This document discusses various structural design considerations for concrete hydraulic structures like water tanks and reservoirs. It outlines goals of serviceability, durability, low permeability, and limiting deflections and cracks. It provides references and recommendations on concrete mix design, steel reinforcement, joint design, thickness requirements, flotation criteria, design loads, strength design methodology, and analysis methods. It also briefly mentions precast versus cast-in-place construction and provides an example project of a spillway repair.
- There are four main methods to measure the load carrying capacity of piles: static methods, dynamic formulas, in-situ penetration tests, and pile load tests.
- The ultimate load capacity (Qu) of an individual pile or pile group equals the sum of the point resistance (Qp) at the pile tip and the shaft resistance (Qs) developed along the pile shaft through friction between the soil and pile.
- Meyerhof's method is commonly used to calculate Qp in sand based on the effective vertical pressure at the pile tip multiplied by the bearing capacity factor Nq.
Because of torsion, the beam fails in diagonal tension forming the spiral cracks around the beam. Warping of the section does not allow a plane section to remain as plane after twisting. Clause 41 of IS 456:2000 provides the provisions for
the design of torsional reinforcements. The design rules for torsion are based on the equivalent moment.
The document discusses analysis of doubly reinforced concrete beams. It begins by explaining how compression reinforcement allows less concrete to resist tension, moving the neutral axis up. It then provides the equations for analyzing strain compatibility and equilibrium in doubly reinforced sections. The document discusses finding the compression reinforcement strain and stress through iteration. It provides reasons for using compression reinforcement, including reducing deflection and increasing ductility. Finally, it includes an example problem demonstrating the full analysis process.
The document discusses code provisions for calculating the effective span of slabs according to IS 456. It describes how to calculate the effective span for simply supported, continuous, and cantilever members. It also discusses load assumptions, reinforcement cover requirements, deflection limits, and provides an overview of one-way slabs, two-way slabs, flat slabs, and flat plates.
This document discusses different types of braced excavation systems used to support deep excavations, including soldier beams with lagging, sheet piles, and slurry trenches. It describes the design process for braced cuts, which involves analyzing stability, ground movements, and structural elements like sheet piles and struts. Methods for determining loads on structural elements using tributary area and equivalent beam approaches are presented. Factors affecting stability like heaving in soils are discussed. Design of structural components like struts, wales, and sheet piles is also covered.
This document provides information on the structural design of a simply supported reinforced concrete beam. It includes:
- A list of students enrolled in an elementary structural design course.
- Equations and diagrams showing the forces and stresses in a reinforced concrete beam with a singly reinforced bottom section.
- Limits on the maximum depth of the neutral axis according to the grade of steel.
- Examples of analyzing the stresses and determining steel reinforcement for a given beam cross-section.
- A design example calculating the dimensions and steel reinforcement for a rectangular beam with a factored uniform load.
This document discusses the need for raft foundations. Raft foundations are recommended when:
1) Building loads are heavy or soil capacity is low, so individual footings would cover too much area.
2) Soil contains weak lenses or cavities, making differential settlement hard to predict.
3) Structures are sensitive to differential settlement.
4) Structures like silos naturally suit raft foundations.
5) Floating foundations are needed over very weak soil.
6) Buildings require basements or underground pits.
7) Individual footings would experience large bending stresses.
Raft foundations increase capacity, decrease settlement, and equalize differential settlement compared to individual footings. However,
This document discusses counterfort retaining walls. It defines a retaining wall and lists common types, focusing on counterfort retaining walls. It describes the components and mechanics of counterfort walls, noting they are more economical than cantilever walls for heights over 6 meters. The document also covers forces acting on retaining walls, methods for calculating active and passive earth pressures, and stability conditions walls must satisfy including factors of safety against overturning and sliding and limiting maximum pressure at the base.
- There are four main methods to measure the load carrying capacity of piles: static methods, dynamic formulas, in-situ penetration tests, and pile load tests.
- The ultimate load capacity (Qu) of an individual pile or pile group equals the sum of the point resistance (Qp) at the pile tip and the shaft resistance (Qs) developed along the pile shaft through friction between the soil and pile.
- Meyerhof's method is commonly used to calculate Qp in sand based on the effective vertical pressure at the pile tip multiplied by the bearing capacity factor Nq.
Because of torsion, the beam fails in diagonal tension forming the spiral cracks around the beam. Warping of the section does not allow a plane section to remain as plane after twisting. Clause 41 of IS 456:2000 provides the provisions for
the design of torsional reinforcements. The design rules for torsion are based on the equivalent moment.
The document discusses analysis of doubly reinforced concrete beams. It begins by explaining how compression reinforcement allows less concrete to resist tension, moving the neutral axis up. It then provides the equations for analyzing strain compatibility and equilibrium in doubly reinforced sections. The document discusses finding the compression reinforcement strain and stress through iteration. It provides reasons for using compression reinforcement, including reducing deflection and increasing ductility. Finally, it includes an example problem demonstrating the full analysis process.
The document discusses code provisions for calculating the effective span of slabs according to IS 456. It describes how to calculate the effective span for simply supported, continuous, and cantilever members. It also discusses load assumptions, reinforcement cover requirements, deflection limits, and provides an overview of one-way slabs, two-way slabs, flat slabs, and flat plates.
This document discusses different types of braced excavation systems used to support deep excavations, including soldier beams with lagging, sheet piles, and slurry trenches. It describes the design process for braced cuts, which involves analyzing stability, ground movements, and structural elements like sheet piles and struts. Methods for determining loads on structural elements using tributary area and equivalent beam approaches are presented. Factors affecting stability like heaving in soils are discussed. Design of structural components like struts, wales, and sheet piles is also covered.
This document provides information on the structural design of a simply supported reinforced concrete beam. It includes:
- A list of students enrolled in an elementary structural design course.
- Equations and diagrams showing the forces and stresses in a reinforced concrete beam with a singly reinforced bottom section.
- Limits on the maximum depth of the neutral axis according to the grade of steel.
- Examples of analyzing the stresses and determining steel reinforcement for a given beam cross-section.
- A design example calculating the dimensions and steel reinforcement for a rectangular beam with a factored uniform load.
This document discusses the need for raft foundations. Raft foundations are recommended when:
1) Building loads are heavy or soil capacity is low, so individual footings would cover too much area.
2) Soil contains weak lenses or cavities, making differential settlement hard to predict.
3) Structures are sensitive to differential settlement.
4) Structures like silos naturally suit raft foundations.
5) Floating foundations are needed over very weak soil.
6) Buildings require basements or underground pits.
7) Individual footings would experience large bending stresses.
Raft foundations increase capacity, decrease settlement, and equalize differential settlement compared to individual footings. However,
This document discusses counterfort retaining walls. It defines a retaining wall and lists common types, focusing on counterfort retaining walls. It describes the components and mechanics of counterfort walls, noting they are more economical than cantilever walls for heights over 6 meters. The document also covers forces acting on retaining walls, methods for calculating active and passive earth pressures, and stability conditions walls must satisfy including factors of safety against overturning and sliding and limiting maximum pressure at the base.
A group of 16 square piles extends 12 m into stiff clay soil, underlain by rock at 24 m depth. Pile dimensions are 0.3 m x 0.3 m. Undrained shear strength of clay increases linearly from 50 kPa at surface to 150 kPa at rock. Factor of safety for group capacity is 2.5. Determine group capacity and individual pile capacity.
The group capacity is calculated to be 1600 kN. The individual pile capacity is determined to be 100 kN. The factor of safety of 2.5 is then applied to determine the safe load capacity.
This document describes the design of a pile cap by a group of civil engineering students. It defines a pile cap as a concrete mat that rests on piles driven into soft ground to provide a stable foundation. It then provides two examples of pile cap design, showing dimensions, load calculations, reinforcement requirements and construction details. The document concludes that a pile cap distributes a building's load to piles to form a stable foundation on unstable soil. It acknowledges the guidance of professors in completing this project.
Diaphragm wall: Construction and DesignUmer Farooq
The document discusses diaphragm walls, which are concrete or reinforced concrete walls constructed below ground using a slurry-supported trench method. Diaphragm walls can reach depths of 150 meters and widths of 0.5-1.5 meters. They are constructed using tremie installation or pre-cast concrete panels. Diaphragm walls are suitable for urban construction due to their quiet installation and lack of vibration. The document discusses different types of diaphragm walls based on materials and functions, and provides details on their design, construction process, and material requirements.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
The document provides details to design the reinforcement for a basement retaining wall. It includes calculating the required wall thickness, loads on the wall, bending moments, shear forces, and reinforcement requirements. The summary is as follows:
1. The thickness of the basement retaining wall is determined to be 200mm based on the given height and material properties.
2. The loads on the wall, including soil pressure, water pressure, and surcharge loads are calculated.
3. The bending moment and shear force diagrams are drawn, with the maximum bending moment found to be 33.12 kNm and maximum shear force 65.76kN.
4. The required vertical and horizontal reinforcement is calculated for different sections based on
This document provides information on diaphragm walls, including:
- Diaphragm walls are reinforced concrete walls constructed using the slurry trench technique, reaching depths of up to 50m.
- They are commonly used as retaining walls, for supporting deep excavations, and as basement or underground structure walls.
- Construction involves excavating trenches using bentonite slurry, installing reinforcement cages, and pouring concrete to form wall panels either successively or alternately.
- Proper specifications are required for bentonite slurry, reinforcement, and construction methods to ensure continuity and water-tightness of the completed diaphragm wall structure.
1. Load-settlement curves for footings on dense sand or stiff clay show a pronounced peak and failure occurs at very small strains, with sudden sinking or tilting and surface heaving of adjoining soil.
2. For medium sand or clay, failure starts at a localized spot and migrates outward gradually, with large vertical strains and small lateral strains. Failure planes are not clearly defined.
3. Failure zones for footings on slopes do not extend above the horizontal plane through the base, and failure occurs when downward and upward pressures are equal.
The document describes the design of a stepped footing to support a column with an unfactored load of 800 kN. A square footing with dimensions of 2.1m x 2.1m is designed with two 300mm steps. Reinforcement of #12 bars at 150mm c/c is provided. Checks are performed for bending moment, one-way shear, two-way shear, and development length which all meet code requirements. Therefore, the stepped footing design is adequate to support the given column load.
This document provides an overview of the design of compression members (columns) in reinforced concrete structures. It discusses various types of columns based on reinforcement, loading conditions, and slenderness ratio. It describes the classification of columns as short or slender. The document also covers effective length, braced vs unbraced columns, codal provisions for reinforcement, and functions of longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. Key points include types of column reinforcement, minimum reinforcement requirements, cover requirements, and assumptions for the limit state of collapse under compression.
The document discusses limit state design of reinforced concrete structures. It introduces limit states as conditions where the structure becomes unfit for use, including limit states of strength and serviceability. Limit state design involves characterizing loads and resistances as random variables and using partial safety factors on loads and resistances to achieve a target reliability. The document outlines the general principles of limit state design according to Indian Standard code IS 800, including defining actions, factors governing strength limits, and serviceability limits related to deflection, vibration and durability.
The document discusses reinforced concrete columns, including their functions, failure modes, classifications, and design considerations. Columns primarily resist axial compression but may also experience bending moments. They can fail due to compression, buckling, or a combination. Design depends on whether the column is short or slender, braced or unbraced. Reinforcement is designed based on the column's expected loads and dimensions using methods specified in design codes like BS 8110.
A culvert is a small bridge, typically 6m or less in length, that allows water to flow underneath a road or railway. There are several types of culverts including pipe, box, arch, slab, and beam/slab culverts. The design of culverts considers factors like site selection, alignment, estimated discharge, number of spans, foundation, and clearance to ensure safety and stability.
The document provides steps for designing different structural elements:
1. Design of a beam subjected to torsion including calculation of torsional and bending moments, determination of steel requirements, and detailing.
2. Design of continuous beams involving calculation of bending moments and shears, reinforcement sizing, shear design, deflection check, and detailing including curtailment.
3. Design of circular water tanks with both flexible base and rigid base using approximate and IS code methods. This includes sizing hoop and vertical tension reinforcement, sizing wall thickness, designing cantilever sections and base slabs, and providing detailing diagrams.
1) The document discusses design considerations for columns according to ACI code, including requirements for different types of columns like tied, spirally reinforced, and composite columns.
2) It provides details on failure modes of tied and spiral columns and code requirements for minimum reinforcement ratios, number of bars, clear spacing, cover, and cross sectional dimensions.
3) Lateral reinforcement requirements are discussed, noting ties help restrain longitudinal bars from buckling while spirals provide additional confinement at ultimate load.
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations by abhishek sharma ABHISHEK SHARMA
elements you should know about bearing capacity of shallow foundations are included in it. various indian standards are also used. Bearing capacity theories by various researchers are also included. numericals from GATE CE and ESE CE are also included.
Two way slabs are slabs that are supported on all four edges and have a ratio of less than 2 between their long and short spans. This causes them to bend in both directions. There are two types: simply supported and restrained. Simply supported slabs have corners that lift up under loading while restrained slabs have corners that are held down, producing torsion. Reinforcement is provided differently depending on the type of slab.
The document discusses the design of footings for structures. It begins by explaining that footings are needed to transfer structural loads from members made of materials like steel and concrete to the underlying soil. It then describes different types of shallow and deep foundations, including spread, strap, combined, and raft footings. The document provides details on designing isolated and combined footings to resist vertical loads and moments based on provisions in IS 456. It also discusses wall footings and combined footings that support multiple columns. In summary, the document covers the purpose of footings, various footing types, and design of isolated and combined footings.
The document discusses key topics in reinforced concrete design including:
- Concrete properties like compressive strength and stress-strain behavior.
- Tensile strength of concrete and how steel reinforcement is used where tensile stresses occur.
- Types of steel reinforcement like deformed bars, welded wire fabric, and prestressing strands.
- Design of short reinforced concrete columns where the equilibrium of forces in the steel and concrete is considered.
- Parameters that influence column design like reinforcement ratio, concrete strength, and safety factors.
- Requirements for transverse reinforcement to resist buckling.
- The need for concrete cover to protect the steel.
- An example of designing a short concrete column for a given load.
This document provides information on casing design for oil and gas wells. It discusses the reasons for running casing strings, including preventing hole collapse and contamination. It describes the different types of casing strings and how they are classified. Factors involved in casing design are also summarized, such as burst, collapse, and tension pressures. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate collapse pressures under different conditions, including with and without axial tension loads on the casing.
A group of 16 square piles extends 12 m into stiff clay soil, underlain by rock at 24 m depth. Pile dimensions are 0.3 m x 0.3 m. Undrained shear strength of clay increases linearly from 50 kPa at surface to 150 kPa at rock. Factor of safety for group capacity is 2.5. Determine group capacity and individual pile capacity.
The group capacity is calculated to be 1600 kN. The individual pile capacity is determined to be 100 kN. The factor of safety of 2.5 is then applied to determine the safe load capacity.
This document describes the design of a pile cap by a group of civil engineering students. It defines a pile cap as a concrete mat that rests on piles driven into soft ground to provide a stable foundation. It then provides two examples of pile cap design, showing dimensions, load calculations, reinforcement requirements and construction details. The document concludes that a pile cap distributes a building's load to piles to form a stable foundation on unstable soil. It acknowledges the guidance of professors in completing this project.
Diaphragm wall: Construction and DesignUmer Farooq
The document discusses diaphragm walls, which are concrete or reinforced concrete walls constructed below ground using a slurry-supported trench method. Diaphragm walls can reach depths of 150 meters and widths of 0.5-1.5 meters. They are constructed using tremie installation or pre-cast concrete panels. Diaphragm walls are suitable for urban construction due to their quiet installation and lack of vibration. The document discusses different types of diaphragm walls based on materials and functions, and provides details on their design, construction process, and material requirements.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
The document provides details to design the reinforcement for a basement retaining wall. It includes calculating the required wall thickness, loads on the wall, bending moments, shear forces, and reinforcement requirements. The summary is as follows:
1. The thickness of the basement retaining wall is determined to be 200mm based on the given height and material properties.
2. The loads on the wall, including soil pressure, water pressure, and surcharge loads are calculated.
3. The bending moment and shear force diagrams are drawn, with the maximum bending moment found to be 33.12 kNm and maximum shear force 65.76kN.
4. The required vertical and horizontal reinforcement is calculated for different sections based on
This document provides information on diaphragm walls, including:
- Diaphragm walls are reinforced concrete walls constructed using the slurry trench technique, reaching depths of up to 50m.
- They are commonly used as retaining walls, for supporting deep excavations, and as basement or underground structure walls.
- Construction involves excavating trenches using bentonite slurry, installing reinforcement cages, and pouring concrete to form wall panels either successively or alternately.
- Proper specifications are required for bentonite slurry, reinforcement, and construction methods to ensure continuity and water-tightness of the completed diaphragm wall structure.
1. Load-settlement curves for footings on dense sand or stiff clay show a pronounced peak and failure occurs at very small strains, with sudden sinking or tilting and surface heaving of adjoining soil.
2. For medium sand or clay, failure starts at a localized spot and migrates outward gradually, with large vertical strains and small lateral strains. Failure planes are not clearly defined.
3. Failure zones for footings on slopes do not extend above the horizontal plane through the base, and failure occurs when downward and upward pressures are equal.
The document describes the design of a stepped footing to support a column with an unfactored load of 800 kN. A square footing with dimensions of 2.1m x 2.1m is designed with two 300mm steps. Reinforcement of #12 bars at 150mm c/c is provided. Checks are performed for bending moment, one-way shear, two-way shear, and development length which all meet code requirements. Therefore, the stepped footing design is adequate to support the given column load.
This document provides an overview of the design of compression members (columns) in reinforced concrete structures. It discusses various types of columns based on reinforcement, loading conditions, and slenderness ratio. It describes the classification of columns as short or slender. The document also covers effective length, braced vs unbraced columns, codal provisions for reinforcement, and functions of longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. Key points include types of column reinforcement, minimum reinforcement requirements, cover requirements, and assumptions for the limit state of collapse under compression.
The document discusses limit state design of reinforced concrete structures. It introduces limit states as conditions where the structure becomes unfit for use, including limit states of strength and serviceability. Limit state design involves characterizing loads and resistances as random variables and using partial safety factors on loads and resistances to achieve a target reliability. The document outlines the general principles of limit state design according to Indian Standard code IS 800, including defining actions, factors governing strength limits, and serviceability limits related to deflection, vibration and durability.
The document discusses reinforced concrete columns, including their functions, failure modes, classifications, and design considerations. Columns primarily resist axial compression but may also experience bending moments. They can fail due to compression, buckling, or a combination. Design depends on whether the column is short or slender, braced or unbraced. Reinforcement is designed based on the column's expected loads and dimensions using methods specified in design codes like BS 8110.
A culvert is a small bridge, typically 6m or less in length, that allows water to flow underneath a road or railway. There are several types of culverts including pipe, box, arch, slab, and beam/slab culverts. The design of culverts considers factors like site selection, alignment, estimated discharge, number of spans, foundation, and clearance to ensure safety and stability.
The document provides steps for designing different structural elements:
1. Design of a beam subjected to torsion including calculation of torsional and bending moments, determination of steel requirements, and detailing.
2. Design of continuous beams involving calculation of bending moments and shears, reinforcement sizing, shear design, deflection check, and detailing including curtailment.
3. Design of circular water tanks with both flexible base and rigid base using approximate and IS code methods. This includes sizing hoop and vertical tension reinforcement, sizing wall thickness, designing cantilever sections and base slabs, and providing detailing diagrams.
1) The document discusses design considerations for columns according to ACI code, including requirements for different types of columns like tied, spirally reinforced, and composite columns.
2) It provides details on failure modes of tied and spiral columns and code requirements for minimum reinforcement ratios, number of bars, clear spacing, cover, and cross sectional dimensions.
3) Lateral reinforcement requirements are discussed, noting ties help restrain longitudinal bars from buckling while spirals provide additional confinement at ultimate load.
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations by abhishek sharma ABHISHEK SHARMA
elements you should know about bearing capacity of shallow foundations are included in it. various indian standards are also used. Bearing capacity theories by various researchers are also included. numericals from GATE CE and ESE CE are also included.
Two way slabs are slabs that are supported on all four edges and have a ratio of less than 2 between their long and short spans. This causes them to bend in both directions. There are two types: simply supported and restrained. Simply supported slabs have corners that lift up under loading while restrained slabs have corners that are held down, producing torsion. Reinforcement is provided differently depending on the type of slab.
The document discusses the design of footings for structures. It begins by explaining that footings are needed to transfer structural loads from members made of materials like steel and concrete to the underlying soil. It then describes different types of shallow and deep foundations, including spread, strap, combined, and raft footings. The document provides details on designing isolated and combined footings to resist vertical loads and moments based on provisions in IS 456. It also discusses wall footings and combined footings that support multiple columns. In summary, the document covers the purpose of footings, various footing types, and design of isolated and combined footings.
The document discusses key topics in reinforced concrete design including:
- Concrete properties like compressive strength and stress-strain behavior.
- Tensile strength of concrete and how steel reinforcement is used where tensile stresses occur.
- Types of steel reinforcement like deformed bars, welded wire fabric, and prestressing strands.
- Design of short reinforced concrete columns where the equilibrium of forces in the steel and concrete is considered.
- Parameters that influence column design like reinforcement ratio, concrete strength, and safety factors.
- Requirements for transverse reinforcement to resist buckling.
- The need for concrete cover to protect the steel.
- An example of designing a short concrete column for a given load.
This document provides information on casing design for oil and gas wells. It discusses the reasons for running casing strings, including preventing hole collapse and contamination. It describes the different types of casing strings and how they are classified. Factors involved in casing design are also summarized, such as burst, collapse, and tension pressures. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate collapse pressures under different conditions, including with and without axial tension loads on the casing.
Culvert Design 201 Structural Design, Durability & ApplicationsPath Marketing Inc.
Randy McDonald, Armtec Drainage’s Director of Engineering and Frank Klita, Senior Sales Representative build on the basics of culvert design covered in Culvert Design 101 and will focus in- depth on the structural design of culverts. Additionally, the presenters will review considerations and best practices for culvert installations.
You'll Learn:
Culvert types & applications
- Structural design of culverts and buried structures as per CHBDC (Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code) methods
- Installation best practices
- Review of applications across Canada
This document summarizes the author's 20+ years of experience designing and maintaining marine structures in Elwood, California. Some key points:
- Structures used steel pilings which proved effective but structural shapes were susceptible to abrasion. Round pilings are recommended.
- Pilings in breaker lines were protected by driving steel cylinders or boxing with creosoted planks which proved very effective over 20+ years.
- Coatings on pilings above the tide line proved more effective than additional uncoated steel in preventing corrosion.
- Inspections found areas of high corrosion below the sand line and at points of flexure, which were addressed with metal sleeves or structural reinforcement.
This document proposes an alternative design for constructing the foundations of a new pedestrian bridge across a harbour. It suggests using a temporary sheet pile wall cofferdam that would allow workers to build the pile group and pile cap at the riverbed level, avoiding the need for divers. The cofferdam design is sized at 10x10m and embedded 10m deep. Calculations are presented to check for piping, heaving, and structural failure. A finite element model is also used. It is determined that drains will be needed to reduce water pressures and piping risks. The design of the internal bracing structure and construction sequence are also considered. The cofferdam is concluded to be a feasible alternative construction method for the bridge
Design and analysis of RC structures with flat slabDeepak Patil
The document provides details about the analysis and design of a multi-story building project called NET Magic located in Bangalore, India. It includes the following key points:
- Outlines the steps involved in the project including load calculation, structural analysis using STAAD software, design of elements like columns, beams, footings according to codes like IS 456 and checking for load combinations.
- Summarizes the dead, live, and seismic loads considered as per codes IS 875 and IS 1893.
- Presents designs of structural elements like isolated and combined footings, columns, continuous beams, and staircase including reinforcement details.
- Lists the materials used like grades of concrete and steel. Also includes
This document provides a summary of the scope of work for engineering design and installation of a new 10-inch, 22 km offshore pipeline from Palang to an FSO unit. The scope includes pipeline design, material selection, coating and cathodic protection design, engineering drawings, installation analysis using specialized software, and environmental and geotechnical data collection. Key deliverables are the wall thickness verification, free span analysis, anode design, and pipeline expansion calculation.
In this you will find some of the basic thing regarding the elevated water tank and this is our one of the team project work in college. Hope you will enjoy it....
This document provides information about prestressed concrete storage tanks from DNTanks. It discusses DNTanks' construction procedures, the benefits of prestressed concrete tanks, and applications. DNTanks is the largest manufacturer of prestressed concrete tanks in the world, with over 130 years of combined experience constructing over 2,500 tanks globally. Prestressed concrete tanks provide benefits like being leak-free, requiring less maintenance than steel tanks, and allowing various installation methods. The document also discusses inspection and retrofitting of existing concrete tanks.
Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) is a composite material made of cement concrete reinforced with steel bars. Some key points:
- François Coignet built the first reinforced concrete structure, a four story house in Paris in 1853.
- RCC is used in the construction of columns, beams, footings, slabs, dams, water tanks, tunnels, bridges, walls and towers due to its high strength and durability.
- The steel reinforcement provides tensile strength, while the concrete primarily resists compressive forces and protects the steel from corrosion. Together they form a very strong, stable structural material.
This document outlines the design of oil and gas pipelines. It discusses several load considerations that must be accounted for in pipeline design, including internal fluid pressure, external fluid pressure, and loads from soil and other external sources for buried pipelines. The document provides equations and examples for calculating stresses and loads from various pressure sources and soil conditions. It also categorizes pipeline design based on operating pressure and discusses specific considerations for high, low, and intermediate pressure pipelines.
Seminario Internacional:
Dosificación y especificación de hormigón por desempeño
"Buenas Prácticas y Mejoramiento del Desempeño de Hormigones para Pavimentos"
This document provides an overview of structural design concepts and processes. It discusses:
1. The overall design process including conception, modeling, analysis, design, detailing, drafting and costing.
2. Key structural elements like beams, columns, slabs, shear walls, footings and their design.
3. Concepts of the gravity load resisting system, lateral load resisting system and floor diaphragm.
4. Methods of structural analysis including modeling approaches and consideration of loads and load combinations.
5. Design principles for concrete including properties, reinforcement, durability and mix proportioning.
This document provides an overview of structural design concepts and processes. It discusses:
1. The overall design process including conception, modeling, analysis, design, detailing, drafting and costing.
2. Key structural elements like beams, columns, slabs, shear walls, footings and their design.
3. Concepts of the gravity load resisting system, lateral load resisting system and floor diaphragm.
4. Methods of structural analysis including modeling approaches and consideration of loads and load combinations.
5. Design principles for concrete including properties, reinforcement, durability and mix proportioning.
This document summarizes the experience of indigenizing (domesticating) the waste heat boiler system at Vizag Steel Plant in India. Originally using Russian-made boilers, problems with erosion, corrosion, and maintenance were addressed. Tube bundles were replaced with Indian-made alloy steel tubes, reducing erosion. Bi-metallic corrosion at tube brackets was eliminated by specifying compatible materials. New single-shaft boilers were installed with larger dimensions to reduce gas velocity by 70%, preventing erosion. Refractory walls requiring frequent repair were replaced in future boilers. Through material selection, design changes, and replacing components, the Russian system was successfully adapted for local manufacturing and conditions.
This document provides details on the design of a rectangular water tank resting on ground. It discusses the analysis done to determine bending moments and tensile forces in the walls. It then shows the step-by-step design of the walls and base slab of a 5m x 4m rectangular tank with 3m depth, reinforced with Fe415 steel bars in M20 concrete. Reinforcement details are calculated and sketched to resist vertical and horizontal bending moments at the wall corners and edges.
This document summarizes a study on the structural behavior of high-strength concrete (HSC) columns exposed to fire. Three columns made of normal-strength concrete (NSC) and two made of HSC with different aggregates were tested. The HSC columns experienced more spalling and cracking than the NSC column during testing. While the NSC column resisted fire for 366 minutes, the HSC columns lasted 225 and 189 minutes. The document provides guidelines for improving the fire resistance of HSC, such as using carbonate aggregate instead of siliceous aggregate to reduce spalling. In conclusion, NSC performs better in fire conditions than HSC, but following certain guidelines can increase the fire resistance of HSC.
This document provides a syllabus for the design of reinforced concrete elements. It covers five units: (1) introduction and design philosophy, (2) limit state design of beams and slabs, (3) limit state design of columns, (4) limit state design of footings and staircases, and (5) introduction to fire resistant design. Unit 1 defines key terms related to RC design including materials, stress-strain curves, limit states, and design assumptions. It also covers analysis and design of beams, slabs, columns, footings and staircases.
Similar to Water retaining structures quick guide (20)
In human communication, explanations serve to increase understanding, overcome communication barriers, and build trust. They are, in most cases, dialogues. In computer science, AI explanations (“XAI”) map how an AI system expresses underlying logic, algorithmic processing, and data sources that make up its outputs. One-way communication.
How do we craft designs that "explain" concepts and respond to users’ intent? Can AI identify, elicit and apply relevant user contexts, to help us understand AI outputs? How do explanations become two-way?
We must create experiences with systems that will be required to respect user needs and dynamically explain logic and seek understanding. This is a significant challenge that, at its heart, needs UX leadership. The safety, trust, and understandability of systems we design hinge on the way we craft models for explanation.
Menus are ubiquitous in websites and applications of all types. They are critical to accessing the information and actions that users need, yet they can be very frustrating to use. In our UX consulting practice, many clients have come to us for help solving problems with menus, such as scaling to handle long lists of options, and overcoming usability issues with hover and flyout menus. In this presentation we’ll review what we have learned about best practices for designing mega menus, context menus, hamburger menus, full page menus and other types, and share case studies of menu redesigns we have worked on for enterprise applications, mobile apps, and information-rich websites.
3. References
•ACI 318-89. Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete
•ACI 350R-89. Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures
•“Strength Design for Reinforced Concrete Hydraulic Structures” by ASCE, ( adapted from COE Manual)
4. References (cont.)
•Structural Design of Standard Covered Risers. Technical Release No30 (1965) by SCS.
•“Rectangular Concrete Tanks” by Portland Cement Association
•“Moments and Reactions for Rectangular Plates” by US Bureau of Reclamation
5. ACI 350R-89:
“ This report presents recommendations for structural design, materials, and construction of concrete tanks, reservoirs, and other structures commonly used in water containment, industrial and domestic water, and wastewater treatment works, where dense, impermeable concrete with high resistance to chemical attack is required.”
Among Types of Structures: intakes and conduits.
12. Crack Reduction
•Joint Spacing
“Joint is controlled crack. Crack is uncontrolled joint”
•Reinforcing Distribution-try to reduce bar spacing!
“Where the structure must be watertight, bar spacing should not exceed 12 inches”.
13. Minimum Thickness
ACI 350R:
“Walls with height greater than 10 feet shall be a minimum of 12 in thick and shall contain reinforcement on both faces.“
“A minimum of 8 in is required where 2 in concrete cover is desired”-criteria for top slabs.
14. Flotation Criteria
(Structural Design of Covered Risers, SCS TR 30)
FS=1.5
•Riser Located in Reservoir-
Low stage inlets plugged
•Riser Located in Embankment
Add buoyant weight of fill over base
15. Flotation Criteria
(Flotation Stability Criteria for Concrete Hydraulic
Structures, US Army COE)
Loading ConditionsFS
•Construction1.3
•Normal Operation1.5
•Extreme (max. pool)1.1
16. Design Loads
•Dead Loads:
–Weight of Concrete
–Weight of Equipment
•Live Loads:
–Earth and Silt Pressure
–Water (Hydrostatic Load)
–Surcharge
–Cover slab LL=100 psf
–Wind Load=50 psf, for risers in reservoir only
–Ice Load (max. 2’ thick, 5 kips/sq. ft)
18. Hydrostatic Load:
Pw=γwHw, in lb/ft2 , γw=62.4 lb/ft3,
Soil Load:
Ps=(Kr)(γs-γw)Hs, where
Kr=.5 (soil assumed at rest condition)
γs=126 lb/ft3 (soil weight available from Soil Report)
19. Strength Design
U=R*Load FactorsU=1.4(DL)+1.7(LL), from ACI 318ACI 350: In Hydraulic Structures, when reinforcing in flexure, the required strength 1.3U. Strength Reduction Factor ϕ-Second Safety Provision in ACI. Mr= ϕMn, ϕ=.9 for bending, ϕ=.85 for shear
20.
21. Analysis for Plates (vsSimple Beam)
•Finite Elements Computer Model
•Tables of Moments and Reactions Coefficients
•Moment Balance using Distribution Factors
34. Dam Statistics
•Significant Hazard Dam
•Built in 1974 on tributary to Little Patuxent
•18 high earthfill dam with 145 ft long ogee spillway
•Drainage Area 3.6 sq. miles
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