick with 10mm diameter reinforcement bars spaced 230mm centre to centre. It is simply supported on 300mm thick walls and designed to support a 2.5kN/m2 live load. Reinforcement provided meets code requirements for minimum area and spacing. Design checks for cracking, deflection, development length and shear are within code limits.
The document provides information on constructing interaction diagrams for reinforced concrete columns. It defines an interaction diagram as a graph showing the relationship between axial load (Pu) and bending moment (Mu) for different failure modes of a column section. The document outlines the design procedure for constructing interaction diagrams, including considering pure axial load, axial load with uniaxial bending, and axial load with biaxial bending. An example is provided to demonstrate constructing the interaction diagram for a given reinforced concrete column cross-section.
Comparision of Design Codes ACI 318-11, IS 456 2000 and Eurocode IIijtsrd
This document compares the design code specifications of ACI 318-11, IS 456:2000, and Eurocode II. It discusses some key differences between the codes, such as their stress-strain block parameters, L/D ratios, load combinations, elastic modulus of concrete, and design strength limits of concrete. The document aims to compare the broader design criteria and calculate the steel area required for structural members based on each code, in order to perform a comparative analysis. Some notable differences highlighted include Eurocode II having more stringent L/D ratios and load combinations compared to the other codes.
This document provides guidance on designing balanced cantilever bridges. It discusses:
1) Typical span configurations including 3 or more spans of varying lengths.
2) Construction sequence where segments are cast and cantilevered out from the preceding segment to form balanced cantilevers on both sides.
3) Design checks that are required at various construction stages and during service life, accounting for time-dependent effects like creep and shrinkage.
The document describes the PHC pile construction process for the Bismayah New City housing project in Iraq. PHC piles are being used with diameters of 450mm and lengths ranging from 13-16 meters. The construction process includes transporting piles to the site, checking locations, test pile driving to evaluate soil conditions, dynamic pile load testing, and driving piles to the required settlement criteria using hydraulic hammers. Quality control measures are outlined to address potential issues like pile misalignment, damage, or broken sections during driving.
This document discusses the design of floor slabs including one-way spanning slabs, two-way spanning slabs, continuous slabs, cantilever slabs, and restrained slabs. It covers slab types based on span ratios, bending moment coefficients, determining design load, reinforcement requirements, shear and deflection checks, crack control, and reinforcement curtailment details for different slab conditions. The document is authored by Eng. S. Kartheepan and is related to the design of floor slabs for a civil engineering project.
This document provides design recommendations for an isolated square footing foundation, including:
- The allowable bearing capacity of the soil is 314 kN/m^2 at a minimum depth of 2 meters.
- For a given service load of 1230.3 kN dead load and 210.6 kN live load, the required base area is calculated as 5.18 m^2 and the footing size is determined to be 2.3x2.3 meters.
- The required thickness is determined to be 500 mm based on checks for one-way shear, two-way punching shear, flexure in the long direction, and flexure in the short direction. Steel reinforcement of 12 bars of
This document provides an overview of reinforced concrete design principles for civil engineers and construction managers. It discusses the aim of structural design according to BS 8110, describes the properties and composite action of reinforced concrete, explains limit state design methodology, and summarizes key elements like slabs, beams, columns, walls, and foundations. The document also covers material properties, stress-strain curves, failure modes, and general procedures for slab sizing and design.
One way slab is designed for an office building room measuring 3.2m x 9.2m. The slab is 150mm thick with 10mm diameter reinforcement bars spaced 230mm centre to centre. It is simply supported on 300mm thick walls and designed to support a 2.5kN/m2 live load. Reinforcement provided meets code requirements for minimum area and spacing. Design checks for cracking, deflection, development length and shear are within code limits.
The document provides information on constructing interaction diagrams for reinforced concrete columns. It defines an interaction diagram as a graph showing the relationship between axial load (Pu) and bending moment (Mu) for different failure modes of a column section. The document outlines the design procedure for constructing interaction diagrams, including considering pure axial load, axial load with uniaxial bending, and axial load with biaxial bending. An example is provided to demonstrate constructing the interaction diagram for a given reinforced concrete column cross-section.
Comparision of Design Codes ACI 318-11, IS 456 2000 and Eurocode IIijtsrd
This document compares the design code specifications of ACI 318-11, IS 456:2000, and Eurocode II. It discusses some key differences between the codes, such as their stress-strain block parameters, L/D ratios, load combinations, elastic modulus of concrete, and design strength limits of concrete. The document aims to compare the broader design criteria and calculate the steel area required for structural members based on each code, in order to perform a comparative analysis. Some notable differences highlighted include Eurocode II having more stringent L/D ratios and load combinations compared to the other codes.
This document provides guidance on designing balanced cantilever bridges. It discusses:
1) Typical span configurations including 3 or more spans of varying lengths.
2) Construction sequence where segments are cast and cantilevered out from the preceding segment to form balanced cantilevers on both sides.
3) Design checks that are required at various construction stages and during service life, accounting for time-dependent effects like creep and shrinkage.
The document describes the PHC pile construction process for the Bismayah New City housing project in Iraq. PHC piles are being used with diameters of 450mm and lengths ranging from 13-16 meters. The construction process includes transporting piles to the site, checking locations, test pile driving to evaluate soil conditions, dynamic pile load testing, and driving piles to the required settlement criteria using hydraulic hammers. Quality control measures are outlined to address potential issues like pile misalignment, damage, or broken sections during driving.
This document provides an overview of foundation design, including:
1) It defines the two major requirements of foundation design as sustaining applied loads without exceeding soil bearing capacity and maintaining uniform settlement within tolerable limits.
2) It differentiates between shallow and deep foundations, with shallow foundations including isolated, combined, strap, and strip footings and deep foundations including pile foundations.
3) It explains considerations for foundation design such as minimum depth, thickness, and determining bending moments and soil bearing capacity.
Anchorage and lap splicing Detailing of slabs, columns, beams, footingskarthickcivic
This document discusses Eurocode 2 and provides details on anchorage and lap splicing of reinforcement in slabs, columns, beams and footings according to Eurocode 2. It covers general provisions for anchorage length, including tables of minimum anchorage lengths for different bar diameters. It also discusses lap splicing requirements, including tables of minimum lap splice lengths. The document is intended to provide guidance on reinforcement detailing according to Eurocode 2.
This document provides an overview of analysis and design methods for concrete slabs, including:
1. Elastic analysis methods like grillage analysis and finite element analysis can be used to determine moments and shear forces in slabs.
2. Yield line theory is an alternative plastic/ultimate limit state approach for determining the ultimate load capacity of ductile concrete slabs. It involves assuming yield line patterns that divide the slab into rigid regions and equating external and internal work.
3. Examples are provided to illustrate yield line analysis for one-way spanning slabs and rectangular two-way slabs. Conventions, assumptions, and calculation procedures are explained.
The document discusses the design of columns in concrete structures. It covers several topics related to column design including: member strength and capacity versus section capacity, moment magnification, issues regarding slenderness effects, P-Delta analysis, and effective design considerations. The key steps in column design are outlined, including determining loads, geometry, materials, checking slenderness, computing design moments and capacities, and iterating the design as needed. Factors that influence column capacity such as slenderness, bracing, and effective length and stiffness are also described.
The document provides step-by-step instructions for modeling, analyzing, and designing a 10-story reinforced concrete building using ETABS. It defines the material properties, section properties, load cases, and equivalent lateral force parameters. The steps include starting a new model, defining section properties for beams, columns, slabs, and walls, assigning the sections, defining load cases, and specifying the analysis and design procedures.
This document provides guidelines for using the structural analysis software ETABS consistently within Atkins Dubai. It covers topics such as modelling procedures, material properties, element definition and sizing, supports, loading, load combinations, and post-analysis checks. The objective is to complement ETABS manuals and comply with codes such as UBC 97, ASCE 7, and BS codes as well as local authority requirements for Dubai projects. The procedures are based on standard practice in Dubai but can be revised based on specific project requirements.
This chapter of the SAFE user's guide provides an overview of the program's graphical user interface. The interface includes a main window, title bars, menu bar, toolbars, up to four display windows, status bar, and mouse pointer position display. It describes the purpose and basic functions of each component to orient the user to the layout and navigation of the program.
This document describes the design of a pile cap by a group of civil engineering students. It defines a pile cap as a concrete mat that rests on piles driven into soft ground to provide a stable foundation. It then provides two examples of pile cap design, showing dimensions, load calculations, reinforcement requirements and construction details. The document concludes that a pile cap distributes a building's load to piles to form a stable foundation on unstable soil. It acknowledges the guidance of professors in completing this project.
This document provides information on the design of reinforced concrete columns, including:
- Columns transmit loads vertically to foundations and may resist both compression and bending. Common cross-sections are square, circular and rectangular.
- Columns are classified as braced or unbraced depending on lateral stability, and short or slender based on buckling resistance. Short column design considers axial load capacity while slender column design accounts for second-order effects.
- Reinforcement details include minimum longitudinal bar size and spacing and design of lateral ties. Slender column design determines loadings and calculates moments from stiffness, deflection and biaxial bending effects. Design charts are used to select reinforcement for columns under axial and uniaxial
This document discusses the design of compression members subjected to axial load and biaxial bending. It introduces the concept of biaxial eccentricities and explains that columns should be designed considering possible eccentricities in two axes. The document outlines the method suggested by IS 456-2000, which is based on Breslar's load contour approach. It relates the parameter αn to the ratio of Pu/Puz. Finally, it provides a step-by-step process for designing the column section, which involves determining uniaxial moment capacities, computing permissible moment values from charts, and revising the section if needed. It also briefly mentions the simplified method according to BS8110.
This document discusses problems that can occur during bored pile construction. It covers issues with excavating the pile borehole such as overbreak and water ingress. Problems with designing and lowering the pile reinforcement cage are described. Placement of concrete is discussed, including using a tremie pipe and delays between batches. Extracting temporary casing and pile construction in soft soil is also covered.
The document appears to be technical specifications or standards for structural design supplied by Apple Supply Bureau under a licensing agreement. It includes repetitive information about the license date and document number.
Lec11 Continuous Beams and One Way Slabs(1) (Reinforced Concrete Design I & P...Hossam Shafiq II
The document discusses reinforced concrete continuity and analysis methods for continuous beams and one-way slabs. It describes how steel reinforcement must extend through members to provide structural continuity. The ACI/SBC coefficient method of analysis is summarized, which uses coefficient tables to determine maximum shear forces and bending moments for continuous beams and one-way slabs under various loading conditions in a simplified manner compared to elastic analysis. Requirements for applying the coefficient method include having multiple spans with ratios less than 1.2, prismatic member sections, and live loads less than 3 times dead loads.
A two way slab is supported by beams on all four sides and has a ratio of longer to shorter span of less than 2. It has reinforcement in both directions. The design process involves preliminary sizing based on deflection criteria, analysis, sizing of reinforcement in the shorter direction as a singly reinforced section, checking for shear and deflection, and detailing of reinforcement including development length and torsion reinforcement.
ETABS is structural analysis software used to analyze and design buildings. It was developed in 1975 by students and later released commercially in 1985 by Computers and Structures Inc. The Burj Khalifa in Dubai was one of the first major projects analyzed using ETABS.
To model a structure in ETABS, materials like concrete and steel must first be defined along with their properties. Frame sections for beams, columns, walls and slabs are then created. The grid is drawn representing the building plan. Beams, columns, walls and slabs can then be drawn by connecting nodes on the grid. Modeling tools allow modifying the structural model by merging joints, aligning elements, and editing frames.
This chapter discusses the design and analysis of retaining walls. It begins with an introduction to retaining walls, describing what they are used for and common types. It then discusses the types of retaining walls in more detail, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, sheet pile, and others. The chapter covers design considerations such as definitions of wall parts, tentative dimensions for common wall types, and forces acting on walls such as earth pressures. It concludes with a discussion of stability considerations for external stability checks like overturning, sliding, bearing capacity, settlement, and rotational failure.
The document summarizes key concepts in the theory of structures including:
- Types of loads, reactions, and supports
- Statically determinate beams, frames, arches, and trusses
- Relationship between loads, shear forces, and bending moments
- Concepts of stability, determinacy, and methods of analysis for solving equilibrium and conditional equations
Examples are provided to demonstrate solving for reactions, internal forces, and conditional equations for various statically determinate structures. Factors affecting stability and determinacy are also discussed.
Design of steel structure as per is 800(2007)ahsanrabbani
It does not offer resistance against rotation and also termed as a hinged or pinned connections.
It transfers only axial or shear forces and it is not designed for moment
It is generally connected by single bolt/rivet and therefore full rotation is allowed
PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF PRECAST STRUCTURESAjit Sabnis
This document discusses planning and design of pre-cast concrete buildings. It begins with an introduction to pre-cast construction, noting the benefits of industrialized production such as quality, time savings, and environmental friendliness. It then covers various pre-cast structural systems and elements like columns, beams, floors, and facades. The document discusses design considerations including structural analysis, element design, transportation, and erection. It provides examples of pre-cast construction of buildings, parking garages, and metro rail stations in India. In summary, the document outlines planning, design, and construction methods for pre-cast concrete structures.
This document provides information about prestressed concrete, specifically focusing on post-tensioning methods. It defines post-tensioning as a method of reinforcing concrete with high-strength steel strands called tendons. After the concrete cures, the tendons are tensioned using hydraulic jacks and wedged into place to transfer pressure to the concrete. There are benefits to post-tensioning like allowing longer spans, thinner structures, and reduced cracking compared to conventional reinforced concrete. The document discusses bonded and unbonded post-tensioning methods and provides examples of applications like buildings, bridges, and parking structures.
The document provides information about precast concrete, including:
- Precast concrete is concrete that is cast off-site in a controlled environment using reusable molds. Elements can be joined to form structures.
- Products include buildings, walls, slabs, columns. Elements are poured into molds, cured, then transported and installed.
- History of precast concrete dates back to Rome. Examples given include the Sydney Opera House and buildings by Richard Meier.
- Advantages include reduced construction time, quality control, and earthquake resistance. Disadvantages include high costs for small projects and difficulty altering cast-in services.
This document provides an overview of foundation design, including:
1) It defines the two major requirements of foundation design as sustaining applied loads without exceeding soil bearing capacity and maintaining uniform settlement within tolerable limits.
2) It differentiates between shallow and deep foundations, with shallow foundations including isolated, combined, strap, and strip footings and deep foundations including pile foundations.
3) It explains considerations for foundation design such as minimum depth, thickness, and determining bending moments and soil bearing capacity.
Anchorage and lap splicing Detailing of slabs, columns, beams, footingskarthickcivic
This document discusses Eurocode 2 and provides details on anchorage and lap splicing of reinforcement in slabs, columns, beams and footings according to Eurocode 2. It covers general provisions for anchorage length, including tables of minimum anchorage lengths for different bar diameters. It also discusses lap splicing requirements, including tables of minimum lap splice lengths. The document is intended to provide guidance on reinforcement detailing according to Eurocode 2.
This document provides an overview of analysis and design methods for concrete slabs, including:
1. Elastic analysis methods like grillage analysis and finite element analysis can be used to determine moments and shear forces in slabs.
2. Yield line theory is an alternative plastic/ultimate limit state approach for determining the ultimate load capacity of ductile concrete slabs. It involves assuming yield line patterns that divide the slab into rigid regions and equating external and internal work.
3. Examples are provided to illustrate yield line analysis for one-way spanning slabs and rectangular two-way slabs. Conventions, assumptions, and calculation procedures are explained.
The document discusses the design of columns in concrete structures. It covers several topics related to column design including: member strength and capacity versus section capacity, moment magnification, issues regarding slenderness effects, P-Delta analysis, and effective design considerations. The key steps in column design are outlined, including determining loads, geometry, materials, checking slenderness, computing design moments and capacities, and iterating the design as needed. Factors that influence column capacity such as slenderness, bracing, and effective length and stiffness are also described.
The document provides step-by-step instructions for modeling, analyzing, and designing a 10-story reinforced concrete building using ETABS. It defines the material properties, section properties, load cases, and equivalent lateral force parameters. The steps include starting a new model, defining section properties for beams, columns, slabs, and walls, assigning the sections, defining load cases, and specifying the analysis and design procedures.
This document provides guidelines for using the structural analysis software ETABS consistently within Atkins Dubai. It covers topics such as modelling procedures, material properties, element definition and sizing, supports, loading, load combinations, and post-analysis checks. The objective is to complement ETABS manuals and comply with codes such as UBC 97, ASCE 7, and BS codes as well as local authority requirements for Dubai projects. The procedures are based on standard practice in Dubai but can be revised based on specific project requirements.
This chapter of the SAFE user's guide provides an overview of the program's graphical user interface. The interface includes a main window, title bars, menu bar, toolbars, up to four display windows, status bar, and mouse pointer position display. It describes the purpose and basic functions of each component to orient the user to the layout and navigation of the program.
This document describes the design of a pile cap by a group of civil engineering students. It defines a pile cap as a concrete mat that rests on piles driven into soft ground to provide a stable foundation. It then provides two examples of pile cap design, showing dimensions, load calculations, reinforcement requirements and construction details. The document concludes that a pile cap distributes a building's load to piles to form a stable foundation on unstable soil. It acknowledges the guidance of professors in completing this project.
This document provides information on the design of reinforced concrete columns, including:
- Columns transmit loads vertically to foundations and may resist both compression and bending. Common cross-sections are square, circular and rectangular.
- Columns are classified as braced or unbraced depending on lateral stability, and short or slender based on buckling resistance. Short column design considers axial load capacity while slender column design accounts for second-order effects.
- Reinforcement details include minimum longitudinal bar size and spacing and design of lateral ties. Slender column design determines loadings and calculates moments from stiffness, deflection and biaxial bending effects. Design charts are used to select reinforcement for columns under axial and uniaxial
This document discusses the design of compression members subjected to axial load and biaxial bending. It introduces the concept of biaxial eccentricities and explains that columns should be designed considering possible eccentricities in two axes. The document outlines the method suggested by IS 456-2000, which is based on Breslar's load contour approach. It relates the parameter αn to the ratio of Pu/Puz. Finally, it provides a step-by-step process for designing the column section, which involves determining uniaxial moment capacities, computing permissible moment values from charts, and revising the section if needed. It also briefly mentions the simplified method according to BS8110.
This document discusses problems that can occur during bored pile construction. It covers issues with excavating the pile borehole such as overbreak and water ingress. Problems with designing and lowering the pile reinforcement cage are described. Placement of concrete is discussed, including using a tremie pipe and delays between batches. Extracting temporary casing and pile construction in soft soil is also covered.
The document appears to be technical specifications or standards for structural design supplied by Apple Supply Bureau under a licensing agreement. It includes repetitive information about the license date and document number.
Lec11 Continuous Beams and One Way Slabs(1) (Reinforced Concrete Design I & P...Hossam Shafiq II
The document discusses reinforced concrete continuity and analysis methods for continuous beams and one-way slabs. It describes how steel reinforcement must extend through members to provide structural continuity. The ACI/SBC coefficient method of analysis is summarized, which uses coefficient tables to determine maximum shear forces and bending moments for continuous beams and one-way slabs under various loading conditions in a simplified manner compared to elastic analysis. Requirements for applying the coefficient method include having multiple spans with ratios less than 1.2, prismatic member sections, and live loads less than 3 times dead loads.
A two way slab is supported by beams on all four sides and has a ratio of longer to shorter span of less than 2. It has reinforcement in both directions. The design process involves preliminary sizing based on deflection criteria, analysis, sizing of reinforcement in the shorter direction as a singly reinforced section, checking for shear and deflection, and detailing of reinforcement including development length and torsion reinforcement.
ETABS is structural analysis software used to analyze and design buildings. It was developed in 1975 by students and later released commercially in 1985 by Computers and Structures Inc. The Burj Khalifa in Dubai was one of the first major projects analyzed using ETABS.
To model a structure in ETABS, materials like concrete and steel must first be defined along with their properties. Frame sections for beams, columns, walls and slabs are then created. The grid is drawn representing the building plan. Beams, columns, walls and slabs can then be drawn by connecting nodes on the grid. Modeling tools allow modifying the structural model by merging joints, aligning elements, and editing frames.
This chapter discusses the design and analysis of retaining walls. It begins with an introduction to retaining walls, describing what they are used for and common types. It then discusses the types of retaining walls in more detail, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, sheet pile, and others. The chapter covers design considerations such as definitions of wall parts, tentative dimensions for common wall types, and forces acting on walls such as earth pressures. It concludes with a discussion of stability considerations for external stability checks like overturning, sliding, bearing capacity, settlement, and rotational failure.
The document summarizes key concepts in the theory of structures including:
- Types of loads, reactions, and supports
- Statically determinate beams, frames, arches, and trusses
- Relationship between loads, shear forces, and bending moments
- Concepts of stability, determinacy, and methods of analysis for solving equilibrium and conditional equations
Examples are provided to demonstrate solving for reactions, internal forces, and conditional equations for various statically determinate structures. Factors affecting stability and determinacy are also discussed.
Design of steel structure as per is 800(2007)ahsanrabbani
It does not offer resistance against rotation and also termed as a hinged or pinned connections.
It transfers only axial or shear forces and it is not designed for moment
It is generally connected by single bolt/rivet and therefore full rotation is allowed
PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF PRECAST STRUCTURESAjit Sabnis
This document discusses planning and design of pre-cast concrete buildings. It begins with an introduction to pre-cast construction, noting the benefits of industrialized production such as quality, time savings, and environmental friendliness. It then covers various pre-cast structural systems and elements like columns, beams, floors, and facades. The document discusses design considerations including structural analysis, element design, transportation, and erection. It provides examples of pre-cast construction of buildings, parking garages, and metro rail stations in India. In summary, the document outlines planning, design, and construction methods for pre-cast concrete structures.
This document provides information about prestressed concrete, specifically focusing on post-tensioning methods. It defines post-tensioning as a method of reinforcing concrete with high-strength steel strands called tendons. After the concrete cures, the tendons are tensioned using hydraulic jacks and wedged into place to transfer pressure to the concrete. There are benefits to post-tensioning like allowing longer spans, thinner structures, and reduced cracking compared to conventional reinforced concrete. The document discusses bonded and unbonded post-tensioning methods and provides examples of applications like buildings, bridges, and parking structures.
The document provides information about precast concrete, including:
- Precast concrete is concrete that is cast off-site in a controlled environment using reusable molds. Elements can be joined to form structures.
- Products include buildings, walls, slabs, columns. Elements are poured into molds, cured, then transported and installed.
- History of precast concrete dates back to Rome. Examples given include the Sydney Opera House and buildings by Richard Meier.
- Advantages include reduced construction time, quality control, and earthquake resistance. Disadvantages include high costs for small projects and difficulty altering cast-in services.
The document discusses various types of reinforcement and formwork materials used for speedy construction. It describes four main types of reinforcement - hot rolled deformed bars, mild steel plain bars, cold worked steel reinforcement, and pre-stressing steel. It also discusses four common formwork systems - table or flying formwork, column formwork, horizontal panel systems, and vertical panel systems. The formwork systems allow for faster construction through modular, engineered components that reduce time, costs, and waste compared to traditional formwork.
Here are the key steps in concrete frame construction:
1. Excavation and foundation work - This involves excavating the land and laying the foundation system such as raft or pile foundations.
2. Erection of formwork - Formwork is erected to give shape to the concrete elements like columns, beams, slabs, etc. It is designed to bear the pressure of wet concrete.
3. Reinforcement cage - Steel reinforcement bars are cut, bent and assembled into cages and placed accurately in position in the formwork.
4. Concreting - Concrete is poured, compacted and finished after placing the reinforcement cages in position.
5. Curing - After concreting, the concrete elements
This document provides information on different surface finishing techniques for concrete. It describes smoothing the surface with a hand float, and then further finishing options like magnesium, aluminum or wood floats. Troweling with magnesium or steel trowels is covered, with notes on timing to avoid damaging the concrete. Broom finishing is also explained, including using a stiff broom and dragging it over the wet surface to create a non-slip texture. The summary concludes with the importance of curing the concrete to allow proper drying over several weeks.
The document discusses various types of reinforcement and formwork materials used for speedy construction. It describes hot rolled deformed bars, mild steel plain bars, cold worked steel reinforcement, and pre-stressing steel as the main types of reinforcement. It also discusses different types of formwork systems including conventional timber formwork, MS formwork, and advanced systems like table or flying formwork, column formwork, horizontal panel formwork, and vertical panel formwork. The advanced formwork systems allow for faster construction, better quality, and reduced costs.
This document discusses different types of concrete. It begins by explaining that concrete is composed of cement, fine aggregates like sand, and coarse aggregates mixed with water. It then describes several types of concrete including ordinary concrete, self-compacting concrete, reinforced cement concrete, precast concrete, prestressed concrete, and pervious concrete. For each type, it provides a brief definition and some of the key characteristics. The document focuses on explaining the composition and properties of different concretes used in construction.
The document discusses different types of reinforcement used in concrete construction including hot rolled deformed bars, mild steel plain bars, cold worked steel reinforcement, and prestressing steel. It also discusses ready mixed concrete (RMX), the working process of RMX, advantages and disadvantages compared to site mixed concrete. The document provides information on major RMX companies. It also discusses insulating concrete formwork (ICF), crosswall construction formwork, and photos of ICF site installation.
Pt slab design philosophy with slides and pictures showing benefitPerwez Ahmad
This document summarizes the history and development of post-tensioned flat slab construction. It began with early research and development of prestressing in Europe in the 1920s-1930s to allow for longer bridge spans. Prestressing was later applied to other structures like aircraft hangars and then to flat slab construction in the 1950s. Post-tensioned flat slabs provide benefits over reinforced concrete flat slabs like reduced cracking, thinner slabs, and increased spans. The document discusses materials, design codes, comparisons to reinforced concrete, and examples of ongoing post-tensioned flat slab projects in Oman.
The document provides information on methods of prestressing in concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. It discusses:
- Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before the concrete is cast around them.
- Post-tensioning involves stressing steel tendons after the concrete has cured using jacks, then grouting the voids.
- Both methods put the concrete in compression and increase its strength and durability compared to conventional reinforced concrete.
The document provides information on methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. It discusses:
- Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before the concrete is cast around them.
- Post-tensioning involves stressing steel tendons after the concrete has cured using jacks, then grouting the voids.
- Both methods put the concrete in compression and increase its strength and durability compared to conventional reinforced concrete.
This document discusses methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before concrete is poured around them. Post-tensioning involves stressing steel tendons inserted into voids in cured concrete using jacks. Both methods put the concrete in compression and improve its tensile strength. Common applications include building floors/roofs, bridges, and parking structures.
This document discusses prestressed concrete, which uses steel that is tensioned to put concrete in compression and increase its strength. There are two main types: pre-tensioned concrete, where steel is tensioned before the concrete is poured; and post-tensioned concrete, where steel is tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Post-tensioned concrete can be bonded or unbonded. Prestressed concrete allows for longer spans, thinner sections, and increased strength over traditional reinforced concrete. It has applications in buildings, bridges, parking structures, and other structures.
This document discusses different methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before placing concrete around them, while post-tensioning involves stressing tendons after the concrete has cured using hydraulic jacks. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, thinner slabs, and more architectural freedom compared to conventional reinforced concrete or pretensioned concrete. Common applications of post-tensioning include parking structures, bridges, and building floors and roofs.
Composite construction by Er. SURESH RAOAjit Sabnis
Presentation is a part of Structural Engg. series by ACCE(I) Institutes. Deals with details of Composite Structures-Design and Construction with case studies
This document provides an overview of post-tensioned concrete slabs. It discusses how PT slabs use high-strength steel strands in tension to compress the concrete and allow for thinner slab thicknesses. This makes PT slabs more efficient and economical compared to reinforced concrete, allowing for longer spans. Examples are given showing how PT slabs offer reductions in material usage, embodied carbon, and cost. Case studies demonstrate real-world applications of PT slab construction.
This document provides an outline for lectures on prestressed concrete, including basic concepts, materials, flexural analysis, design considerations, shear/torsion, loss of prestress over time, composite beams, and deflections. Key points covered include how prestressing controls cracking by applying compressive stresses to concrete before service loads; common prestressing methods of pre-tensioning and post-tensioning; estimating stresses in uncracked concrete beams using elastic theory; and accounting for various load stages in analysis and design.
This document provides information on formwork used in concrete construction. It defines formwork and lists its common materials as steel and wood. It describes the major objectives in formwork as quality, safety, and economy. It discusses the various types of formwork including temporary and permanent structures. It also provides details on formwork for different structural elements like walls, columns, slabs, beams, stairs, and chimneys. Finally, it covers topics like requirements, loads, design, and maintenance of formwork.
This document discusses prestressed concrete and defines key terms like pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stretching steel tendons before concrete is poured, while post-tensioning stretches steel inserted into hardened concrete. The document covers advantages of prestressing like reduced cracking and member sizes. It also discusses design considerations like prestress losses from shrinkage, creep, and relaxation. Both pretensioning and post-tensioning methods are outlined, along with tendon types like bars, wires, and strands.
This document discusses various civil engineering applications of composite materials. It provides examples of composite materials being used for new bridge structures, enclosures, bonding steel plates, bonding carbon laminates and fiber fabrics, cables, ropes, tendons, rods, and anchors. It also discusses research and manufacturing related to composites. Specific projects where composites were used are described, such as footbridges in the UK, a bascule bridge, bridge soffit enclosures, and bridges where steel plates or carbon laminates were bonded for strengthening. Advantages of composites include high strength, low weight, versatility in design, durability, and reduced need for maintenance compared to steel.
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Une évaluation comparable de la performance basée sur le temps d'escale des navires
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Greetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USA
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1. PHC PILE
World's most popular pile
TK BHABAN,13 KARWAN BAZAR (8TH & 9TH FLOOR), KARWAN BAZAR,DHAKA-1215
2. 50 Years of Maintenance Free Performance Without Special Surface Treatment.
Lower Cost Than Steel and Cast-In-Situ Piles.
Best Choice for The Environment.
Suitable for Installation in A Variety of Soil Conditions
Lower Weight Prevents Damage in Transport and Installation.
High Buckling Resistance and No Cracking Due To 70 MPa Concrete and 7 MPa Prestressing.
WHY
PHC
PILE ?
3. PHC piles are hollow, precast and prestressed concrete piles, in sizes generally ranging from 300 to 600
mm outside diameter, that are fabricated by prestressing methods. The dimension of PHC pile that is
generally used according to Japan Industrial Standard (JIS) 5335 1987.
PHC pile is one of the types of piles are widely used in the world construction, for example in building and
bridge. PHC pile is a prestressed concrete pile with circular hollow section. It is advisable to analysing of
methods of increasing the strength and reliability of PHC pile due to earthquake loads, either by
modifying the longitudinal reinforcement and confinement. In addition, it is about the failure patterns of
PHC pile due to seismic loads.
ACKGROUND :
EATURES :
Pretensioned High-Performance Concrete (PHC) piles were first invented in Japan in the 1970’s as a
means to provide a solid base for building structures in a rapidly growing and earthquake prone country.
Since their invention in Japan, PHC piles have been used widely in developed countries such as USA,
Germany, Italy, as well as Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam and played a key role
in rapid development of China and southeast Asia.
PHC pile is one of the types of piles are widely used in the world construction, for example in building and
bridge. PHC pile is a prestressed concrete pile with circular hollow section.
VERVIEW :
F
High design bearing power :
With concrete design strength of 80 -100 MPa it has higher strength than traditional Bored & PC Pile
design strength. Thus, economical design is possible.
High resistance against hitting
Because combination between aggregate and cement paste is extremely strong by steam curing,
compressive strength of the concrete is considerably high. This means that it has high resistance against
hitting, and for this, it has high constructability, so it is economic. Also, even if the numbers of driving are
increased, it can be reached to the bearing layer because percentage of damage during driving is low.
Economical design :
Not only it has huge design bearing capacity and high resistance, but also high strength pile production
is possible in short time due to auto clave curing, it is economical that it can be con- structed without any
delay on the construction by changing the length depending on the ground condition
Few drying shrinkage :
From the test result by the centrifugal force test piece, concrete cured by steam curing has smaller
drying shrinkage and creep.
4. PPLICATIONS :
Bridge Piers as Deep Foundation or Pier Piles
High Rise Buildings
Petroleum and Gas Tanks, Water and Sewage, Waste Water Treatment
Plants
Marine Structures and Harbors
Equipment Foundation Solutions for Petroleum, Gas and Steel Plants
Water Treatment Plant
Liquefaction Mitigation
Any Important Project,
Foundations and Soil
Improvement Are the First
Stage of Development. For
Over 40 Years, PHC Piles
Have Provided the Safest,
Fastest and Most Economical
Solution as A Foundation for
Major Infrastructure and
Investments.
PHC Piles Are Most Effective
Solutions in The Following
Uses:
Excellent chemical resistance :
PHC PILE receives excellent result rather than Pre cast PILE for chemical resistance. This is because that
composition of cement hardener is closed by steam curing and adhesion between cement paste and
aggregate is strong
Higher Bending moments :
If compared in a point view of destruction bending moment and axial force of PC, PHC PILE, as axial force
N is increased; destruction bending moment of PHC PILE is getting larger than PC
5. PHC
PHC piles have an extremely high tensile strength which avoid cracks occurring in the pile structure
before and during installation (transportation and driving stages) and after installation (service loads and
ground movement).
Transportation of piles as well as the tensions created during pile driving is the main cause of tensile
stress. Due to the inborn weakness of concrete against tensile stress, cracks typically occur in ordinary
reinforced concrete pile sections.
In traditional piles, tensile strength is provided by steel rebar. Unfortunately, the reinforcing bars deform
longitudinally during transport and installation and consequently sectional cracks are created in
concrete.
In corrosive environments, these cracks lead to damage to steel and concrete by penetration of chlorine
ion, sulphates, alkaline reactions, etc. To complicate matters more, inspection and evaluation of integrity
of traditional concrete piles after installation are challenging as these elements are not accessible by
visual inspection.
Some consultants mainly focus on the superstructure and calculate pile structural strength and
resistance, whereas serviceability load during transportation, erection and installation must also be
calculated.
Australian standard piling – design and installation emphasizes the requirements and procedures of
considering serviceability loads in pile design. If superstructure loads, transportation and installation
influences, seismic loads, ground movements, adhesion of soils and parameters of durability and design
life mentioned in section 6 of Australian standard as 2159 are considered, the parameters of pile design, in
corrosive environments, traditional non-prestressed piles must be excluded as an option.
Centrifugally manufactured concrete creates a higher density, hardened concrete compared to cast-in-
place method making sure that no cracks are created along the shaft of the pile when pre-stressing is
added. this means no damage to the piles during transportation and installation. to summarize,
prestressed manufactured piles result in very high strength concrete guaranteeing the durability and
design life of piles after installation.
pile
6. Comparison
Sort Bored Pile Precast Pile PHC Pile
Application of
Load
Good Resistance but
not as good as PHC
pile
Weak Resistance
against shear and
moment
Excellent resistance against shear
force, tensile force and moment
Constructability
Excavation and
Temporary casing
driving make
construction difficult
It can penetrate soft
layer soil strata,
hence difficult
It can be applied in hauling and
welding withoutproblems
Supporting Force Securing Force is easy
Penetration of this
pile is much lower,
not securing the
supporting force
Penetration of driving pile is much
higher thanPrecast pile, securing the
supporting force- In case of pre-
excavating embeddedpile, secure the
tow supporting forcewith End-Close
pile. Excellent than steelpipe pile,
Bored pile, Precast Pile
Economics Economics is poorer Costlier
Excellent economy than steel pipe,
Bored & Precast Pile - Price is table
relatively
Pile Head
Breaking pile head is
time consuming
Same as Bored Pile
No loss of pre-stressing and no crack
occurs when cutting the pile head for
the head arrangement
Bending Moment Relatively good
Lower Bending
moment results in
shear failure
Bending resistance capacity is much
higher than Bored & Precast Pile
Installation Time
Period
Typically takes longer
than other two type of
pile
Installation
hampers due to low
penetration
capacity
Quicker & Faster than Both
Durability
Durable in mode of
construction
Breaks in hard soil
strata
Higher spinning results in Durable
construction
Quality Control
Maintaining quality is
difficult
It is usually
constructed in yard,
hence poorer
quality.
As factory made, quality is superior
Structural Stability
Excellent construction quality
Economic
Safety in PHC Piles :
7. General Specification
Standards :
PHC pile comply with MS 1214:part 4 2004 and also generally complies with JIS A 5337:1987. PHC Piles are
modified to suit BS-8004:1986- Foundations and BS 8110:1997 – Structural Use of Concrete. Concrete
complies with SS EN 206-1:2009-Specification of Concrete.
Material :
Aggregates- Coarse Aggregates shall be 20 mm stone. Fine aggregate shall be clean river sand or
washed mining sand.
Cement-Portland cement complies with MS 522:2007
Prestressing Steel- High frequency induction heat treated bars manufactured to JIS G 3137:1994 or
equivalent.
Spiral Wire- Hard drawn wire.
CONCRETE STRENGTH
Minimum concrete cube strength:
at transfer of prestress- 30 N/mm2
at 28 days - Grade 80 pile- 80 N/mm2
JOINT:
The joint is designed to have the same performance as the main body particularly in respect of bending
strength.
LIFTING POINTS:
For piles up to 12m length, piles shall be lifted by using steel hooks at both ends. For piles exceeding 12m,
piles shall be lifted by wrapping wire ropes around the piles at the marked lifting points.
PILE SHOE :
PHC Piles will be supplied either open ended, with a flat shoe or with an X-pointed shoe.
CURING :
After casting, the piles are steam cured. When the concrete reaches the specified transfer strength, the
piles are demoulded, marked and checked for quality. The piles can normally be transported and driven
after three days from the date of casting, or when the cube strength reaches 70 N/mm2.
IDENTIFICATION :
All PHC Piles have the typical markings as below:
Company's Initial Standard
Pile Size and Class
Date of Cast (yy/mm/dd)
Serial No & Factory Code
Pile Length and Type
STANDARD LENGTHS
PHC Piles are available in lengths of 6m to 12m (can be jointed upto 46m) subject to certain limitations.
DELIVERY
Within approximately 7-15 days from the date of production
8. Nominal
Diameter
Nominal
Thickness
Length
Prestressing Bar
Area of
Concrete
Section
Modulus
Bending Moment Recommended
Max Structural
Load
Effective
Prestress
9mm 10.7mm Cracking Ultimate
mm mm m no no mm
x1000
mm
Knm Knm ton N/mm
300 55 6-12 6 - 43,595 2,383 27.5 54.1 82 5.80
400 65 6-12 10 - 68,408 5,106 42.7 61.8 132 4.30
500 80 6-12 10 - 105,558 9,888 82.3 115.9 204 4.84
600 90 6-12 12 - 144,199 16,586 148.8 222.5 276 4.53
Class C (Effective Prestress ≥ 7.0 N/mm )
Class B (Effective Prestress ≥ 5.0 N/mm )
*A single pile can be jointed upto 45m
Standard Grade 80 Pile
Class A (Effective Prestress ≥ 4.0 N/mm )
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
3
3
Nominal
Diameter
Nominal
Thickness
Length
Prestressing Bar
Area of
Concrete
Section
Modulus
Bending Moment Recommended
Max Structural
Load
Effective
Prestress
9mm 10.7mm Cracking Ultimate
mm mm m no no mm
x1000
mm
Knm Knm ton N/mm
300 65 6-12 6 - 49,250 2,453 27.88 59.01 84 8.5
400 80 6-12 12 - 80,425 5,748 69.7 148.3 147 8.1
500 90 6-12 15 - 115,925 10,670 120.3 231.7 215 7.3
600 100 6-12 20 - 157,080 17,761 198.0 370.8 291 7.0
2
2
3
Nominal
Diameter
Nominal
Thickness
Length
Prestressing Bar
Area of
Concrete
Section
Modulus
Bending Moment Recommended
Max Structural
Load
Effective
Prestress
9mm 10.7mm Cracking Ultimate
mm mm m no no mm
x1000
mm
Knm Knm ton N/mm
300 60 6-12 6 - 46,501 2,393 26.81 58.01 85 6.4
400 80 6-12 10 - 80,425 5,643 53.7 92.70 148 5.5
500 90 6-12 10 - 115,925 10,518 95.9 154.50 221 5.1
600 100 6-12 14 - 157,080 17,546 163.1 259.6 295 5.3
9. Standard Grade 80 Pile
Class AB
ACI 543R
PCI Prestressed concrete piling committee
*A single pile can be joint upto 45 m
Formula for Axial Load:
Based on BS 8004:1984 the maximum allowable axial stress that maybe applied to a pile acting as short strut
should be one quarter of specified works cube strength at 28 days less the prestress after losses.
N= fca X A
= ¼ (fcu-fpe) X A
Where, N = maximum allowable axial load
A = cross-section area of concrete fca
fca = permissible compressive strength of concrete
fcu = specified compressive strength of concrete
fpe = effective prestress in concrete
CODE:
Pa = Ag(0.33 fc'− 0.27fpc)
where
Pa = allowable service level axial load
Ag = gross cross-sectional area of pile
fc' = 28-day compressive strength of concrete
fpc = effective prestress in the pile after losses
2 2
3
Nominal
Diameter
Nominal
Thickness
Length
Prestressing Bar
Area of
Concrete
Section
Modulus
Bending Moment Recommended
Max Structural
Load
Effective
Prestress
9mm 10.7mm Cracking Ultimate
mm mm m no no mm
x1000
mm
Knm Knm ton N/mm
300 70 6-12 6 - 51,841 2,508 30 50 129 6.37
400 95 6-12 - 10 93,131 5,965 74 132 233 8.03
500 125 6-14 12 150,829 11,831 136 226 322 6.16
600 130 6-14 - 16 196,113 19,518 223 374 374 6.13
10. Dia of pile
D
Throat
thickness
A
W
Root
R
mm mm mm mm
300 8.5 4 2
400 10 4.5 2
500 12 5 2
600 12 5 2
Dia of pile
D
Quantity
Dia L
mm nos mm mm
300 4 12 500
400 5 12 700
500 6 16 900
600 8 16 1000
Sectional Details of PHC Piles
Bonding into Pile cap
STARTER PILE
EXTENTION PILE
As the PC bars are bonded with concrete, PHC piles may be cut off at any point. The piles
need not be stripped down to expose the bars and can be bonded to the pile cap as shown in the
above sketch. If the piles are not subjected to tensile loads, the recommended M.S. bars are
considered adequate
MS Bars
JOINT WELDING DETAILS
TYPICAL PILE STARTER BARS INTO PILECAPS