The document presents the design of a multi-level car parking structure with 4 floors above ground in Thirunelveli, India. The objectives are to analyze and design the structure, estimate construction costs, and provide safe, accessible parking. The methodology includes planning, analysis, design, detailing, estimation. The building is a concrete frame structure with a conventional car parking layout accessed by a helical ramp and stairs/lift. Structural analysis was conducted manually and using STADD Pro software. Key elements like slabs, beams, columns, footings, staircase, and ramp were designed according to Indian codes and standards.
This document discusses the design of a multi-level car parking structure with 4 floors above ground (G+3). The building was designed using AutoCAD for planning and STAAD Pro for structural analysis. The design follows the limit state method and Indian code IS 456-2000. Structural elements like slabs, beams, columns, footings, and staircases were designed and detailed. The document discusses structural systems, loads, and methods of structural analysis used for multi-level buildings.
This document provides an overview of the Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) system in India. GRIHA is a rating tool that evaluates the environmental performance of buildings. It assesses projects across 34 criteria related to areas like energy efficiency, water conservation, waste management and health/well-being. The document outlines the GRIHA rating process, criteria and levels. It also summarizes a case study of the Indira Paryavaran Bhawan in Delhi, a government building designed to be net-zero through various green features and on-site solar energy generation.
This document discusses prefabrication in construction. Prefabrication involves assembling components of a structure in a factory then transporting them to the construction site. It has advantages like reduced cost, time, and waste and allows work during poor weather. Common prefabricated components include columns, beams, waffle floors/roofs which are cast and cured off-site then erected using cranes. While prefabrication offers benefits, it also has disadvantages like potential breakage during transport and need for specialized equipment and labor. The document concludes that partial prefabrication is well-suited for Indian conditions.
The document discusses several cost effective building materials including fly ash bricks, concrete masonry units, and soil cement blocks. Fly ash bricks are made from fly ash and water and cost 20% less than traditional clay bricks. Concrete masonry units use 1/3 less energy than burnt bricks and allow for steel reinforcement. Soil cement blocks are made from locally available soil, cement, and quarry dust and provide insulation without needing plaster.
The document discusses various cost-effective construction techniques that can be used in India to reduce building costs. Some techniques mentioned include using stabilized compressed earth blocks, fly ash bricks, rat-trap bond brickwork, filler slabs for roofs, and replacing concrete lintels with brick arches. Adopting these alternative materials and construction methods can save 15-40% on building costs while still providing durable structures. Proper selection of materials suited to the local area is important for developing cost-effective construction techniques.
Taipei 101 is a 508-meter tall skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan. It was the tallest building in the world from 2004 to 2010. The tower has 101 floors above ground and 5 floors underground. It was designed to withstand typhoons and earthquakes common in the area. The building uses a tube-in-tube structural system with a reinforced concrete core and steel perimeter columns. Outrigger trusses connect the core columns to the perimeter columns every eight floors to provide increased stability and resistance to strong winds.
Pre-stressed concrete uses tensioned steel strands or bars to place concrete in compression before application of service loads. This counters the tensile stresses induced by loads and prevents cracking. There are two main methods: pre-tensioning applies tension before pouring concrete, while post-tensioning tensions strands after concrete curing. Pre-stressed concrete allows for smaller and lighter structures that resist loads, deflection, and cracking better than reinforced concrete.
This document discusses the design of a multi-level car parking structure with 4 floors above ground (G+3). The building was designed using AutoCAD for planning and STAAD Pro for structural analysis. The design follows the limit state method and Indian code IS 456-2000. Structural elements like slabs, beams, columns, footings, and staircases were designed and detailed. The document discusses structural systems, loads, and methods of structural analysis used for multi-level buildings.
This document provides an overview of the Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) system in India. GRIHA is a rating tool that evaluates the environmental performance of buildings. It assesses projects across 34 criteria related to areas like energy efficiency, water conservation, waste management and health/well-being. The document outlines the GRIHA rating process, criteria and levels. It also summarizes a case study of the Indira Paryavaran Bhawan in Delhi, a government building designed to be net-zero through various green features and on-site solar energy generation.
This document discusses prefabrication in construction. Prefabrication involves assembling components of a structure in a factory then transporting them to the construction site. It has advantages like reduced cost, time, and waste and allows work during poor weather. Common prefabricated components include columns, beams, waffle floors/roofs which are cast and cured off-site then erected using cranes. While prefabrication offers benefits, it also has disadvantages like potential breakage during transport and need for specialized equipment and labor. The document concludes that partial prefabrication is well-suited for Indian conditions.
The document discusses several cost effective building materials including fly ash bricks, concrete masonry units, and soil cement blocks. Fly ash bricks are made from fly ash and water and cost 20% less than traditional clay bricks. Concrete masonry units use 1/3 less energy than burnt bricks and allow for steel reinforcement. Soil cement blocks are made from locally available soil, cement, and quarry dust and provide insulation without needing plaster.
The document discusses various cost-effective construction techniques that can be used in India to reduce building costs. Some techniques mentioned include using stabilized compressed earth blocks, fly ash bricks, rat-trap bond brickwork, filler slabs for roofs, and replacing concrete lintels with brick arches. Adopting these alternative materials and construction methods can save 15-40% on building costs while still providing durable structures. Proper selection of materials suited to the local area is important for developing cost-effective construction techniques.
Taipei 101 is a 508-meter tall skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan. It was the tallest building in the world from 2004 to 2010. The tower has 101 floors above ground and 5 floors underground. It was designed to withstand typhoons and earthquakes common in the area. The building uses a tube-in-tube structural system with a reinforced concrete core and steel perimeter columns. Outrigger trusses connect the core columns to the perimeter columns every eight floors to provide increased stability and resistance to strong winds.
Pre-stressed concrete uses tensioned steel strands or bars to place concrete in compression before application of service loads. This counters the tensile stresses induced by loads and prevents cracking. There are two main methods: pre-tensioning applies tension before pouring concrete, while post-tensioning tensions strands after concrete curing. Pre-stressed concrete allows for smaller and lighter structures that resist loads, deflection, and cracking better than reinforced concrete.
1) High rise buildings are becoming more common due to scarcity of land and demand for space. They are defined differently but generally refer to buildings over 15 meters tall.
2) Foundations for high rise buildings include shallow foundations like spread footings and mat foundations, and deep foundations like piles. Piles transfer load through end bearing or friction along their length.
3) Structural systems for high rise buildings must resist both gravity and lateral loads. Interior systems include rigid frames and shear walls. Exterior systems such as tube and diagrid systems resist loads along the building perimeter.
Modular coordination is a concept of coordination of dimension and space, in which buildings and components are dimensioned and positioned in a term of a basic unit or module, known as ā1Mā which is equivalent to 100 mm.
Presentation on building bye laws as per GTU (syllabus) building & town planning.
It is my first presentation on slide share so please give suggestion on given topic or any other requirement.
Thank you.
This document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete elements are cast and cured off-site then transported for assembly, allowing more efficient production and quality control.
- Elements include slabs, beams, columns, and wall panels that are joined on-site through embedded bolts, plates, and grouted connections.
- The precasting process involves casting concrete around prestressing strands to add strength, then cutting sections and transporting them for erection.
This document discusses alternatives to traditional load-bearing and non-load bearing walls for construction. It describes compressed agricultural fiber (straw) walls, insulated concrete walls, and rammed earth walls as sustainable alternatives. Compressed agricultural fiber walls are made from straw, which is fire and pest resistant as well as biodegradable. Insulated concrete walls use expanded polystyrene forms filled with concrete and rebar. Rammed earth walls are constructed by compacting local soil, cement, and sand into forms to create very thick, thermally massive walls. The document encourages exploring sustainable building materials and techniques to address global housing needs and environmental challenges.
PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION CASE STUDY: THE HEMISPHEREShivangi Saini
Ā
The document summarizes details about The Hemisphere housing project in Greater Noida, India. It describes the project as luxury villas equipped with modern amenities located on a 9-hole golf course. The apartments feature 3 units per floor with golf course views from all units. The structures use a precast construction method with prefabricated wall panels, columns, beams, and staircases that are assembled on site. Connection details are provided for walls, beams, slabs, and columns.
This document discusses column jacketing, which is a method of retrofitting and strengthening existing columns. It involves adding reinforced concrete, steel, or fiber-reinforced polymer around the column. The key steps are preparing the column surface, adding shear keys and reinforcement, applying a bonding agent, and casting the new concrete or installing the jacket. Column jacketing increases the strength and seismic capacity of the column. It improves confinement and increases axial, shear, and foundation load capacity without significant weight addition.
This document provides an overview of high-rise buildings including:
- Definitions of high-rise from various organizations ranging from 10+ stories to buildings over 100 meters tall.
- The structural systems commonly used in high-rise construction including rigid frames, shear walls, outriggers, tube systems, and diagrids.
- Core designs with details on central, split, and other core types.
- Electrical, mechanical and fire protection facilities required for high-rises such as sprinkler systems, standpipes, signage, and more.
- Parking configurations including single way, 45 degree, and perpendicular parking options.
The document provides information on basement construction, including:
1) Basements are constructed below ground level to provide additional space, act as a buoyancy raft, or reduce bearing pressure. They require retaining walls to withstand soil and water pressures.
2) There are different methods for basement construction including open cut, cut and cover, and top down. The cut and cover method uses retaining walls and bracing during excavation before basement construction.
3) Key considerations for basement design and construction include ventilation, drainage, waterproofing, and following local building codes.
Lift slab construction is a method of building concrete structures by casting floor or roof slabs on top of previous slabs and then lifting them into place with hydraulic jacks, making it cheaper and faster than traditional cast-in-place construction. Powerful jacks lift the cured slabs into position while ensuring even lifting at all points. This method is most effective for buildings with uniform, repetitive floor plans up to around 16 stories tall.
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression using tensioned steel strands, cables, or bars. This is done through either pre-tensioning or post-tensioning. In pre-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned before the concrete is poured, while in post-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Prestressed concrete provides benefits over reinforced concrete like lower construction costs, thinner structural elements, and longer spans between supports.
Parking facilities include indoor and outdoor areas for vehicles belonging to buildings, roads, parking lots, multi-level structures, and facilities for specific vehicle types. Different outdoor parking patterns include parallel parking along roads, 90 degree parking, and oblique parking. Indoor parking includes multi-storey parking structures. Multi-storey parking facilities are designed specifically for automobile parking and have multiple floors for parking. They are typically limited to 5-6 stories with a capacity of around 500 vehicles. Parking standards and laws dictate the minimum requirements for parking spaces, ramps, and accessibility.
Prefabrication types and Applications explainedEyad Reda
Ā
Explaining prefabrication in construction in a simple way. The contents range from steel framing, Precast concrete, Concrete prefab systems, sandwich paneling, timber framing and Real-life applications for prefabrication.
The document discusses slip form construction, a method where concrete is poured into a continuously moving form. There are two main types - vertical forms that move upwards, and horizontal forms that move horizontally. Slip forming allows for continuous, jointless concrete structures and reduces construction time compared to traditional formwork. It requires careful planning of the construction process to achieve high productivity while ensuring safety.
shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system. Shear walls are constructed to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure.
Prefabrication involves assembling building components in a factory and transporting them to the construction site. There are several prefabrication systems including open prefab, box type, and large prefab. Prefabricated components include panels, roofs, floors, and more which are manufactured off-site and assembled on-site. Prefabrication offers benefits like reduced construction time and costs, improved quality, and less waste. However, it also has disadvantages such as requiring specialized equipment and skilled labor for transportation and assembly. A case study on a housing project in India demonstrated how prefabrication helped complete buildings faster and with higher quality.
The document proposes several low-cost construction techniques including using funicular shell roofs, geodesic domes, A-frame structures, interlocking hollow concrete blocks, soil cement blocks, and rat-trap bond wall construction. It suggests optimizing designs to reduce materials and costs for foundations, walls, doors, windows, and lintels. Foundations can use rubble masonry with bond stones instead of concrete beds. Wall thickness and rat-trap bonding can reduce brick usage. Concrete blocks and soil cement blocks provide savings over burnt bricks. Alternative materials can lower costs for doors, windows, and lintels.
The document describes the planning, design, and analysis of a 3-storey apartment building in Coimbatore, India. Key aspects include:
- The building was designed to NBC and IS standards and utilizes RCC framing with M25 grade concrete and Fe415 steel reinforcement.
- Plans were drawn in AutoCAD and structural analysis was performed using STAAD Pro software.
- The building contains 4 apartments per floor with specifications for rooms, lifts, staircases, and additional facilities like CCTV and fire safety.
- Structural elements like slabs, beams, columns, and footings were designed as under-reinforced sections using the limit state method.
- Materials used include cement, sand
PLANNING,ANALYSIS,DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF A SHOPPING COMPLEX.pptxRajeshKumar25548
Ā
This document discusses the planning, analysis, and design of a proposed three-story shopping mall building in Pollachi, India. Key aspects include:
1. The site is located on flat land near transport and utility infrastructure. Plans include parking, food courts, shops, and other facilities across three floors.
2. Structural elements like slabs, beams, columns, footings, and staircases were designed according to Indian codes and specifications. Materials include concrete, steel, and manufactured sand.
3. Analysis of the building was conducted using STAAD-Pro to determine loads, stresses, and required reinforcements. Seismic, wind, dead, and live loads were considered.
4.
1) High rise buildings are becoming more common due to scarcity of land and demand for space. They are defined differently but generally refer to buildings over 15 meters tall.
2) Foundations for high rise buildings include shallow foundations like spread footings and mat foundations, and deep foundations like piles. Piles transfer load through end bearing or friction along their length.
3) Structural systems for high rise buildings must resist both gravity and lateral loads. Interior systems include rigid frames and shear walls. Exterior systems such as tube and diagrid systems resist loads along the building perimeter.
Modular coordination is a concept of coordination of dimension and space, in which buildings and components are dimensioned and positioned in a term of a basic unit or module, known as ā1Mā which is equivalent to 100 mm.
Presentation on building bye laws as per GTU (syllabus) building & town planning.
It is my first presentation on slide share so please give suggestion on given topic or any other requirement.
Thank you.
This document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete elements are cast and cured off-site then transported for assembly, allowing more efficient production and quality control.
- Elements include slabs, beams, columns, and wall panels that are joined on-site through embedded bolts, plates, and grouted connections.
- The precasting process involves casting concrete around prestressing strands to add strength, then cutting sections and transporting them for erection.
This document discusses alternatives to traditional load-bearing and non-load bearing walls for construction. It describes compressed agricultural fiber (straw) walls, insulated concrete walls, and rammed earth walls as sustainable alternatives. Compressed agricultural fiber walls are made from straw, which is fire and pest resistant as well as biodegradable. Insulated concrete walls use expanded polystyrene forms filled with concrete and rebar. Rammed earth walls are constructed by compacting local soil, cement, and sand into forms to create very thick, thermally massive walls. The document encourages exploring sustainable building materials and techniques to address global housing needs and environmental challenges.
PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION CASE STUDY: THE HEMISPHEREShivangi Saini
Ā
The document summarizes details about The Hemisphere housing project in Greater Noida, India. It describes the project as luxury villas equipped with modern amenities located on a 9-hole golf course. The apartments feature 3 units per floor with golf course views from all units. The structures use a precast construction method with prefabricated wall panels, columns, beams, and staircases that are assembled on site. Connection details are provided for walls, beams, slabs, and columns.
This document discusses column jacketing, which is a method of retrofitting and strengthening existing columns. It involves adding reinforced concrete, steel, or fiber-reinforced polymer around the column. The key steps are preparing the column surface, adding shear keys and reinforcement, applying a bonding agent, and casting the new concrete or installing the jacket. Column jacketing increases the strength and seismic capacity of the column. It improves confinement and increases axial, shear, and foundation load capacity without significant weight addition.
This document provides an overview of high-rise buildings including:
- Definitions of high-rise from various organizations ranging from 10+ stories to buildings over 100 meters tall.
- The structural systems commonly used in high-rise construction including rigid frames, shear walls, outriggers, tube systems, and diagrids.
- Core designs with details on central, split, and other core types.
- Electrical, mechanical and fire protection facilities required for high-rises such as sprinkler systems, standpipes, signage, and more.
- Parking configurations including single way, 45 degree, and perpendicular parking options.
The document provides information on basement construction, including:
1) Basements are constructed below ground level to provide additional space, act as a buoyancy raft, or reduce bearing pressure. They require retaining walls to withstand soil and water pressures.
2) There are different methods for basement construction including open cut, cut and cover, and top down. The cut and cover method uses retaining walls and bracing during excavation before basement construction.
3) Key considerations for basement design and construction include ventilation, drainage, waterproofing, and following local building codes.
Lift slab construction is a method of building concrete structures by casting floor or roof slabs on top of previous slabs and then lifting them into place with hydraulic jacks, making it cheaper and faster than traditional cast-in-place construction. Powerful jacks lift the cured slabs into position while ensuring even lifting at all points. This method is most effective for buildings with uniform, repetitive floor plans up to around 16 stories tall.
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression using tensioned steel strands, cables, or bars. This is done through either pre-tensioning or post-tensioning. In pre-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned before the concrete is poured, while in post-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Prestressed concrete provides benefits over reinforced concrete like lower construction costs, thinner structural elements, and longer spans between supports.
Parking facilities include indoor and outdoor areas for vehicles belonging to buildings, roads, parking lots, multi-level structures, and facilities for specific vehicle types. Different outdoor parking patterns include parallel parking along roads, 90 degree parking, and oblique parking. Indoor parking includes multi-storey parking structures. Multi-storey parking facilities are designed specifically for automobile parking and have multiple floors for parking. They are typically limited to 5-6 stories with a capacity of around 500 vehicles. Parking standards and laws dictate the minimum requirements for parking spaces, ramps, and accessibility.
Prefabrication types and Applications explainedEyad Reda
Ā
Explaining prefabrication in construction in a simple way. The contents range from steel framing, Precast concrete, Concrete prefab systems, sandwich paneling, timber framing and Real-life applications for prefabrication.
The document discusses slip form construction, a method where concrete is poured into a continuously moving form. There are two main types - vertical forms that move upwards, and horizontal forms that move horizontally. Slip forming allows for continuous, jointless concrete structures and reduces construction time compared to traditional formwork. It requires careful planning of the construction process to achieve high productivity while ensuring safety.
shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system. Shear walls are constructed to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure.
Prefabrication involves assembling building components in a factory and transporting them to the construction site. There are several prefabrication systems including open prefab, box type, and large prefab. Prefabricated components include panels, roofs, floors, and more which are manufactured off-site and assembled on-site. Prefabrication offers benefits like reduced construction time and costs, improved quality, and less waste. However, it also has disadvantages such as requiring specialized equipment and skilled labor for transportation and assembly. A case study on a housing project in India demonstrated how prefabrication helped complete buildings faster and with higher quality.
The document proposes several low-cost construction techniques including using funicular shell roofs, geodesic domes, A-frame structures, interlocking hollow concrete blocks, soil cement blocks, and rat-trap bond wall construction. It suggests optimizing designs to reduce materials and costs for foundations, walls, doors, windows, and lintels. Foundations can use rubble masonry with bond stones instead of concrete beds. Wall thickness and rat-trap bonding can reduce brick usage. Concrete blocks and soil cement blocks provide savings over burnt bricks. Alternative materials can lower costs for doors, windows, and lintels.
The document describes the planning, design, and analysis of a 3-storey apartment building in Coimbatore, India. Key aspects include:
- The building was designed to NBC and IS standards and utilizes RCC framing with M25 grade concrete and Fe415 steel reinforcement.
- Plans were drawn in AutoCAD and structural analysis was performed using STAAD Pro software.
- The building contains 4 apartments per floor with specifications for rooms, lifts, staircases, and additional facilities like CCTV and fire safety.
- Structural elements like slabs, beams, columns, and footings were designed as under-reinforced sections using the limit state method.
- Materials used include cement, sand
PLANNING,ANALYSIS,DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF A SHOPPING COMPLEX.pptxRajeshKumar25548
Ā
This document discusses the planning, analysis, and design of a proposed three-story shopping mall building in Pollachi, India. Key aspects include:
1. The site is located on flat land near transport and utility infrastructure. Plans include parking, food courts, shops, and other facilities across three floors.
2. Structural elements like slabs, beams, columns, footings, and staircases were designed according to Indian codes and specifications. Materials include concrete, steel, and manufactured sand.
3. Analysis of the building was conducted using STAAD-Pro to determine loads, stresses, and required reinforcements. Seismic, wind, dead, and live loads were considered.
4.
The development of apartment in coimbatore city, we planned and designed the construction of the apartment building with approved standards to fulfil the needs of the current situation.
In our project, we have aimed to satisfy the basic requirement of multi facility residential building. Allocating the available space for different functions the entire structure was developed.
The apartment block have peaceful environment and the great spacious rooms and best suited for studies.
This document provides the design of a rectangular water tank with a capacity of 2500 cubic meters. It includes:
1) Design of the roof slab as a flat slab with columns spaced 5 meters apart and a thickness of 240mm.
2) Design of columns with a size of 350mm and reinforcement of 6 bars of 16mm diameter.
3) Design of the vertical walls with a thickness of 230mm at the base reducing to 180mm in the middle. Reinforcement of 16mm diameter bars at 125mm centers is provided.
4) Checks for crack width for the columns and walls show the crack width is less than the permissible 0.2mm.
This document provides details on the design and construction of flat slab structures. It discusses the benefits of flat slabs such as flexibility in layout, reduced building height and faster construction. Key considerations for design include wall and column placement, structural layout optimization, deflection checks, crack control and punching shear. Analysis involves dividing the slab into strips and determining moment and shear distributions. Reinforcement is arranged in two directions and detailing includes reinforcement lapping and service penetrations.
The document provides information on structural design and analysis. It discusses structural planning, wind load analysis, frame analysis using software, beam, column, slab, footing and retaining wall design. Key steps covered include determining loads, checking member capacities, calculating reinforcement and developing design details. The goal is to ensure the structural safety and stability of the building under various loads like gravity, wind, seismic, etc.
The document describes the design of a stepped footing to support a column with an unfactored load of 800 kN. A square footing with dimensions of 2.1m x 2.1m is designed with two 300mm steps. Reinforcement of #12 bars at 150mm c/c is provided. Checks are performed for bending moment, one-way shear, two-way shear, and development length which all meet code requirements. Therefore, the stepped footing design is adequate to support the given column load.
Analysis of two reinforced concrete multistored building RakeshKuli
Ā
This document analyzes two reinforced concrete multi-storey buildings using SAP2000 software. It describes the building models, structural members, load cases, design shear forces and bending moments calculated. It then applies the moment distribution method to calculate non-sway, sway and total moments at each joint. Deflections are determined and found to be highest at the roof level. Finally, it is concluded that the structural systems are in equilibrium and values match between SAP2000 and the moment distribution method.
IRJET- A Technical Approach to Flat Slab Multistorey Building under Wind Spee...IRJET Journal
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- The document discusses the technical design of a flat slab multi-storey building under wind speed of 39 m/s.
- It presents the manual design of a G+20 building model using the equivalent frame method, with panels designed for roof, exterior walls, and interior walls.
- The manual design data is then analyzed in STAAD Pro, with shear walls added at two locations to minimize stresses in the building under wind loads.
Grillage Analysis of T-Beam bridge, Box culvert and their Limit State Design; components of Bridges and loads acting on bridges are presented in this slide.
Culvert Design 201 Structural Design, Durability & ApplicationsPath Marketing Inc.
Ā
Randy McDonald, Armtec Drainageās Director of Engineering and Frank Klita, Senior Sales Representative build on the basics of culvert design covered in Culvert Design 101 and will focus in- depth on the structural design of culverts. Additionally, the presenters will review considerations and best practices for culvert installations.
You'll Learn:
Culvert types & applications
- Structural design of culverts and buried structures as per CHBDC (Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code) methods
- Installation best practices
- Review of applications across Canada
The document summarizes the planning, analysis, and design of a multispecialty hospital building. It includes the objectives to prepare architectural drawings, analyze the G+2 building using STAAD Pro, and design the building according to IS 456:2000 using the working stress method. It describes analyzing the building's ability to resist lateral loads. Maximum bending moments in beams and columns will depend on their relative rigidity. Structural elements like slabs, beams, columns, footings, and staircases will be designed according to code specifications using the working stress method.
DESIGN OF PARTIAL MAGNETIC REPULSION FOUNDATION BUILDING BY USING U-BOOTS AND...p shivashanker
Ā
This document provides details on the design of a partial magnetic repulsion foundation building using U-Boots and autoclaved aerated concrete bricks. It includes an introduction to U-Boots and their advantages in foundation design. The manufacturing process of autoclaved aerated concrete bricks is described and they are compared to traditional clay bricks. The design of slabs, foundations, columns, and brickwork are detailed. Magnetic repulsion technique is discussed as a method to transfer loads from the structure to the raft foundation using different types of magnets.
Development of Software for Scantling Optimization of ShipAbhishek Mondal
Ā
This document describes software developed to optimize ship scantling values through an automated process. The software takes minimum and maximum scantling values as input, generates combinations of values, evaluates each combination's strength and cost, and identifies the best combination that meets strength requirements at the lowest material cost. It was tested on a sample 174m ship and found combinations that saved over 16 million rupees by choosing optimized scantling values. The software uses branch and bound and backtracking algorithms and could potentially be expanded to optimize designs for entire ships.
This resource material is exclusively for the purpose of knowledge dissemination for the use of Civil engineering Fraternity, professionals & students.
This file contains state of art techniques adopted & practiced as per IS456 code provisions for analysis design & detailing of flat slab structural systems.
The presentation aims to provide clear,concise, technical details of flat slabs design.
The presentation deals with structural actions & behavior of flat slabs with visual representations obtained through finite element analysis.
The knowledge gained can be used for designing building structures frequently encountered in construction.
The presentation covers an important feature of slab systems supported on rigid & flexible support & clearly demarcates the minimum beam dimensions required to consider the supports to be either rigid or flexible.
The presentation alsoincludes clear technical drawings to highlight the importance of detailing w.r.t. rebar lay out - positioning & curtailment. Typical section drawing through middle & column strips are also included for visualizing rebar patterns in 3 -d views.
This presentation is an outcome of series of lectures for undergrad & grad students studying in civil engineering.
My next presentation would be on Analysis & design of deep beams.
Kindly mail me ( vvietcivil@gmail.com) your questions & valuable feedback.
Reinforced concrete is well-suited for constructing stairs due to its fire resistance, durability, strength, and pleasing appearance. R.C.C. stairs can be designed in various forms including straight flights, inclined slabs with half landings, string beams, cranked slabs, cantilevers, and spirals. The type of stair adopted depends on the space and loading conditions. Common stair arrangements include single straight flights, inclined slabs spanning longitudinally, string beams with horizontal slab spanning, cranked slabs inducing bending and torsion stresses, cantilever stairs with central supporting walls, and spiral or helical stairs used in prestige buildings.
This document discusses different types of pavements and factors considered in pavement design. It describes flexible and rigid pavements, and notes that pavement refers to the top road surface layer, including sub-base and base layers below. The objectives of pavement are to transfer wheel loads, prevent water entry into subgrades, and provide a smooth surface. Factors in design include traffic load, subgrade soil, design life, climate, materials, drainage, and geometry. The CBR test method is explained for evaluating subgrade strength.
This document discusses the design of flat slab structures with and without slab drops. It begins with an introduction to flat slabs and their components. It then outlines the design methodology and considerations. The main body compares the bending moments and steel requirements for interior and exterior panels of flat slabs without drops and with drops, for slab sizes of 20x20m, 40x40m, and 60x60m. The key findings are that flat slabs without drops require less steel in the middle strips compared to flat slabs with drops, but flat slabs with drops have lower bending moments and steel requirements in the column strips.
This document summarizes the key components and design process of flat slab construction without slab drops. It provides examples of designing interior and exterior panels of sizes 5x5m, 10x10m, and 15x15m for a 20x20m flat slab without drops. The design process involves determining slab depth, load calculations, moment distribution, and reinforcement sizing. Tables are included that show bending moments and steel areas for column strips and middle strips of the example panels. Interior panels have negative and positive moments in both directions while exterior panels only have negative moments in the column strip and positive moments in the middle strip.
Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
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Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code
By Professor Dr. Costas Sachpazis, Civil Engineer & Geologist
This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Ā
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Ā
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
Ā
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
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We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
1. DESIGN OF MULTI-LEVEL
CAR PARKING
presented by,
HARIKRISHNAN S (14BCI038)
MANOJKUMAR N (14BCI042)
KARPAGAVELAN K (14BCIL05)
2. OBJECTIVES
ā¢ To analyse and design a multi-level car parking.
ā¢ To estimate the total cost for construction.
ā¢ To provide safe and easily accessible area for car parking.
3. REASON FOR SELECTINGS SITE:
ā¢ Due to traffic jam, since there are more shops, banks and hospitals
around the bus stop
ā¢ Easily accessible to all area from the parking
5. BUILDING DETAILS
ā¢ Concrete structure and M30 Grade
ā¢ Type of car parking : āConventional car parkingā
ā¢ Number of storey : G+3
ā¢ Helical ramp is provided for car movement between the
floors
ā¢ Lift and Stair case is also provided
ā¢ Total area : 5578.12 m2
9. PLAN DETAILS
ā¢ All floors are same in plan (80 x 40 mĀ²)
ā¢ Ramp of diameter = 6m
ā¢ Staircase is provided for emergency.
ā¢ Lift
ā¢ Height of each floor = 4m
ā¢ Parapet wall thickness and height are 100mm and 1m respectively
10. SLAB
The most common type of structural element used to cover
floors and roofs of buildings is a reinforced concrete slab
The slabs are classified into the following types. They are
ā¢ One-way slab (l/b ratio greater than 2)
ā¢ Two-way slab (l/b ratio lesser than 2)
ā¢ Flat slabs
ā¢ Grid slabs
11. DESIGN OF SLAB
Given : Size of slab = 10 x 10 m
Concrete grade = 30 N/mm2
Steel grade = 415 N/mm2
Live load = 0.75 KN/m2 ( from NBC 2005)
Check for type of slab:
Ly = 10m Lx = 10m
(Ly/Lx) = 1 <2
Hence it is two way slab
Depth:
Depth = span / 25
=10000/25 = 400mm
Overall depth (d) = 425 mm
Effective span = 10 + 0.425 = 10.425m
Load calculation:
S.W of slab = (0.425 x 1 x 25)=10.625
L.L = 0.75
F.F = 1
Total = 12.375KN/m2
Factored load = (1.5 x 12.375)
=18.56KN/m2
Moment calculation:
From is IS456 table 26; Ī±x=Ī± y= 0.047
Mux= Muy=(Ī±xwulx2) =(0.047 x 17.96 x 102)
= 84.412 KNm.
12. Check for depth:
Mumax = 0.138fckbd2
d=142.79mm
Therefore, Adopt d= 150mm
Reinforecements:
Mu= 0.87fyAst d[1-((fyAst)/(Fckbd))]
Ast=767mm2
Provide 10mm dia. Bars,
S= (1000 x 78.53)/767
S= 102.3mm
Provide 10mm dia. Bars at 100 c/c in both
direction.
Check for shear stress:
Š³v= Vu/bd = (41.065 x 103)/(103 x 150)
=0.273N/mm2
Pt = (100 *Ast)/bd = (100* 785.3)/(103 *150)
= 0.524 %
Refer to table 19, IS 456;
K Š³c= (1.27*0.31) = 0.39 N/mm2 > Š³v
Hence, SAFEā¦
15. LOAD FROM SLAB TO BEAM
ā¢ Assuming cross-section of beam as 0.4 x 0.8 mm
ā¢ Since the slab are two way slab, squrae in shape and the load transfer
from slab to beam in triangular pattern,
16. For triangle = WL/3
= 18.56 x 10 /3
= 61.86 KN/m
S.W of beam = 04 x 0.8 x 1 x 25
= 8 KN/m
Parapet wall = 0.1 x 1 x 1 x 20
= 2 KN/m
Total = 71.86 KN/m
This is total load acting on the beam A1
19. ANALYSIS METHOD
Moment distribution method
ā¢ It is for determining the relative flexural stiffness, in the
plane of loading, of all the elements rigidly connected to
each joint
ā¢ It can be applied to a variety of indeterminate structures
22. STADD PRO ANALYSIS
STEPS:
ā¢ Frame of the building was created in the software by using the
plan created using Auto CAD as reference.
ā¢ Support conditions were assigned.
ā¢ The member properties were assigned for beams and columns.
ā¢ The loading cases were given to slabs and beams.
ā¢ The analysis of the frame was done.
ā¢ The concrete design of beams and columns were done.
28. DESIGN METHOD
Limit state method
It is based on the concept as to achieve an acceptable
probability that the structure will not become unserviceable
in its life time.
ā¢ Limit state of collapse
ā¢ Limit state of serviceability
29. LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE:
It corresponds to maximum load carrying capacities and it
violation implies failure but do not mean complete collapse. This
limit state corresponds to:
Flexure.
Compression.
Shear, and
Torsion.
30. LIMIT STATE OF SERVICEABILITY:
It corresponds to the development of excessive deformation. This state
corresponds to:
Deflection.
Cracking, and
Vibration.
CODES USED
a) IS 456: 2000 - Code of practice for plain and reinforced cement concrete.
b) IS 875: 1987 ā Code of practice for design loads for the buildings and
structures.
c) SP-16 1978 ā Code of design aids for reinforced concrete to IS 456:1978.
32. PROPERTIES
ā¢ The compressive strength of the concrete is taken as
30N/mmĀ² because of M30 Grade
ā¢ The yield strength of the steel is taken as 415N/mmĀ²
33. BEAM
Beams are the members on which the slabs rest upon. The reactions
from the slab gets transferred to the beams. The loading for a beam is given
as a uniformly distributed load. The weight of overlying walls also gets
transferred to the beams. There are two types of beams.
ā¢ Plinth beams.
ā¢ Roof beams.
35. Hence, design for maximum positive moment,
Mu = 1121.4 KNm
Mulim = 0.138 x fck x b x d2
= 0.138 x 30 x 400 x 8002
= 1059.84 KNm
Hence, Mu > Mulim
So design as DOUBLY-REINFORCED BEAM
37. COLUMN
Columns are the vertical members of a structure. The columns support the beams present
in the building. The reactions of the beams are transferred as loads to the column. The loading for
a column is given as an axial load. The types of columns are as follows
ā¢ Short columns ā fails by crushing.
ā¢ Long columns ā fails by buckling.
The loads which are considered for the design are as follows
ā¢ Dead loads.
ā¢ Live loads.
38. LOAD CALCULATIONS FOR COLUMN
Load from top beam to column =
139.7š„ 10
2
+
139.7 š„ 10
2
+
139.7 š„ 10
2
+
139.7 š„ 10
2
= 2800 KN
Load from 3rd column to next floor = 2800+2854
= 5654KN
Load from 2nd column to next floor = 5654+2854
=8508 KN
Load from 1st column to ground floor = 8508 + 2854
= 11362 KN
This 2500 KN load is going to at the ground floor, so column can be designed for this load and the
size and reinforcement obtained here can be provided in all floors.
39. DESIGN OF COLUMN
ā¢ DESIGN OF COLUMN.docx
ā¢ UNIAXIAL.docx
ā¢ biaxial column.docx
40. FOOTING
Foundations are the structural members which transfer and distribute the load of the building to
the ground.
These structural components play an important role in the stability of the structure. It is
impossible to build a building without a foundation.
The foundations are nothing but the extension and fixation of columns firmly into the ground.
The various types of foundations available are listed below
1. Shallow foundation
a) Isolated footings.
b) Combined footings
c) Strap footings.
d) Raft foundation
2. Deep foundation
a) Pile foundation.
b) Well foundation.
c) Caisson foundation
42. STAIRCASE
Staircase is nothing but number of steps arranged in series for the purpose of
giving access to different floors in a building.
Staircases are usually designed similar to slabs. The only difference between slabs
and staircase is that the staircase is inclined and is subjected to inclined loading.
Sometimes a landing is provided either to turn the direction of the staircase or to
relax while climbing up the stairs. The various types of staircases available are as follows.
1. Straight staircase.
2. Dog legged staircase. DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
3. Open well staircase. stair.docx
4. Quarter turn staircase.
5. Geometrical staircase.
6. Free standing staircase.
43. RAMP
An inclined plane, also known as a ramp, is a flat supporting surface tilted at an angle,
with one end higher than the other, used as an aid for raising or lowering a load.
Moving an object up an inclined plane requires less force than lifting it straight up, at a
cost of an increase in the distance moved.
The mechanical advantage of an inclined plane, the factor by which the force is reduced,
is equal to the ratio of the length of the sloped surface to the height it spans.
Due to conservation of energy, the same amount of mechanical energy (work) is required
to lift a given object by a given vertical distance, disregarding losses from friction, but the
inclined plane allows the same work to be done with a smaller force exerted over a greater
distance.
The mechanical advantage of an inclined plane depends on its slope, its gradient or
steepness. The smaller the slope, the larger the mechanical advantage, and the smaller the force
needed to raise a given weight
44. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
ā¢ The appropriate steepness, length and width.
ā¢ The distance between landings.
ā¢ Likely users and the mode of assistance they are likely to require.
ā¢ Surface materials.
ā¢ Approach and access onto the ramp.
ā¢ The position of handrails and barriers.
ā¢ Placement of door handles and the swing direction of doors.
ā¢ Impact of a ramp on available space, existing trees, vegetation, and so on.
ā¢ Cost.
ā¢ Compliance with the building regulations.
ā¢ The availability of alternative means of access.
52. CONCLUSION
ā¢ The multi-level car parking was designed as a G+3 building.
ā¢ The layout of the building was planned with reference of Codes to facilitate maximum utility.
ā¢ Columns were designed according to axial, uniaxial and biaxial loading condition and footings
were provided based on column design.
ā¢ For emergency purpose separate dog-legged staircase is provide on front side of structure.
ā¢ The structure was designed for Thirunelveli city, considering the advantageous of this structure the
possibilities for the project to be proposed in real time are on positive side.
ā¢ The project has helped us gain fair amount of knowledge on Structural Analysis and Design of
reinforced concrete and had an experience on STADD PRO & Revit Architecture software.
53. REFERENCES
ā¢ Dr. B.C. PUNMIA, ASHOK KUMAR JAIN, ARUN KUMAR JAIN- LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE, 2007 EDITION.
ā¢ KRISHNA RAJU.N, PRANESH. RN- REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN, First-2003
ā¢ S S BHAVIKATTI, STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS II, 4th EDITION
ā¢ IS-456:2000 PLAIN & REIFORCED CONCRETE - CODE OF PRACTISE.
ā¢ IS-875:1987 CODE OF PRACTISE FOR DESIGN LOADS (OTHER THAN EARTHQUAKE) FOR
BUILDING AND STRUCTURE.
ā¢ SP-16-1978 DESIGN AIDS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE TO IS456-1978.
Editor's Notes
Vehicle running conjestion rate near new bus stand