This document provides details on the design and construction of flat slab structures. It discusses the benefits of flat slabs such as flexibility in layout, reduced building height and faster construction. Key considerations for design include wall and column placement, structural layout optimization, deflection checks, crack control and punching shear. Analysis involves dividing the slab into strips and determining moment and shear distributions. Reinforcement is arranged in two directions and detailing includes reinforcement lapping and service penetrations.
This document discusses the design of flat slab structures. It begins by defining a flat slab as a type of slab supported directly on columns without beams. It then provides details on the types of flat slabs, their common uses in buildings, and benefits such as flexibility in layout and reduced construction time. The document goes on to discuss key design considerations for flat slabs including thickness, drops, column heads, and methods of analysis. It focuses on the direct design method and provides limitations for its use.
Flat slabs are reinforced concrete slabs that are supported directly by columns without beams. They provide minimum depth, fast construction, and flexible column placement. There are four main types: slabs without drops and with column heads, slabs with drops and without column heads, slabs with both drops and column heads, and typical flat slabs. Column heads increase shear strength while drops increase shear strength and negative moment capacity. Flat slab systems can be either one-way or two-way depending on span ratios and load distribution. Advantages include simple formwork, no beams, and minimum depth, while disadvantages include potential interference from drops.
Tube structures and its type with comparison .Udayram Patil
Hollow tube section always provide greater strength. So the same concept is applied to the building. Tubed system is designed to act like a three dimensional hollow tube structure which result in increased load resistance .
It is the presentation based on precast concrete construction which includes each and every point and scope which may be useful to civil engineering students
This document provides an overview of different types of retaining walls, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, sheet pile, and diaphragm walls. It discusses the key components and design considerations for gravity and cantilever retaining walls. Gravity walls rely on their own weight for stability, while cantilever walls consist of a vertical stem with a heel and toe slab acting as a cantilever beam. The document also covers lateral earth pressures, drainage of retaining walls, uses of sheet pile walls, and construction methods for diaphragm walls.
Structural systems in high-rise buildings have evolved over three generations from the late 18th century to present. Early systems used stone, brick, cast iron and wood. Later systems in the 1850-1940 period used steel frames with concrete. Modern systems from 1940 on use steel cores, outriggers, tube designs, diagrids, and superframes to resist gravity and lateral wind loads. Definitions of high-rise vary but are generally above 35 meters. Drivers for tall buildings include land scarcity, demand for space, and prestige. Innovators like Fazlur Rahman Khan pioneered new efficient systems. Future trends may include taller megatalls over 600 meters using new composite systems and materials.
A grid slab is a type of building material that has two-directional reinforcement in the shape of a waffle. It can be used as both ceilings and floors, especially in areas requiring large spans with fewer columns. Features include panels on a 1 meter grid with trench mesh or individual bars. Grid slabs use less concrete and steel than conventional slabs while providing strength and resistance to cracking and sagging. Construction involves arranging a framework, fixing connectors and pods, then removing forms. Services like HVAC, plumbing and wiring can be run through holes in modified grid slabs. Benefits include flexibility, lighter weight, speed of construction, vibration control and fire resistance. Famous structures using grid slabs include terminals,
This document discusses the design of flat slab structures. It begins by defining a flat slab as a type of slab supported directly on columns without beams. It then provides details on the types of flat slabs, their common uses in buildings, and benefits such as flexibility in layout and reduced construction time. The document goes on to discuss key design considerations for flat slabs including thickness, drops, column heads, and methods of analysis. It focuses on the direct design method and provides limitations for its use.
Flat slabs are reinforced concrete slabs that are supported directly by columns without beams. They provide minimum depth, fast construction, and flexible column placement. There are four main types: slabs without drops and with column heads, slabs with drops and without column heads, slabs with both drops and column heads, and typical flat slabs. Column heads increase shear strength while drops increase shear strength and negative moment capacity. Flat slab systems can be either one-way or two-way depending on span ratios and load distribution. Advantages include simple formwork, no beams, and minimum depth, while disadvantages include potential interference from drops.
Tube structures and its type with comparison .Udayram Patil
Hollow tube section always provide greater strength. So the same concept is applied to the building. Tubed system is designed to act like a three dimensional hollow tube structure which result in increased load resistance .
It is the presentation based on precast concrete construction which includes each and every point and scope which may be useful to civil engineering students
This document provides an overview of different types of retaining walls, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, sheet pile, and diaphragm walls. It discusses the key components and design considerations for gravity and cantilever retaining walls. Gravity walls rely on their own weight for stability, while cantilever walls consist of a vertical stem with a heel and toe slab acting as a cantilever beam. The document also covers lateral earth pressures, drainage of retaining walls, uses of sheet pile walls, and construction methods for diaphragm walls.
Structural systems in high-rise buildings have evolved over three generations from the late 18th century to present. Early systems used stone, brick, cast iron and wood. Later systems in the 1850-1940 period used steel frames with concrete. Modern systems from 1940 on use steel cores, outriggers, tube designs, diagrids, and superframes to resist gravity and lateral wind loads. Definitions of high-rise vary but are generally above 35 meters. Drivers for tall buildings include land scarcity, demand for space, and prestige. Innovators like Fazlur Rahman Khan pioneered new efficient systems. Future trends may include taller megatalls over 600 meters using new composite systems and materials.
A grid slab is a type of building material that has two-directional reinforcement in the shape of a waffle. It can be used as both ceilings and floors, especially in areas requiring large spans with fewer columns. Features include panels on a 1 meter grid with trench mesh or individual bars. Grid slabs use less concrete and steel than conventional slabs while providing strength and resistance to cracking and sagging. Construction involves arranging a framework, fixing connectors and pods, then removing forms. Services like HVAC, plumbing and wiring can be run through holes in modified grid slabs. Benefits include flexibility, lighter weight, speed of construction, vibration control and fire resistance. Famous structures using grid slabs include terminals,
This document discusses structural systems used in high-rise buildings. It defines high-rise buildings and outlines the increasing demand for them due to factors like land scarcity. It describes the development of structural systems from the first generation using stone, brick and cast iron to modern systems using steel and concrete. Interior structural systems discussed include rigid frames, shear walls and outrigger structures. Exterior systems include tube systems and diagrid systems that resist lateral loads through a rigid perimeter structure.
This document discusses different types of reinforced concrete slabs, including one-way slabs, two-way slabs, flat slabs, and ribbed slabs. One-way slabs are supported on two sides and bend in one direction, while two-way slabs are supported on all four sides and bend in both directions. Flat slabs do not have beams and loads are transferred directly to columns, providing a plain ceiling. Ribbed slabs contain reinforced concrete ribs spaced no more than 1 meter apart between which the slab spans.
1) High rise buildings are becoming more common due to scarcity of land and demand for space. They are defined differently but generally refer to buildings over 15 meters tall.
2) Foundations for high rise buildings include shallow foundations like spread footings and mat foundations, and deep foundations like piles. Piles transfer load through end bearing or friction along their length.
3) Structural systems for high rise buildings must resist both gravity and lateral loads. Interior systems include rigid frames and shear walls. Exterior systems such as tube and diagrid systems resist loads along the building perimeter.
The document discusses different types of roof trusses including king post truss, queen post truss, Howe truss, Pratt truss, fan truss, and north light roof truss. It describes the advantages of roof trusses such as being cost effective, allowing for quick installation, and providing stability. Tubular steel trusses are discussed as being used for large span constructions over 25-30 meters. The advantages of tubular steel trusses include reduced maintenance costs and corrosion resistance compared to other materials.
One of the most efficient structural systems against heavy wind loads is the bundled tube structural system
The first person to implement the bundled tube structural system was Fazlur Rahman Khan from Dhaka, Bangladesh with the design of the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments in Chicago, Illinois.
Waffle slabs are reinforced concrete slabs reinforced in two orthogonal directions, forming a ribbed plate. They are characterized by their total edge height, lightening block height, rib spacing, rib thickness, and compression layer thickness. Waffle slabs can adequately support distributed and point loads in two directions. Benefits include flexibility, light weight allowing longer spans, fast construction, slim depths, robustness, vibration control, thermal mass, and durability. Waffle slabs are constructed with ribs forming a grid pattern and solid fills at supports. Larger spans may use post-tensioning or joist construction. Proper design considers loads, materials, deformations, and tile installation compatibility.
Prefabrication types and Applications explainedEyad Reda
Explaining prefabrication in construction in a simple way. The contents range from steel framing, Precast concrete, Concrete prefab systems, sandwich paneling, timber framing and Real-life applications for prefabrication.
This document discusses different types of long span structures with spans larger than 20m. It describes various beam types used in long span structures like castellated beams, tapered beams, stub girders, and lattice beams. It also discusses other structural elements like trusses, arches, and cables that can be used to create long spans. Specific types of trusses and arches are defined along with examples of famous long span structures from around the world that use these elements.
The document discusses the design of staircases. It begins by defining key components of staircases like treads, risers, stringers, etc. It then describes different types of staircases such as straight, doglegged, and spiral. The document outlines considerations for designing staircases like dimensions, loads, and structural behavior. It provides steps for geometric design, load calculations, structural analysis, reinforcement design, and detailing of staircases. Numerical examples are also included to illustrate the design process.
A grid slab or waffle slab is a reinforced concrete floor system with a waffle-like pattern of ribs. The ribs form a grid that runs in two directions, giving the underside a waffle-like appearance. This allows the slab thickness to be minimized while maintaining strength. Waffle slabs provide good load distribution, vibration control, and structural stability, making them suitable for use in airports, hospitals, and other large structures.
This document summarizes different types of high-rise structures and provides case studies. It discusses braced frame structures, rigid frame structures, and infilled frame structures. Braced frames use diagonal bracing like X, K, or knee bracing to provide rigidity. Rigid frames have columns and girders joined together. Infilled frames use infill walls to stiffen and strengthen the structure. Case studies include the Central Plaza in Malaysia and Century Tower in Japan, which use K and knee bracing, and the Petronas Towers, which are a rigid frame structure.
This document discusses prefabricated modular structures. Some key points:
1. Prefabricated structures have standardized components that are produced off-site in a controlled environment and then transported for assembly. This allows for faster, more efficient construction.
2. Precast concrete offers advantages like higher quality, less weather dependency, and unlimited design possibilities compared to site-cast construction.
3. There are different precast systems like large panel, frame, and lift-slab. Precast components include walls, floors, beams, and more.
shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system. Shear walls are constructed to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure.
The document discusses diagrid structural systems used in tall buildings. A diagrid system uses a triangular configuration of diagonal members on the building facade instead of vertical columns. This provides structural efficiency by resisting lateral loads through axial forces in the diagonals rather than bending in columns. Diagrid structures have fewer obstructions, allowing greater design flexibility. Optimal diagrid module angles are between 60-70 degrees. Examples of diagrid buildings mentioned include the Swiss Re Tower in London and Guangzhou West Tower in China.
High-rise buildings first emerged in the late 19th century in urban areas with high land prices and population densities. They allowed for more vertical construction on limited land. Advances in steel construction made taller buildings possible. There are several reasons for building high-rises, including using expensive urban land more efficiently, creating density to reduce transportation needs, and gaining publicity. High-rise buildings present structural challenges like managing increasing loads and forces from wind and earthquakes with height. Foundations must support large loads and lateral forces through techniques like piles.
This document summarizes the key aspects of flat slab construction and design according to Indian code IS 456-2000. It defines flat slabs as slabs that are directly supported by columns without beams, and describes four common types based on whether drops and column heads are used. The main topics covered include guidelines for proportioning slabs and drops, methods for determining bending moments and shear forces, requirements for slab reinforcement, and an example problem demonstrating the design of an interior flat slab panel.
Structural systems in high rise building and analysis methodsDP NITHIN
This presentation is about the structural systems in tall buildings and also consists of overview of methods of analysis in tall buildings like linear and non linear seismic analysis.
1) Two-way slabs are slabs that require reinforcement in two directions because bending occurs in both the longitudinal and transverse directions when the ratio of longest span to shortest span is less than 2.
2) The document discusses various types of two-way slabs and design methods, focusing on the direct design method (DDM).
3) Using the DDM, the total factored load is first calculated, then the total factored moment is distributed to positive and negative moments. The moments are further distributed to column and middle strips using factors that consider the slab and beam properties.
Coffered ceilings and slabs are rigid, planar structures that use a series of intersecting ribs to distribute loads across a space. The document discusses the history and architectural uses of coffered ceilings. It also describes different types of coffered slab structures like waffle slabs and drop slabs that are used for their load bearing capacities in long span structures like schools and hospitals. Various coffered slab construction techniques are outlined, including the use of precast elements and how services can be run through the coffered spaces.
The document discusses flat grid or waffle slab systems. It defines waffle slabs as having two-directional reinforcement on the outside, giving it a waffle-like shape. This provides stability without using much material, making it suitable for large flat areas like foundations and floors. Waffle slabs are used in industrial and commercial buildings where large spans are needed with few columns. They provide features like using less concrete and steel than traditional slabs while providing strength and resistance to cracking and sagging. The document outlines the production, design, and construction process for waffle slabs and notes some iconic landmarks that have utilized this system.
This document discusses structural systems used in high-rise buildings. It defines high-rise buildings and outlines the increasing demand for them due to factors like land scarcity. It describes the development of structural systems from the first generation using stone, brick and cast iron to modern systems using steel and concrete. Interior structural systems discussed include rigid frames, shear walls and outrigger structures. Exterior systems include tube systems and diagrid systems that resist lateral loads through a rigid perimeter structure.
This document discusses different types of reinforced concrete slabs, including one-way slabs, two-way slabs, flat slabs, and ribbed slabs. One-way slabs are supported on two sides and bend in one direction, while two-way slabs are supported on all four sides and bend in both directions. Flat slabs do not have beams and loads are transferred directly to columns, providing a plain ceiling. Ribbed slabs contain reinforced concrete ribs spaced no more than 1 meter apart between which the slab spans.
1) High rise buildings are becoming more common due to scarcity of land and demand for space. They are defined differently but generally refer to buildings over 15 meters tall.
2) Foundations for high rise buildings include shallow foundations like spread footings and mat foundations, and deep foundations like piles. Piles transfer load through end bearing or friction along their length.
3) Structural systems for high rise buildings must resist both gravity and lateral loads. Interior systems include rigid frames and shear walls. Exterior systems such as tube and diagrid systems resist loads along the building perimeter.
The document discusses different types of roof trusses including king post truss, queen post truss, Howe truss, Pratt truss, fan truss, and north light roof truss. It describes the advantages of roof trusses such as being cost effective, allowing for quick installation, and providing stability. Tubular steel trusses are discussed as being used for large span constructions over 25-30 meters. The advantages of tubular steel trusses include reduced maintenance costs and corrosion resistance compared to other materials.
One of the most efficient structural systems against heavy wind loads is the bundled tube structural system
The first person to implement the bundled tube structural system was Fazlur Rahman Khan from Dhaka, Bangladesh with the design of the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments in Chicago, Illinois.
Waffle slabs are reinforced concrete slabs reinforced in two orthogonal directions, forming a ribbed plate. They are characterized by their total edge height, lightening block height, rib spacing, rib thickness, and compression layer thickness. Waffle slabs can adequately support distributed and point loads in two directions. Benefits include flexibility, light weight allowing longer spans, fast construction, slim depths, robustness, vibration control, thermal mass, and durability. Waffle slabs are constructed with ribs forming a grid pattern and solid fills at supports. Larger spans may use post-tensioning or joist construction. Proper design considers loads, materials, deformations, and tile installation compatibility.
Prefabrication types and Applications explainedEyad Reda
Explaining prefabrication in construction in a simple way. The contents range from steel framing, Precast concrete, Concrete prefab systems, sandwich paneling, timber framing and Real-life applications for prefabrication.
This document discusses different types of long span structures with spans larger than 20m. It describes various beam types used in long span structures like castellated beams, tapered beams, stub girders, and lattice beams. It also discusses other structural elements like trusses, arches, and cables that can be used to create long spans. Specific types of trusses and arches are defined along with examples of famous long span structures from around the world that use these elements.
The document discusses the design of staircases. It begins by defining key components of staircases like treads, risers, stringers, etc. It then describes different types of staircases such as straight, doglegged, and spiral. The document outlines considerations for designing staircases like dimensions, loads, and structural behavior. It provides steps for geometric design, load calculations, structural analysis, reinforcement design, and detailing of staircases. Numerical examples are also included to illustrate the design process.
A grid slab or waffle slab is a reinforced concrete floor system with a waffle-like pattern of ribs. The ribs form a grid that runs in two directions, giving the underside a waffle-like appearance. This allows the slab thickness to be minimized while maintaining strength. Waffle slabs provide good load distribution, vibration control, and structural stability, making them suitable for use in airports, hospitals, and other large structures.
This document summarizes different types of high-rise structures and provides case studies. It discusses braced frame structures, rigid frame structures, and infilled frame structures. Braced frames use diagonal bracing like X, K, or knee bracing to provide rigidity. Rigid frames have columns and girders joined together. Infilled frames use infill walls to stiffen and strengthen the structure. Case studies include the Central Plaza in Malaysia and Century Tower in Japan, which use K and knee bracing, and the Petronas Towers, which are a rigid frame structure.
This document discusses prefabricated modular structures. Some key points:
1. Prefabricated structures have standardized components that are produced off-site in a controlled environment and then transported for assembly. This allows for faster, more efficient construction.
2. Precast concrete offers advantages like higher quality, less weather dependency, and unlimited design possibilities compared to site-cast construction.
3. There are different precast systems like large panel, frame, and lift-slab. Precast components include walls, floors, beams, and more.
shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system. Shear walls are constructed to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure.
The document discusses diagrid structural systems used in tall buildings. A diagrid system uses a triangular configuration of diagonal members on the building facade instead of vertical columns. This provides structural efficiency by resisting lateral loads through axial forces in the diagonals rather than bending in columns. Diagrid structures have fewer obstructions, allowing greater design flexibility. Optimal diagrid module angles are between 60-70 degrees. Examples of diagrid buildings mentioned include the Swiss Re Tower in London and Guangzhou West Tower in China.
High-rise buildings first emerged in the late 19th century in urban areas with high land prices and population densities. They allowed for more vertical construction on limited land. Advances in steel construction made taller buildings possible. There are several reasons for building high-rises, including using expensive urban land more efficiently, creating density to reduce transportation needs, and gaining publicity. High-rise buildings present structural challenges like managing increasing loads and forces from wind and earthquakes with height. Foundations must support large loads and lateral forces through techniques like piles.
This document summarizes the key aspects of flat slab construction and design according to Indian code IS 456-2000. It defines flat slabs as slabs that are directly supported by columns without beams, and describes four common types based on whether drops and column heads are used. The main topics covered include guidelines for proportioning slabs and drops, methods for determining bending moments and shear forces, requirements for slab reinforcement, and an example problem demonstrating the design of an interior flat slab panel.
Structural systems in high rise building and analysis methodsDP NITHIN
This presentation is about the structural systems in tall buildings and also consists of overview of methods of analysis in tall buildings like linear and non linear seismic analysis.
1) Two-way slabs are slabs that require reinforcement in two directions because bending occurs in both the longitudinal and transverse directions when the ratio of longest span to shortest span is less than 2.
2) The document discusses various types of two-way slabs and design methods, focusing on the direct design method (DDM).
3) Using the DDM, the total factored load is first calculated, then the total factored moment is distributed to positive and negative moments. The moments are further distributed to column and middle strips using factors that consider the slab and beam properties.
Coffered ceilings and slabs are rigid, planar structures that use a series of intersecting ribs to distribute loads across a space. The document discusses the history and architectural uses of coffered ceilings. It also describes different types of coffered slab structures like waffle slabs and drop slabs that are used for their load bearing capacities in long span structures like schools and hospitals. Various coffered slab construction techniques are outlined, including the use of precast elements and how services can be run through the coffered spaces.
The document discusses flat grid or waffle slab systems. It defines waffle slabs as having two-directional reinforcement on the outside, giving it a waffle-like shape. This provides stability without using much material, making it suitable for large flat areas like foundations and floors. Waffle slabs are used in industrial and commercial buildings where large spans are needed with few columns. They provide features like using less concrete and steel than traditional slabs while providing strength and resistance to cracking and sagging. The document outlines the production, design, and construction process for waffle slabs and notes some iconic landmarks that have utilized this system.
The document discusses rigid frame systems used in high-rise buildings. It provides a history of rigid frames, an introduction to what they are, and examples of their applications. It describes the material properties and connections used. It discusses considerations for rigid frame design like behavior under lateral loads. It notes advantages like architectural freedom but also disadvantages like increased drift. It concludes with a case study on using hybrid rigid/semi-rigid frames to improve seismic performance.
This document provides a tutorial for punching shear reinforcement using links attached to a slab's main reinforcement mesh. Punching shear reinforcement consists of additional steel placed around columns in a slab to prevent slab-column connection failures. The tutorial demonstrates punching shear reinforcement for two examples (ID01 and ID02) showing the process for laying out and drawing the reinforcement in plans and sections, including handling differences in column dimensions, slab thickness, and openings between the examples.
This document discusses different types of flat slab structures including those without and with drops and column heads. It outlines direct design and equivalent frame methods for analysis and highlights advantages like cost savings and disadvantages like minimum span requirements. The document also notes applications of flat slab structures.
The document provides details on the site location, physical features, site plan, zoning, and climate responsive design of an institutional housing project located on a sloping site in Pune. Key aspects include a compact planned layout with residential areas oriented north-south, interconnected open courtyards, extensive use of local and sustainable materials, rainwater harvesting, and solar energy systems.
This document discusses different types of two-way slabs, including edge-supported slabs, column-supported slabs, flat plates, and waffle slabs. It provides details on when a slab is considered a two-way slab and how it is reinforced in two directions to resist bending moments in both directions. The document also discusses analysis methods for two-way slab design.
The document discusses reinforcement in two-way slabs and footing design. It describes two types of shear failure in slabs: one-way shear and two-way shear. One-way shear results in inclined cracking and pull-out of negative reinforcement from the slab. Two-way shear can result in either inclined cracking or the slab sliding down the column. The critical perimeter for two-way shear is located at d/2 from the column face, where d is the effective depth of the slab. Formulas are provided to calculate the nominal shear resistance Vn of slabs under two-way shear with negligible moment transfer.
This document describes an experimental study comparing the structural behavior of monolithic and precast concrete portal frames. Scaled models of a monolithic frame and two precast frames (one with a corbel connection and one without) were tested under a two-point load. Test results showed that the monolithic frame had the highest deflections but lowest load capacity, while the precast frame with a corbel connection had the lowest deflections but highest load capacity. Cracks were first observed in the monolithic frame, followed by the precast frame without a corbel, with the frame with a corbel cracking at the highest loads. In conclusion, the monolithic frame was found to be the most ductile but least stiff, while
The document outlines the syllabus for a Structural Design-II course, covering Reinforced Concrete Design (RCC) and Steel Design topics. For RCC Design, it includes loading standards, analysis and design of a G+3 residential/commercial building, and design of water tanks and retaining walls. Steel Design topics are plate girder design, industrial building design, and design of foot over bridges, transmission towers and bridges. The document also discusses specific topics related to foot over bridge design, including when to use truss girders, types of truss girders, their components, applicable loads, and applications of foot bridges.
This document provides details on the design of an Intze tank, including its various structural elements. An Intze tank is a type of circular water tank that has a spherical dome above a conical bottom section. The main advantages of this design are that the outward thrust from the top of the conical section is resisted by a ring beam. The document outlines the objective of studying guidelines for designing liquid-retaining structures according to code and developing programs to simplify calculations for tanks. It also lists factors that affect water demand and the structural requirements for liquid-retaining structures.
This document discusses the different types of estimates used in construction projects. It describes 7 types of estimates: 1) approximate estimate, 2) detailed estimate, 3) quantity estimate, 4) revised estimate, 5) supplementary estimate, 6) supplementary and revised estimate, and 7) annual repair or maintenance estimate. For each type of estimate, it provides details on what the estimate involves and how it is prepared and used in a construction project.
Chapter 1 introduction of building constructionKHUSHBU SHAH
The document discusses the history and evolution of building construction from primitive human shelters like caves to modern buildings. It then categorizes buildings based on occupancy into residential, educational, institutional, assembly, business, mercantile, industrial and storage buildings. Various loads that act on buildings like dead load, live load, snow load, rain load, wind load and earthquake load are explained. Common building materials and their weights are listed. Foundations, doors, windows and other typical building components and their functions are described along with their standard dimensions.
This document provides an introduction and manual for the design of hollow core slabs. It discusses the manufacturing of hollow core slabs and the materials used. It then covers advantages of hollow core slabs and common framing concepts. The bulk of the document focuses on guidelines for designing hollow core slabs, including flexural and shear design, camber and deflection, composite design, and strand development. It also covers special design considerations like load distribution, effects of openings, continuity, and cantilevers. Finally, it discusses using hollow core slabs as diaphragms to resist lateral loads. The manual is intended to provide design guidance and reference material for engineers and producers working with hollow core slab systems.
Prestressed hollow core slabs are a type of precast concrete slab used for floors in multi-story buildings. They are made off-site and assembled quickly, providing benefits such as lower costs, reduced construction time, less raw material usage, and good structural and acoustic properties. Hollow core slabs are well-suited for modern housing needs due to their advantages over traditional floor constructions.
This document discusses counterfort retaining walls. It defines a retaining wall and lists common types, focusing on counterfort retaining walls. It describes the components and mechanics of counterfort walls, noting they are more economical than cantilever walls for heights over 6 meters. The document also covers forces acting on retaining walls, methods for calculating active and passive earth pressures, and stability conditions walls must satisfy including factors of safety against overturning and sliding and limiting maximum pressure at the base.
Architectural case study of IIM ahemdabad by louis i khanRajat Katarne
This document provides details about the Indian Institute of Management in Ahmedabad, India, which was completed in 1963. It was designed by famous architect Louis Kahn, with B.V. Doshi and Anant Raje. The campus includes academic buildings such as classrooms and faculty blocks arranged around a central plaza, as well as dormitories, a library, auditorium, and management development center spread across 66 acres. Brick is the primary building material. The layout separates academic and residential areas while integrating social activities between students and staff.
1. The document discusses the design and analysis of storage reservoirs and overhead tanks. It covers various types of tanks, design considerations for concrete mixes, crack development remedies, permissible stresses, and reinforcement requirements.
2. Methods for analyzing circular and rectangular tanks are presented. For circular tanks, designs consider rigid versus flexible joints with the base slab. Approximate methods analyze the bottom portion as cantilever and the rest as resisting pressure through horizontal forces.
3. Rectangular tank analysis depends on the length-breadth ratio, treating short walls as bending horizontally between long walls which transfer pressure as tension.
This document discusses the design of an overhead circular water tank with a flat base. It begins with introducing water tanks and the different types, including based on placement and shape. It then lists the objectives of studying the analysis and design of elevated water tanks according to design codes. Various support systems for rectangular and circular tanks are described, including using masonry shafts, reinforced concrete towers, or columns. The key components of an elevated water tank design are outlined as the cover slab, top ring beam, cylindrical wall, and base slab. Design of the staging and foundation are also considered.
This document discusses the design and analysis of flat slab structures. It begins with an introduction to flat slabs and their uses of column heads and drop panels. The benefits of flat slabs are then outlined, including flexibility in layout, reduced building height, and ease of M&E installation. Design considerations are presented such as structural stiffness, deflection limits, and shear reinforcement. The document analyzes flat slab design methodology including finite element analysis, simplified methods, and equivalent frame analysis. Moment distribution, punching shear, deflection, and detailing of reinforcement mesh are also summarized.
This document summarizes the key aspects of a flat plate concrete slab design presented by Md. Shariful Alam. It defines a flat plate as a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete columns without beams. It discusses the uses of column heads and drop panels to increase shear strength and moment capacity. Benefits of flat plate include flexibility in room layout, reduced building height and construction time, and higher buildability scores. Design considerations like crack control, punching shear, construction loads, and lateral stability are also outlined.
shariful alam ( presentation on flat plate )sharifulaust
This document summarizes the key aspects of a flat plate concrete slab design presented by Md. Shariful Alam. It defines a flat plate as a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete columns without beams. It discusses the uses of column heads and drop panels to increase shear strength and moment capacity. Benefits of flat plate include flexibility in room layout, reduced building height and construction time, and higher buildability scores. Design considerations like crack control, punching shear, construction loads, and lateral stability are also outlined.
Designing and drawing of flat slab with the help of i.s code Sandeep Yadav
This document is a mini project report submitted by Sandeep Kumar to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. The report describes designing and drawing a flat slab structure using the Indian Standard Code. It provides an introduction to flat slab construction, advantages of flat slabs like flexibility in design and reduced building height. It also discusses code regulations, design steps, and concludes with designing a flat slab according to the IS code.
The document presents the design of a multi-level car parking structure with 4 floors above ground in Thirunelveli, India. The objectives are to analyze and design the structure, estimate construction costs, and provide safe, accessible parking. The methodology includes planning, analysis, design, detailing, estimation. The building is a concrete frame structure with a conventional car parking layout accessed by a helical ramp and stairs/lift. Structural analysis was conducted manually and using STADD Pro software. Key elements like slabs, beams, columns, footings, staircase, and ramp were designed according to Indian codes and standards.
The document provides information on structural design and analysis. It discusses structural planning, wind load analysis, frame analysis using software, beam, column, slab, footing and retaining wall design. Key steps covered include determining loads, checking member capacities, calculating reinforcement and developing design details. The goal is to ensure the structural safety and stability of the building under various loads like gravity, wind, seismic, etc.
This document discusses various reinforced concrete floor systems for medium and long span structures. It describes objectives like minimizing floor-to-floor height, maximizing column-free spaces, minimizing weight and construction time. Systems covered include flat slabs with drop panels, flat plates, ribbed slabs, waffle slabs, and band beams & slabs. Each system is summarized briefly, including advantages like simple formwork, long spans, and material savings, as well as disadvantages like depth controlling fire rating and need for specialized formwork. Reinforcement details to improve slab punching shear resistance are also mentioned.
The document provides details about an internship at Srushti Engineers & Valuers company. It includes information about the company profile such as its founder, location, and years in operation. It also describes several completed construction projects the company has worked on. The main focus of the internship is a residential building project including plans, cost estimates, and construction methodology for activities like excavation, plinth beams, brick masonry, RCC slabs, plastering and flooring. The intern aims to gain practical experience and apply their theoretical knowledge through this project.
Analysis and Design of G+3 building with flat slab using STAAD PRO V8i M F-1....ManoharManu993491
This document describes the analysis and design of a residential building with four stories using flat slab construction in STAAD Pro software. It includes modeling the building with drop panels and column heads, applying dead, live and roof loads, performing analysis to obtain deflections, bending moments and pressures, and designing the concrete columns and slab according to IS 456 code. The results show maximum bending moments in beams of 210 kN-m, and designs meet code requirements for shear, bending and deflections.
The document discusses modeling and analysis of shear walls. It describes various modeling techniques including frame models using beam-column elements, plate/shell element models, and truss models. Truss models approximate shear wall behavior using vertical elements for axial/flexural resistance and diagonal elements for shear resistance. The document compares deformation, stresses, and forces from shell and truss models. It also provides guidance on constructing initial truss models for shear wall analysis.
The document discusses flat slab construction and design. It begins by defining a flat slab as a reinforced concrete slab without beams that transfers loads directly to supporting columns. It describes various types of flat slabs including simple flat slabs, those with drop panels or column heads, or both. The document outlines design considerations for flat slabs including analyzing column and middle strips, estimating depth, and calculating moments and shear. It also discusses advantages such as reduced height and construction time. In summary, the document provides information on flat slab types, design methodology, and benefits compared to other construction methods.
This document provides an analysis and design of the structural elements for a multi-storey residential building, including slabs, columns, shear walls, and foundations. It discusses the objectives, general approach, types of buildings and concrete mixtures used. The structural elements are then analyzed and designed according to the given specifications and loadings, with reinforcement details provided for slabs, columns, shear walls, and pile caps.
Formwork is a temporary structure used to hold wet concrete in desired shape until it hardens. It is classified based on size, material, and operation. Requirements include strength, water resistance, smooth surfaces. Common formwork includes foundations, walls, columns, slabs, beams, stairs using timber, steel, aluminum, plastic. Removal timing depends on concrete type. Cost is 30-60% of concrete cost. Advanced systems like REVOLA and LOGICA use steel/plywood/polymer facing for crane-lifted walls and columns, withstanding high pressures.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on box pushing technology. Box pushing technology involves prefabricating concrete box segments and pushing them underground using hydraulic jacks to form tunnels, culverts, and other underground structures with minimal excavation. The presentation covers the objectives of box pushing, key components of the process, construction steps, advantages over conventional excavation methods, safety measures, environmental benefits, and future trends in the technology. Box pushing allows for faster, less disruptive, and more cost-effective construction of underground infrastructure compared to traditional excavation methods.
This document provides information on cast-in-place and pre-cast concrete, as well as different types of concrete slabs and floor systems. It defines cast-in-place and pre-cast concrete, compares their advantages, and provides details on useful information for each method. It also describes different types of concrete slabs - flat slab, flat plate, waffle slab, ribbed floor slab, and lift slab. Finally, it discusses different types of floor systems including metal decking and concrete floor systems.
The document summarizes the analysis and design of a G+3 shopping complex. It includes the design of structural elements like slab, beams, columns, staircase and foundation. It describes the design methodology, software used for analysis (STAAD.Pro), and design of key structural components like the ground floor slab. The students have submitted this project to fulfill the requirements for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering.
This document provides details about the construction of a residential building with 7 flats in Nagpur, India. It describes the foundation layout including spread footings and reinforcement. Preparations for the slab pour are outlined, including leveling, formwork, reinforcement, and calculating the concrete volume. Activities after casting like curing and starter columns are also summarized. The conclusion reflects on how the training helped provide practical experience in areas like planning, execution, and concrete volume calculations.
This document discusses the course CV706 Advanced Design of Concrete Structures. The course covers the analysis and design of various reinforced concrete structural elements including continuous beams and frames, slabs, grid slabs, folded plates, bunkers, silos, deep beams, corbels, and pile caps. Specifically, it will discuss the redistribution of moments in continuous beams and frames, yield line analysis for slab design, and the analysis and design of elements like grid slabs, filler slabs, folded plates, bunkers, silos, deep beams, corbels, and pile caps. The course will also review the limit state design method.
Flat slabs were originally invented in the U.S. in 1906 and load tested between 1910-1920. They are reinforced concrete slabs supported by columns without beams. Flat slabs offer advantages like reduced construction costs, faster construction, and greater architectural freedom. They are classified as solid flat slab, solid flat slab with drop panels, solid flat slab with column heads, or banded flat slab. Analysis and design of flat slabs involves distributing moments from equivalent frame analysis to slab components and checking shear and punching resistance.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
5. INTRODUCTION
Uses of column heads :
•increase shear strength of slab
•reduce the moment in the slab by reducing the clear or effective spanFlat slab with column head
6. INTRODUCTION
Uses of drop panels :
•increase shear strength of slab
•increase negative moment capacity of slab
•stiffen the slab and hence reduce deflection
8. BENEFITS
•Flexibility in room layout
•Saving in building height
•Shorter construction time
•Ease of installation of M&E services
•Prefabricated welded mesh
•Buildable score
9. Benefits . . .
FLEXIBILITY IN ROOM LAYOUT
•allows Architect to introduce partition walls anywhere required
•allows owner to change the size of room layout
•allows choice of omitting false ceiling and finish soffit of slab with skim coating
10. Benefits . . .
SAVING IN BUILDING HEIGHT
•Lower storey height will reduce building weight due to lower partitions and cladding to façade
•approx. saves 10% in vertical members
•reduce foundation load SlabSlabBeamBeam3.4m3.4m2.8m2.8mConventionalConventionalSlabSlab3.2m3.2m2.8m2.8mBeam-FreeBeam-Free
11. Benefits . . .
SHORTER CONSTRUCTION TIME
flat plate design will
facilitate the use of
big table formwork to
increase productivity
12. Benefits . . .
SINGLE SOFFIT LEVELLiving RoomLiving RoomToiletToiletShowerShowerKitchenKitchenYardYard30307575260260303030303030BalconyBalcony
155
FlatPlate Slab
Single Level
Ceiling
• Simplified the table formwork needed
13. Benefits . . .
EASE OF INSTALLATION
OF M&E SERVICES
•all M & E services can be mounted directly on the underside of the slab instead of bending them to avoid the beams
•avoids hacking through beams
14. Benefits . . .
PRE-FABRICATED WELDED MESH•control•Prefabricated in standard sizes•Minimised installation time•Better quality control
15. Benefits . . .
BUILDABLE SCORE
•allows standardized structural members and prefabricated sections to be integrated into the design for ease of construction
•this process will make the structure more buildable, reduce the number of site workers and increase the productivity at site
•more tendency to achieve a higher Buildable score
17. Design Considerations. . . .
WALL AND COLUMN POSITION
•Locate position of wall tomaximisethe structural stiffness for
lateral loads
•Facilitates the rigidity to be located to thecentreof buildingTypical floor plan of Compass the Elizabeth
18. Design Considerations. . . .
OPTIMISATION OF STRUCTURAL LAYOUT PLAN
•the sizes of vertical and structural structural members can be optimised to keep the volume of concrete for the entire superstructure inclusive of walls and lift cores to be in the region of 0.4 to 0.5 m3per square metre
•this figure is considered to be economical and comparable to an optimum design in conventional of beam and slab systems
19. Design Considerations. . . .
DEFLECTION CHECK
•necessary to include checking of the slab deflection for all load cases both for short and long term basis
•In general, under full service load, δ< L/250 or 40 mm whichever is smaller
•Limit set to prevent unsightly occurrence of cracks on non-structural walls and floor finishes
20. Design Considerations. . . .
CRACK CONTROL
•advisable to perform crack width calculations based on spacing of reinforcement as detailed and the moment envelope obtained from structural analysis
•good detailing of reinforcement will
–restrict the crack width to within acceptable tolerances as specified in the codes and
–reduce future maintenance cost of the building
21. Design Considerations. . . .
FLOOR OPENINGS
•No opening should encroach upon a column head or drop
•Sufficient reinforcement must be provided to take care of stress concentration
22. Design Considerations. . . .
PUNCHING SHEAR
•always a critical consideration in flat plate design around the columns
•instead of using thicker section, shear reinforcement in the form of shear heads, shear studs or stirrup cages may be embedded in the slab to enhance shear capacity at the edges of walls and columns
24. Design Considerations. . . .
CONSTRUCTION LOADS
•critical for fast track project where removal of forms at early strength is required
•possible to achieve 70% of specified concrete cube strength within a day or two by using high strength concrete
•alternatively use 2 sets of forms
25. Design Considerations. . . .
LATERAL STABILITY
•buildings with flat plate design is generally less rigid
•lateral stiffness depends largely on the configuration of lift core position, layout of walls and columns
•frame action is normally insufficient to resist lateral loads in high rise buildings, it needs to act in tendam with walls and lift cores to achieve the required stiffness
28. Design methodology .. .
METHODS OF DESIGN
•the finite element analysis
•the simplified method
•the equivalent frame method
29. Design methodology .. .
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
•Based upon the division of complicated structures into smaller and simpler pieces (elements) whose behaviour can be formulated.
•E.g of software includes SAFE, ADAPT, etc
•results includes
–moment and shear envelopes
–contour of structural deformation
35. Design methodology .. .
SIMPLIFIED METHOD
Table 3.19 may be used provided•Live load > 1.25 Dead load•Live load (excluding partitions) > 5KN/m2•there are at least 3 rows of panels of approximately equal span in direction considered•lateral stability is independent of slab column connections
36. Design methodology .. ..
SIMPLIFIED METHOD
Table 3.19: BM and SF coefficients for flat slab or 3 or more equal spansOuter SupportColumnWallNear centreof 1st spanFirst interiorspanCentre ofinteriorspanInteriorspanMoment-0.04Fl*0.086Fl0.083Fl*-0.063Fl0.071Fl-0.055FlShear0.45F0.4F-0.6F-0.5FTotalcolumnmoments0.04Fl--0.022Fl-0.022Fl* the design moments in the edge panel may have to be adjusted according to 3.7.4.3F is the total design ultimate load on the strip of slab between adjacent columns considered(1.4gk + 1.6 qk) lis the effective span
37. Design methodology .. .
EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD
•most commonly used method
•the flat slab structure is divided longitudinally and transversely into frames consisting of columns and strips of slabs with :
–stiffness of members based on concrete alone
–for vertical loading, full width of the slab is used to evaluate stiffness
–effect of drop panel may be neglected if dimension < lx/3
38. Design methodology .. .
EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD
Plan of floor slab
Step 1 : define line of support in X & Y directions
39. Design methodology .. .
EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD910109.20.8DESIGN STRIP IN PROTOTYPE91010.610.50.8STRAIGHTENED DESIGN STRIPDESIGN STRIP IN ELEVATION
Step 2 : define design strips in X & Y directions
41. Analysis of flat slab..
COLUMN HEADlholh maxlcdh(i)lh= lh, maxlholh maxlcdh(ii)lh= lhoEffective dimension of a head , where lho = actual dimension, lh max= lc+ 2(dh-40) lh (mm)= lesser of lho orlh max
42. Analysis of flat slab..
COLUMN HEADlholh maxlcdh(iv)lh= lholholh maxlcdh40(iii)lh= lh, maxFor circular column or column head, effective diameter ,hc= 4 x area/ο< 0.25 lx
43. Analysis of flat slab..
DIVISION OF PANELS
The panels are divided into ‘column strips’ and middle strips’ in both direction.
(a)Slab Without Dropslx/4 Column strip Column striplx/4lx/4lx/4middle strip (ly-lx/2) middlestrip lx (shorter span) ly (longer span)
44. Analysis of flat slab..
lx Dropmiddle strip (ly-drop size) lx/4Column strip = drop sizemiddlestriply (longer span) note : ignore drop if dimension is less than lx/3 Drop (b)Slab With Drops
45. Analysis of flat slab..
MOMENT DIVISIONApportionment between columnand middle strip expressed as % of the total negative designmomentColumn stripMiddle stripNegative75%25% Positive55%45% •Note : For slab with drops where the width of the middle strip exceeds L/2, the distribution of moment in the middle strip should be increased in proportion to its increased width and the momentresisted by the column strip should be adjusted accordingly.
46. Analysis of flat slab..
MOMENT DIVISION -EXAMPLE
6000
6000
6000
6000
6000
5000
Layout of building
7000
5000
A floor slab in a building where stability is provided by shear walls in one direction (N-S). The slab is without drops and is supported internally and on the external long sides by square columns . The imposed loading on the floor is 5 KN/m2and an allowance of 2.5KN/m2for finishes, etc. fcu = 40 KN/m2, fy = 460KN/m2
47. Analysis of flat slab..
MOMENT DIVISION -EXAMPLE250030002500
6000
6000600060005000700025001500275040001250
3500
3000
3500
Division of panels into strips in x and y direction
48. Analysis of flat slab..
MOMENT DIVISION -EXAMPLE
6000250035003000300025003500
60003520020036920020035
Column strip
exterior support = 0.75*35 on 2.5m strip = 10.5Knm
centre of 1st span= 0.55*200 on 2.5 strip = 44KNm
1st interior support = 0.75*200 on 3m strip = 50KNm
centre of interior span = 0.55 *369 on 3m strip = 67.7KNm
Middle strip
exterior support = 0.25*35 on 2.5m strip = 3.5KNm
centre of 1st span= 0.45*200 on 2.5 strip = 36KNm
1st interior support = 0.25*200 on 3m strip = 16.7KNm
centre of interior span = 0.45 *369 on 3m strip = 55.4KNm
49. Analysis of flat slab..
DESIGN FOR BENDING
INTERNAL PANELS
•columns and middle strips should be designed to withstand design moments from analysis
50. Analysis of flat slab..
DESIGN FOR BENDING
EDGE PANELS•apportionment of moment exactly the same as internal columns•max. design moment transferable between slab and edge column by a column strip of breadth beis < 0.5 design moment (EFM) < 0.7 design moment (FEM) Otherwise structural arrangements shall be changed. Mt, max= 0.15 bed2fcu
51. Analysis of flat slab..
PUNCHING SHEAR
1.CalculateVeff =kVt at column perimeter (approx. equal span)
Vt = SF transferred from slab
k = 1.15 for internal column, 1.25 corner columns and edge columns where M acts parallel to free edge and 1.4 for edge columns where M acts at right angle to free edge
2.Determine vmax= Veff /uodwhere uo is the length of column perimeter
Check vma < 0.8fcu or 5 N/mm2
3.Determine v=(Veff -V/ud)where uis the length of perimeter A and V is the column load and checkv< vc
4.Repeat step 3 for perimeter B and CColumn perimeterPerimeter APerimeter B3d23d4Column perimeterPerimeter APerimeter BPerimeter C3d23d43d4)lx/3
52. Analysis of flat slab..
DEFLECTION
(i) use normal span/effective depth ratio if drop width >1/3 span each way; otherwise(ii) to apply 0.9modification factor for flat slab, orwhere drop panel width < L/31.0otherwiseSpan/depth ratioCantilever7Simply supported20Continuous26
53. Holes in areas bounded by the column stripsmay be formedproviding : •greatest dimension < 0.4 span lengthand•total positive and negative moments are redistributed between the remaining structure to meet the changed conditionsOPENINGSAnalysis Analysis of flat slab.. ly (longer span) lx (shorter span)
54. OPENINGSAnalysis Analysis of flat slab.. Holes in areas common to two column stripsmay be formed providing : •that their aggregate their length or width does not exceed one-tenth of the width of the column strip; •that the reduced sections are capable of resisting with the moments; and•that the perimeter for calculating the design shear stress is reduced if appropriately (longer span) lx (shorter span)
55. OPENINGSAnalysis Analysis of flat slab.. ly (longer span) lx (shorter span)
Holes in areas common to the column strip and the middle stripmay
be formed providing :
•that in aggregate their length or width does not exceed one-quarter of the width of the column strip and
•that the reduced sections are capable of resisting the design moments
56. OPENINGSAnalysis Analysis of flat slab..
For all other cases of openings, it should be framed on
all sides with beams to carry the loads to the columns.
58. Detailing of flat slab .. .
TYPE OF REINFORCEMENT
F-mesh-A mesh formed by main wire with cross wire
at a fixed spacing of 800 mm
mesh - #Main wire-hard drawn ribbed wire with diameter and
spacing as per design
wire - #Cross wire-hard drawn smooth wire as holding wire
wire - H8-800mm c/c for main wire diameter > 10mm
H7-800mm c/c for main wire diameter of 10mm
and below
59. Detailing of flat slab .. .
TYPE OF REINFORCEMENT Main WireHolding WireF-Mesh 2Holding Wire (800mm c/c) Main WireF-Mesh 1
65. Detailing of flat slab .. .
REINFORCEMENT
FOR INTERNAL PANELS
•Reinforcement are arranged in 2 directions parallel to each span; and
•2/3 of the reinforcement required to resist negative moment in the column strip must be placed in the centre half of the strip
•for slab with drops, the top reinforcement should be placed evenly across the column strip
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