Presentation is a part of Structural Engg. series by ACCE(I) Institutes. Deals with details of Composite Structures-Design and Construction with case studies
Composite Concrete-Steel Construction in Tall Buildings by Dr. NaveedAIT Solutions
The document discusses composite concrete-steel construction systems used in tall buildings. It describes how composite and mixed systems use concrete and steel acting together to provide benefits like increased strength and stiffness. Common composite elements discussed include composite floors, beams, columns, shear walls, and link beams. Composite columns provide benefits like increased strength and stiffness. Concrete-filled steel tubes are an efficient composite column type. Recent developments in composite shear walls include concrete-filled composite plate shear wall systems that offer enhanced seismic performance. Case studies of composite tall buildings in Asia are also presented.
This document discusses composite construction, where a prefabricated beam and cast-in-place concrete slab act together as a unit. It defines composite construction and describes its advantages over non-composite construction, including increased stiffness, strength, and span length. The document discusses how shear connectors interconnect the beam and slab to achieve composite action. It provides equations for calculating the effective slab width, section properties of the composite section, and required strength of shear connectors. An example is given for designing a composite slab on a precast reinforced concrete beam.
Difference between control, construction, and expansion jointsscott-miller
There are numerous joints in every structure because it takes months to develop a building. Almost in every building, it has different joints. These joints need particular attention so that they can’t create a problem for you in the future. Here we discussed some differences between different types of joints
Composite construction or Composite Structure/FrameAbdul Rahman
Composite structure of steel and concrete has been explained under this ppt with examples, type of structural members, advantages and comparison with other structures like R.C.C structure and Steel structures.
Composite structure of concrete and steel.Suhailkhan204
This document discusses composite structures, which combine steel and concrete materials. The key elements of composite structures are composite deck slabs, beams, and columns, along with shear connectors. Composite structures take advantage of concrete's compressive strength and steel's tensile strength. They provide benefits like increased load capacity, stiffness, fire resistance, and cost savings compared to traditional steel or concrete construction alone. An example project, the Millennium Tower in Vienna, is described. The document analyzes costs and concludes that composite structures are best suited for high-rise buildings due to reduced weight, increased ductility, and savings of around 10% compared to reinforced concrete.
The document discusses fiber reinforced concrete (FRC), including different types of fibers used (steel, glass, synthetic), their properties, and applications. Steel fiber reinforced concrete uses thin steel wires to improve structural strength and reduce cracking. Glass fiber reinforced concrete uses fiberglass for insulation and crack prevention. Synthetic fibers like plastic and nylon improve properties like pumpability and prevent cracking and spalling. FRC provides benefits like increased tensile strength, energy absorption, impact resistance, and wear resistance. Common uses include highways, hydraulic structures, and precast applications.
This document discusses composite construction and cambering of steel beams. It provides information on:
1) The composite construction process including use of composite metal decking, shear connectors, and concrete pouring to create a composite floor system that is stronger and stiffer than steel alone.
2) The advantages of composite construction such as reduced steel needs, lighter weight, and increased spans.
3) The cambering process of inducing a slight curvature in steel beams to compensate for deflection under loads in order to achieve a level floor slab.
4) When cambering is appropriate such as for filler beams, and when it is not such as for moment connected beams. Alternative methods to cambering like
1) Shear walls are vertical elements that carry lateral loads like wind and seismic forces from the building down to the foundation, forming a box structure for support.
2) Shear walls should be placed on all levels of the building, including the basement, and symmetrically on all four exterior walls to form an effective structure. Interior walls can add strength when exterior walls are not sufficient.
3) Common types of shear walls include reinforced concrete, plywood, steel plate, and hollow concrete block masonry walls. Proper design and ductility improve shear wall performance during seismic events.
Composite Concrete-Steel Construction in Tall Buildings by Dr. NaveedAIT Solutions
The document discusses composite concrete-steel construction systems used in tall buildings. It describes how composite and mixed systems use concrete and steel acting together to provide benefits like increased strength and stiffness. Common composite elements discussed include composite floors, beams, columns, shear walls, and link beams. Composite columns provide benefits like increased strength and stiffness. Concrete-filled steel tubes are an efficient composite column type. Recent developments in composite shear walls include concrete-filled composite plate shear wall systems that offer enhanced seismic performance. Case studies of composite tall buildings in Asia are also presented.
This document discusses composite construction, where a prefabricated beam and cast-in-place concrete slab act together as a unit. It defines composite construction and describes its advantages over non-composite construction, including increased stiffness, strength, and span length. The document discusses how shear connectors interconnect the beam and slab to achieve composite action. It provides equations for calculating the effective slab width, section properties of the composite section, and required strength of shear connectors. An example is given for designing a composite slab on a precast reinforced concrete beam.
Difference between control, construction, and expansion jointsscott-miller
There are numerous joints in every structure because it takes months to develop a building. Almost in every building, it has different joints. These joints need particular attention so that they can’t create a problem for you in the future. Here we discussed some differences between different types of joints
Composite construction or Composite Structure/FrameAbdul Rahman
Composite structure of steel and concrete has been explained under this ppt with examples, type of structural members, advantages and comparison with other structures like R.C.C structure and Steel structures.
Composite structure of concrete and steel.Suhailkhan204
This document discusses composite structures, which combine steel and concrete materials. The key elements of composite structures are composite deck slabs, beams, and columns, along with shear connectors. Composite structures take advantage of concrete's compressive strength and steel's tensile strength. They provide benefits like increased load capacity, stiffness, fire resistance, and cost savings compared to traditional steel or concrete construction alone. An example project, the Millennium Tower in Vienna, is described. The document analyzes costs and concludes that composite structures are best suited for high-rise buildings due to reduced weight, increased ductility, and savings of around 10% compared to reinforced concrete.
The document discusses fiber reinforced concrete (FRC), including different types of fibers used (steel, glass, synthetic), their properties, and applications. Steel fiber reinforced concrete uses thin steel wires to improve structural strength and reduce cracking. Glass fiber reinforced concrete uses fiberglass for insulation and crack prevention. Synthetic fibers like plastic and nylon improve properties like pumpability and prevent cracking and spalling. FRC provides benefits like increased tensile strength, energy absorption, impact resistance, and wear resistance. Common uses include highways, hydraulic structures, and precast applications.
This document discusses composite construction and cambering of steel beams. It provides information on:
1) The composite construction process including use of composite metal decking, shear connectors, and concrete pouring to create a composite floor system that is stronger and stiffer than steel alone.
2) The advantages of composite construction such as reduced steel needs, lighter weight, and increased spans.
3) The cambering process of inducing a slight curvature in steel beams to compensate for deflection under loads in order to achieve a level floor slab.
4) When cambering is appropriate such as for filler beams, and when it is not such as for moment connected beams. Alternative methods to cambering like
1) Shear walls are vertical elements that carry lateral loads like wind and seismic forces from the building down to the foundation, forming a box structure for support.
2) Shear walls should be placed on all levels of the building, including the basement, and symmetrically on all four exterior walls to form an effective structure. Interior walls can add strength when exterior walls are not sufficient.
3) Common types of shear walls include reinforced concrete, plywood, steel plate, and hollow concrete block masonry walls. Proper design and ductility improve shear wall performance during seismic events.
The document provides details about the structural design and construction of the City Business Centre in Timisoara, Romania and the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia building in Addis Ababa. The City Business Centre project consisted of 5 class A office buildings constructed using composite steel-concrete frames to achieve high strength and stiffness. The Commercial Bank of Ethiopia headquarters building features a cylindrical design with steel structure and concrete infill, supported by pile foundations. Both projects utilized composite structural elements and modern construction methods.
Composite Construction Method for Engineering and ArchitectureMimi Alguidano
Composite construction uses two materials together to utilize each material's strengths. It examines problems with steel-concrete beams, including concrete placement order and deflection monitoring. New approaches include beam-column systems and air ducts in box girders. Other composites include timber-concrete slabs and steel-timber trusses.
Composite construction is beneficial because concrete resists compression well and steel resists tension well. Joining them results in an efficient, lightweight design with construction speed benefits. It allows for reduced floor depths and foundation sizes.
The benefits of composite construction include speed, performance, and value. Steel erection is fast and prefabricated decks provide stiffness when concrete cures. Concrete also protects
The document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete components are cast off-site in a controlled environment and transported to the construction site for assembly. This allows for standardized, mass produced elements.
- Large precast concrete panels form the walls and floors, connecting vertically and horizontally. When joined, they form a rigid box structure that transfers lateral loads.
- Connections between precast elements can be either dry joints using bolts/welds, or monolithic placement with concrete poured to join components.
This document compares reinforced concrete (RC) flat slab and post-tensioned (PT) slab systems. It analyzes slabs of varying panel sizes from 9x9m to 12x12m under different loading conditions using software. The PT slabs were found to have higher moment capacity, require less concrete thickness and rebar, and provide better serviceability than RC slabs. Construction photos of completed PT slab projects are also shown. The document concludes that PT slabs are more cost effective for building floor systems compared to RC flat slabs.
This document discusses the design and construction of a post-tensioned concrete slab. It begins with objectives to summarize experience with post-tensioning in building construction and discuss design and construction of post-tensioned flat slab structures. It then provides details on prestressed concrete principles, design of the PT slabs including thickness determination and prestress calculations, and execution steps like formwork, concrete pouring, prestressing, and grouting. Post-tensioning offers advantages over reinforced concrete like longer spans, thinner slabs, and improved seismic performance.
Reinforced concrete is a composite material consisting of concrete and steel reinforcement. François Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Reinforced concrete uses the strengths of both materials - concrete is strong in compression and steel is strong in tension. It is used widely in construction for buildings, bridges, tunnels and other structures due to its high strength and durability.
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar and wire mesh. It is strong, durable, and low-cost. Common applications include walls, floors, roofs, water tanks, bridges, and marine structures. Ferrocement is 2-5 cm thick and has a cement mortar mix reinforced with steel mesh or rods. It was invented in the 1850s and methods of construction include skeletal armature, closed mould, integral mould, and open mould. Ferrocement is used Residential buildings, marine applications, water and sanitation infrastructure, agriculture, renewable energy, and other structures.
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete material made of closely spaced wire mesh and mortar. It was developed in the 1940s and provides several advantages over traditional reinforced concrete. Ferrocement structures can be constructed with minimal formwork and skilled labor since the wire mesh reinforcement is embedded throughout the thin mortar surface. Common applications include water tanks, boats, housing elements, and agricultural structures due to its lightweight, durability, and flexibility in shaping.
This document provides an overview of bendable concrete, also known as engineered cementitious composite (ECC). It discusses the development, composition, types, properties, applications, and conclusions regarding ECC. ECC is a mortar-based composite reinforced with short polymer fibers that provides much higher ductility than ordinary Portland cement, with a strain capacity of 3-7% compared to 0.01% for OPC. It uses a low volume of polyvinyl alcohol fibers and has proven to be 50 times more flexible and 40 times lighter than traditional concrete. Applications of ECC include repair of dams and use in seismic-resistant structures like bridges and skyscrapers due to its excellent energy absorption.
Prestressed concrete uses high-strength steel tendons or cables to put concrete members into compression prior to stresses from service loads being applied. This counters the tensile stresses induced by loading and improves the behavior of the concrete. There are two main methods - pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before concrete is cast, while post-tensioning stresses steel tendons after the concrete has hardened. Losses in prestress over time include elastic shortening, anchorage slip, friction, creep, shrinkage, and steel relaxation. Proper material selection and design can minimize these losses and optimize the performance of prestressed concrete.
A COMPOSITE STRUCTURE AND A RCC STRUCTURE ARE CONSIDERED FOR COMPARATIVE STUDY OF G+9 STORY COMMERCIAL BUILDING WHICH IS SITUATED IN HYDERABAD, INDIA EARTHQUAKE ZONE 2 AND FOR EARTHQUAKE LOADING. A THREE DIMENSIONAL MODELLING AND ANALYSIS OF BOTH THE STRUCTURES ARE CARRIED OUT WITH THE HELP OF ETABS SOFTWARE. THE ABOVE STUDY DEALS WITH THE COMPARISON OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS OF RCC STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITE STRUCTURE UNDER THE EFFECT OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOADS. THE ANALYSIS AND BEHAVIOR OF THE COMPOSITE STRUCTURE AS WELL AS THE RCC STRUCTURE ARE EXAMINED. THE COMPOSITE STRUCTURE PROVED TO BE MORE ECONOMICAL AND RELIABLE THAN COMPARED TO A RCC STRUCTURE DESIGNED FOR SIMILAR AND LOADING CONDITIONS.
This document discusses the materials and design considerations for plain and reinforced concrete structures according to the National Building Code of India. It outlines the types of cement, aggregates, water, admixtures, and reinforcement that can be used. It also covers mix design and proportioning, durability requirements, and factors to consider when selecting reinforced concrete as a construction material such as its economy, suitability for structural and architectural functions, low maintenance needs, availability of materials, rigidity, and fire resistance.
A shear wall is a vertical structural element used to resist horizontal forces such as wind and seismic forces. Shear walls are generally used in high-rise buildings where the effects of wind and seismic forces are more significant. Shear walls are usually provided along both the length and width of buildings and act like vertically-oriented beams that carry earthquake loads downwards to the foundation. Common types of shear walls include reinforced concrete, concrete block, steel, plywood, and mid-ply shear walls. Shear walls must provide the necessary lateral strength to resist horizontal earthquake forces and lateral stiffness to prevent excessive side-sway of the structure.
The document discusses cable structure systems used in architectural design. It defines a cable structure as a form-active structure system that uses tension to support loads through non-rigid, flexible materials shaped into a certain configuration. The key components of cable structure systems are described, including the cable materials (PTFE-coated fiberglass fabric, steel, rubber), construction method of attaching cables to anchor points, and issues of dynamic wind effects that require strategies like adding guy cables. Advantages are highlighted such as lightweight construction, large spans, design freedom, and cost efficiency, while disadvantages include potential issues with maintenance and vulnerability to damage.
Precast concrete construction involves casting concrete structural elements at a manufacturing facility rather than on site. This allows for rapid construction, high quality control, and easy incorporation of prestressing. Precast concrete provides advantages like speed of erection, durability, and economy, but also has disadvantages such as weight, limited flexibility in design, and need for skilled workmanship and lifting equipment on site. Common precast concrete elements include walls, slabs, beams, and structural framing using techniques like welded plates and rebar splicing.
The document discusses structural steel, including its composition, properties, types, and applications in construction. It describes how steel is made from iron with added elements, and its varying properties based on carbon content. The types discussed are mild steel, medium carbon steel, and high carbon steel. Common structural steel applications mentioned include beams, columns, trusses, and framing for buildings like airports and stadiums.
The document discusses common defects found in buildings such as cracks and dampness. It categorizes defects into pre-construction, during construction, and post-construction. Cracks can be structural or non-structural, and are caused by factors like drying shrinkage, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, and foundation issues. Dampness is usually due to penetrating damp from gaps or rising damp without a proper damp proof course. Preventive measures include proper design, materials, construction practices, and addressing the root causes of defects.
Trusses are commonly used in buildings to span long distances and carry heavy loads. Steel trusses are preferred over wood trusses for their strength, simplicity of installation, and durability without risk of rotting. Various types of trusses include king post, queen post, Howe, Pratt, and fan trusses used in roofs, as well as north light trusses traditionally used for industrial buildings to maximize natural lighting. Larger spans may use tubular steel, quadrangular, or gusset plate connected trusses, while galvanized steel sheets are often used for roofing material.
The document provides an overview of concrete construction, including:
1) The key ingredients of concrete are cement, aggregate, and water. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension.
2) Reinforcing steel, such as rebar, is often added to concrete to improve its tensile strength. Concrete properties and costs are influenced by factors like cement content, water-cement ratio, and formwork complexity.
3) Concrete placement and finishing methods have advanced with new technologies like pumps, conveyors, and laser screeds, but hand placement is still common. Proper consolidation and construction joints are important to avoid defects.
This document provides information about a building technology course on alternative construction systems. It includes the course name, description, units, contact hours, prerequisites, objectives, and outline. The course aims to teach students about non-conventional construction methods, provide working details of different systems, understand advantages, and learn about latest technologies. The outline covers topics like cast-in-place and precast concrete, prestressed concrete, composite construction, tensile structures, and pre-engineered buildings. Studio equipment includes sample drawings.
This document discusses steel-concrete composite construction. It describes shear connectors, which provide composite action between steel beams and concrete slabs. There are three main types of shear connectors: rigid connectors made of steel bars or angles that resist shear through bearing pressure; flexible stud connectors that bend and fail through yielding; and bond-type connectors that rely on bond and anchoring. The document discusses the design of shear connectors according to Indian codes IRC 22-1986 and IS 11384-1985, providing methods to calculate the design strength of shear connectors.
The document provides details about the structural design and construction of the City Business Centre in Timisoara, Romania and the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia building in Addis Ababa. The City Business Centre project consisted of 5 class A office buildings constructed using composite steel-concrete frames to achieve high strength and stiffness. The Commercial Bank of Ethiopia headquarters building features a cylindrical design with steel structure and concrete infill, supported by pile foundations. Both projects utilized composite structural elements and modern construction methods.
Composite Construction Method for Engineering and ArchitectureMimi Alguidano
Composite construction uses two materials together to utilize each material's strengths. It examines problems with steel-concrete beams, including concrete placement order and deflection monitoring. New approaches include beam-column systems and air ducts in box girders. Other composites include timber-concrete slabs and steel-timber trusses.
Composite construction is beneficial because concrete resists compression well and steel resists tension well. Joining them results in an efficient, lightweight design with construction speed benefits. It allows for reduced floor depths and foundation sizes.
The benefits of composite construction include speed, performance, and value. Steel erection is fast and prefabricated decks provide stiffness when concrete cures. Concrete also protects
The document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete components are cast off-site in a controlled environment and transported to the construction site for assembly. This allows for standardized, mass produced elements.
- Large precast concrete panels form the walls and floors, connecting vertically and horizontally. When joined, they form a rigid box structure that transfers lateral loads.
- Connections between precast elements can be either dry joints using bolts/welds, or monolithic placement with concrete poured to join components.
This document compares reinforced concrete (RC) flat slab and post-tensioned (PT) slab systems. It analyzes slabs of varying panel sizes from 9x9m to 12x12m under different loading conditions using software. The PT slabs were found to have higher moment capacity, require less concrete thickness and rebar, and provide better serviceability than RC slabs. Construction photos of completed PT slab projects are also shown. The document concludes that PT slabs are more cost effective for building floor systems compared to RC flat slabs.
This document discusses the design and construction of a post-tensioned concrete slab. It begins with objectives to summarize experience with post-tensioning in building construction and discuss design and construction of post-tensioned flat slab structures. It then provides details on prestressed concrete principles, design of the PT slabs including thickness determination and prestress calculations, and execution steps like formwork, concrete pouring, prestressing, and grouting. Post-tensioning offers advantages over reinforced concrete like longer spans, thinner slabs, and improved seismic performance.
Reinforced concrete is a composite material consisting of concrete and steel reinforcement. François Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Reinforced concrete uses the strengths of both materials - concrete is strong in compression and steel is strong in tension. It is used widely in construction for buildings, bridges, tunnels and other structures due to its high strength and durability.
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar and wire mesh. It is strong, durable, and low-cost. Common applications include walls, floors, roofs, water tanks, bridges, and marine structures. Ferrocement is 2-5 cm thick and has a cement mortar mix reinforced with steel mesh or rods. It was invented in the 1850s and methods of construction include skeletal armature, closed mould, integral mould, and open mould. Ferrocement is used Residential buildings, marine applications, water and sanitation infrastructure, agriculture, renewable energy, and other structures.
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete material made of closely spaced wire mesh and mortar. It was developed in the 1940s and provides several advantages over traditional reinforced concrete. Ferrocement structures can be constructed with minimal formwork and skilled labor since the wire mesh reinforcement is embedded throughout the thin mortar surface. Common applications include water tanks, boats, housing elements, and agricultural structures due to its lightweight, durability, and flexibility in shaping.
This document provides an overview of bendable concrete, also known as engineered cementitious composite (ECC). It discusses the development, composition, types, properties, applications, and conclusions regarding ECC. ECC is a mortar-based composite reinforced with short polymer fibers that provides much higher ductility than ordinary Portland cement, with a strain capacity of 3-7% compared to 0.01% for OPC. It uses a low volume of polyvinyl alcohol fibers and has proven to be 50 times more flexible and 40 times lighter than traditional concrete. Applications of ECC include repair of dams and use in seismic-resistant structures like bridges and skyscrapers due to its excellent energy absorption.
Prestressed concrete uses high-strength steel tendons or cables to put concrete members into compression prior to stresses from service loads being applied. This counters the tensile stresses induced by loading and improves the behavior of the concrete. There are two main methods - pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before concrete is cast, while post-tensioning stresses steel tendons after the concrete has hardened. Losses in prestress over time include elastic shortening, anchorage slip, friction, creep, shrinkage, and steel relaxation. Proper material selection and design can minimize these losses and optimize the performance of prestressed concrete.
A COMPOSITE STRUCTURE AND A RCC STRUCTURE ARE CONSIDERED FOR COMPARATIVE STUDY OF G+9 STORY COMMERCIAL BUILDING WHICH IS SITUATED IN HYDERABAD, INDIA EARTHQUAKE ZONE 2 AND FOR EARTHQUAKE LOADING. A THREE DIMENSIONAL MODELLING AND ANALYSIS OF BOTH THE STRUCTURES ARE CARRIED OUT WITH THE HELP OF ETABS SOFTWARE. THE ABOVE STUDY DEALS WITH THE COMPARISON OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS OF RCC STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITE STRUCTURE UNDER THE EFFECT OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOADS. THE ANALYSIS AND BEHAVIOR OF THE COMPOSITE STRUCTURE AS WELL AS THE RCC STRUCTURE ARE EXAMINED. THE COMPOSITE STRUCTURE PROVED TO BE MORE ECONOMICAL AND RELIABLE THAN COMPARED TO A RCC STRUCTURE DESIGNED FOR SIMILAR AND LOADING CONDITIONS.
This document discusses the materials and design considerations for plain and reinforced concrete structures according to the National Building Code of India. It outlines the types of cement, aggregates, water, admixtures, and reinforcement that can be used. It also covers mix design and proportioning, durability requirements, and factors to consider when selecting reinforced concrete as a construction material such as its economy, suitability for structural and architectural functions, low maintenance needs, availability of materials, rigidity, and fire resistance.
A shear wall is a vertical structural element used to resist horizontal forces such as wind and seismic forces. Shear walls are generally used in high-rise buildings where the effects of wind and seismic forces are more significant. Shear walls are usually provided along both the length and width of buildings and act like vertically-oriented beams that carry earthquake loads downwards to the foundation. Common types of shear walls include reinforced concrete, concrete block, steel, plywood, and mid-ply shear walls. Shear walls must provide the necessary lateral strength to resist horizontal earthquake forces and lateral stiffness to prevent excessive side-sway of the structure.
The document discusses cable structure systems used in architectural design. It defines a cable structure as a form-active structure system that uses tension to support loads through non-rigid, flexible materials shaped into a certain configuration. The key components of cable structure systems are described, including the cable materials (PTFE-coated fiberglass fabric, steel, rubber), construction method of attaching cables to anchor points, and issues of dynamic wind effects that require strategies like adding guy cables. Advantages are highlighted such as lightweight construction, large spans, design freedom, and cost efficiency, while disadvantages include potential issues with maintenance and vulnerability to damage.
Precast concrete construction involves casting concrete structural elements at a manufacturing facility rather than on site. This allows for rapid construction, high quality control, and easy incorporation of prestressing. Precast concrete provides advantages like speed of erection, durability, and economy, but also has disadvantages such as weight, limited flexibility in design, and need for skilled workmanship and lifting equipment on site. Common precast concrete elements include walls, slabs, beams, and structural framing using techniques like welded plates and rebar splicing.
The document discusses structural steel, including its composition, properties, types, and applications in construction. It describes how steel is made from iron with added elements, and its varying properties based on carbon content. The types discussed are mild steel, medium carbon steel, and high carbon steel. Common structural steel applications mentioned include beams, columns, trusses, and framing for buildings like airports and stadiums.
The document discusses common defects found in buildings such as cracks and dampness. It categorizes defects into pre-construction, during construction, and post-construction. Cracks can be structural or non-structural, and are caused by factors like drying shrinkage, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, and foundation issues. Dampness is usually due to penetrating damp from gaps or rising damp without a proper damp proof course. Preventive measures include proper design, materials, construction practices, and addressing the root causes of defects.
Trusses are commonly used in buildings to span long distances and carry heavy loads. Steel trusses are preferred over wood trusses for their strength, simplicity of installation, and durability without risk of rotting. Various types of trusses include king post, queen post, Howe, Pratt, and fan trusses used in roofs, as well as north light trusses traditionally used for industrial buildings to maximize natural lighting. Larger spans may use tubular steel, quadrangular, or gusset plate connected trusses, while galvanized steel sheets are often used for roofing material.
The document provides an overview of concrete construction, including:
1) The key ingredients of concrete are cement, aggregate, and water. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension.
2) Reinforcing steel, such as rebar, is often added to concrete to improve its tensile strength. Concrete properties and costs are influenced by factors like cement content, water-cement ratio, and formwork complexity.
3) Concrete placement and finishing methods have advanced with new technologies like pumps, conveyors, and laser screeds, but hand placement is still common. Proper consolidation and construction joints are important to avoid defects.
This document provides information about a building technology course on alternative construction systems. It includes the course name, description, units, contact hours, prerequisites, objectives, and outline. The course aims to teach students about non-conventional construction methods, provide working details of different systems, understand advantages, and learn about latest technologies. The outline covers topics like cast-in-place and precast concrete, prestressed concrete, composite construction, tensile structures, and pre-engineered buildings. Studio equipment includes sample drawings.
This document discusses steel-concrete composite construction. It describes shear connectors, which provide composite action between steel beams and concrete slabs. There are three main types of shear connectors: rigid connectors made of steel bars or angles that resist shear through bearing pressure; flexible stud connectors that bend and fail through yielding; and bond-type connectors that rely on bond and anchoring. The document discusses the design of shear connectors according to Indian codes IRC 22-1986 and IS 11384-1985, providing methods to calculate the design strength of shear connectors.
Experimental Investigation on Steel Concrete Composite Floor SlabIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on steel-concrete composite floor slabs. Cold-formed steel decking with trapezoidal profiles was used to construct composite floor slabs with concrete. Shear connectors in the form of stud bolts connected the steel decking to the concrete. Three specimens were tested - an RCC slab, a composite slab, and a composite truss. The composite truss was fabricated from steel and connected to the decking and concrete with shear connectors. All specimens were tested for load carrying capacity. The composite truss performed comparably to the RCC slab and was found to effectively transfer loads through composite action between the steel and concrete components.
This document discusses various civil engineering applications of composite materials. It provides examples of composite materials being used for new bridge structures, enclosures, bonding steel plates, bonding carbon laminates and fiber fabrics, cables, ropes, tendons, rods, and anchors. It also discusses research and manufacturing related to composites. Specific projects where composites were used are described, such as footbridges in the UK, a bascule bridge, bridge soffit enclosures, and bridges where steel plates or carbon laminates were bonded for strengthening. Advantages of composites include high strength, low weight, versatility in design, durability, and reduced need for maintenance compared to steel.
Lecture 3-Composites construction (1).pptxanik7nziza
This document discusses composite construction techniques, specifically composite metal decking with concrete and concrete-cambering composites. It describes how composite metal decking works with concrete fill to create a stiff, lightweight floor system. Methods for installing metal decking, shear connectors, and concrete are outlined. Cambering steel beams is discussed as a method to compensate for beam deflection under wet concrete loads. Quality control procedures for shear connector installation and verifying proper camber are also summarized.
Speedy construction methods aim to shorten construction timelines through faster curing of concrete elements and optimized formwork. Cast-in-situ concrete involves pouring concrete on-site but takes longer to cure, while precast concrete is cast off-site and lifted into place, shortening construction times. Composite construction combines concrete and steel elements to utilize the strengths of each material. Different slab systems like solid slabs, ribbed slabs, and waffle slabs provide options to span varying distances based on structural needs and optimize material usage.
Experimental Study of Concrete Filled Tubular Short ColumnsIRJET Journal
The document presents an experimental study on the behavior of concrete filled tubular short columns of different cross-sectional shapes (circular, rectangular, and square). Specimens were tested under axial compression loading to determine their failure mechanisms and load-carrying capacities. The key findings were that square CFT columns exhibited 11.46% higher ultimate load capacity than circular columns and 10.07% higher than rectangular columns. All specimens failed via local buckling of the steel tube. Theoretical load estimates from design codes were generally lower than the tested loads.
Comparitive study on rcc and composite (cft) multi storeyed buildingseSAT Journals
The document compares the performance of reinforced concrete (RCC) and composite (CFT) multi-storey buildings under lateral loads. Nonlinear time history analyses were performed on G+14, G+19, and G+24 buildings with different lateral load-resisting systems including bracing and shear walls. Parameters like natural period, displacement, and drift were compared. The CFT buildings showed shorter periods and better performance, with natural periods up to 25% less than the RCC buildings. The CFT buildings also exhibited reduced displacements and drifts compared to the RCC structures.
Portal frames are single storey steel structures that provide large open floor plans. They consist of vertical columns connected by horizontal beams and rafters to form the frame, without interior columns. This allows for unobstructed floor spaces useful for industrial, warehouse and commercial buildings. Portal frames can be made of steel, concrete or timber, with steel being most common due to its strength, light weight and ease of construction.
Types of pavement construction procedureBhavik A Shah
The document discusses different types of pavement construction procedures, including continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP), prestressed pavement, steel fibre reinforced concrete pavement, and specifications from organizations like the Indian Road Congress (IRC) and American Concrete Institute (ACI). It provides details on the characteristics, advantages, and construction issues of CRCP and prestressed pavement. It also outlines properties and specifications for steel fibre reinforced concrete and various IRC specifications for pavement construction.
Steel fibers vs steel mesh in concrete reinforcementBekaert
Want to know all the benefits of steel fiber concrete reinforcement, as compared to traditional steel mesh concrete reinforcement? This presentation offers a full overview of its unique characteristics.
The document discusses the planning, analysis, and design of a G+3 steel-concrete composite building. Key aspects summarized include:
1) The building is 15m x 12m with 3.5m floor heights and will be analyzed and designed using STAAD-Pro software.
2) Composite structures combine the high tensile strength of steel with the high compressive strength of concrete. Shear connectors are critical to transfer forces between the steel and concrete.
3) Analysis of the building found typical bending moments, shear forces, and axial forces in the frames. The composite slab, beams, columns, and foundation were then designed.
4) Though initially more costly than RCC, the
The document discusses various types of reinforcement and formwork materials used for speedy construction. It describes four main types of reinforcement - hot rolled deformed bars, mild steel plain bars, cold worked steel reinforcement, and pre-stressing steel. It also discusses four common formwork systems - table or flying formwork, column formwork, horizontal panel systems, and vertical panel systems. The formwork systems allow for faster construction through modular, engineered components that reduce time, costs, and waste compared to traditional formwork.
A truss is an assembly of members such as beams, connected by nodes, that creates a rigid structure. In engineering, a truss is a structure that "consists of two-force members only, where the members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object"
IRJET- A Study on Concrete Filled Steel Tubular Column Steel Beam Connect...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the behavior of steel beam to concrete filled steel tubular column connections using different types of concrete. Specifically, it examines connections using light weight concrete and normal concrete with an external diaphragm. Two specimens of each concrete type were tested under static loading. The results showed panel zone deformation in the beam-column joints for both light weight and normal concrete. However, light weight concrete connections performed better in terms of seismic performance and energy dissipation compared to normal concrete connections. The aim of the study was to develop a more economical concrete filled steel tubular structure system by utilizing lighter concrete materials.
Reinforced concrete is concrete that is strengthened with rebar or steel reinforcement. It is stronger than plain concrete due to its ability to withstand both compressive and tensile stresses. The steel reinforcement provides tensile strength, while the concrete primarily resists compressive forces and protects the rebar from corrosion. Proper placement of the rebar within the formwork prior to pouring concrete is important to achieve the structural strength of the reinforced concrete. Testing of the concrete is also done to ensure it meets the required strength standards. Reinforced concrete has many advantages over plain concrete, including higher strength, durability, resistance to fire and weathering, and lower lifetime maintenance costs.
This document discusses different structural systems used for high-rise buildings, focusing on steel framing systems. It describes shear frames, which provide lateral stiffness through moment connections, and shear truss-frame systems, which combine shear frames with vertical trusses. Outrigger and belt truss systems connect vertical trusses to perimeter frames to improve stiffness. Framed tube systems use closely spaced columns and spandrel beams to create tube-like behavior. Developments in steel, like tailor-made beams and high-strength steels, have enabled taller and more efficient structures. The document provides examples of different structural systems used in high-rise building designs.
The document discusses different types of reinforcement used in concrete construction including hot rolled deformed bars, mild steel plain bars, cold worked steel reinforcement, and prestressing steel. It also discusses ready mixed concrete (RMX), the working process of RMX, advantages and disadvantages compared to site mixed concrete. The document provides information on major RMX companies. It also discusses insulating concrete formwork (ICF), crosswall construction formwork, and photos of ICF site installation.
The document discusses various types of reinforcement and formwork materials used for speedy construction. It describes hot rolled deformed bars, mild steel plain bars, cold worked steel reinforcement, and pre-stressing steel as the main types of reinforcement. It also discusses different types of formwork systems including conventional timber formwork, MS formwork, and advanced systems like table or flying formwork, column formwork, horizontal panel formwork, and vertical panel formwork. The advanced formwork systems allow for faster construction, better quality, and reduced costs.
Similar to Composite construction by Er. SURESH RAO (20)
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Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
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Here's where you can reach us : ijcnc@airccse.org or ijcnc@aircconline.com
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
2. What is Composite Structure.
What material we are considering & why.
How does composite Section works.
Various Types of Composite Structures.
An over view of Composite Construction Site Activities
Typical Structural Solutions for various span zones.
Typical Structural Solutions for given constraints.
Advantages of Composite Construction.
Disadvantages of Composite Construction.
Special Considerations for Composite Construction.
Typical CFT Column Connection Details
Few Examples of Composite Construction.
3. What is Composite Construction
What Material & Why
6. Composite slab: Deck sheet’s mechanical
interlock/ frictional interlock or end
anchorages comes in to play for composite
action.
7. Composite beam: Shear studs/ shear connectors
plays major role for composite action
8. Composite columns: Composite action is through bond
& shear studs. At the joints of connecting beams shear
studs are concentrated to ensure transfer of loads.
In case of concrete filled steel tubes under fire,
experimental results shows that the bond of the
specimens with normal interface are completely broken,
but with shear studs or internal ring steel tube can
effectively retain , portion of bond strength under fire.
Hence in practice generally shear studs or mechanical
anchorages are provided.
28. TYPE OF CONSTRICTION TYPICAL SOLUTION
Low rise, modest spans,
no restriction on
construction depth
Modest spans(<9m)
restricted construction
depth
Low rise, long span
(~15m), no restriction
on construction depth
Down stand beams,
precast units or
composite construction
Integrated solution
(Slim floors)-precast or
composite floors
Down stand composite
floor beams
31. Long span primary beam with short span
secondary beam
32. TYPE OF CONSTRICTION TYPICAL SOLUTION
Medium & high-rise,
modest spans, no
restriction on
construction depth
Medium & high rise,
long spans(~18 m) with
restricted construction
depth.
Down stand beams,
composite construction
Composite floors with
cellular long span
secondary steel beams
36. Reduction in quantity of steel, concrete &
hence load on supporting structure-
Corresponding cost benefits.
Reduction in floor height results in
corresponding cost benefits
Long span with same floor height-increase
in effective floor area
Quicker time of erection-saving in cost due
to early completion.
Ready to use earlier there by increasing
rental income
As overall cost is low-lower financing cost
Economic
advantages
37. Architectural
advantages
Longer spans, more slender columns
due to reduced dead load (thinner
slab), large Column free space-better
opportunities for Architectural
design.
Better quality control & finish better
finish
38. Service &
Flexibility
advantages
Accommodation of services in the
ceiling or within false floor or
through openings provided in webs
of structural beams or in coffer box
running along the walls.
Easy for modification during the life
of the building.
. Modification of services with
minimum disturbance to occupants
41. Quality Control
advantages
Working Platforms of steel decking.
Permanent shuttering in the form of steel
decking for slab & steel tubes in case of
CFT (Concrete filled tube) columns
Reinforcement of Profiled steel sheeting.
For small spans one can totally eliminate
placing of mesh reinforcement or for
other spans restrict mesh for support
negative moment only, by using fibres in
concrete construction of desired
proportion.
Speed and simplicity of Construction.
Better quality Controlled product.
43. Functionality
advantages
Fire protection by using principles of
reinforced concrete in which the
concrete protects the steel-where
columns are embedded in Concrete
When steel columns are embedded in
concrete better protection of steel
against corrosion
Reduced deflection- no ponding of
water
45. Additional requirement of welding of shear
studs.
Cost of erection of shear studs and construction
difficulties for the workmen from walking due
to projected shear studs over the beams.
Extra & special requirement of Camber to
beams, which is generally need special
equipment & skill
Generally needs more skilled quality control at
site
47. Selection of decking sheet to satisfy
requirement of fire rating & loading.
Requirement of fire bar in slab.
Comply to Shear studs requirement (size and
number) & it’s distribution along the length of
the beam.
Specify camber for Primary & Secondary
beams. Review by weighing with other
options as same is difficult to adhere to all
contractor
48. Avoid camber for beams for moment connected
beams & beams with end plate-as end resistance to
rotation will be more for such end restrains.
Beams with web opening needs special
consideration, opening shall meet certain specific
requirement with respect to it’s size, location &
spacing. Needs additional checks to be made.
Requirement of air vent for CFT columns to ensure
entrapped air to escape.
For Composite columns special attention must be
given for connection design.
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