This document summarizes the history and development of post-tensioned flat slab construction. It began with early research and development of prestressing in Europe in the 1920s-1930s to allow for longer bridge spans. Prestressing was later applied to other structures like aircraft hangars and then to flat slab construction in the 1950s. Post-tensioned flat slabs provide benefits over reinforced concrete flat slabs like reduced cracking, thinner slabs, and increased spans. The document discusses materials, design codes, comparisons to reinforced concrete, and examples of ongoing post-tensioned flat slab projects in Oman.
Prestressed concrete structures and its applications By Mukesh Singh GhuraiyaMukesh Singh Ghuraiya
1. What is Prestressed??
2. Principle of Prestressed
3. Method of prestressing
4. Prestressed concrete structures
5. Advantages/application of Prestressed concrete
6. Disadvantages of Prestressed concrete
7. Comparison of RCC and Prestressed Concrete Flat Slabs
This document describes the design of a pile cap by a group of civil engineering students. It defines a pile cap as a concrete mat that rests on piles driven into soft ground to provide a stable foundation. It then provides two examples of pile cap design, showing dimensions, load calculations, reinforcement requirements and construction details. The document concludes that a pile cap distributes a building's load to piles to form a stable foundation on unstable soil. It acknowledges the guidance of professors in completing this project.
This document provides an overview of post-tensioned concrete slabs. It discusses how PT slabs use high-strength steel strands in tension to compress the concrete and allow for thinner slab thicknesses. This makes PT slabs more efficient and economical compared to reinforced concrete, allowing for longer spans. Examples are given showing how PT slabs offer reductions in material usage, embodied carbon, and cost. Case studies demonstrate real-world applications of PT slab construction.
This document section describes design considerations for precast pretensioned concrete girders. It discusses typical girder sections and common span ranges. The key stages in precast girder design are described as transfer (when prestressing force is transferred to the concrete), service (when self-weight and permanent loads are considered), and ultimate (to resist factored loads). Three stages of stress development are discussed: transfer when prestressing occurs, stage IIA when the girder is erected and before the composite deck is cured, and stage IIB when the composite section develops. Standard precast girder types used in California include I-girders, bulb-tees, bath-tubs, and wide-flange sections,
This document compares reinforced concrete (RC) flat slab and post-tensioned (PT) slab systems. It analyzes slabs of varying panel sizes from 9x9m to 12x12m under different loading conditions using software. The PT slabs were found to have higher moment capacity, require less concrete thickness and rebar, and provide better serviceability than RC slabs. Construction photos of completed PT slab projects are also shown. The document concludes that PT slabs are more cost effective for building floor systems compared to RC flat slabs.
Structural Analysis And Design is a structural analysis and design software. It includes tools for 3D modeling, analysis, and design of structures according to various international codes. The software was originally developed by Research Engineers International and later acquired by Bentley Systems. It allows engineers to generate models using different elements like frames, plates, and solids. Various types of structures like trusses, planes, and spaces can be modeled and analyzed. The software provides tools for assigning properties, loads, boundary conditions, and performing analysis to calculate member forces and deflections. The results can then be used for structural design of elements like beams, columns, slabs, and foundations.
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression prior to service loads being applied through tensioning of steel tendons. This counteracts tensile stresses from loads to improve the performance of the concrete. Eugene Freyssinet is considered the father of prestressed concrete, developing techniques like high strength steel wires and conical wedges for post-tensioning in the 1930s-1940s. Prestressing can be through pre-tensioning or post-tensioning, depending on if the steel is tensioned before or after the concrete is cast. Popular post-tensioning systems include Freyssinet, Magnel Blaton, Gifford-Udall, and Lee-McCall methods. Prestressed concrete provides
The document provides step-by-step instructions for modeling, analyzing, and designing a 10-story reinforced concrete building using ETABS. It defines the material properties, section properties, load cases, and equivalent lateral force parameters. The steps include starting a new model, defining section properties for beams, columns, slabs, and walls, assigning the sections, defining load cases, and specifying the analysis and design procedures.
Prestressed concrete structures and its applications By Mukesh Singh GhuraiyaMukesh Singh Ghuraiya
1. What is Prestressed??
2. Principle of Prestressed
3. Method of prestressing
4. Prestressed concrete structures
5. Advantages/application of Prestressed concrete
6. Disadvantages of Prestressed concrete
7. Comparison of RCC and Prestressed Concrete Flat Slabs
This document describes the design of a pile cap by a group of civil engineering students. It defines a pile cap as a concrete mat that rests on piles driven into soft ground to provide a stable foundation. It then provides two examples of pile cap design, showing dimensions, load calculations, reinforcement requirements and construction details. The document concludes that a pile cap distributes a building's load to piles to form a stable foundation on unstable soil. It acknowledges the guidance of professors in completing this project.
This document provides an overview of post-tensioned concrete slabs. It discusses how PT slabs use high-strength steel strands in tension to compress the concrete and allow for thinner slab thicknesses. This makes PT slabs more efficient and economical compared to reinforced concrete, allowing for longer spans. Examples are given showing how PT slabs offer reductions in material usage, embodied carbon, and cost. Case studies demonstrate real-world applications of PT slab construction.
This document section describes design considerations for precast pretensioned concrete girders. It discusses typical girder sections and common span ranges. The key stages in precast girder design are described as transfer (when prestressing force is transferred to the concrete), service (when self-weight and permanent loads are considered), and ultimate (to resist factored loads). Three stages of stress development are discussed: transfer when prestressing occurs, stage IIA when the girder is erected and before the composite deck is cured, and stage IIB when the composite section develops. Standard precast girder types used in California include I-girders, bulb-tees, bath-tubs, and wide-flange sections,
This document compares reinforced concrete (RC) flat slab and post-tensioned (PT) slab systems. It analyzes slabs of varying panel sizes from 9x9m to 12x12m under different loading conditions using software. The PT slabs were found to have higher moment capacity, require less concrete thickness and rebar, and provide better serviceability than RC slabs. Construction photos of completed PT slab projects are also shown. The document concludes that PT slabs are more cost effective for building floor systems compared to RC flat slabs.
Structural Analysis And Design is a structural analysis and design software. It includes tools for 3D modeling, analysis, and design of structures according to various international codes. The software was originally developed by Research Engineers International and later acquired by Bentley Systems. It allows engineers to generate models using different elements like frames, plates, and solids. Various types of structures like trusses, planes, and spaces can be modeled and analyzed. The software provides tools for assigning properties, loads, boundary conditions, and performing analysis to calculate member forces and deflections. The results can then be used for structural design of elements like beams, columns, slabs, and foundations.
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression prior to service loads being applied through tensioning of steel tendons. This counteracts tensile stresses from loads to improve the performance of the concrete. Eugene Freyssinet is considered the father of prestressed concrete, developing techniques like high strength steel wires and conical wedges for post-tensioning in the 1930s-1940s. Prestressing can be through pre-tensioning or post-tensioning, depending on if the steel is tensioned before or after the concrete is cast. Popular post-tensioning systems include Freyssinet, Magnel Blaton, Gifford-Udall, and Lee-McCall methods. Prestressed concrete provides
The document provides step-by-step instructions for modeling, analyzing, and designing a 10-story reinforced concrete building using ETABS. It defines the material properties, section properties, load cases, and equivalent lateral force parameters. The steps include starting a new model, defining section properties for beams, columns, slabs, and walls, assigning the sections, defining load cases, and specifying the analysis and design procedures.
Calulation of deflection and crack width according to is 456 2000Vikas Mehta
This document discusses the calculation of crack width in reinforced concrete flexural members. It provides information on:
1) Crack width is calculated to satisfy serviceability limits and is only relevant for Type 3 pre-stressed concrete members that crack under service loads.
2) Crack width depends on factors like amount of pre-stress, tensile stress in bars, concrete cover thickness, bar diameter and spacing, member depth and location of neutral axis, bond strength, and concrete tensile strength.
3) The method of calculation involves determining the shortest distance from the surface to a bar and using equations involving member depth, neutral axis depth, average strain at the surface level. Permissible crack widths are specified depending on exposure
This document discusses the equivalent frame method for analyzing two-way slabs. It introduces the equivalent frame method, which transforms a 3D structural system into a 2D system by representing the stiffness of slab and beam members as Ksb, and the modified stiffness of columns as Kec. This allows the 3D behavior to be analyzed using conventional 2D frame analysis methods. The document then covers determining the values of Ksb and Kec to represent the slab and column stiffness in the equivalent frame.
This document discusses various structural design considerations for concrete hydraulic structures like water tanks and reservoirs. It outlines goals of serviceability, durability, low permeability, and limiting deflections and cracks. It provides references and recommendations on concrete mix design, steel reinforcement, joint design, thickness requirements, flotation criteria, design loads, strength design methodology, and analysis methods. It also briefly mentions precast versus cast-in-place construction and provides an example project of a spillway repair.
This document discusses the design of column braces for structures. It defines braced and unbraced columns, with braced columns having zero sway and stability provided by walls or bracing, while unbraced columns are subjected to sway with stability only from other columns. It describes different types of internal and external bracing patterns and factors to consider in brace analysis, including displacement, base shear, wind loads, maximum shear and bending moments. The document provides guidelines for designing braces based on column moments and explains how bracing type affects seismic resistance parameters through a parametric study.
Earthquake analysis by Response Spectrum MethodPralhad Kore
This document provides steps for performing an earthquake analysis using the response spectrum method in STAAD v8i. Key steps include:
1. Generating primary load cases for the X and Z directions using the specified code spectrum
2. Modeling dead and live loads
3. Obtaining support reactions for a load combination of dead + 0.25 live loads
4. Exporting the support reaction values to Excel tables
5. Importing the Excel tables back into STAAD as joint loads to apply the earthquake loads
6. Analyzing the structure with fixed supports instead of pin supports
The overall process applies earthquake loads to the structure using the response spectrum method and obtains the response of the structure under seismic loading
A raft foundation is a large concrete slab that interfaces columns with the base soil. It can support storage tanks, equipment, or tower structures. There are different types including flat plate, plate with thickened columns, and waffle slab. The structural design uses conventional rigid or flexible methods. It involves determining soil pressures, load eccentricities, moment and shear diagrams for strips, punching shear sections, steel reinforcement, and checking stresses. A beam-slab raft foundation design follows the same process as an inverted beam-slab roof.
The document provides information about a 21 meter long prestressed concrete pile driven into sand. The pile has an allowable working load of 502 kN, with an octagonal cross-section of 0.356 meters diameter and area of 0.1045 m^2. Skin resistance supports 350 kN of the load and point bearing the rest. The document requests calculating the elastic settlement of the pile given its properties, the load distribution, and soil parameters.
This document provides methods for designing reinforced concrete slabs using working stress design and ultimate strength design. It discusses one-way and two-way slab design, including defining characteristics, load calculations, moment calculations, depth checks, and steel calculations. Formulas are provided for slab thickness selection, elastic constant calculation, load calculations considering dead and live loads, moment determination using code coefficients, minimum steel requirements, and distribution steel spacing.
This document provides an overview of foundation design, including:
1) It defines the two major requirements of foundation design as sustaining applied loads without exceeding soil bearing capacity and maintaining uniform settlement within tolerable limits.
2) It differentiates between shallow and deep foundations, with shallow foundations including isolated, combined, strap, and strip footings and deep foundations including pile foundations.
3) It explains considerations for foundation design such as minimum depth, thickness, and determining bending moments and soil bearing capacity.
This document provides an overview of design in reinforced concrete according to BS 8110. It discusses the basic materials used - concrete and steel reinforcement - and their properties. It describes two limit states for design: ultimate limit state considering failure, and serviceability limit state considering deflection and cracking. Key aspects of beam design are summarized, including types of beams, design for bending and shear resistance, and limiting deflection. Reinforcement detailing rules are also briefly covered.
Prestressed concrete combines high-strength concrete and high-strength steel in an active manner by tensioning steel tendons and holding them against the concrete, putting it into compression. This transforms concrete from a brittle to a more elastic material. It allows for optimal use of each material's properties and better behavior under loads. Prestressed concrete was pioneered in the 1930s and its use has expanded, finding applications in bridges and other structures. Common methods are pretensioning and post-tensioning, using various tendon types, with bonded or unbonded configurations. Tensioning is done using mechanical, hydraulic, electrical or chemical devices.
The document discusses the design of a combined footing to support two columns. It first defines what a combined footing is and why it is used. It then describes the types of combined footings and the forces acting on it. The document provides the design steps for a rectangular combined footing, which include determining dimensions, reinforcement requirements, and design checks. As an example, it shows the detailed design of a rectangular combined footing supporting two columns with loads of 450kN and 650kN respectively. The design includes calculating dimensions, reinforcement, development lengths, and design checks.
This document discusses the design and construction of a post-tensioned concrete slab. It begins with objectives to summarize experience with post-tensioning in building construction and discuss design and construction of post-tensioned flat slab structures. It then provides details on prestressed concrete principles, design of the PT slabs including thickness determination and prestress calculations, and execution steps like formwork, concrete pouring, prestressing, and grouting. Post-tensioning offers advantages over reinforced concrete like longer spans, thinner slabs, and improved seismic performance.
CE 72.52 - Lecture 8a - Retrofitting of RC MembersFawad Najam
The document outlines a presentation on retrofitting concrete structures. It discusses two approaches to retrofitting: global (system) strengthening which adds new elements to enhance stiffness, and local (element) strengthening which targets insufficient member capacities. Examples of global retrofitting mentioned include adding reinforced concrete shear walls and buckling restrained braces. Local retrofitting examples discussed are reinforcement concrete jacketing of columns and beams.
This document discusses the design of two-way slabs. It defines a two-way slab as having a ratio of long to short spans of less than 2. The main types of two-way slabs described are flat slabs with drop panels, two-way slabs with beams, flat plates, and waffle slabs. The basic steps of two-way slab design are outlined, including choosing the slab type and thickness, the design method, calculating moments, determining reinforcement, and checking shear strength. Two common design methods are described: the direct design method which uses coefficients, and the equivalent frame method which analyzes frames cut between columns.
The document discusses the design of slender columns. It defines a slender column as having a slenderness ratio (length to least lateral dimension) greater than 12. Slender columns experience appreciable lateral deflection even under axial loads alone. The design of slender columns can be done using three methods - the strength reduction coefficient method, additional moment method, or moment magnification method. The document outlines the step-by-step procedure for designing a slender column using the additional moment method, which involves determining the effective length, initial moments, additional moments, total moments accounting for a reduction coefficient, and redesigning the column for combined axial load and bending.
Raft foundations are used when buildings have heavy loads, compressible soil, or require minimal differential settlement. A raft foundation is a continuous concrete slab that supports all building columns. It can be designed using either a rigid or flexible approach. The rigid approach assumes the raft bridges soil variations, while the flexible approach models soil-structure interaction. Key considerations for raft design include bearing capacity, settlement, stress distribution, and structural component sizing.
Post-tensioning is an effective alternative for earthquake-prone regions and dense populations in India. It has advantages over ordinary reinforced concrete like higher seismic resilience, less concrete usage, stiffer foundations, and faster construction. Post-tensioning involves threading steel tendons through ducts and tensioning them after concrete pouring. It provides better crack control, economy, quality, and efficiency. While widely used in other countries, post-tensioning is not yet common in India but has applications in slabs, buildings, and foundations.
This document discusses the design of an isolated column footing, including:
1) Types of isolated column footings and factors that influence footing size like bearing capacity of soil.
2) Key sections to check for bending moment, shear, and development length.
3) Reinforcement requirements.
4) An example problem where a rectangular isolated sloped footing is designed for a column carrying an axial load of 2000 kN. Design checks are performed for footing size, bending moment, shear, development length, and reinforcement.
This document provides details on the design and construction of flat slab structures. It discusses the benefits of flat slabs such as flexibility in layout, reduced building height and faster construction. Key considerations for design include wall and column placement, structural layout optimization, deflection checks, crack control and punching shear. Analysis involves dividing the slab into strips and determining moment and shear distributions. Reinforcement is arranged in two directions and detailing includes reinforcement lapping and service penetrations.
This resource material is exclusively for the purpose of knowledge dissemination for the use of Civil engineering Fraternity, professionals & students.
This file contains state of art techniques adopted & practiced as per IS456 code provisions for analysis design & detailing of flat slab structural systems.
The presentation aims to provide clear,concise, technical details of flat slabs design.
The presentation deals with structural actions & behavior of flat slabs with visual representations obtained through finite element analysis.
The knowledge gained can be used for designing building structures frequently encountered in construction.
The presentation covers an important feature of slab systems supported on rigid & flexible support & clearly demarcates the minimum beam dimensions required to consider the supports to be either rigid or flexible.
The presentation alsoincludes clear technical drawings to highlight the importance of detailing w.r.t. rebar lay out - positioning & curtailment. Typical section drawing through middle & column strips are also included for visualizing rebar patterns in 3 -d views.
This presentation is an outcome of series of lectures for undergrad & grad students studying in civil engineering.
My next presentation would be on Analysis & design of deep beams.
Kindly mail me ( vvietcivil@gmail.com) your questions & valuable feedback.
Calulation of deflection and crack width according to is 456 2000Vikas Mehta
This document discusses the calculation of crack width in reinforced concrete flexural members. It provides information on:
1) Crack width is calculated to satisfy serviceability limits and is only relevant for Type 3 pre-stressed concrete members that crack under service loads.
2) Crack width depends on factors like amount of pre-stress, tensile stress in bars, concrete cover thickness, bar diameter and spacing, member depth and location of neutral axis, bond strength, and concrete tensile strength.
3) The method of calculation involves determining the shortest distance from the surface to a bar and using equations involving member depth, neutral axis depth, average strain at the surface level. Permissible crack widths are specified depending on exposure
This document discusses the equivalent frame method for analyzing two-way slabs. It introduces the equivalent frame method, which transforms a 3D structural system into a 2D system by representing the stiffness of slab and beam members as Ksb, and the modified stiffness of columns as Kec. This allows the 3D behavior to be analyzed using conventional 2D frame analysis methods. The document then covers determining the values of Ksb and Kec to represent the slab and column stiffness in the equivalent frame.
This document discusses various structural design considerations for concrete hydraulic structures like water tanks and reservoirs. It outlines goals of serviceability, durability, low permeability, and limiting deflections and cracks. It provides references and recommendations on concrete mix design, steel reinforcement, joint design, thickness requirements, flotation criteria, design loads, strength design methodology, and analysis methods. It also briefly mentions precast versus cast-in-place construction and provides an example project of a spillway repair.
This document discusses the design of column braces for structures. It defines braced and unbraced columns, with braced columns having zero sway and stability provided by walls or bracing, while unbraced columns are subjected to sway with stability only from other columns. It describes different types of internal and external bracing patterns and factors to consider in brace analysis, including displacement, base shear, wind loads, maximum shear and bending moments. The document provides guidelines for designing braces based on column moments and explains how bracing type affects seismic resistance parameters through a parametric study.
Earthquake analysis by Response Spectrum MethodPralhad Kore
This document provides steps for performing an earthquake analysis using the response spectrum method in STAAD v8i. Key steps include:
1. Generating primary load cases for the X and Z directions using the specified code spectrum
2. Modeling dead and live loads
3. Obtaining support reactions for a load combination of dead + 0.25 live loads
4. Exporting the support reaction values to Excel tables
5. Importing the Excel tables back into STAAD as joint loads to apply the earthquake loads
6. Analyzing the structure with fixed supports instead of pin supports
The overall process applies earthquake loads to the structure using the response spectrum method and obtains the response of the structure under seismic loading
A raft foundation is a large concrete slab that interfaces columns with the base soil. It can support storage tanks, equipment, or tower structures. There are different types including flat plate, plate with thickened columns, and waffle slab. The structural design uses conventional rigid or flexible methods. It involves determining soil pressures, load eccentricities, moment and shear diagrams for strips, punching shear sections, steel reinforcement, and checking stresses. A beam-slab raft foundation design follows the same process as an inverted beam-slab roof.
The document provides information about a 21 meter long prestressed concrete pile driven into sand. The pile has an allowable working load of 502 kN, with an octagonal cross-section of 0.356 meters diameter and area of 0.1045 m^2. Skin resistance supports 350 kN of the load and point bearing the rest. The document requests calculating the elastic settlement of the pile given its properties, the load distribution, and soil parameters.
This document provides methods for designing reinforced concrete slabs using working stress design and ultimate strength design. It discusses one-way and two-way slab design, including defining characteristics, load calculations, moment calculations, depth checks, and steel calculations. Formulas are provided for slab thickness selection, elastic constant calculation, load calculations considering dead and live loads, moment determination using code coefficients, minimum steel requirements, and distribution steel spacing.
This document provides an overview of foundation design, including:
1) It defines the two major requirements of foundation design as sustaining applied loads without exceeding soil bearing capacity and maintaining uniform settlement within tolerable limits.
2) It differentiates between shallow and deep foundations, with shallow foundations including isolated, combined, strap, and strip footings and deep foundations including pile foundations.
3) It explains considerations for foundation design such as minimum depth, thickness, and determining bending moments and soil bearing capacity.
This document provides an overview of design in reinforced concrete according to BS 8110. It discusses the basic materials used - concrete and steel reinforcement - and their properties. It describes two limit states for design: ultimate limit state considering failure, and serviceability limit state considering deflection and cracking. Key aspects of beam design are summarized, including types of beams, design for bending and shear resistance, and limiting deflection. Reinforcement detailing rules are also briefly covered.
Prestressed concrete combines high-strength concrete and high-strength steel in an active manner by tensioning steel tendons and holding them against the concrete, putting it into compression. This transforms concrete from a brittle to a more elastic material. It allows for optimal use of each material's properties and better behavior under loads. Prestressed concrete was pioneered in the 1930s and its use has expanded, finding applications in bridges and other structures. Common methods are pretensioning and post-tensioning, using various tendon types, with bonded or unbonded configurations. Tensioning is done using mechanical, hydraulic, electrical or chemical devices.
The document discusses the design of a combined footing to support two columns. It first defines what a combined footing is and why it is used. It then describes the types of combined footings and the forces acting on it. The document provides the design steps for a rectangular combined footing, which include determining dimensions, reinforcement requirements, and design checks. As an example, it shows the detailed design of a rectangular combined footing supporting two columns with loads of 450kN and 650kN respectively. The design includes calculating dimensions, reinforcement, development lengths, and design checks.
This document discusses the design and construction of a post-tensioned concrete slab. It begins with objectives to summarize experience with post-tensioning in building construction and discuss design and construction of post-tensioned flat slab structures. It then provides details on prestressed concrete principles, design of the PT slabs including thickness determination and prestress calculations, and execution steps like formwork, concrete pouring, prestressing, and grouting. Post-tensioning offers advantages over reinforced concrete like longer spans, thinner slabs, and improved seismic performance.
CE 72.52 - Lecture 8a - Retrofitting of RC MembersFawad Najam
The document outlines a presentation on retrofitting concrete structures. It discusses two approaches to retrofitting: global (system) strengthening which adds new elements to enhance stiffness, and local (element) strengthening which targets insufficient member capacities. Examples of global retrofitting mentioned include adding reinforced concrete shear walls and buckling restrained braces. Local retrofitting examples discussed are reinforcement concrete jacketing of columns and beams.
This document discusses the design of two-way slabs. It defines a two-way slab as having a ratio of long to short spans of less than 2. The main types of two-way slabs described are flat slabs with drop panels, two-way slabs with beams, flat plates, and waffle slabs. The basic steps of two-way slab design are outlined, including choosing the slab type and thickness, the design method, calculating moments, determining reinforcement, and checking shear strength. Two common design methods are described: the direct design method which uses coefficients, and the equivalent frame method which analyzes frames cut between columns.
The document discusses the design of slender columns. It defines a slender column as having a slenderness ratio (length to least lateral dimension) greater than 12. Slender columns experience appreciable lateral deflection even under axial loads alone. The design of slender columns can be done using three methods - the strength reduction coefficient method, additional moment method, or moment magnification method. The document outlines the step-by-step procedure for designing a slender column using the additional moment method, which involves determining the effective length, initial moments, additional moments, total moments accounting for a reduction coefficient, and redesigning the column for combined axial load and bending.
Raft foundations are used when buildings have heavy loads, compressible soil, or require minimal differential settlement. A raft foundation is a continuous concrete slab that supports all building columns. It can be designed using either a rigid or flexible approach. The rigid approach assumes the raft bridges soil variations, while the flexible approach models soil-structure interaction. Key considerations for raft design include bearing capacity, settlement, stress distribution, and structural component sizing.
Post-tensioning is an effective alternative for earthquake-prone regions and dense populations in India. It has advantages over ordinary reinforced concrete like higher seismic resilience, less concrete usage, stiffer foundations, and faster construction. Post-tensioning involves threading steel tendons through ducts and tensioning them after concrete pouring. It provides better crack control, economy, quality, and efficiency. While widely used in other countries, post-tensioning is not yet common in India but has applications in slabs, buildings, and foundations.
This document discusses the design of an isolated column footing, including:
1) Types of isolated column footings and factors that influence footing size like bearing capacity of soil.
2) Key sections to check for bending moment, shear, and development length.
3) Reinforcement requirements.
4) An example problem where a rectangular isolated sloped footing is designed for a column carrying an axial load of 2000 kN. Design checks are performed for footing size, bending moment, shear, development length, and reinforcement.
This document provides details on the design and construction of flat slab structures. It discusses the benefits of flat slabs such as flexibility in layout, reduced building height and faster construction. Key considerations for design include wall and column placement, structural layout optimization, deflection checks, crack control and punching shear. Analysis involves dividing the slab into strips and determining moment and shear distributions. Reinforcement is arranged in two directions and detailing includes reinforcement lapping and service penetrations.
This resource material is exclusively for the purpose of knowledge dissemination for the use of Civil engineering Fraternity, professionals & students.
This file contains state of art techniques adopted & practiced as per IS456 code provisions for analysis design & detailing of flat slab structural systems.
The presentation aims to provide clear,concise, technical details of flat slabs design.
The presentation deals with structural actions & behavior of flat slabs with visual representations obtained through finite element analysis.
The knowledge gained can be used for designing building structures frequently encountered in construction.
The presentation covers an important feature of slab systems supported on rigid & flexible support & clearly demarcates the minimum beam dimensions required to consider the supports to be either rigid or flexible.
The presentation alsoincludes clear technical drawings to highlight the importance of detailing w.r.t. rebar lay out - positioning & curtailment. Typical section drawing through middle & column strips are also included for visualizing rebar patterns in 3 -d views.
This presentation is an outcome of series of lectures for undergrad & grad students studying in civil engineering.
My next presentation would be on Analysis & design of deep beams.
Kindly mail me ( vvietcivil@gmail.com) your questions & valuable feedback.
Flat slabs are reinforced concrete slabs that are supported directly by columns without beams. They provide minimum depth, fast construction, and flexible column placement. There are four main types: slabs without drops and with column heads, slabs with drops and without column heads, slabs with both drops and column heads, and typical flat slabs. Column heads increase shear strength while drops increase shear strength and negative moment capacity. Flat slab systems can be either one-way or two-way depending on span ratios and load distribution. Advantages include simple formwork, no beams, and minimum depth, while disadvantages include potential interference from drops.
- The document describes the design and detailing of flat slabs, which are concrete slabs supported directly by columns without beams.
- Key aspects covered include dimensional considerations, analysis methods, design for bending moments including division of panels and limiting negative moments, shear design and punching shear, deflection and crack control, and design procedures.
- An example problem is provided to illustrate the full design process for an internal panel with drops adjacent to edge panels.
This document discusses the design of flat slab structures. It begins by defining a flat slab as a type of slab supported directly on columns without beams. It then provides details on the types of flat slabs, their common uses in buildings, and benefits such as flexibility in layout and reduced construction time. The document goes on to discuss key design considerations for flat slabs including thickness, drops, column heads, and methods of analysis. It focuses on the direct design method and provides limitations for its use.
This document summarizes the key aspects of flat slab construction and design according to Indian code IS 456-2000. It defines flat slabs as slabs that are directly supported by columns without beams, and describes four common types based on whether drops and column heads are used. The main topics covered include guidelines for proportioning slabs and drops, methods for determining bending moments and shear forces, requirements for slab reinforcement, and an example problem demonstrating the design of an interior flat slab panel.
Flat Plate Slab Design for B.Sc. in Civil Engg Students
By: Md.Mahbub Ul Alam, Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engg.
Stamford University Bangladesh.
Uploaded at www.sladeshare.net.
Post-tensioning is simply a method of producing prestressed concrete, masonry, and other structural elements. Post-tensioning is a form of prestressing. Prestressing simply means that the steel is stressed (pulled or tensioned) before the concrete has to support the service loads. Most precast, prestressed concrete is actually pre-tensioned-the steel is pulled before the concrete is poured. Post-tensioned concrete means that the concrete is poured and then the tension is applied-but it is still stressed before the loads are applied so it is still prestressed.
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Studies have shown that meditating for just 10-20 minutes per day can have significant positive impacts on both mental and physical health over time.
This document provides details of the analysis and design of a flat slab foundation according to BS8110:Part 1:1997. It includes the slab geometry, material properties, loading details, and calculations for the design of reinforcement in the sagging and hogging bending moments for internal and edge spans in the x-direction. Reinforcement areas are calculated and reinforcement arrangements are selected to satisfy design requirements. Deflection checks are also performed.
This document discusses the design of flat plate slabs. Flat plates are concrete slabs that are carried directly by columns without beams or girders. They are commonly used for spans up to 25 feet and loads up to 100 pounds per square foot. The load is directly transferred to the columns, making punching shear at the column connections critical. Proper reinforcement detailing is required between the slab and columns. Moment determination and shear design are important steps in the flat plate slab design process. Advantages include simplified formwork and reduced story height, while limitations include increased thickness and weight.
Post formed holes-in_post-tensioned_slabsCCL Concrete
Post-tensioned concrete slabs can accommodate post-formed holes and openings through careful planning and execution. Smaller holes under 20mm diameter can often be cut without affecting tendons. Larger openings are possible if located between tendons to avoid cutting them. When tendons must be cut, strengthening and temporary supports are needed. Bonded tendon slabs can be altered similarly to reinforced concrete, with tendon bond redeveloping within 1m of cuts. Unbonded tendon slabs require detensioning or propping near cuts due to loss of prestress over the whole length. With proper engineering and specialist work, post-tensioned slabs can safely accommodate new openings.
Design of reinforced flat slabs to bs 8110 (ciria 110)bmxforu
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
This document discusses the construction of a fly ash silo using advanced techniques such as pile foundation, slipform construction, and post-tensioning. It describes pile foundations as long reinforced concrete members driven into the ground to support large structures. For the fly ash silo foundation, 65 bored cast-in-place concrete piles were used. The document also explains slipforming as a technique using continuously moving formwork to construct tall, cylindrical structures like silos efficiently. Post-tensioning involves threading steel tendons through concrete after curing and tensioning them to strengthen the structure in tension. These advanced techniques allow for efficient, high quality construction of the large fly ash silo.
The document provides information about PTSI, a company that provides unbonded post-tensioning systems. It discusses PTSI's experience in over 1000 projects across various industries in India. It also mentions that in addition to mono-strand unbonded post-tensioning systems, PTSI provides I-sects systems for voided slabs and maturity sensing systems for measuring concrete strength. The document includes specifications for components and materials used in PTSI's mono-strand unbonded post-tensioning systems.
In post-tension, the concrete units are first cast by incorporating ducts or grooves to house the tendons .when the concrete attains sufficient strength, the high-tensile wires are tensioned by means of jack bearing on the end face of the member and anchored by wedges or nuts.
MRI is useful for evaluating cartilage repair before and after surgery through ACI. Pre-operatively, MRI can estimate lesion size, nature, and location to optimize surgical planning, with high accuracy. Post-operatively, MRI can evaluate the quality and success of tissue repair using grading systems like MOCART, which assess factors like defect fill, tissue structure, and bone changes. MRI is also important for long-term monitoring of repair and degenerative changes after cartilage treatment.
Design of multi storey building resting on single columneSAT Journals
Abstract The aim of the project is to analyze and design of multi-storey building resting on the single column by using different code
provisions. A lay out plan of the proposed building is drawn by using AUTO CADD 2010.The structure consist of ground floor
plus five floors, each floor having the one house .Staircase must be provides separately. The planning is done as per Indian
standard code provisions. The building frames are analyzed using the various text books. Using this so many standard books
analysis of bending moment, shear force, deflection, end moments and foundation reactions are calculated. Detailed structural
drawings for critical and typical R.C.C. members are also drawn. Co-ordinates for all structural members are tabulated for ready
reference.
Keywords: Multi Story Building, Single Column, Staircase.
This document provides information on an Indian Standard code of practice for prestressed concrete structures. It begins with background on the development of the code and revisions made. Some key changes in the current revision include aligning provisions with IS 456, clarifying that the code does not cover bridges, adding new definitions, updating material specifications, allowing higher grade concrete, revising durability requirements, and updating design provisions. The code contains 4 sections that cover general aspects, materials and construction, general design requirements, and structural design using limit state principles. It provides specifications for materials, workmanship, inspection, testing, analysis, and design of prestressed concrete elements and structures.
RESTORATION OF EXISTING MAJOR BRIDGE ACROSS RIVER BHADAR ON NATIONAL HIGHWAY ...IEI GSC
By S.K.Patel, P C Gandhi S R Shah J N Prajapati
at 31st National Convention of Civil Engineers
organised by
Gujarat State Center, The Institution of Engineers (India) at Ahmedabad
Detailed Power point presentation on Implementation of 4 lane Cable Stayed Road over bridge at Bardhman- a future fast track model for construction over busy and longer Railway yards in India
This document provides information on formwork used in concrete construction. It defines formwork and lists its common materials as steel and wood. It describes the major objectives in formwork as quality, safety, and economy. It discusses the various types of formwork including temporary and permanent structures. It also provides details on formwork for different structural elements like walls, columns, slabs, beams, stairs, and chimneys. Finally, it covers topics like requirements, loads, design, and maintenance of formwork.
The document discusses different types of reinforcement used in concrete construction including hot rolled deformed bars, mild steel plain bars, cold worked steel reinforcement, and prestressing steel. It also discusses ready mixed concrete (RMX), the working process of RMX, advantages and disadvantages compared to site mixed concrete. The document provides information on major RMX companies. It also discusses insulating concrete formwork (ICF), crosswall construction formwork, and photos of ICF site installation.
Jaipur metro rail corporation summer training reportRajendra Jhurawat
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There was a Bridge 2018 Conference on Innovative Technologies of Bridges organised by IIBE at Lucknow. During the conference held on 25.05.18 this paper was presented by Rajesh Prasad, ED Metro RVNL.
Types of pavement construction procedureBhavik A Shah
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oin Heba Ahmed and Drew Willms for Soil Steel Structures & End Treatments – Design Basics. The presenters will begin with an overview of the benefits of buried plate structures and will then go over design basics, coating options, shapes and custom fittings. They will finish up with reviewing the necessity of, and best practices in, end-treatment selection.
Various soil steel structures will be highlighted including Bridge-Plate, Multi-Plate, Bin-Wall and Sheeting as well as different wall materials used as end treatments.
Who Should Attend
Bridge / Structural Engineers
Road & Transportation Engineers
Road Superintendents
Provincial Departments of Transport
Earthworks & Highways Contractors
Mining Contractors
Mining Engineers
Municipal Engineers
Forestry Contractors
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Benefits and applications of buried plate structures
Design considerations
Choosing the right coating for the project application
End treatment options and selection criteria
Review of case studies and applications across Canada
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Shortcreting has proved to be the best method for construction of curved surfaces. Domes are now much easier to construct with the advent of shotcrete technology. Tunnel linings are also becoming easy with this technology. Not only are these but there a wide range of applications where this technology has been a leading one. This technical paper includes the concept of shotcrete and how it differs from conventional concrete. It also enumerates the different types of process involved in shotcreting i.e. dry mix process and wet mix process. Advantages of shotcrete and its applications in various fields like tunneling, canals, buildings etc. are specified in detail. This paper presents an overview of shotcreting technology along with its applications.
DEFINITION OF SHOTCRETE:-
Shotcrete is a mortar or high performance concrete conveyed through a hose and pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a backing surface. It is the force of this spraying action that leads to compaction of the concrete or mortar which then forms layers of concrete to the required thickness. Shotcreting has been an acceptable way of placing cementitious material in a variety of applications.
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Shotcrete also gives better surface finishes and reduces surface tearing on non- linear sections. Cementitious material containing the poly propylene fibers resist cycles of freezing and thawing and also reduces the chances of water and chemical penetrations.
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Retrofitting of RC members and repair works.pptxDP NITHIN
Introduction to Retrofitting, Needs and methodology of Retrofitting, Retrofitting techniques, Strengthening of RC members, water proof treatment and also about the effective management of old structures
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Similar to Pt slab design philosophy with slides and pictures showing benefit (20)
3. RCC > PRESTRESS?
- Concrete structures were common by 1920’’s
- Concretes strength in compression and lack in tension was known.
In RCC reinforcement replaces tension.
- Thus transformation is due to development of cracks - Visible
- Not so visible
- This leads to :
- Loss of durability due to cracking
- Substantial deformations due to loss in section properties
This restricted the use to smaller spans
4. HISTORY OF PRESTRESSING
Initial Research and Development in Europe 1928-
1933.
Pioneers : - Freyssinet - France
Leonhardt - Germany
Magnel - Belgium
USA adopted this technology in 1949.
Reason for Development : Inability to increase spans of RCC Bridges.
First Bridge : - Choicy Le Ruy across Seine
Paris 1935 span 40m.
5. Prestressing is a tested, knowledge based Technology which
has withstood TEST OF TIME.
Live Technology : - Continuous State of Development.
Better, Stronger and improved
Materials
With matching Hardware.
2000T Capacity single Systems with steel strands.
1 T Capacity Carbon Fibre systems in Rehabilitation field
6. FROM BRIDGES TO PT SLABS
Prestress Developed initially for long span bridges.
First span was 40m. Now 1000m spans are planned
using cable stay technique which has same basic
principles, materials, hardware.
Technology was adopted later for many long span
structures like aircraft hangers.
Initial developments were all in Post Tensioning.
- i.e.. Concrete cast first and prestress applied later.
7. Later Pre Tensioning developed.
- i.e.. Concrete is cast around wires/strands already
tensioned .
- initially applied for standardized bridge girders.
- Then to precast building slabs and precast girders.
Advantages of PreTensioning
-- Product uniformity factory made.
-- Quick turnover with fast curing techniques.
Disadvantages
-- Transport, handling, multiple joints.
-- Profiling limitations hence span restrictions.
8. To Overcome above post tensioning of slab
developed.
Advantages
-- Reduction in number of joints
-- Mass pours
-- Quick removal of shutter possible to achieve same
speed
9. Developed initially in USA.
Being in use for last 50 years in various countries.
In Asian countries like Singapore, India in use for last 35
years.
In middle east last 15-18 years
In Oman last 5-6 years
Oman therefore is starting with
-- 50 years of knowledge
-- Benefits of all theoretical research and development.
-- Benefits of hardware development during period.
10. WHEN & WHY PT SLABS?
New buildings require
Large span structures, with flexible plans
Unobstructed space below sofit for services
Building height regulations : optimisation of storey ht
Possible only if
Beam less system is developed. 1) rcc flat slab
2) prestressed flat slab
11. It is also possible to have prestressed slabs in normal
slab and beam system, also allowing larger slab
spans.
Special Hardware suitable for slabs has been
developed
Flat Sheathings
20mm thk 45 to 70 mm wide for 12.7mm strand
--Rigid
--Flexible
Flat Anchorages
12. 12.7 mm HT Strand
Flat GI Duct
Flat Anchorage
Grout Vent Tube
16. MATERIALS USED IN PT
Concrete : Minimum C30 generally C35-C40
Reinforcing steel : Based on country wise availability
In Oman : 460 n/mm2
In India : 415 n/mm2
: 500 n/mm2
In Singapore : 500 n/mm2
Prestressing steel : Normal relaxation steel or grade I :
braking Load ~ 1750 n/mm2
: Low relaxation steel or grade II or
super grade ~ 1860 n/mm2
17. Sheathing : Galvanised Iron
Bright Metal
HDPE (Common in bridges).
Grout : Basic cement , water mixture with
admixture to fill the space between
sheathing and strands.
Grade should be same as concrete
slab
18. COMPARISON OF RCC AND PRESTRESSED
FLAT SLAB
RCC Flat Slab
1. Cracked section under service.
2. Excessive deformations or
increased thickness to control
deformations, due to cracked
sections.
3. Once cracked no closure of
crack removal of load.
4. Heavy reinforcement leads to
conjustion and concretability
parameters.
Prestressed Flat Slab
1. Uncracked section under service.
2. Deflections very much under
limit due to :
a) Prestress gives opposite initial
deformations
b) Gross properties reduce
deflections
3. Due to positive force on section
closure on removal of load.
4. No conjustion of steel.
19. COMPARISON OF RCC AND PRESTRESSED
FLAT SLAB
RCC Flat Slab
5 Excessive shrinkage cracks.
6. Shear performance -
Normal.
Prestressed Flat Slab
5. Early stressing of part of cables
reduce these substantially.
6. Since section is uncracked and
compressed enhanced shear
capacity by 30% or so.
20.
21. COMPARISON OF RCC & PT FLAT SLAB
ON REAL PARAMETERS
Take typical 9m x 9m grid Live load 4kn/m2 SDL 3 kn/m2
RCC flat slab
1. Slab thickness 300mm
2. HYSD 35 to 40 kg/m2
depending on size of dropcap
3. HTS Nil
4. Likely long term deflection
28-30mm
Prestressed flat slab
1. Slab thickness 220mm
2. HYSD 8 –– 10 kg/m2
depending
on dropcap
3. HTS ~ 4.5 kg/m2
4. Likely long term deflection
10-12mm
22. Cost Comparison
Project :Sohar Pearl
Office & Apparment Buildings City Mall
Alternative 1 : RCC Flat Slab Alternative 1 : RCC Flat Slab
For 8.5 x 8.3M Grid For 8.5 x 8.3M Grid
Slab thickness 300 MM Slab thickness 300 MM
Drop Cap 4000*4000*450MM Drop Cap 4000*4000*500MM
Materials Quantity Unit Price Amount Materials Quantity Unit Price Amount
Concrete 25.565 36.000 920.340 Concrete 24.365 36.000 877.140
Reinforcemen 2556.5 0.380 971.470 Reinforcement 2436.5 0.380 925.870
Shuttering 71.75 5.800 416.150 Shuttering 72.15 5.800 418.470
Total RO : 2307.960 Total RO : 2221.480
Alternative 2 : Post-tensioned Slab Alternative 2 : Post-tensioned Slab
For 8.5 x 8.3M Grid For 8.5 x 8.3M Grid
Slab thickness 200 Slab thickness 200 MM
Drop Cap 2800*2800*350 MM Drop Cap 2800*2800*350 MM
Materials Quantity Unit Price Amount Materials Quantity Unit Price Amount
Concrete 15.2 36.000 547.200 Concrete 15.2 36.000 547.200
Reinforcemen 634.95 0.380 241.281 Reinforcement 634.95 0.380 241.281
Shuttering 71.39 5.800 414.062 Shuttering 71.39 5.800 414.062
Post-tensionin 70.55 9.000 634.950 Post-tensionin 70.55 9.000 634.950
Total RO : 1837.493 Total RO : 1837.493
Savings 20.4% Savings 17.3%
23. Direct advantage Related further advantages
••Floor to floor height reduction
••Savings on total building height 1 floor can be gained for approx. each
20 floors
••Reduction of slab thickness leads to reduced energy needs
••Savings in columns and foundations costs
••Reduced formwork costs
••Increase in column of free space
••Flexible planning
••Improvement in durability
••Improvement in slab rigidity
Reduction in slab thickness DESIGN
Large spans
Limitation on crack widths
Reduction of steel ••Easier placing and handling of reinforcement
reinforcement and
arrangement simplification
••Large floor area can be tackled at a time
••Reduction in overall construction time
Less concrete volume per
pour
••Early formwork release.
••Reduction in total construction time.
••Reduction of formworks sets.
••Improvement in constructability. –– table forms.
Quick rotation of formwork
CONSTRUCTION
High deflection control ••Improvement in serviceability for all non-structural elements.
24. CRITICAL ISSUES : AS DESIGNER
If drop cap not available : Punching shear
problems.
or inadequate Limitations on max. shear
even with reinforcement.
RCC and PT Junctions.
Openings.
Shrinkage cracking.
Multi level propping.
Honeycombing near anchorages.
Breakage at passive anchors.
26. CRITICAL ISSUES : AS CONSTRUCTOR
Design of scaffolding system.
When can shutter be released?
Multilevel propping
27. SHARING OF DESIGN RESPONSIBILITIES
Globally ,PT is operated through special Agencies who have to
act in cooperation with main consultant and main contractor.
Necessary to DEFINE Responsibilities.
Framing Plan, Column Spacing - Main RCC consultant /
Architect / Owner
Global Analysis including
Lateral load analysis
Columns, footings, RCC areas -Main Consultant
Load bearing beams
Additions in slab for Global effects
28. SHARING OF DESIGN RESPONSIBILITIES
Slab Analysis ( Vertical Loads Only)- PT Consultant
Slab Drawings :
PT Layout & Elevations - PT Consultant
Reinforcement in slabs
Overall stability of structure - Main Consultant
29. Procedures /Work Methodology
Step-01: Tendon &Anchorage Installation
Step-02:Concreting/Casting of Slab
Step-03: Stressing of Cables
Step-04: Grouting of Cables
35. Project: Al Rawaq Building
Client: Suhail Bahwan Holdings
Consultant: Cowi & Partners LLC
Project: ASSAUD Business Centra
Client: Alia Properties
Consultant: Triad Oman Consultants
36. Project: 4 star Hotel Appartment at Al Qurum
Client: Mustafa Sultan Enterprises
Consultant: Al Hatmy Consultants
Project: Proposed Hotel Development at Azaiba
Client: Azaiba Hotel LLC
Consultant: Kadri Consultants
38. Project: Comm Bldg at MBD for Badrr Shipping
Client: Badrr Shipping Agencies
Consultant: EIDC
Project: Facility Building at KOM
Client: Oasis Development SAOC/PIEI
Consultant: Leeyanah Engg Consultancy
39. Project: Headquarters for MOD-Pension Fund
Client: MOD-Pension Fund
Consultant: Gulf Engg Consultancy
Project: Al Ruwad International School
Client: Muscat Int School
Consultant: Gulf Engg Consultancy
40. Project: Muscat International Airport-PkgIII
Client: Ministry of Transport& Communication
Consultant: Hill International
Contractor: Bechtel Enka Bahwan Consortium
Project: Comm Bldg at Bausher for Sk Salem Al
Areimi
Client: Sk Salem Al Areimi
Consultant: TRIAD Oman
41. Project: Bait Al Zubair –Ph04
Client: The Zubair Corporation
Consultant: Image Design/TRIAD Oman
42. Project: Residential development at Ruwi
Client: The Zubair Corporation
Consultant: NEO
Project: Residential development at Wadi Kabir
Client: Sk Salem Al Areimi
Consultant:TRIAD Oman
43. Project: Residential Building –Dar Al Maha-01
Client: Sohar Investment & Development
Consultant: EIDC
Project: Comm Res Bldg for Mr Dawood Al Futaisi
Client: Mr Dawood Al Futaisi
Consultant: Dawood Consultancy
44. Project: The Sultan centre at Azaiba
Client: The Sultan centre
Consultant: Cowi & Partners
Project: Al Maha Beach Restautant
Client: Al Rotana Hotels & Developments
Consultant: EIDC
48. THANK YOU ……
Corporate Address
Specialised Engineering LLC
PO Box 1020,Ruwi-112
Sultanate of Oman
Tel: 24713494
Fax:24713495
E-mail-info@spl-eng.com
Web:www.spl-eng.com