Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete material made of closely spaced wire mesh and mortar. It was developed in the 1940s and provides several advantages over traditional reinforced concrete. Ferrocement structures can be constructed with minimal formwork and skilled labor since the wire mesh reinforcement is embedded throughout the thin mortar surface. Common applications include water tanks, boats, housing elements, and agricultural structures due to its lightweight, durability, and flexibility in shaping.
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of wire mesh and cement mortar. It was introduced in 1943 and offers high strength and flexibility compared to conventional concrete. Ferrocement consists of thin layers of wire mesh embedded in and covered by a sand-cement mortar mix, with a typical ratio of 5% wire mesh to 95% mortar. It can be formed into various shapes by hand or machine and has applications in construction, agriculture, transportation and more due to its strength, versatility and affordability.
Ferrocement is a special form of concrete where there is no coarse aggregate but cement mortar is reinforced with wire mesh to obtain higher strength and low weight.
Stone slab roofing, jack arch roofing, Madras roofing, and deck roofing are alternative roofing materials that can replace conventional reinforced concrete roofing. Stone slab roofs used large flat stones laid without mortar traditionally, while jack arch roofs used a flat structural element to provide support. Madras roofing involved wooden beams with bricks and plaster to create a sloped roof. Deck roofing consisted of flat open roof areas made of materials like steel, wood, or concrete to support vertical loads and weather barriers. These alternative roofing methods are historically appropriate, cost effective, and suitable for various climates.
Ferrocement is a thin cement composite material reinforced with closely spaced layers of wire mesh. It consists of a cement mortar matrix reinforced with small diameter wire mesh. The mortar provides mass while the wire mesh provides tensile strength and ductility. Ferrocement can be constructed using a variety of techniques and has applications in marine structures, water and sanitation infrastructure, agriculture, housing and rural energy due to advantages like strength, ductility, impact resistance and impermeability.
FERROCRETE - MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION METHODSjagrutib22
Ferrocrete is a type of reinforced concrete that uses closely spaced wire mesh or small diameter rods infiltrated with mortar. It has high density and durability to withstand various climates. Ferrocrete structures are lighter than regular reinforced concrete and do not require formwork. Some applications of ferrocrete include roofing, water tanks, bridges, and precast building components. Ferrocrete is constructed by first making a wire mesh framework, applying mortar that is worked into the mesh, and compacting it. This produces a strong, lightweight material suitable for many construction applications.
Low cost building materials and construction techniquesYash Kotgirwar
This document discusses low cost building materials and construction techniques to reduce costs. It describes using natural materials like bamboo, compressed earth blocks, mud plaster and straw which are sustainable and have low embodied energy. Manufactured materials discussed include fly ash bricks and coal washery reject bricks. Construction techniques to reduce costs include rat trap bond, cob construction, wattle and daub, jack arch roofs and using jali brickwork. The document emphasizes using local, recycled and non-toxic materials to minimize costs while ensuring longevity and environmental friendliness of structures.
Waterproofing is done to prevent water from penetrating buildings. It involves applying membrane barriers like bitumen or PVC during construction. It can also be done later to address leaks. Common areas waterproofed include bathrooms, terraces, basements, and roofs. Materials used include cement, sand, metal chips, brick bats, and waterproofing chemicals. Techniques include applying cement coats sloped away from the building, with brick bats or tiles in between coats. Thorough preparation and multiple curing coats are important for effective waterproofing.
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar reinforced with closely spaced wire mesh. It has a higher ratio of steel to cement than conventional concrete. Ferrocement has properties of both steel and concrete - it is flexible like steel but does not rust. It can be manufactured using various techniques like hand plastering, semi-mechanized process, centrifuging, and guniting. Ferrocement has advantages of high strength, ductility, impact resistance, and permeability. Its applications include domestic water tanks, gas holders, boat building, manhole covers, roofing, and pressure pipes.
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of wire mesh and cement mortar. It was introduced in 1943 and offers high strength and flexibility compared to conventional concrete. Ferrocement consists of thin layers of wire mesh embedded in and covered by a sand-cement mortar mix, with a typical ratio of 5% wire mesh to 95% mortar. It can be formed into various shapes by hand or machine and has applications in construction, agriculture, transportation and more due to its strength, versatility and affordability.
Ferrocement is a special form of concrete where there is no coarse aggregate but cement mortar is reinforced with wire mesh to obtain higher strength and low weight.
Stone slab roofing, jack arch roofing, Madras roofing, and deck roofing are alternative roofing materials that can replace conventional reinforced concrete roofing. Stone slab roofs used large flat stones laid without mortar traditionally, while jack arch roofs used a flat structural element to provide support. Madras roofing involved wooden beams with bricks and plaster to create a sloped roof. Deck roofing consisted of flat open roof areas made of materials like steel, wood, or concrete to support vertical loads and weather barriers. These alternative roofing methods are historically appropriate, cost effective, and suitable for various climates.
Ferrocement is a thin cement composite material reinforced with closely spaced layers of wire mesh. It consists of a cement mortar matrix reinforced with small diameter wire mesh. The mortar provides mass while the wire mesh provides tensile strength and ductility. Ferrocement can be constructed using a variety of techniques and has applications in marine structures, water and sanitation infrastructure, agriculture, housing and rural energy due to advantages like strength, ductility, impact resistance and impermeability.
FERROCRETE - MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION METHODSjagrutib22
Ferrocrete is a type of reinforced concrete that uses closely spaced wire mesh or small diameter rods infiltrated with mortar. It has high density and durability to withstand various climates. Ferrocrete structures are lighter than regular reinforced concrete and do not require formwork. Some applications of ferrocrete include roofing, water tanks, bridges, and precast building components. Ferrocrete is constructed by first making a wire mesh framework, applying mortar that is worked into the mesh, and compacting it. This produces a strong, lightweight material suitable for many construction applications.
Low cost building materials and construction techniquesYash Kotgirwar
This document discusses low cost building materials and construction techniques to reduce costs. It describes using natural materials like bamboo, compressed earth blocks, mud plaster and straw which are sustainable and have low embodied energy. Manufactured materials discussed include fly ash bricks and coal washery reject bricks. Construction techniques to reduce costs include rat trap bond, cob construction, wattle and daub, jack arch roofs and using jali brickwork. The document emphasizes using local, recycled and non-toxic materials to minimize costs while ensuring longevity and environmental friendliness of structures.
Waterproofing is done to prevent water from penetrating buildings. It involves applying membrane barriers like bitumen or PVC during construction. It can also be done later to address leaks. Common areas waterproofed include bathrooms, terraces, basements, and roofs. Materials used include cement, sand, metal chips, brick bats, and waterproofing chemicals. Techniques include applying cement coats sloped away from the building, with brick bats or tiles in between coats. Thorough preparation and multiple curing coats are important for effective waterproofing.
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar reinforced with closely spaced wire mesh. It has a higher ratio of steel to cement than conventional concrete. Ferrocement has properties of both steel and concrete - it is flexible like steel but does not rust. It can be manufactured using various techniques like hand plastering, semi-mechanized process, centrifuging, and guniting. Ferrocement has advantages of high strength, ductility, impact resistance, and permeability. Its applications include domestic water tanks, gas holders, boat building, manhole covers, roofing, and pressure pipes.
Waterproofing describes making an object waterproof or water-resistant.
Building water-proofing is a process which is designed to prevent water from penetrating a building.
Usually extensive waterproofing measures are added to a building at the time of construction, to provide moisture control from the start
Waterproofing may also be done after a building is built, to address problems as they emerge or as part of a building retrofit
Internal areas that are waterproofed include :
bathrooms,
shower recesses,
laundries
toilets.
This document discusses raft/mat foundations, including:
- A raft foundation is a thick reinforced concrete slab that supports columns and transmits loads into the soil. It is used for structures with large or uneven column loads.
- Types of raft foundations include flat plate, thickened under columns, beam and slab, box structures, and mats on piles.
- Construction involves soil testing, excavation, reinforcement placement, forming, concrete pouring, and curing. Raft foundations are economic and reduce differential settlement but require treatment for point loads.
Admixtures are added to concrete mixes to modify properties in both fresh and hardened concrete. Admixtures are classified based on their function, with common types including plasticizers/water reducers, superplasticizers/high range water reducers, and air-entraining admixtures. Permeability reducing admixtures are used to reduce water absorption through concrete by decreasing pore size and connectivity. They can reduce permeability by up to 70% depending on the type used. Proper concrete mix design and admixture dosage are required to achieve waterproofing benefits.
The document discusses filler slab roofing, which uses lightweight filler materials in place of concrete in the tension zone of reinforced concrete slabs. This reduces costs by 25-30% compared to standard concrete roofing. Common filler materials include tiles, bricks, shells, and bottles. The filler depth should not exceed the neutral axis depth, typically 60mm for a 125mm thick slab. Reinforcing grids are installed and concrete is poured on top, with filler materials centered in the grid spaces. Filler slabs provide cost savings along with benefits like improved insulation and reduced foundation loads.
Ferrocement is a composite material made of cement, sand, water and wire mesh. It is thin and lightweight but has high tensile strength. Ferrocement elements are 2-3 cm thick with wire mesh reinforcement. It has applications in water tanks, boats, benches and roofs due to its strength, repair ability and moldability. It can be cast using various techniques like hand plastering, semi-mechanized process, centrifuging and guniting. Centrifuging and guniting provide better compaction for pressure pipes and prefabricated units.
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression using tensioned steel strands, cables, or bars. This is done through either pre-tensioning or post-tensioning. In pre-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned before the concrete is poured, while in post-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Prestressed concrete provides benefits over reinforced concrete like lower construction costs, thinner structural elements, and longer spans between supports.
Reinforced concrete is a composite material consisting of concrete and steel reinforcement. François Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Reinforced concrete uses the strengths of both materials - concrete is strong in compression and steel is strong in tension. It is used widely in construction for buildings, bridges, tunnels and other structures due to its high strength and durability.
ALTERNATE BUILDING MATERIALS & TECHNOLOGICAL ALTERNATIVES IN CONSTRUCTIONRajesh Kolli
Construction and civil engineering activities have experienced a rapid growth due to improvements in procurement of building materials.
However, the current scenario in the developing construction industry has posed many challenges due to some unsustainable aspects of the highly polluting and the exhaustive nature of building materials.
At the same time, it has also created opportunities for innovative and unconventional resources to emerge due to the widening gap in demand and supply of building materials, as well as the need for energy efficient and economical methods of construction.
Filler slab construction using coconut shellBasil Ipe
The document describes an experimental study on using coconut shells as filler material in bubble deck slabs. A bubble deck slab is a type of slab that virtually eliminates concrete from the middle tension zone, reducing weight. The study aims to determine the load capacity of filler slabs with coconut shells and compare to conventional slabs. Specimens including cubes, cylinders and slabs with and without coconut shell filler were cast and will undergo testing to evaluate load capacity, cracking patterns, and compare performances between the slab types. The results will help analyze if coconut shell filler is a viable, cost-effective alternative to concrete in slabs.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC), including its history, materials, specifications, and advantages/disadvantages. RCC uses steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to resist tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses. François Coignet is considered a pioneer of RCC, building the first reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Proper proportions and mixing of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water are needed to produce durable concrete. Precast concrete involves casting pieces off-site then transporting them for assembly.
A presentation on various types of tile rooifing materials and techniques for the course Appropriate Techniques from students of 4th Semester Architecture at VNIT, Nagpur (Jan-March 2015)
Detailed specification of an item of work specifies the quantities of materials, proportion of mortar, workmanship, method of preparation & execution and method of measurement.
Detailed specifications of different items of works are prepared separately and describe what the work should be and these shall be executed and constructed.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components such as walls, columns, foundations, arches and lintels. Stones are selected based on availability, ease of working, appearance, strength, polishing characteristics and economy. There are two main types of stone masonry - rubble masonry which uses roughly dressed stones with wider joints, and ashlar masonry which uses accurately dressed stones with fine, uniform joints. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed, coursed, random, dry and polygonal styles based on stone arrangement. Ashlar masonry has fine, rough, rock-faced, block and chamfered styles based on stone dressing. Stone
All you need to know about timber in just a single ppt with interesting slides. Hope it hlps! This ppt was created as the result of a teamwork with my classmates
The document discusses different types of building cladding materials and systems. It describes cladding as the exterior skin of a building that provides protection from weather elements while serving decorative purposes. Some key types of cladding mentioned include curtain wall systems, attached panels, and infill systems. The document also discusses various cladding materials used for interior and exterior applications such as timber, stone, brick, and metal. It provides details on installation methods and advantages of different cladding options.
Raft foundations are used when buildings have heavy loads, compressible soil, or require minimal differential settlement. A raft foundation is a continuous concrete slab that supports all building columns. It can be designed using either a rigid or flexible approach. The rigid approach assumes the raft bridges soil variations, while the flexible approach models soil-structure interaction. Key considerations for raft design include bearing capacity, settlement, stress distribution, and structural component sizing.
The document discusses different types of flooring materials and their construction. It describes the key components of flooring as the sub-floor or base course, and floor covering. Common materials used include cement concrete, lime concrete, stones, bricks and wood. The selection of flooring depends on factors like initial cost, appearance, durability, damp and fire resistance. Specific flooring types discussed include mud, muram, brick, flagstone, cement concrete, terrazzo, mosaic and tile flooring.
Introduction;
Reinforced brick masonry (RBM) consists of brick masonry which incorporates steel reinforcement embedded in mortar.
This masonry has greatly increased resistance to forces that produce tensile and shear stresses.
The reinforcement provides additional tensile strength, allowing better use of brick masonry's inherent compressive strength.
The two materials complement each other, resulting in an excellent structural material.
HISTORY;
Brick masonry is one of the oldest forms of building construction, and reinforcement has been used to strengthen masonry since 1813.
...
Ferrocement is a thin concrete made of cement mortar reinforced with closely spaced layers of wire mesh. It is composed of a matrix of cement mortar reinforced with steel wire mesh. Ferrocement can be formed into various shapes and exhibits high tensile strength and flexibility compared to conventional concrete due to the higher steel-cement ratio. It has applications in marine structures, water and sanitation infrastructure, housing, and agriculture due to properties such as lightweight, durability, and waterproofness.
This document discusses ferrocement, an appropriate building technique. [1] Ferrocement is a reinforced concrete made of closely spaced wire mesh and cement mortar. [2] It uses cement, sand, water, and thin steel wire mesh. The mortar provides mass while the mesh provides tensile strength. [3] Ferrocement is stronger and more flexible than conventional concrete. It can be formed into various shapes and is suitable for developing countries due to its simplicity and labor intensiveness.
Waterproofing describes making an object waterproof or water-resistant.
Building water-proofing is a process which is designed to prevent water from penetrating a building.
Usually extensive waterproofing measures are added to a building at the time of construction, to provide moisture control from the start
Waterproofing may also be done after a building is built, to address problems as they emerge or as part of a building retrofit
Internal areas that are waterproofed include :
bathrooms,
shower recesses,
laundries
toilets.
This document discusses raft/mat foundations, including:
- A raft foundation is a thick reinforced concrete slab that supports columns and transmits loads into the soil. It is used for structures with large or uneven column loads.
- Types of raft foundations include flat plate, thickened under columns, beam and slab, box structures, and mats on piles.
- Construction involves soil testing, excavation, reinforcement placement, forming, concrete pouring, and curing. Raft foundations are economic and reduce differential settlement but require treatment for point loads.
Admixtures are added to concrete mixes to modify properties in both fresh and hardened concrete. Admixtures are classified based on their function, with common types including plasticizers/water reducers, superplasticizers/high range water reducers, and air-entraining admixtures. Permeability reducing admixtures are used to reduce water absorption through concrete by decreasing pore size and connectivity. They can reduce permeability by up to 70% depending on the type used. Proper concrete mix design and admixture dosage are required to achieve waterproofing benefits.
The document discusses filler slab roofing, which uses lightweight filler materials in place of concrete in the tension zone of reinforced concrete slabs. This reduces costs by 25-30% compared to standard concrete roofing. Common filler materials include tiles, bricks, shells, and bottles. The filler depth should not exceed the neutral axis depth, typically 60mm for a 125mm thick slab. Reinforcing grids are installed and concrete is poured on top, with filler materials centered in the grid spaces. Filler slabs provide cost savings along with benefits like improved insulation and reduced foundation loads.
Ferrocement is a composite material made of cement, sand, water and wire mesh. It is thin and lightweight but has high tensile strength. Ferrocement elements are 2-3 cm thick with wire mesh reinforcement. It has applications in water tanks, boats, benches and roofs due to its strength, repair ability and moldability. It can be cast using various techniques like hand plastering, semi-mechanized process, centrifuging and guniting. Centrifuging and guniting provide better compaction for pressure pipes and prefabricated units.
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression using tensioned steel strands, cables, or bars. This is done through either pre-tensioning or post-tensioning. In pre-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned before the concrete is poured, while in post-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Prestressed concrete provides benefits over reinforced concrete like lower construction costs, thinner structural elements, and longer spans between supports.
Reinforced concrete is a composite material consisting of concrete and steel reinforcement. François Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Reinforced concrete uses the strengths of both materials - concrete is strong in compression and steel is strong in tension. It is used widely in construction for buildings, bridges, tunnels and other structures due to its high strength and durability.
ALTERNATE BUILDING MATERIALS & TECHNOLOGICAL ALTERNATIVES IN CONSTRUCTIONRajesh Kolli
Construction and civil engineering activities have experienced a rapid growth due to improvements in procurement of building materials.
However, the current scenario in the developing construction industry has posed many challenges due to some unsustainable aspects of the highly polluting and the exhaustive nature of building materials.
At the same time, it has also created opportunities for innovative and unconventional resources to emerge due to the widening gap in demand and supply of building materials, as well as the need for energy efficient and economical methods of construction.
Filler slab construction using coconut shellBasil Ipe
The document describes an experimental study on using coconut shells as filler material in bubble deck slabs. A bubble deck slab is a type of slab that virtually eliminates concrete from the middle tension zone, reducing weight. The study aims to determine the load capacity of filler slabs with coconut shells and compare to conventional slabs. Specimens including cubes, cylinders and slabs with and without coconut shell filler were cast and will undergo testing to evaluate load capacity, cracking patterns, and compare performances between the slab types. The results will help analyze if coconut shell filler is a viable, cost-effective alternative to concrete in slabs.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC), including its history, materials, specifications, and advantages/disadvantages. RCC uses steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to resist tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses. François Coignet is considered a pioneer of RCC, building the first reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Proper proportions and mixing of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water are needed to produce durable concrete. Precast concrete involves casting pieces off-site then transporting them for assembly.
A presentation on various types of tile rooifing materials and techniques for the course Appropriate Techniques from students of 4th Semester Architecture at VNIT, Nagpur (Jan-March 2015)
Detailed specification of an item of work specifies the quantities of materials, proportion of mortar, workmanship, method of preparation & execution and method of measurement.
Detailed specifications of different items of works are prepared separately and describe what the work should be and these shall be executed and constructed.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components such as walls, columns, foundations, arches and lintels. Stones are selected based on availability, ease of working, appearance, strength, polishing characteristics and economy. There are two main types of stone masonry - rubble masonry which uses roughly dressed stones with wider joints, and ashlar masonry which uses accurately dressed stones with fine, uniform joints. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed, coursed, random, dry and polygonal styles based on stone arrangement. Ashlar masonry has fine, rough, rock-faced, block and chamfered styles based on stone dressing. Stone
All you need to know about timber in just a single ppt with interesting slides. Hope it hlps! This ppt was created as the result of a teamwork with my classmates
The document discusses different types of building cladding materials and systems. It describes cladding as the exterior skin of a building that provides protection from weather elements while serving decorative purposes. Some key types of cladding mentioned include curtain wall systems, attached panels, and infill systems. The document also discusses various cladding materials used for interior and exterior applications such as timber, stone, brick, and metal. It provides details on installation methods and advantages of different cladding options.
Raft foundations are used when buildings have heavy loads, compressible soil, or require minimal differential settlement. A raft foundation is a continuous concrete slab that supports all building columns. It can be designed using either a rigid or flexible approach. The rigid approach assumes the raft bridges soil variations, while the flexible approach models soil-structure interaction. Key considerations for raft design include bearing capacity, settlement, stress distribution, and structural component sizing.
The document discusses different types of flooring materials and their construction. It describes the key components of flooring as the sub-floor or base course, and floor covering. Common materials used include cement concrete, lime concrete, stones, bricks and wood. The selection of flooring depends on factors like initial cost, appearance, durability, damp and fire resistance. Specific flooring types discussed include mud, muram, brick, flagstone, cement concrete, terrazzo, mosaic and tile flooring.
Introduction;
Reinforced brick masonry (RBM) consists of brick masonry which incorporates steel reinforcement embedded in mortar.
This masonry has greatly increased resistance to forces that produce tensile and shear stresses.
The reinforcement provides additional tensile strength, allowing better use of brick masonry's inherent compressive strength.
The two materials complement each other, resulting in an excellent structural material.
HISTORY;
Brick masonry is one of the oldest forms of building construction, and reinforcement has been used to strengthen masonry since 1813.
...
Ferrocement is a thin concrete made of cement mortar reinforced with closely spaced layers of wire mesh. It is composed of a matrix of cement mortar reinforced with steel wire mesh. Ferrocement can be formed into various shapes and exhibits high tensile strength and flexibility compared to conventional concrete due to the higher steel-cement ratio. It has applications in marine structures, water and sanitation infrastructure, housing, and agriculture due to properties such as lightweight, durability, and waterproofness.
This document discusses ferrocement, an appropriate building technique. [1] Ferrocement is a reinforced concrete made of closely spaced wire mesh and cement mortar. [2] It uses cement, sand, water, and thin steel wire mesh. The mortar provides mass while the mesh provides tensile strength. [3] Ferrocement is stronger and more flexible than conventional concrete. It can be formed into various shapes and is suitable for developing countries due to its simplicity and labor intensiveness.
Ferrocement is a type of thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar reinforced with closely spaced wire mesh. It has a higher ratio of steel to cement than conventional concrete. Ferrocement was invented in France in the 1840s and provides high tensile strength, durability, and versatility due to its composition and thin walls. It can be cast into various shapes using different techniques like hand plastering, semi-mechanized processes, centrifuging, or guniting. Ferrocement has applications in water tanks, boats, roofs, and other prefabricated structures due to its properties and ease of production.
A Review Study of Application of Ferro-CementIRJET Journal
The document reviews the application of ferrocement, which is a type of thin reinforced concrete consisting of cement mortar reinforced with small diameter wire meshes. Ferrocement has advantages over reinforced concrete like lower self-weight and higher tensile strength. The document discusses the components, construction methods, and properties of ferrocement like its tensile behavior, cracking resistance, compression strength, and fire and impact resistance.
Ferro cement is a type of reinforced concrete consisting of multiple layers of wire mesh embedded in a mortar matrix. It uses cement mortar, steel reinforcement like wire mesh or rods, and has a high ratio of sand to cement. The steel reinforcement provides strength while the cement mortar encases it. Ferro cement is a durable and versatile material with applications like water tanks, floors, pipes, and bridges due to its strength, impermeability, and ability to withstand impacts and deformation.
Ferrocement is a type of thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar and small wire mesh. It differs from conventional concrete in having a higher ratio of steel to cement. Ferrocement provides strength through the tensile strength of embedded wire mesh and ductility through the cement mortar. It is a versatile material that can be formed into many shapes. Some advantages are low cost, flexibility, strength to weight ratio, and suitability for developing countries. Applications include boats, water tanks, silos, houses, and bridges.
Plain cement concrete is a mixture of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, and water that forms a rigid structure when cured. Reinforced cement concrete uses steel reinforcement within the concrete to resist tensile stresses that concrete is weak against. There are different types and grades of reinforcing steel like mild steel, TOR steel, and high tension bars with varying tensile strengths used for different purposes like prestressed concrete. Ready mix concrete is produced in a controlled factory environment and delivered to sites via transit mixers for precision and reduced work. It allows for specialized mixes but has limitations regarding transport distances and site access.
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar and wire mesh. It is strong, durable, and low-cost. Common applications include walls, floors, roofs, water tanks, bridges, and marine structures. Ferrocement is 2-5 cm thick and has a cement mortar mix reinforced with steel mesh or rods. It was invented in the 1850s and methods of construction include skeletal armature, closed mould, integral mould, and open mould. Ferrocement is used Residential buildings, marine applications, water and sanitation infrastructure, agriculture, renewable energy, and other structures.
Concrete is a composite material made by mixing cement, water, and aggregates such as sand and gravel. The cement and water form a paste that binds the aggregates together. Concrete is very versatile and can be molded into any shape. It is one of the most widely used construction materials in the world due to its strength, durability, fire resistance and affordability. Proper curing of concrete by keeping it wet is important for it to gain full strength.
This document provides information on different types of concrete, including their compositions and uses. It discusses aggregates, which make up 60-75% of concrete's total volume. It also summarizes different concrete classifications based on strength (ordinary, high-strength, polymer), design (plain cement, reinforced cement), and compaction method (roller-compacted). Additional topics covered include fiber-reinforced concrete, ferrocement, and durability issues like chloride, sulfate, carbonation, alkali-aggregate, and acid attacks.
This document provides information on various construction materials. It discusses river sand as a preferred fine aggregate and its characteristics. It also outlines the types, grades, and uses of cement, as well as reinforcement steel and structural steel shapes. Ready-mix concrete is defined as concrete produced in a batch plant according to a mix design and delivered via transit mixers. Various concrete mix designs and ready-mix concrete types are also summarized.
This document provides information on building materials, specifically concrete. It defines concrete as a composite material created by mixing binding materials like cement and lime with inert materials like aggregates and water. It discusses the roles of fine and coarse aggregates, water, and admixtures in concrete. It also covers the classification, properties, advantages, disadvantages, and special terms related to concrete, including pre-stressed concrete, translucent concrete, and ferrocement. Formwork, shuttering, textures, and achieving different shades with concrete are also summarized.
1. The document discusses various types of special concretes including lightweight concrete, foam concrete, self-compacting concrete, vacuum concrete, fibre reinforced concrete, ferrocement, ready mix concrete, slurry infiltrated fibre concrete (SIFCON), and shotcrete.
2. Lightweight concrete uses lightweight aggregates like shale, clay, or slate to reduce density while maintaining strength. Foam concrete is made by injecting air or gas into the mix to create a cellular structure.
3. Self-compacting concrete can be placed without vibration due to its fluidity. Vacuum concrete has water removed using vacuum mats to increase strength.
This power point presentation will able know the building materials like cement, lime, pozzolan and timber that are used in the construction of various types of building and their properties and significance in the selection and requirements of concerned material which are required in the construction. And it should be used after testing as per IS specifications and there by quality and economical in case of life span of buildings is to be specified in advance.
Materials for Repait : FRC (fiber reinforced concrete ) part 3 (RR&S)RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
This document discusses different types of fibers that can be used to make fiber reinforced concrete (FRC). It describes 7 main types of fibers: steel fibers, glass fibers, polypropylene fibers, slurry infiltrated fiber concrete (SIFCON), asbestos fibers, carbon fibers, and compact reinforced concrete (CRC). For each type, the document discusses their properties, typical aspect ratios, and potential applications for structural reinforcement.
IRJET- Performance Evaluation of Ferro Cement Sandwich Wall Panels with D...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study that evaluated the structural performance of ferrocement sandwich wall panels with different infill materials (red soil and m-sand). Ferrocement wall panels measuring 1m x 1m x 0.2m were cast with different infill materials and tested under axial compressive loads. The results were analyzed in terms of ultimate load capacity, deflection, cracking patterns, cyclic loading behavior, and stiffness degradation. The m-sand infill wall panels performed better than the red soil infill panels, with the m-sand panels reaching an ultimate load of 80kN compared to 55kN for the red soil panels. The study concluded that m-sand would be a more suitable infill
This document discusses materials for repairing ferrocement, including special mortars, polymers, resins, and fiber reinforced polymers. It focuses on ferrocement, describing it as thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar reinforced with closely spaced wire mesh. The document outlines five types of mortar that can be used for ferrocement: ordinary cement mortar, high performance mortar, lightweight aggregate mortar, fiber reinforced mortar, and polymer mortar. It provides details on the composition and properties of each type.
Damian Trevor is well known as a respected founder of Team Sun Construction Company which is based in Rancho Mirage, California.
According to Damian Trevor -
Homogeneous and perfect mixture of portland cement concrete and water gives strength and durability. Water quality must be good for that. Curing is also must homogeneous.
Stockholm is the capital and largest city of Sweden located on numerous islands between Lake Mälaren and the Baltic Sea. The city plan aims to achieve sustainable development through compact, inward development along green infrastructure. Key strategies include reusing developed land, redeveloping industrial areas, and concentrating new development near public transit. Issues for the 21st century include increasing car traffic, strong housing demand, and growing awareness of environmental issues that the city addresses through policies like expanding pedestrian and cycling infrastructure and increasing the use of renewable fuels like biogas.
This document discusses different types of tenders, including open tenders, close tenders, and negotiated tenders. It defines what a tender is and differentiates it from a contract. Open tenders are bidding processes that are open to all qualified bidders and are chosen based on price and quality, providing the most competitive rates. Close tenders are only open to selected organizations in contrast to open tenders, which are available to anyone. Negotiated tenders involve approaching just one contractor due to their specialized knowledge and then negotiating the price. The document compares the different types of tenders and outlines the tender process.
The document discusses different types of construction contracts. It defines a contract and explains key components like offer, acceptance, consideration. It then describes various types of construction contracts including unit price contracts, lump sum contracts, labour contracts, and project management contracts. For each type, it provides details on how payment is determined and highlights their advantages and disadvantages. Project management contracts allow clients to focus on their core work while the project manager oversees construction management. While clients pay extra fees, project management can help complete projects on time and within budget.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Temporary structures are either dismantled when permanent works are complete or incorporated into the finished work. They are quicker and more cost effective to build, with flexibility, efficiency, less waste, and greener materials. However, they have limited customization, service area, and room sizes.
Case studies include a giant scaffold staircase in Rotterdam paying homage to the city's rebuilding, and an artist constructing a three-story transparent fabric reproduction of a townhouse within a Korean art museum to consider ideas of displacement and boundaries. A temporary floating structure concept uses shipping containers and recycled materials for exhibitions, housing, and tourist facilities.
The document summarizes the redevelopment of Bhendi Bazaar in Mumbai. The bazaar is over 125 years old and is being redeveloped due to poor infrastructure and unsafe living conditions, with over 170 deaths from building collapses in the past 3 years. The redevelopment by Saifee Burhani Upliftment Trust aims to create modern infrastructure with amenities while uplifting residents' quality of life. It will replace the existing 280 plots and 245 buildings with 17 high-rise towers that will rehabilitate current residents and include new sale apartments. The redevelopment follows a phased methodology and master plan to transform the area while maintaining stakeholders' interests.
The document summarizes housing and development plans at Amanora Park Town, a 400-acre integrated township in Pune, India. It describes several residential apartment projects within Amanora Park Town, including Gateway Towers, Adreno Towers, and Future Towers. It provides details on floor plans, amenities, and infrastructure for the projects. The township aims to provide a strong sense of community while balancing private living. It incorporates latest technologies and world-class amenities like roads, water supply, sewage treatment, and piped gas.
The document discusses transition zones between rural and urban areas. It defines transition zones as sparsely built up areas with incomplete infrastructure that contain some urban uses like industry or recreation areas. Transition zones act as a buffer between rural and urban land uses and can expand as cities grow. The document also presents Burgess's concentric zone model of urban growth which showed urban zones expanding and reconverting rural land at the edges, creating early transition areas. Finally, it provides a case study of defining and zoning transition areas in Olsztyn, Poland using GIS data and land use mapping.
Regional imbalances exist in India between states and regions in terms of per capita income, literacy rates, health services, industrialization, and other factors. Rajasthan shows significant imbalances across its districts. The document classifies Rajasthan's districts into zones of socio-economic development - highly developed, medium developed, less developed, and very less developed - based on their demographic, agricultural, economic, and infrastructural indicators. In the demographic sector, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, and Sikar are highly developed while Nagaur is less developed. In agriculture, Ganganagar and Hanumangarh are highly developed while Barmer, Jaiselmer, Jalore
This document provides information on cost-benefit analysis (CBA). It defines benefits and costs, explains the general steps of CBA including specifying the project, quantifying inputs and outputs, estimating costs and benefits, and comparing costs and benefits. CBA is a technique used to evaluate the economic efficiency of potential government projects or policies by quantifying all relevant costs and benefits, including externalities not captured by the market. The ultimate goal is to determine if the benefits outweigh the costs to help inform decision making.
Private ownership refers to land owned by private citizens or industries where public access is restricted. It gives the owner rights of control over how the asset is used, the right to transfer ownership by selling or giving the property to others, and the right to exclude others from using the property. A citizen's right to private property is a basic human right protected by the Supreme Court, which has held that the state cannot take possession of private property without following due legal process.
AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY, SCHEME AT VARIOUS LEVELS, ISSUES, HUBS,
APPROACH, PUSH-PULL FACTORS, CASE STUDIES
Follow on Instagram: @conceptive_architects
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structures. It describes two types of building structures - load bearing, where walls transmit loads directly to the ground, and framed structures, where loads are transferred through RCC beams, columns, and slabs. It also discusses design loads on buildings including dead loads from structural weight and live loads. Common RCC structural elements like beams, slabs, shear walls and elevator shafts are described. Raw materials, advantages, specifications, common ratios, one-way and two-way slabs, and examples of RCC structures are covered.
ProjectName: IndiaGlycolsCorporateOffice, Noida
Architect: ManitRastogi
Client: IndiaGlycolLtd.
The corporate office for IndiaGlycolLtd. in Noida, designed by architect ManitRastogi in 2009, features an introverted scheme to address environmental and socio-economic issues in the non-contextual suburban site. The solid perimeter and fluid interior morphology blurs the boundary between inside and outside, exemplifying the client's values of equity and transparency in the workplace through the architectural design.
Environmental science 1.What is environmental science and components of envir...Deepika
Environmental science for Degree ,Engineering and pharmacy background.you can learn about multidisciplinary of nature and Natural resources with notes, examples and studies.
1.What is environmental science and components of environmental science
2. Explain about multidisciplinary of nature.
3. Explain about natural resources and its types
The Science of Learning: implications for modern teachingDerek Wenmoth
Keynote presentation to the Educational Leaders hui Kōkiritia Marautanga held in Auckland on 26 June 2024. Provides a high level overview of the history and development of the science of learning, and implications for the design of learning in our modern schools and classrooms.
Creativity for Innovation and SpeechmakingMattVassar1
Tapping into the creative side of your brain to come up with truly innovative approaches. These strategies are based on original research from Stanford University lecturer Matt Vassar, where he discusses how you can use them to come up with truly innovative solutions, regardless of whether you're using to come up with a creative and memorable angle for a business pitch--or if you're coming up with business or technical innovations.
Brand Guideline of Bashundhara A4 Paper - 2024khabri85
It outlines the basic identity elements such as symbol, logotype, colors, and typefaces. It provides examples of applying the identity to materials like letterhead, business cards, reports, folders, and websites.
Decolonizing Universal Design for LearningFrederic Fovet
UDL has gained in popularity over the last decade both in the K-12 and the post-secondary sectors. The usefulness of UDL to create inclusive learning experiences for the full array of diverse learners has been well documented in the literature, and there is now increasing scholarship examining the process of integrating UDL strategically across organisations. One concern, however, remains under-reported and under-researched. Much of the scholarship on UDL ironically remains while and Eurocentric. Even if UDL, as a discourse, considers the decolonization of the curriculum, it is abundantly clear that the research and advocacy related to UDL originates almost exclusively from the Global North and from a Euro-Caucasian authorship. It is argued that it is high time for the way UDL has been monopolized by Global North scholars and practitioners to be challenged. Voices discussing and framing UDL, from the Global South and Indigenous communities, must be amplified and showcased in order to rectify this glaring imbalance and contradiction.
This session represents an opportunity for the author to reflect on a volume he has just finished editing entitled Decolonizing UDL and to highlight and share insights into the key innovations, promising practices, and calls for change, originating from the Global South and Indigenous Communities, that have woven the canvas of this book. The session seeks to create a space for critical dialogue, for the challenging of existing power dynamics within the UDL scholarship, and for the emergence of transformative voices from underrepresented communities. The workshop will use the UDL principles scrupulously to engage participants in diverse ways (challenging single story approaches to the narrative that surrounds UDL implementation) , as well as offer multiple means of action and expression for them to gain ownership over the key themes and concerns of the session (by encouraging a broad range of interventions, contributions, and stances).
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 3)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
Lesson Outcomes:
- students will be able to identify and name various types of ornamental plants commonly used in landscaping and decoration, classifying them based on their characteristics such as foliage, flowering, and growth habits. They will understand the ecological, aesthetic, and economic benefits of ornamental plants, including their roles in improving air quality, providing habitats for wildlife, and enhancing the visual appeal of environments. Additionally, students will demonstrate knowledge of the basic requirements for growing ornamental plants, ensuring they can effectively cultivate and maintain these plants in various settings.
Get Success with the Latest UiPath UIPATH-ADPV1 Exam Dumps (V11.02) 2024yarusun
Are you worried about your preparation for the UiPath Power Platform Functional Consultant Certification Exam? You can come to DumpsBase to download the latest UiPath UIPATH-ADPV1 exam dumps (V11.02) to evaluate your preparation for the UIPATH-ADPV1 exam with the PDF format and testing engine software. The latest UiPath UIPATH-ADPV1 exam questions and answers go over every subject on the exam so you can easily understand them. You won't need to worry about passing the UIPATH-ADPV1 exam if you master all of these UiPath UIPATH-ADPV1 dumps (V11.02) of DumpsBase. #UIPATH-ADPV1 Dumps #UIPATH-ADPV1 #UIPATH-ADPV1 Exam Dumps
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
Hospital pharmacy and it's organization (1).pdfShwetaGawande8
The document discuss about the hospital pharmacy and it's organization ,Definition of Hospital pharmacy
,Functions of Hospital pharmacy
,Objectives of Hospital pharmacy
Location and layout of Hospital pharmacy
,Personnel and floor space requirements,
Responsibilities and functions of Hospital pharmacist
1. FERRO-CEMENT
Ferro cement is a relatively new material, which was first used in France, in
the middle of the 19th century, for the construction of a rowing boat. It was
used in building construction in the middle of the 20th century in Italy.
Although its application in a large number of fields has rapidly increased all
over the world.
2. INTRODUCTION:
Ferro cement is a form of reinforced concrete using closely spaced
multiple layers of mesh and small diameter rods completely
infiltrated with mortar.
Ferro-cement consists of wire
meshes and cement mortar. It was
developed by P.L.Nervi, an Italian
architect in 1940.
Ferro cement is widely used due to
the low self weight, lack of skilled
workers, no need of framework etc.
3. Ferro cement is a thin construction element with thickness in the
order of 10-25 mm. and uses rich cement mortar; no coarse
aggregate is used; and the reinforcement consists of one or more
layers of continuous/ small diameter steel wire/ weld mesh netting.
It requires no skilled labor for casting, and employs only little or no
formwork.
In fibrocement, cement matrix does not crack
since cracking forces are taken over by wire
mesh reinforcement immediately below the
surface.
Husain Doshi Gufa, an underground ferro
cement shell structure which was built in
1993 at Ahmedabad, India has not only
withstood the 2001 earthquake but also has
remained crack-free.
4. What is Ferro-cement?
Highly versatile form of reinforced concrete.
Its a type of thin reinforced concrete construction, in which large
amount of small diameter wire meshes uniformly through out the
cross section.
Mesh may be metal or
suitable material. Instead of
concrete Portland cement
mortar is used.
Strength depends on two
factors quality of sand/cement
mortar mix and quantity of
reinforcing materials used.
5. 1. Cement mortar mix
2. Skeleton steel
3. Steel Reinforcing Mesh
4. water
MATERIALS USED IN FERRO CEMENT:
Ferro cement is a composite thin element which is constructed of
building materials-steel reinforcing mesh, cement, fine aggregate
(sand) and water.
Typical cross section of Ferro-cement structure
6. 1. CEMENT MORTAR MIX……..
Portland cement is generally used in Ferro cement. But the type
of cement should be selected according to the need or environment
in which the structure is built.
ordinary Portland cement and fine aggregate matrix is used.
Mineral admixtures, such as flyash, silica fumes, or blast furnace
slag, may be used to maintain a high volume fraction of fine filler
material as well as to enhance the properties at wet and hardened
state.
FA (sand), occupies 60 to 75% of the volume of the mortar
Plasticizers and other admixtures are used
7. MIX PROPORTIONS
Sand: cement ratio (by mass) 1.5 to 2.5
Water: cement ratio (by mass) 0.35 to 0.60
SAND
confirming to zone-I or Zone-II
free from impurities
WATER
Free from salts and organic impurities
Minimum to achieve desired workability
pH equal or greater than 7
8. 2. SKELETON STEEL…..
It support the steel wire mesh.
3 to 8 mm steel rods are used.
Reinforcement should be
free from dust, rust and
other impurities.
Used in the form of tied
reinforcement or welded
wire fabric
9. 3. STEEL MESH REINFORCEMENT….
Consists of galvanized steel wires of diameter 0.5 to 1.5 mm,
spaced at 6 to 20mm centre to centre.
Available as woven/interlocking mesh and welded mesh
Welded wire mesh has hexagonal or rectangular openings.
Expanded-metal lath is also used Made from carbon, glass etc.
10. PROPERTIES OF FERRO CEMENT…
It is very durable, cheap and versatile material.
Low w/c ratio produces impermeable structures.
Less shrinkage, and low weight.
High tensile strength and stiffness.
Better impact and punching shear resistance.
Undergo large deformation before cracking or high deflection.
11. ADVANTAGES OF FERRO-CEMENT…..
It is highly versatile and can be formed into almost any shape
for a wide range of uses.
20% savings on materials and cost.
Suitability for pre-casting.
Flexibility in cutting, drilling and jointing.
Very appropriate for developing countries; labor intensive.
Good fire resistance.
Good impermeability.
Low maintenance costs.
12. Thin elements and light structures, reduction in self
weight & Its simple techniques require a minimum of skilled
labor.
Reduction in expensive form work so economy & speed can be
achieved.
Only a few simple hand tools are needed to build any
structures.
Structures are highly waterproof & Higher strength to weight
ratio than R.C.C.
Ease of construction, low weight and long lifetime.
Low construction material cost. Better earthquake resistance
13. DISADVANTAGES OF FERRO-CEMENT….
Low shear strength.
Low ductility.
Susceptibility to stress rupture failure.
It can be punctured by collision with pointed objects.
It is difficult to fasten to Ferro cement with bolt, screw,
welding and nail etc.
Large no of labors required
Tying rods and mesh together is especially tedious and time
consuming.
Structures made of it can be punctured by collision with
pointed objects.
Corrosion of the reinforcing materials due to the incomplete
coverage of metal by mortar.
15. APPLICATIONS OF FERRO CEMENT…..
1. Marine Applications:
Boats, fishing vessels, barges, cargo tugs, flotation buoys
Key criteria for marine applications: light weight, impact
resistance, thickness and water tightness
2. Water supply and sanitation:
Water tanks, sedimentation tanks, swimming pool linings,
well casings, septic tanks etc.
3. Agricultural:
Grain storage bins, silos, canal linings, pipes, shells for fish
and poultry farms
16. 4. Residential Buildings:
Houses, community centers, precast housing elements,
corrugated roofing sheets, wall panels etc.
5. Rural Energy:
Biogas digesters, biogas holders, incinerators, panels for solar
energy collectors etc.
6. Miscellaneous uses:
Kiosks
Bus shelters
chemical resistant treatment
Precast Ferro cement structures
17. COMPARISION BETWEEN RCC & FERRO CEMENT:
Ferro cement is principally the same as reinforced concrete
(RCC), but has the following differences:
• Its thickness rarely exceeds 25 mm, while RCC components
are seldom less than 100 mm.
• A rich Portland cement mortar is used, without any coarse
aggregate as in RCC.
• Compared with RCC, Ferro cement has a greater percentage of
reinforcement, comprising closely spaced small diameter wires
and wire mesh, distributed uniformly throughout the cross-
section.
• Its tensile-strength-to-weight ratio is higher than RCC, and its
cracking behavior superior.
18. COMPARISION BETWEEN RCC & FERRO CEMENT:
• Ferro cement can be constructed without formwork for almost
any shape. Mortar composition.
• The essential ingredients of the mortar which represents about
95 % of Ferro cement are Portland cement, sand, water, and in
some cases an admixture.
• Hexagonal wire mesh, commonly called chicken wire mesh, is
the cheapest and easiest to use, and available almost
everywhere. It is very flexible and can be used in very thin
sections, but is not structurally as efficient as meshes with
square openings, because the wires are not oriented in the
principal (maximum) stress directions.
雅虎竞拍
煤炉代买
paypay商城
乐天二手
日本亚马逊
乐天新品
ZOZOTOWN
