The document discusses the design of a combined footing to support two columns. It first defines what a combined footing is and why it is used. It then describes the types of combined footings and the forces acting on it. The document provides the design steps for a rectangular combined footing, which include determining dimensions, reinforcement requirements, and design checks. As an example, it shows the detailed design of a rectangular combined footing supporting two columns with loads of 450kN and 650kN respectively. The design includes calculating dimensions, reinforcement, development lengths, and design checks.
information on types of beams, different methods to calculate beam stress, design for shear, analysis for SRB flexure, design for flexure, Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam,
Static and Kinematic Indeterminacy of Structure.Pritesh Parmar
The document discusses static and kinematic indeterminacy of structures. It defines different types of supports for 2D and 3D structures including fixed support, hinged/pinned support, roller support, and their properties. It also discusses internal joints like internal hinge, internal roller, and internal link. The document explains concepts of static indeterminacy, kinematic indeterminacy, and degree of freedom for different types of structures.
1) Two-way slabs are slabs that require reinforcement in two directions because bending occurs in both the longitudinal and transverse directions when the ratio of longest span to shortest span is less than 2.
2) The document discusses various types of two-way slabs and design methods, focusing on the direct design method (DDM).
3) Using the DDM, the total factored load is first calculated, then the total factored moment is distributed to positive and negative moments. The moments are further distributed to column and middle strips using factors that consider the slab and beam properties.
The document discusses the design of footings for structures. It begins by explaining that footings are needed to transfer structural loads from members made of materials like steel and concrete to the underlying soil. It then describes different types of shallow and deep foundations, including spread, strap, combined, and raft footings. The document provides details on designing isolated and combined footings to resist vertical loads and moments based on provisions in IS 456. It also discusses wall footings and combined footings that support multiple columns. In summary, the document covers the purpose of footings, various footing types, and design of isolated and combined footings.
This document provides information about the design of strap footings. It begins with an overview of strap footings, noting they are used to connect an eccentrically loaded column footing to an interior column. The strap transmits moment caused by eccentricity to the interior footing to generate uniform soil pressure beneath both footings.
It then outlines the basic considerations for strap footing design: 1) the strap must be rigid, 2) footings should have equal soil pressures to avoid differential settlement, and 3) the strap should be out of contact with soil to avoid soil reactions. Finally, it provides the step-by-step process for designing a strap footing, including proportioning footing dimensions, evaluating soil pressures, designing reinforcement,
The document describes the design of a stepped footing to support a column with an unfactored load of 800 kN. A square footing with dimensions of 2.1m x 2.1m is designed with two 300mm steps. Reinforcement of #12 bars at 150mm c/c is provided. Checks are performed for bending moment, one-way shear, two-way shear, and development length which all meet code requirements. Therefore, the stepped footing design is adequate to support the given column load.
Compression members are structural members subjected to axial compression or compressive forces. Their design is governed by strength and buckling capacity. Columns can fail due to local buckling, squashing, overall flexural buckling, or torsional buckling. Built-up columns use components like lacings, battens, and cover plates to help distribute stress more evenly and increase buckling resistance compared to a single member. Buckling occurs when a straight compression member becomes unstable and bends under a critical load.
information on types of beams, different methods to calculate beam stress, design for shear, analysis for SRB flexure, design for flexure, Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam,
Static and Kinematic Indeterminacy of Structure.Pritesh Parmar
The document discusses static and kinematic indeterminacy of structures. It defines different types of supports for 2D and 3D structures including fixed support, hinged/pinned support, roller support, and their properties. It also discusses internal joints like internal hinge, internal roller, and internal link. The document explains concepts of static indeterminacy, kinematic indeterminacy, and degree of freedom for different types of structures.
1) Two-way slabs are slabs that require reinforcement in two directions because bending occurs in both the longitudinal and transverse directions when the ratio of longest span to shortest span is less than 2.
2) The document discusses various types of two-way slabs and design methods, focusing on the direct design method (DDM).
3) Using the DDM, the total factored load is first calculated, then the total factored moment is distributed to positive and negative moments. The moments are further distributed to column and middle strips using factors that consider the slab and beam properties.
The document discusses the design of footings for structures. It begins by explaining that footings are needed to transfer structural loads from members made of materials like steel and concrete to the underlying soil. It then describes different types of shallow and deep foundations, including spread, strap, combined, and raft footings. The document provides details on designing isolated and combined footings to resist vertical loads and moments based on provisions in IS 456. It also discusses wall footings and combined footings that support multiple columns. In summary, the document covers the purpose of footings, various footing types, and design of isolated and combined footings.
This document provides information about the design of strap footings. It begins with an overview of strap footings, noting they are used to connect an eccentrically loaded column footing to an interior column. The strap transmits moment caused by eccentricity to the interior footing to generate uniform soil pressure beneath both footings.
It then outlines the basic considerations for strap footing design: 1) the strap must be rigid, 2) footings should have equal soil pressures to avoid differential settlement, and 3) the strap should be out of contact with soil to avoid soil reactions. Finally, it provides the step-by-step process for designing a strap footing, including proportioning footing dimensions, evaluating soil pressures, designing reinforcement,
The document describes the design of a stepped footing to support a column with an unfactored load of 800 kN. A square footing with dimensions of 2.1m x 2.1m is designed with two 300mm steps. Reinforcement of #12 bars at 150mm c/c is provided. Checks are performed for bending moment, one-way shear, two-way shear, and development length which all meet code requirements. Therefore, the stepped footing design is adequate to support the given column load.
Compression members are structural members subjected to axial compression or compressive forces. Their design is governed by strength and buckling capacity. Columns can fail due to local buckling, squashing, overall flexural buckling, or torsional buckling. Built-up columns use components like lacings, battens, and cover plates to help distribute stress more evenly and increase buckling resistance compared to a single member. Buckling occurs when a straight compression member becomes unstable and bends under a critical load.
This document provides information on the structural design of a simply supported reinforced concrete beam. It includes:
- A list of students enrolled in an elementary structural design course.
- Equations and diagrams showing the forces and stresses in a reinforced concrete beam with a singly reinforced bottom section.
- Limits on the maximum depth of the neutral axis according to the grade of steel.
- Examples of analyzing the stresses and determining steel reinforcement for a given beam cross-section.
- A design example calculating the dimensions and steel reinforcement for a rectangular beam with a factored uniform load.
This document discusses the design of an isolated column footing, including:
1) Types of isolated column footings and factors that influence footing size like bearing capacity of soil.
2) Key sections to check for bending moment, shear, and development length.
3) Reinforcement requirements.
4) An example problem where a rectangular isolated sloped footing is designed for a column carrying an axial load of 2000 kN. Design checks are performed for footing size, bending moment, shear, development length, and reinforcement.
This seminar discusses plastic analysis, which is used to determine the collapse load of structures. It introduces key concepts like plastic hinges, which form at locations of maximum moment and allow large rotations. The plastic section modulus and shape factor are presented as ways to calculate the moment capacity of a fully yielded cross-section. Common collapse mechanisms like simple beams, fixed beams under uniform and point loads, and propped cantilevers are analyzed using the static method of plastic analysis or virtual work method. Determining collapse loads for various structural configurations is demonstrated through examples.
Wind load calculations were performed for a 10-story building with a height of 30 meters located in Vadodara, India. The design wind speed was calculated at different heights using the basic wind speed, probability, terrain, and topography factors according to Indian code IS 875. The design wind pressure was then determined and used to calculate the wind load in kN/m applying the effective frontal area and force coefficient. Finally, the wind load was calculated at each floor level.
good for engineering students
to get deep knowledge about design of singly reinforced beam by working stress method.
see and learn about rcc structure....................................................
The document provides details on the design of a reinforced concrete column footing to support a column with a load of 1100kN. It includes calculating the footing size as a 3.5m x 3.5m square to support the load, determining the reinforcement with 12mm diameter bars at 100mm spacing, and checking that the design meets requirements for bending capacity, shear strength, and development length. The step-by-step worked example shows how to analyze and detail the reinforcement of the column footing.
Design of steel structure as per is 800(2007)ahsanrabbani
It does not offer resistance against rotation and also termed as a hinged or pinned connections.
It transfers only axial or shear forces and it is not designed for moment
It is generally connected by single bolt/rivet and therefore full rotation is allowed
This document summarizes the design of a one-way slab for a multi-story building. Key steps include:
1) Determining the effective span is 3.125m based on the room dimensions and support thickness.
2) Calculating the factored bending moment of 5.722 kNm/m based on the loads and effective span.
3) Checking that the provided depth of 150mm is greater than the required depth of 45.53mm.
4) Sizing the main reinforcement as 130mm^2 based on the factored moment and concrete properties.
5) Specifying 10mm diameter bars spaced at 300mm centers along the shorter span.
The document provides steps for designing different structural elements:
1. Design of a beam subjected to torsion including calculation of torsional and bending moments, determination of steel requirements, and detailing.
2. Design of continuous beams involving calculation of bending moments and shears, reinforcement sizing, shear design, deflection check, and detailing including curtailment.
3. Design of circular water tanks with both flexible base and rigid base using approximate and IS code methods. This includes sizing hoop and vertical tension reinforcement, sizing wall thickness, designing cantilever sections and base slabs, and providing detailing diagrams.
This document provides guidance on the design of lacing and battens for built-up compression members. It discusses the key design considerations and calculations for both single and double lacing systems, including the angle of inclination, slenderness ratio, effective lacing length, bar width and thickness. Similar guidelines are given for battens, covering spacing, thickness, effective depth, transverse shear and overlap. The document also includes an example problem on designing a slab foundation for a column with given load and material properties.
The document discusses the design of staircases. It begins by defining key components of staircases like treads, risers, stringers, etc. It then describes different types of staircases such as straight, doglegged, and spiral. The document outlines considerations for designing staircases like dimensions, loads, and structural behavior. It provides steps for geometric design, load calculations, structural analysis, reinforcement design, and detailing of staircases. Numerical examples are also included to illustrate the design process.
This document discusses shear wall analysis and design. It defines shear walls as structural elements used in buildings to resist lateral forces through cantilever action. The document classifies different types of shear walls and discusses their behavior under seismic loading. It outlines the steps for designing shear walls, including reviewing layout, analyzing structural systems, determining design forces, and detailing reinforcement. The document emphasizes the importance of properly locating shear walls in a building to resist seismic loads and minimize torsional effects.
The document provides details on the design of a reinforced concrete column footing to support a column load of 1100kN from a 400mm square column. It describes the design process which includes determining the footing size, calculating bending moment, reinforcement requirements, checking shear capacity and development length. The design example shows a 3.5m x 3.5m square footing with 12mm diameter bars at 100mm c/c is adequate to support the given load based on the specified material properties and design codes. Reinforcement and footing details are also provided.
Approximate analysis methods make simplifying assumptions to determine preliminary member forces and dimensions for indeterminate structures. Case 1 assumes diagonals cannot carry compression and shares shear between diagonals. Case 2 allows compression in diagonals. Portal and cantilever methods analyze frames by dividing into substructures at assumed hinge locations, solving each sequentially from top to bottom.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
Footings transfer structural loads from a building to the ground. This document discusses various types of footings and their design procedures. Spread footings are the most common type and are proportioned to have an area large enough that soil and building settlement will be minimized. The general design process involves checking that factored loads are less than the soil's allowable bearing capacity and footing thickness is sufficient to resist punching and beam shear. Reinforcement is calculated and placed to resist bending stresses. Combined and strap footings are also discussed along with their unique design considerations. Brick footings can be used for small residential loads.
The document discusses different methods of designing concrete structures, focusing on the limit state method. It describes the limit state method's goal of achieving an acceptable probability that a structure will not become unsuitable for its intended use during its lifetime. The document then discusses stress-strain curves for concrete and steel. It covers stress block parameters and equations for calculating the depth of the neutral axis and moment of resistance for singly reinforced concrete beams. The document concludes by providing examples of analyzing an existing beam section and designing a new beam section.
Retaining walls are used to retain earth in a vertical position where there is an abrupt change in ground level. There are several types of retaining walls including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, and buttress walls. Cantilever walls are the most common type for heights up to 8 meters. They consist of a vertical stem and base slab that behave like one-way cantilevers. Counterfort walls include transverse supports called counterforts to reduce bending moments in the stem and slabs. Proper design of the stem, heel slab, toe slab, and foundation depth is required to resist overturning, sliding, soil pressure, and bending failure.
This document summarizes key concepts related to structural analysis including:
1) The effects of axial and eccentric loading on columns including direct stress, bending stress, and maximum/minimum stresses.
2) Maximum and minimum pressures at the base of dams and retaining walls including calculations of total water/earth pressure, eccentricity, and stability conditions.
3) Forces and stresses on chimneys and walls due to wind pressure including calculations of direct stress from self-weight, wind force, induced bending moment, and maximum/minimum stresses.
The document discusses different types of shallow foundations. It describes spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat or raft foundations. For spread footings, it provides details on single, stepped, sloped, wall, and grillage footings. Foundations are also discussed for black cotton soils, including strip footings, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations. Finally, potential causes of foundation failure are listed such as unequal settlement, subsoil moisture movement, and lateral soil pressures.
This document provides information on designing and detailing combined footings with steel reinforcement. It begins with defining what a combined footing is and the types of combined footings. It then outlines the design steps which include proportioning the footing size, calculating shear forces and bending moments, designing the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement, and preparing bar bending schedules. An example is provided to demonstrate the full design of a combined footing with a central beam joining two columns. The summary includes designing the slab and beam sections, checking development length and shear capacity, and determining the required steel reinforcement.
This document provides information on designing and detailing steel reinforcement in combined footings. It begins by defining a combined footing as a single spread footing that supports two or more columns in a straight line. It then discusses types of combined footings and provides steps for their design including proportioning the footing size, calculating shear forces and bending moments, and designing the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. The document concludes by providing an example problem demonstrating how to design a combined footing with a central beam.
This document provides information on the structural design of a simply supported reinforced concrete beam. It includes:
- A list of students enrolled in an elementary structural design course.
- Equations and diagrams showing the forces and stresses in a reinforced concrete beam with a singly reinforced bottom section.
- Limits on the maximum depth of the neutral axis according to the grade of steel.
- Examples of analyzing the stresses and determining steel reinforcement for a given beam cross-section.
- A design example calculating the dimensions and steel reinforcement for a rectangular beam with a factored uniform load.
This document discusses the design of an isolated column footing, including:
1) Types of isolated column footings and factors that influence footing size like bearing capacity of soil.
2) Key sections to check for bending moment, shear, and development length.
3) Reinforcement requirements.
4) An example problem where a rectangular isolated sloped footing is designed for a column carrying an axial load of 2000 kN. Design checks are performed for footing size, bending moment, shear, development length, and reinforcement.
This seminar discusses plastic analysis, which is used to determine the collapse load of structures. It introduces key concepts like plastic hinges, which form at locations of maximum moment and allow large rotations. The plastic section modulus and shape factor are presented as ways to calculate the moment capacity of a fully yielded cross-section. Common collapse mechanisms like simple beams, fixed beams under uniform and point loads, and propped cantilevers are analyzed using the static method of plastic analysis or virtual work method. Determining collapse loads for various structural configurations is demonstrated through examples.
Wind load calculations were performed for a 10-story building with a height of 30 meters located in Vadodara, India. The design wind speed was calculated at different heights using the basic wind speed, probability, terrain, and topography factors according to Indian code IS 875. The design wind pressure was then determined and used to calculate the wind load in kN/m applying the effective frontal area and force coefficient. Finally, the wind load was calculated at each floor level.
good for engineering students
to get deep knowledge about design of singly reinforced beam by working stress method.
see and learn about rcc structure....................................................
The document provides details on the design of a reinforced concrete column footing to support a column with a load of 1100kN. It includes calculating the footing size as a 3.5m x 3.5m square to support the load, determining the reinforcement with 12mm diameter bars at 100mm spacing, and checking that the design meets requirements for bending capacity, shear strength, and development length. The step-by-step worked example shows how to analyze and detail the reinforcement of the column footing.
Design of steel structure as per is 800(2007)ahsanrabbani
It does not offer resistance against rotation and also termed as a hinged or pinned connections.
It transfers only axial or shear forces and it is not designed for moment
It is generally connected by single bolt/rivet and therefore full rotation is allowed
This document summarizes the design of a one-way slab for a multi-story building. Key steps include:
1) Determining the effective span is 3.125m based on the room dimensions and support thickness.
2) Calculating the factored bending moment of 5.722 kNm/m based on the loads and effective span.
3) Checking that the provided depth of 150mm is greater than the required depth of 45.53mm.
4) Sizing the main reinforcement as 130mm^2 based on the factored moment and concrete properties.
5) Specifying 10mm diameter bars spaced at 300mm centers along the shorter span.
The document provides steps for designing different structural elements:
1. Design of a beam subjected to torsion including calculation of torsional and bending moments, determination of steel requirements, and detailing.
2. Design of continuous beams involving calculation of bending moments and shears, reinforcement sizing, shear design, deflection check, and detailing including curtailment.
3. Design of circular water tanks with both flexible base and rigid base using approximate and IS code methods. This includes sizing hoop and vertical tension reinforcement, sizing wall thickness, designing cantilever sections and base slabs, and providing detailing diagrams.
This document provides guidance on the design of lacing and battens for built-up compression members. It discusses the key design considerations and calculations for both single and double lacing systems, including the angle of inclination, slenderness ratio, effective lacing length, bar width and thickness. Similar guidelines are given for battens, covering spacing, thickness, effective depth, transverse shear and overlap. The document also includes an example problem on designing a slab foundation for a column with given load and material properties.
The document discusses the design of staircases. It begins by defining key components of staircases like treads, risers, stringers, etc. It then describes different types of staircases such as straight, doglegged, and spiral. The document outlines considerations for designing staircases like dimensions, loads, and structural behavior. It provides steps for geometric design, load calculations, structural analysis, reinforcement design, and detailing of staircases. Numerical examples are also included to illustrate the design process.
This document discusses shear wall analysis and design. It defines shear walls as structural elements used in buildings to resist lateral forces through cantilever action. The document classifies different types of shear walls and discusses their behavior under seismic loading. It outlines the steps for designing shear walls, including reviewing layout, analyzing structural systems, determining design forces, and detailing reinforcement. The document emphasizes the importance of properly locating shear walls in a building to resist seismic loads and minimize torsional effects.
The document provides details on the design of a reinforced concrete column footing to support a column load of 1100kN from a 400mm square column. It describes the design process which includes determining the footing size, calculating bending moment, reinforcement requirements, checking shear capacity and development length. The design example shows a 3.5m x 3.5m square footing with 12mm diameter bars at 100mm c/c is adequate to support the given load based on the specified material properties and design codes. Reinforcement and footing details are also provided.
Approximate analysis methods make simplifying assumptions to determine preliminary member forces and dimensions for indeterminate structures. Case 1 assumes diagonals cannot carry compression and shares shear between diagonals. Case 2 allows compression in diagonals. Portal and cantilever methods analyze frames by dividing into substructures at assumed hinge locations, solving each sequentially from top to bottom.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
Footings transfer structural loads from a building to the ground. This document discusses various types of footings and their design procedures. Spread footings are the most common type and are proportioned to have an area large enough that soil and building settlement will be minimized. The general design process involves checking that factored loads are less than the soil's allowable bearing capacity and footing thickness is sufficient to resist punching and beam shear. Reinforcement is calculated and placed to resist bending stresses. Combined and strap footings are also discussed along with their unique design considerations. Brick footings can be used for small residential loads.
The document discusses different methods of designing concrete structures, focusing on the limit state method. It describes the limit state method's goal of achieving an acceptable probability that a structure will not become unsuitable for its intended use during its lifetime. The document then discusses stress-strain curves for concrete and steel. It covers stress block parameters and equations for calculating the depth of the neutral axis and moment of resistance for singly reinforced concrete beams. The document concludes by providing examples of analyzing an existing beam section and designing a new beam section.
Retaining walls are used to retain earth in a vertical position where there is an abrupt change in ground level. There are several types of retaining walls including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, and buttress walls. Cantilever walls are the most common type for heights up to 8 meters. They consist of a vertical stem and base slab that behave like one-way cantilevers. Counterfort walls include transverse supports called counterforts to reduce bending moments in the stem and slabs. Proper design of the stem, heel slab, toe slab, and foundation depth is required to resist overturning, sliding, soil pressure, and bending failure.
This document summarizes key concepts related to structural analysis including:
1) The effects of axial and eccentric loading on columns including direct stress, bending stress, and maximum/minimum stresses.
2) Maximum and minimum pressures at the base of dams and retaining walls including calculations of total water/earth pressure, eccentricity, and stability conditions.
3) Forces and stresses on chimneys and walls due to wind pressure including calculations of direct stress from self-weight, wind force, induced bending moment, and maximum/minimum stresses.
The document discusses different types of shallow foundations. It describes spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat or raft foundations. For spread footings, it provides details on single, stepped, sloped, wall, and grillage footings. Foundations are also discussed for black cotton soils, including strip footings, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations. Finally, potential causes of foundation failure are listed such as unequal settlement, subsoil moisture movement, and lateral soil pressures.
This document provides information on designing and detailing combined footings with steel reinforcement. It begins with defining what a combined footing is and the types of combined footings. It then outlines the design steps which include proportioning the footing size, calculating shear forces and bending moments, designing the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement, and preparing bar bending schedules. An example is provided to demonstrate the full design of a combined footing with a central beam joining two columns. The summary includes designing the slab and beam sections, checking development length and shear capacity, and determining the required steel reinforcement.
This document provides information on designing and detailing steel reinforcement in combined footings. It begins by defining a combined footing as a single spread footing that supports two or more columns in a straight line. It then discusses types of combined footings and provides steps for their design including proportioning the footing size, calculating shear forces and bending moments, and designing the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. The document concludes by providing an example problem demonstrating how to design a combined footing with a central beam.
- The document discusses the design of a combined footing to support two columns carrying loads of 700 kN and 1000 kN respectively.
- A trapezoidal combined footing of size 7.2m x 2m is designed to support the loads and transmit them uniformly to the soil.
- Longitudinal and transverse reinforcement is designed for the footing and a central beam is included to join the two columns. Detailed design calculations and drawings of the footing and beam are presented.
The document is a past exam paper for a Civil Engineering course assessing design of reinforced concrete elements. It contains multiple choice and long answer questions testing concepts like assumptions in elastic reinforced concrete theory, types of shear failures, purposes of corner reinforcements, definitions of terms like torsional shear and development length, and differences between short and long columns. It also provides design problems for a reinforced concrete beam and one-way slab requiring calculation of reinforcement areas, spacing, shear checks, and live and dead loads.
This document contains homework assignments for a reinforced concrete structures course at Aalto University. It includes 5 assignments related to analyzing and designing column-supported slabs and reinforced concrete elements. The first 3 assignments involve forming calculation models, analyzing internal forces, and designing flexural reinforcement for column-supported slabs. The 4th assignment involves checking the capacity of a semi-circular cross-section under biaxial bending and normal force. The 5th assignment provides a problem to design a pile cap foundation using a strut-and-tie model, including forming the model, calculating design forces, sizing reinforcement, and providing a reinforced drawing. Solutions and guidance are provided for each problem.
The document discusses different types of columns based on bracing, length, and reinforcement. It describes braced and unbraced columns, long and short columns, and tied, spiral, and composite columns. Requirements for minimum reinforcement, lateral ties, and selection of column size are also summarized.
Gantry girder
Gantry girder or crane girder hand operated or electrically operated overhead cranes in industrial building such as factories, workshops, steel works, etc. to lift heavy materials, equipment etc. and carry them from one location to other , within the building
The GANTRY GIRDER spans between brackets attached to columns, which may either be of steel or reinforced concrete. Thus the span of gantry girder is equal to centre to centre spacing of columns. The rails are mounted on gantry girders.
Loads acting on gantry girder
Gantry girder, having no lateral support in its length (laterally unsupported) has to withstand the following loads:
1. Vertical loads from crane :
Self weight of crane girder
Hook load
Weight of crab (trolley)
2. Impact load from crane :
As the load is lifted using the crane hook and moved from one place to another, and released at the required place, an impact is felt on the gantry girder.
3. Longitudinal horizontal force (Drag force) :
This is caused due to the starting and stopping of the crane girder moving over the crane rails, as the crane girder moves longitudinally, i.e. in the direction of gantry girder.
This force is also known as braking force, or drag force.
This force is taken equal to 5% of the static wheel loads for EOT or hand operated cranes.
4. Lateral load (Surge load) :
Lateral forces are caused due to sudden starting or stopping of the crab when moving over the crane girder.
Lateral forces are also caused when the crane is dragging weights across the' floor of the shop.
Types of gantry girders
Depending upon the span and crane capacity, there can be many forms of gantry girders. Some commonly used forms are shows in fig .
Rolled steel beams with or without plates, channels or angles are normally used for spans up to 8m and for cranes up to 50kN capacity.
Plate girder are suitable up to span 6 to 10 m.
Plate girder with channels, angles, etc. can be used for spans more than 10m
Box girder are used foe spans more than 12m.
IRJET- Static and Dynamic Behaviour of Post Tensioned Skew Bridges by usi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research analyzing the static and dynamic behavior of post-tensioned skew bridges using finite element modeling techniques. Five bridge models with varying skew angles from 0° to 60° were created in CSiBridge software. The research found that bending moment generally decreases with increased skew angle, while shear forces and torsion increase. For combined dead and live loads, bending moment, torsional moment, and equivalent design bending moment all increased gradually with skew angle from 0° to 60°. Maximum longitudinal displacement of 0.13m was observed for the 60° skew model. The study provides insights into how changing skew angle affects key parameters like bending moment, shear, and torsion in post-tensioned concrete skew bridge design and
This document provides an overview of the design of rectangular reinforced concrete beams that are singly or doubly reinforced. It defines key assumptions in the design process including plane sections remaining plane after bending. It also covers evaluation of design parameters such as moment factors, strength reduction factors, and balanced reinforcement ratios. The design procedures for singly and doubly reinforced beams are described including checking crack width for singly reinforced beams. Figures are also provided to illustrate concepts such as stress distributions and the components of a doubly reinforced beam.
1. The panel size is 5m x 7m without drop or column head.
2. The width of the column strip is calculated as 0.25x7m = 1.75m on each side of the column.
3. The required reinforcement is calculated for bending moments in the column strip and middle strip along the longer and shorter spans based on the loading and design parameters. The reinforcement details are shown in diagrams.
1. Reinforced masonry working stress design of flexural members uses assumptions including plane sections remaining plane after bending and neglecting all masonry in tension.
2. The balanced condition occurs when the extreme fiber stress in the masonry equals the allowable compressive stress and the tensile stress in reinforcement equals the allowable tensile stress.
3. Shear design of reinforced masonry considers mechanisms such as dowel action and the ability of shear reinforcement to restrict crack growth and resist tensile stresses. Allowable shear stresses depend on the presence of shear reinforcement.
This document provides design calculations for structural elements of a concrete car park structure according to BS-8110, including:
1. A one-way spanning roof slab with a span of 2.8m, designed as simply supported with 10mm main reinforcement bars at 300mm spacing and 8mm secondary bars.
2. A load distribution beam D and non-load bearing beam E, with calculations provided for beam D's dead and imposed loads.
3. Requirements include individual work submission by January 2nd, 2016 and assumptions to be clearly stated.
This document contains 8 assignment sheets related to mechanical engineering concepts including:
1. Free body diagrams and reactions at supports
2. Internal reaction diagrams for beams
3. Axially loaded bars including stresses and deflections
4. Bending of bars including stresses, deflections, and internal reaction diagrams
5. Torsion of bars including shear stresses and angles of twist
6. Thin walled pressure containers including stress components and allowable pressures
7. Stress transformation including Mohr's circle and principal stresses
8. A problem involving stresses in a thin walled steel pressure container
The assignments cover a range of load cases and ask students to calculate stresses, deflections, reactions and other mechanical properties.
The beam section was designed with 42 prestressing strands located 130mm from the soffit. Section properties were calculated. Stress checks were performed at three stages to ensure stresses did not exceed allowable limits. A Magnel diagram showed the section satisfied design criteria with prestressing. Stirrup spacing of 150mm was chosen to resist shear. Total prestress losses were estimated at 26.67%. Deflections were calculated at various stages. A concrete slab was designed with reinforcement to span between beams.
The document presents analytical models to optimize the design of reinforced concrete slabs based on structural safety and material cost. It derives formulas for calculating the flexural capacity and optimizing the design of four slab types: simple one-way, continuous one-way, two-way solid, and flat plate. The optimization minimizes depth and steel area subject to code constraints. Total cost factors are developed to estimate material costs of concrete, steel, and formwork. Numerical examples illustrate the model's ability to determine optimized section dimensions and estimate costs for a given safety margin.
Flexural safety cost of optimized reinforced concrete slabsiaemedu
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Name: Sadia Mahajabin
ID : 10.01.03.098
4th year 2nd Semester
Section : B
Department of Civil Engineering
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
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Numericals on resultant of con-current force system.pdfBharti Shinde
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Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
1. Design of Combined Footing 2018
Miss. Shinde B.M. (Asst. Prof. Civil Engg. Dept. Sanjivaini College of Engineering, Kopargaon)
Design of Combined Footing
1. Introduction
Footings are structural members used to support columns and walls and to transmit and
distribute their loads to the soil in such a way that the load bearing capacity of the soil is
not exceeded, excessive settlement, differential settlement, or rotation are prevented
and adequate safety against overturning or sliding is maintained. The footing that
supports two or more columns is called as Combined Footing.
2. Need for Combined Footing
The combined footing is mainly provided in following circumstances,
a. When the foundation of the two columns is overlapped i.e. the distance between the
columns is very less.
b. When the safe bearing capacity of soil is too low.
c. When the exterior column is near about the property line.
3. Types of Combined Footing
2. Slab and beam type
3. Strap type
1. Slab type
2. Design of Combined Footing 2018
Miss. Shinde B.M. (Asst. Prof. Civil Engg. Dept. Sanjivaini College of Engineering, Kopargaon)
The slab type of combined footing is provided into two shapes, rectangular and
trapezoidal as,
Rectangular Combined Footing Trapezoidal Combined Footing
4. Forces acting on Combined Footing
Longitudinally, the footing acts as an upward loaded beam spanning between
columns and cantilevering beyond.
Using statics, the shear force and bending moment diagrams in the longitudinal
direction are drawn.
The footing is also subjected to transverse bending
3. Design of Combined Footing 2018
Miss. Shinde B.M. (Asst. Prof. Civil Engg. Dept. Sanjivaini College of Engineering, Kopargaon)
In case of combined footing ,due to two point loading of columns it is get divided into three parts
along the longitudinal side, cantilever along the sides of columns A and B and middle portion
between column AB. The sagging bending moment is occurred in cantilever side which develops
tension along bottom face of footing and hogging bending moment is occurred along middle
portion of column A & B which develops tension along top face of footing. Hence with respect
to the tension developed the main reinforcement is provided in combined footing as shown in
above fig. as,
Cantilever side of column A & B – Bottom Face
In between of Column A & B – Top face.
Also along the transverse direction the transverse bending moment is occurred below the column
A & B hence the transverse reinforcement is provided below the columns at bottom face.
Design of Slab type Rectangular Combined Footing
Design Parameters and Steps:
1. Find out the area of footing (Af) and decide the dimensions of footing (Lf X Bf )
1.1*Totalworkingloadon column Aand B
SafeBearingCapacityof soil
fA
2. Find out the offset distances as shown in fig. by using that the center of load and the centre of
footing is coincide, so that the uniform upward pressure from soil over the entire area.
1 22
fL
x a l x a
3. Find the depth of footing
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram and find the sagging and hogging bending
moment below column A & B and between Column AB respectively. Then for the maximum
bending moment find the depth.
4. Check the depth for two way shear.
4. Design of Combined Footing 2018
Miss. Shinde B.M. (Asst. Prof. Civil Engg. Dept. Sanjivaini College of Engineering, Kopargaon)
5. Find the area of reinforcement for sagging and hogging bending moment in longitudinal direction
and provide along tension face. Further apply the development length check as per IS 456-2000,
and curtail the reinforcement.
1
0 d
M
L L
V
6. Find the transverse reinforcement below the column A & B. The transverse action of the footing
is occurring on width of (b+2d) called bandwidth, where b-is the width of column and d- is the
depth of footing.
7. Check for one way shear and if it is unsafe provide the shear reinforcement as per IS 456-2000.
8. Draw the sections along the longitudinal and transverse direction and show the reinforcement
details.
Example 1
Design a reinforced concrete combined rectangular footing for two columns A & B
carrying working loads 450KN & 650KN respectively. Column A is 300mm x 300mm
and column B is 300mm x 400mm size. The center to center distance of column is 3.5m.
Safe bearing capacity of soil is 180KN/m2
Use M20 and Fe415 materials. Draw all
details of reinforcement.
Ans:
Given-
Data Column A Column B
Size 300mm x 300mm 300mm x 400mm
Working load 450KN 650KN
Ultimate load (w)
(F.S=1.5)
675KN 975KN
C/C distance (l) 3.5m
SBC 180KN/m2
Materials M20 and Fe415
Design constants Kumax=0.48, Rumax=2.76,
Ptmax=0.96%
1. Determination of dimensions of footing (Lf x Bf)-
2
1.1*Totalworkingloadon column Aand B
SafeBearingCapacityof soil
1.1* 450 650
180
6.72
f
f
f
A
A
A m
Assume Bf= 1.5m,
5. Design of Combined Footing 2018
Miss. Shinde B.M. (Asst. Prof. Civil Engg. Dept. Sanjivaini College of Engineering, Kopargaon)
6.72
4.48
1.5
fL m
Provide Combined Footing of size (lf x Bf)= (4.5m x 1.5m)
2. Find offset distances (a1, a2)
2
1 2
*
975*3.5
675 675
2.068
w l
x
w w
x
x m
using,
1 2
1 2
1 2
2
4.52.068 3.5 2.068
2
0.182 0.818
fL
x a l x a
a a
a m a m
3. Determination of upward soil pressure-
1 2
2 2
*
675 975
1.5*4.5
244.44KN/m 1.5* 270KN/m
244.44*1.5 366.67KN/m alonglength
244.44*4.5 1099.98KN/m along width
u
u
u
u
u
w w
q
Bf Lf
q
q SBC
q
q
4. Shear force and bending moment diagram-
6. Design of Combined Footing 2018
Miss. Shinde B.M. (Asst. Prof. Civil Engg. Dept. Sanjivaini College of Engineering, Kopargaon)
675kN 975kN
366.67 kN/m
0.182 m 0.818 m3.5 m
C
A B
D
E
ME=498.45 kN-m
MA=6.072 kN-m
+
_
.+
X=0.10 m 0.182m
MB=122.99 kN-mBMD at Ultimate
V1=66.73 kN
V4=299.92 kN
V2=608.26 kN
V3=675.08 kN
SFD at Ultimate
+
+
-
X1=1.84 m X2=2.66 m
E
-
5. Determination of depth of footing-
6
max
max*
498.45 10
2.76 1500
346.98
M
d
Ru Bf
X
d
X
d mm
Provide D= 500 mm
d = D-dc’= 500 – 50= 450 mm
Provide overall depth of Combined Footing (D)= 500mm
d = 450mm
7. Design of Combined Footing 2018
Miss. Shinde B.M. (Asst. Prof. Civil Engg. Dept. Sanjivaini College of Engineering, Kopargaon)
6. Check depth for two way shear-
For column B load is more, hence consider check for column B
Critical section for two way shear is taken at a distance of d/2 from face of
column B.
0
0
0 0
3
300 750
2 2
400 850
2 2
,
675 975
975 0.75 0.85
1.5 4.5
819.17
2 3200
,
819.17 10
3200 450
0.568
u
u
u
u
u
d d
L mm
d d
B mm
Punching Shear Force
V X
X
V KN
Perimeter L B mm
Punching Shear Stress
V X
PerimeterX d X
MPa
As per clause 31.6.3.1 page 58 & 59
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.4
1.25 1.0
1.0
0.25 0.25 20 1.118
* 1.118
c
c c
short sizeof column
Ks
long sizeof column
Ks
Ks
Ks
X fck X MPa
Ks PMPa
8. Design of Combined Footing 2018
Miss. Shinde B.M. (Asst. Prof. Civil Engg. Dept. Sanjivaini College of Engineering, Kopargaon)
, 0.568 1.118u ccomparing safe
7. Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement-
a. Ast Below Column A-
MA=6.072KN.m
min
min
min
2
6
2
2 2
( 26.5.2.1 .48)
4.60.5 0.12
1 1
100
0.5 20 4.6 6.072 10 0.12
1 1 450 1500 1500 500
415 20 1500 450 100
37.43 900
900
u
st st
st st
st st
st
clause Pg
X MX fck
A d X Bf A X Bf X D
fy fck X Bf Xd
X X X
A X A X X
X X
A mm A mm
A m
2
16
900
. 4.47 5
201
st
st
m
Assume mm
A
No of bars
a
check for development length-
Clause 26.2.3.3 page 44
1
0
1 0
0
1
47 47 16 752
12 450
int co t
608.26 366.67 0.1 571.59
571.59 752 450 172.62 .
. . .6.072 . 5
. .
d
d
d
M
L L
V
M V L L
L X mm
L d or whichever is greater mm
V Shear forceat po of n raflexure
V X KN
M KN m
No of bars for B M KN m
No of bars for B
.172.62 . 5M KN m
Provide 5 no. of 16mm dia. Bars cantilever side of column A and extend all bars upto
another edge of footing towards column B at bottom face.
9. Design of Combined Footing 2018
Miss. Shinde B.M. (Asst. Prof. Civil Engg. Dept. Sanjivaini College of Engineering, Kopargaon)
b. Ast Below Column B-
MA=122.99KN.m
min
min
min
2
6
2
2 2
( 26.5.2.1 .48)
4.60.5 0.12
1 1
100
0.5 20 4.6 122.99 10 0.12
1 1 450 1500 1500 500
415 20 1500 450 100
775.87 900
90
u
st st
st st
st st
st
clause Pg
X MX fck
A d X Bf A X Bf X D
fy fck X Bf Xd
X X X
A X A X X
X X
A mm A mm
A
2
0
16
900
. 4.47 5
201
st
st
mm
Assume mm
A
No of bars
a
check for development length-
Clause 26.2.3.3 page 44
1
0
1 0
0
1
47 47 16 752
12 450
int co t
675.08 366.67 0.182 608.35
608.35 752 450 183.72 .
. . .122.99 . 5
.
d
d
d
M
L L
V
M V L L
L X mm
L d or whichever is greater mm
V Shear forceat po of n raflexure
V X KN
M KN m
No of bars for B M KN m
No of bars fo
. .183.72 . 5r B M KN m
Provide 5 no. of 16mm dia. Bars cantilever side of column B and extend all bars upto
another edge of footing towards column A at bottom face.
10. Design of Combined Footing 2018
Miss. Shinde B.M. (Asst. Prof. Civil Engg. Dept. Sanjivaini College of Engineering, Kopargaon)
c. Ast Between Column A and Column B-
MA=498.45KN.m
min
min
min
2
6
2
2 2
( 26.5.2.1 .48)
4.60.5 0.12
1 1
100
0.5 20 4.6 498.45 10 0.12
1 1 450 1500 1500 500
415 20 1500 450 100
3435.29 900
3
u
st st
st st
st st
st
clause Pg
X MX fck
A d X Bf A X Bf X D
fy fck X Bf Xd
X X X
A X A X X
X X
A mm A mm
A
2
435.29
20
3435.29
. 10.9 11
314
st
st
mm
Assume mm
A
No of bars
a
check for development length-
Clause 26.2.3.3 page 44
1
0
1 0
0
1
47 47 16 752
12 450
int co t
608.26 366.67 0.1 571.59
571.59 752 450 172.62 .
. . .498.95 . 11
.
d
d
d
M
L L
V
M V L L
L X mm
L d or whichever is greater mm
V Shear forceat po of n raflexure
V X KN
M KN m
No of bars for B M KN m
No of bars for
172.62
. .172.62 . 11 3.8 4
498.95
B M KN m X
Provide11 no. of 20mm dia. Bars in between column A and B and extend 4 no. of bars upto
edge of footing on both sides of footing at top face.
9. Design of reinforcement along transverse direction-
The transverse reinforcement is provided below column A and column B for a length of
bandwidth.
11. Design of Combined Footing 2018
Miss. Shinde B.M. (Asst. Prof. Civil Engg. Dept. Sanjivaini College of Engineering, Kopargaon)
Bw = b+d+d or available distance whichever is less.
a. Below Column A
2
6
6
300 450 182 300 / 2 782 790
int ,
675
569.62
1.5 0.79
0.6 0.6 / 2 0.79
80.99 .
80.99 10
2.76 790
192.72 450
0.5 20 4.6 80.99 10
1 1
415
w
u
uA u
uA
st
B mm mm
Upward pressure ensity
q KN m
X
M q X X
M KN m
check for depthd
X
d
X
d mm mm Safe
X X X
A
min
min
2
2 2
2
0.12
450 790 790 500
20 790 450 100
514.16 426.6
514.41
12
514.41
. 4.55 5
113
st
st st
st
st
st
X A X X
X X
A mm A mm
A mm
Assume mm
A
No of bars
a
Provide 5 no. of 12mm dia. Bars below column A in a width of 790mm along the
transverse direction at bottom face.
b. Below Column A
12. Design of Combined Footing 2018
Miss. Shinde B.M. (Asst. Prof. Civil Engg. Dept. Sanjivaini College of Engineering, Kopargaon)
2
6
300 450 450 1200
int ,
975
541.67
1.5 1.2
0.55 0.55 / 2 1.2
98.31 .
98.31 10
2.76 1200
172.29 450
w
u
uA u
uA
B mm
Upward pressure ensity
q KN m
X
M q X X
M KN m
check for depthd
X
d
X
d mm mm Safe
min
min
6
2
2 2
2
0.5 20 4.6 98.31 10 0.12
1 1 450 1200 1200 500
415 20 1200 450 100
620.16 720
720
12
720
. 6.37 7
113
st st
st st
st
st
st
X X X
A X A X X
X X
A mm A mm
A mm
Assume mm
A
No of bars
a
Provide 7 no. of 12mm dia. Bars below column B in a width of 1200mm along the
transverse direction at bottom face.
10. Check for one way shear-
In case of check for one way shear the critical section is taken at a distance d or at point
of contraflexure whichever is less.
a. In between column A and B
Critical section is taken at a distance of 182mm from face of column B
13. Design of Combined Footing 2018
Miss. Shinde B.M. (Asst. Prof. Civil Engg. Dept. Sanjivaini College of Engineering, Kopargaon)
2
300
675.08 366.67 182
2
553.34
100 100 314
0.51%
1500 450
19, .73, 456 2000
0.483 /
0.483 1500 450
326.16 553.34
Pr inf
uD
uD
c
uc c
uc uD
V
V KN
Ast X
Pt
bd X
fromTable Pg IS
N mm
V bd X X
V KN V KN
ovide shear re orcement
A
3
10 ,2
40.4 .73
0.87* * *
0.75
227.18 0.75 450
0.87 415 157.1 450
337.5
227.18 10
112.52
v
uD uc
v
v
ssume mm legged vertical stirrups HYSD Steel
clause Pg
fy Asv d
S d
Vs
Vs V V KN X
X X X
S mm
X
S mm
Provide 2-legged 10mm dia. HYSD steel bar @ 110mm C/C in between col. A & B
b. In cantilever side of column A & B
Critical section is taken at a distance of 450mm from face of column B
2
300
300 366.67 450
2
80
100 100 201
0.148%
1500 450
19, .73, 456 2000
0.26 /
0.26 1500 450
182.25 80
Pr min inf
uD
uD
c
uc c
uc uD
V
V KN
Ast X
Pt
bd X
fromTable Pg IS
N mm
V bd X X
V KN V KN
ovide imum shear re orcement
Provide 2-legged 10mm dia. HYSD steel bar @ 250mm C/C in cantilever side
col. A & B
11. Summery-
14. Design of Combined Footing 2018
Miss. Shinde B.M. (Asst. Prof. Civil Engg. Dept. Sanjivaini College of Engineering, Kopargaon)
Description
Size of Footing 4.5M x 1.5M
Depth of footing D=500mm
d=450mm
Cantilever Col. A Between Col. A & B Cantilever Col. A
Long. R/F 5 no. of 16mm dia. 11 no. 20mm dia. 5 no. of 16mm dia.
Transverse R/F 5 no. of 12mm dia. ---- 7 no. of 12mm dia.
Shear R/F 2-legged 10mm dia.
HYSD steel bar @
250mm C/C
2-legged 10mm dia.
HYSD steel bar @
110mm C/C
2-legged 10mm dia.
HYSD steel bar @
250mm C/C
12. Reinforcement Details-
Design of Slab and Beam type Rectangular Combined Footing
Design Parameters and Steps:
1. Find out the area of footing (Af) and decide the dimensions of footing (Lf X Bf )
1.1*Totalworkingloadon column Aand B
SafeBearingCapacityof soil
fA
2. Find out the offset distances as shown in fig. by using that the center of load and the centre of
footing is coincide, so that the uniform upward pressure from soil over the entire area.
15. Design of Combined Footing 2018
Miss. Shinde B.M. (Asst. Prof. Civil Engg. Dept. Sanjivaini College of Engineering, Kopargaon)
1 22
fL
x a l x a
3. Design of Base Slab
Find net upward pressure,
21 2
/
*1.0 /
u
u u
w w
q KN m
Af
q q m KN m
2
2
offset distanceof col.Aor col.whicheverismore
Find Depth of Slab, d=
Check for one wayshear
Find Area of Main reinforcement and area of distribution steel
u
u
u
u
q l
M
l
M
R b
4. Design of Central Beam
Find net upward pressure,
21 2
/
* /
* /
u
u u
u u
w w
q KN m
Af
q q Bf KN m along length
q q Lf KN m along width
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram and find the sagging and hogging bending
moment below column A & B and between Column AB respectively. Then for the maximum
bending moment find the depth.
5. Check the depth for two way shear.
6. Design the c/s of beam as ,
If Sagging B.M. > Hogging B.M. T section in cantilever of Col. A & B
□
Rectangular section in between col. A and B
If Hogging B.M. > Sagging B.M. □ Section in cantilever of Col. A & B
Inverted
T section in between col. A and B
Find the area of reinforcement for sagging and hogging bending moment in longitudinal direction
and provide along tension face. Further apply the development length check as per IS 456-2000,
and curtail the reinforcement.
1
0 d
M
L L
V
7. Check for one way shear and if it is unsafe provide the shear reinforcement as per IS 456-2000.
8. Draw the R/F in beam along the longitudinal direction and in cross section. Draw reinforcement
details of base slab.
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