Grillage Analysis of T-Beam bridge, Box culvert and their Limit State Design; components of Bridges and loads acting on bridges are presented in this slide.
The document provides guidance on loads and forces that should be considered when designing bridges, including:
1. Dead loads, live loads, dynamic loads, longitudinal forces, wind loads, centrifugal forces, horizontal water currents, buoyancy, earth pressures, temperature effects, and seismic loads.
2. It describes the various live load models (Class A, B, 70R, AA) and provides details on load intensity, wheel/track configuration, and load combinations.
3. Design recommendations are given for calculating impact factors, braking forces, wind loads, water current pressures, earth pressures, and seismic forces.
1. Dowel bars and tie bars are used in concrete pavement design. Dowel bars are placed across transverse joints and transfer loads between slabs while allowing for joint openings. Tie bars are placed longitudinally and prevent transverse cracking and lane separation.
2. The design of dowel bars involves determining the length using an equation considering bar diameter and joint width, and checking that the load transfer capacity meets requirements. Tie bar design involves determining the length based on bar diameter and bond strength, and the spacing is calculated based on the required bar area.
This document provides information on bridge planning, design, classification and components. It discusses:
1. The key steps in bridge planning including studying needs, alternatives, design and implementation.
2. Common bridge classifications including material (masonry, concrete, steel), structural type (slab, girder, truss), and purpose (road, rail).
3. The main components of a typical T-beam bridge including the deck slab, longitudinal girders, cross girders, abutments and foundations. Methods for designing the deck slab and cantilever portions are outlined.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure (IS 456:2000)MachenLink
This is the 1st Lecture Series on Design Reinforced Cement Concrete (IS 456 -2000).
In this video, you will learn about the objective of structural designing and then basic properties of concrete and steel.
Concrete properties like...
1. Grade of Concrete
2. Modulus of Elasticity
3. Characteristic Strength
4. Tensile Strength
5. Creep and Shrinkage
6. Durability
Reinforced Steel Properties....
1. Grade and types of steel
2. Yield Strength of Mild Steel and HYSD Bars
The document summarizes a student group's summer training project constructing a box culvert for the North Western Railway in Banswara, India. It describes the project details, components and materials of the box culvert, laboratory and field tests conducted, concrete mix design, construction layout, execution process, and structural analysis considering various loads. The students gained hands-on experience applying their classroom knowledge to the real-world construction of the box culvert.
The document discusses composite construction using precast prestressed concrete beams and cast-in-situ concrete. It describes how the two elements act compositely after the in-situ concrete hardens. Composite beams can be constructed as either propped or unpropped. Propped construction involves supporting the precast beam during casting to relieve it of the wet concrete weight, while unpropped construction allows stresses to develop under self-weight. Design and analysis of composite beams involves calculating stresses and deflections considering composite action. Differential shrinkage between precast and in-situ concrete also induces stresses.
This document discusses losses in prestressed concrete, including short-term and long-term losses. It describes the differences between pre-tensioned and post-tensioned concrete. Losses include elastic shortening, friction, anchorage slip, creep, shrinkage, and relaxation. Total losses can be 15-20% of the initial prestress. Post-tensioned concrete experiences more types of losses but lower overall losses compared to pre-tensioned concrete. Proper design and materials are needed to minimize losses in prestressed concrete.
This document discusses the working stress method for designing reinforced concrete structures. It defines key terms like neutral axis, lever arm, and moment of resistance. It describes the assumptions and steps of the working stress method, including designing for under-reinforced, balanced, and over-reinforced beam sections. The document also discusses limitations of the working stress method and introduces the limit state method as a more modern approach.
The document provides guidance on loads and forces that should be considered when designing bridges, including:
1. Dead loads, live loads, dynamic loads, longitudinal forces, wind loads, centrifugal forces, horizontal water currents, buoyancy, earth pressures, temperature effects, and seismic loads.
2. It describes the various live load models (Class A, B, 70R, AA) and provides details on load intensity, wheel/track configuration, and load combinations.
3. Design recommendations are given for calculating impact factors, braking forces, wind loads, water current pressures, earth pressures, and seismic forces.
1. Dowel bars and tie bars are used in concrete pavement design. Dowel bars are placed across transverse joints and transfer loads between slabs while allowing for joint openings. Tie bars are placed longitudinally and prevent transverse cracking and lane separation.
2. The design of dowel bars involves determining the length using an equation considering bar diameter and joint width, and checking that the load transfer capacity meets requirements. Tie bar design involves determining the length based on bar diameter and bond strength, and the spacing is calculated based on the required bar area.
This document provides information on bridge planning, design, classification and components. It discusses:
1. The key steps in bridge planning including studying needs, alternatives, design and implementation.
2. Common bridge classifications including material (masonry, concrete, steel), structural type (slab, girder, truss), and purpose (road, rail).
3. The main components of a typical T-beam bridge including the deck slab, longitudinal girders, cross girders, abutments and foundations. Methods for designing the deck slab and cantilever portions are outlined.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure (IS 456:2000)MachenLink
This is the 1st Lecture Series on Design Reinforced Cement Concrete (IS 456 -2000).
In this video, you will learn about the objective of structural designing and then basic properties of concrete and steel.
Concrete properties like...
1. Grade of Concrete
2. Modulus of Elasticity
3. Characteristic Strength
4. Tensile Strength
5. Creep and Shrinkage
6. Durability
Reinforced Steel Properties....
1. Grade and types of steel
2. Yield Strength of Mild Steel and HYSD Bars
The document summarizes a student group's summer training project constructing a box culvert for the North Western Railway in Banswara, India. It describes the project details, components and materials of the box culvert, laboratory and field tests conducted, concrete mix design, construction layout, execution process, and structural analysis considering various loads. The students gained hands-on experience applying their classroom knowledge to the real-world construction of the box culvert.
The document discusses composite construction using precast prestressed concrete beams and cast-in-situ concrete. It describes how the two elements act compositely after the in-situ concrete hardens. Composite beams can be constructed as either propped or unpropped. Propped construction involves supporting the precast beam during casting to relieve it of the wet concrete weight, while unpropped construction allows stresses to develop under self-weight. Design and analysis of composite beams involves calculating stresses and deflections considering composite action. Differential shrinkage between precast and in-situ concrete also induces stresses.
This document discusses losses in prestressed concrete, including short-term and long-term losses. It describes the differences between pre-tensioned and post-tensioned concrete. Losses include elastic shortening, friction, anchorage slip, creep, shrinkage, and relaxation. Total losses can be 15-20% of the initial prestress. Post-tensioned concrete experiences more types of losses but lower overall losses compared to pre-tensioned concrete. Proper design and materials are needed to minimize losses in prestressed concrete.
This document discusses the working stress method for designing reinforced concrete structures. It defines key terms like neutral axis, lever arm, and moment of resistance. It describes the assumptions and steps of the working stress method, including designing for under-reinforced, balanced, and over-reinforced beam sections. The document also discusses limitations of the working stress method and introduces the limit state method as a more modern approach.
The document discusses the design of compression members according to IS 800:2007. It defines compression members as structural members subjected to axial compression/compressive forces. Their design is governed by strength and buckling. The two main types are columns and struts. Common cross-section shapes used include channels, angles, and hollow sections. The effective length of a member depends on its end conditions. Slenderness ratio is a parameter that affects the load carrying capacity, with higher ratios resulting in lower capacity. Design involves checking the member for short or long classification, buckling curve classification, and calculating the design compressive strength. Examples are included to demonstrate the design process.
This document summarizes the procedures for conducting a pile load test to determine the load carrying capacity of a pile. The test involves installing a test pile between two anchor piles and applying incremental loads through a hydraulic jack while monitoring settlement. Loads are applied until the pile reaches twice its safe load or a specified settlement. A load-settlement curve is plotted to determine the ultimate load and safe load based on settlement criteria. The test provides values for maximum load, permissible working load, and pile settlement under different loads.
This document discusses railway turnouts. It begins by defining a turnout as the combination of points and crossings that allows a train to move from one track to another, either parallel or diverging. It then describes the key components of a turnout, including tongue rails, stock rails, lead rails, and a vee crossing. It also explains the classification of turnouts as left-hand or right-hand depending on the direction of diversion. Diagrams are included to illustrate the components and working principle of a turnout. The document concludes by stating that turnouts are essential for diverting traffic but can cause issues if not designed and maintained properly.
There are two main types of joints in rigid pavement: longitudinal joints and transverse joints. Longitudinal joints run parallel to traffic flow, while transverse joints run perpendicular. Transverse joints include construction joints, contraction joints, and expansion joints. Construction joints define the boundaries of individual concrete placements. Contraction joints relieve tensile stresses from shrinkage. Expansion joints allow for expansion of the concrete due to rising temperatures.
Design of rigid pavements. IRC method of design of rigid pavement. Transportation Engineering. Civil Engineering. Wheel loads on rigid pavement. Action of various stresses on rigid pavement. Highway engineering. How rigid pavements different from flexible pavements
This document provides an overview of the course MAB1053 Bridge Engineering Introduction. The key points are:
1. The course objectives are to identify types of bridges, perform basic calculations for bridge loading and analysis, and perform basic design of prestressed concrete bridge elements.
2. The course content includes introduction to bridges, bridge substructure elements, bridge loading, bridge superstructure analysis methods, and prestressed concrete bridge design.
3. The course schedule outlines the topics to be covered each week by the lecturers, including bridge types, loading, substructure, superstructure analysis, and prestressed concrete design.
The document discusses gradually varied flow in open channels. It defines gradually varied flow as flow where the depth changes gradually along the channel. It presents the assumptions and governing equations for gradually varied flow analysis. It also describes different types of water surface profiles that can occur, such as mild slope, steep slope, critical slope, and adverse slope profiles. The key methods for analyzing water surface profiles, including direct integration, graphical integration, and numerical integration are summarized.
1. The document discusses the design and analysis of storage reservoirs and overhead tanks. It covers various types of tanks, design considerations for concrete mixes, crack development remedies, permissible stresses, and reinforcement requirements.
2. Methods for analyzing circular and rectangular tanks are presented. For circular tanks, designs consider rigid versus flexible joints with the base slab. Approximate methods analyze the bottom portion as cantilever and the rest as resisting pressure through horizontal forces.
3. Rectangular tank analysis depends on the length-breadth ratio, treating short walls as bending horizontally between long walls which transfer pressure as tension.
The document discusses properties and testing of concrete. It provides information on the constituents of concrete including cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and water. It also discusses properties of concrete and reinforcements, including their relatively high compressive strength and lower tensile strength. Various tests performed on concrete are mentioned, including tests on workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, and fresh/hardened concrete. Design philosophies for reinforced concrete include the working stress method, ultimate strength method, and limit state method.
Bridges: Classification of bridges – with respect to construction
materials, structural behavior of super structure, span, sub structure,
purpose. Temporary and movable bridges. Factors affecting site
selection. Various loads/stresses acting on bridges. Bridge hydrology –
design discharge, water way, afflux, scour depth, economical span.
Bridge components – foundation, piers, abutments, wing wall, approach,
bearings, floor, girders, cables, suspenders. Methods of erection of
different types of bridges. River training works and maintenance of
bridges. Testing and strengthening of bridges. Bridge architect.
This document discusses structural analysis methods for statically indeterminate structures. It defines key terms like degree of static indeterminacy, internal and external redundancy, and methods for analyzing indeterminate structures. Specific methods discussed include the flexibility matrix method, consistent deformation method, and unit load method. Examples of statically indeterminate beams and frames are also provided.
The document discusses the design of staircases. It begins by defining key components of staircases like treads, risers, stringers, etc. It then describes different types of staircases such as straight, doglegged, and spiral. The document outlines considerations for designing staircases like dimensions, loads, and structural behavior. It provides steps for geometric design, load calculations, structural analysis, reinforcement design, and detailing of staircases. Numerical examples are also included to illustrate the design process.
The document discusses the design of footings for structures. It begins by explaining that footings are needed to transfer structural loads from members made of materials like steel and concrete to the underlying soil. It then describes different types of shallow and deep foundations, including spread, strap, combined, and raft footings. The document provides details on designing isolated and combined footings to resist vertical loads and moments based on provisions in IS 456. It also discusses wall footings and combined footings that support multiple columns. In summary, the document covers the purpose of footings, various footing types, and design of isolated and combined footings.
This document provides a classification of bridges based on various criteria such as material, alignment, location, purpose, superstructure type, flood hazard level, span, navigation facilities, loading, and lifespan. Some of the main bridge types discussed include slab bridges, girder bridges, truss bridges, suspension bridges, arch bridges, swing bridges, bascule bridges, and lift bridges. Bridges are also classified based on their span length from minor bridges to long span bridges. Temporary bridges discussed include pontoon, boat, and flying bridges while permanent bridges include RCC, masonry, and steel bridges.
Different Cross sections of Rail Tracks and Railway Station LayoutSunil Kumar Meena
This document provides information on railway track layouts and clearances. It includes cross sections of broad gauge tracks and distances between the track center line and platforms or structures. Minimum horizontal clearances and heights above and below the rail level are specified. Platform heights currently range from 500mm to 840mm. Stair riser heights on Indian railways should be between 4-7 inches. Diagrams illustrate a standard railway station layout and track line diagram.
- There are four main methods to measure the load carrying capacity of piles: static methods, dynamic formulas, in-situ penetration tests, and pile load tests.
- The ultimate load capacity (Qu) of an individual pile or pile group equals the sum of the point resistance (Qp) at the pile tip and the shaft resistance (Qs) developed along the pile shaft through friction between the soil and pile.
- Meyerhof's method is commonly used to calculate Qp in sand based on the effective vertical pressure at the pile tip multiplied by the bearing capacity factor Nq.
The document provides details on the design procedure for beams. It discusses estimating loads, analyzing beams to determine shear forces and bending moments, and designing beams. The design process involves selecting the beam size and shape, calculating the effective span, determining critical moments and shears, selecting reinforcement, and checking requirements such as shear capacity, deflection limits, and development lengths. An example problem demonstrates designing a singly reinforced concrete beam with a span of 5 meters to support a working live load of 25 kN/m.
The effect of varying span on Design of Medium span Reinforced Concrete T-bea...theijes
Bridge is a structure providing passageway over an obstacle without closing the way beneath. T-beam Bridge is mainly used by designer for small and medium span bridge. Reinforced Concrete is mostly used for highway bridge construction because of its durability, rigidity, economy, ease of construction and ease with pleasing appearance. This paper describes the design of 4-lane Reinforced Concrete T-beam Bridge deck considering IRC Class-AA tracked loading with span varying from 25 to 40m. After computing manually and STAAD Pro analysis software, it is observed that dead load bending moment with increasing span increases almost square of span
Performance Evaluation of Elastomeric Pads as Bridge Bearings under Earthquak...IRJET Journal
1) The document evaluates the performance of bridges with elastomeric pads as bearings compared to bridges with reinforced concrete (RC) bearings under earthquake loads through numerical modeling and analysis.
2) The analysis found that bridges with elastomeric pads had lower time periods, pier moments, lateral pier forces, and total displacements compared to bridges with RC bearings. For example, time period was 59.2% lower and displacement was 32.4% lower for bridges with elastomeric pads.
3) In general, the percentage reductions in response were greater for taller piers. It was concluded that elastomeric pads perform better seismically than RC bearings for bridges.
The document discusses the design of compression members according to IS 800:2007. It defines compression members as structural members subjected to axial compression/compressive forces. Their design is governed by strength and buckling. The two main types are columns and struts. Common cross-section shapes used include channels, angles, and hollow sections. The effective length of a member depends on its end conditions. Slenderness ratio is a parameter that affects the load carrying capacity, with higher ratios resulting in lower capacity. Design involves checking the member for short or long classification, buckling curve classification, and calculating the design compressive strength. Examples are included to demonstrate the design process.
This document summarizes the procedures for conducting a pile load test to determine the load carrying capacity of a pile. The test involves installing a test pile between two anchor piles and applying incremental loads through a hydraulic jack while monitoring settlement. Loads are applied until the pile reaches twice its safe load or a specified settlement. A load-settlement curve is plotted to determine the ultimate load and safe load based on settlement criteria. The test provides values for maximum load, permissible working load, and pile settlement under different loads.
This document discusses railway turnouts. It begins by defining a turnout as the combination of points and crossings that allows a train to move from one track to another, either parallel or diverging. It then describes the key components of a turnout, including tongue rails, stock rails, lead rails, and a vee crossing. It also explains the classification of turnouts as left-hand or right-hand depending on the direction of diversion. Diagrams are included to illustrate the components and working principle of a turnout. The document concludes by stating that turnouts are essential for diverting traffic but can cause issues if not designed and maintained properly.
There are two main types of joints in rigid pavement: longitudinal joints and transverse joints. Longitudinal joints run parallel to traffic flow, while transverse joints run perpendicular. Transverse joints include construction joints, contraction joints, and expansion joints. Construction joints define the boundaries of individual concrete placements. Contraction joints relieve tensile stresses from shrinkage. Expansion joints allow for expansion of the concrete due to rising temperatures.
Design of rigid pavements. IRC method of design of rigid pavement. Transportation Engineering. Civil Engineering. Wheel loads on rigid pavement. Action of various stresses on rigid pavement. Highway engineering. How rigid pavements different from flexible pavements
This document provides an overview of the course MAB1053 Bridge Engineering Introduction. The key points are:
1. The course objectives are to identify types of bridges, perform basic calculations for bridge loading and analysis, and perform basic design of prestressed concrete bridge elements.
2. The course content includes introduction to bridges, bridge substructure elements, bridge loading, bridge superstructure analysis methods, and prestressed concrete bridge design.
3. The course schedule outlines the topics to be covered each week by the lecturers, including bridge types, loading, substructure, superstructure analysis, and prestressed concrete design.
The document discusses gradually varied flow in open channels. It defines gradually varied flow as flow where the depth changes gradually along the channel. It presents the assumptions and governing equations for gradually varied flow analysis. It also describes different types of water surface profiles that can occur, such as mild slope, steep slope, critical slope, and adverse slope profiles. The key methods for analyzing water surface profiles, including direct integration, graphical integration, and numerical integration are summarized.
1. The document discusses the design and analysis of storage reservoirs and overhead tanks. It covers various types of tanks, design considerations for concrete mixes, crack development remedies, permissible stresses, and reinforcement requirements.
2. Methods for analyzing circular and rectangular tanks are presented. For circular tanks, designs consider rigid versus flexible joints with the base slab. Approximate methods analyze the bottom portion as cantilever and the rest as resisting pressure through horizontal forces.
3. Rectangular tank analysis depends on the length-breadth ratio, treating short walls as bending horizontally between long walls which transfer pressure as tension.
The document discusses properties and testing of concrete. It provides information on the constituents of concrete including cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and water. It also discusses properties of concrete and reinforcements, including their relatively high compressive strength and lower tensile strength. Various tests performed on concrete are mentioned, including tests on workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, and fresh/hardened concrete. Design philosophies for reinforced concrete include the working stress method, ultimate strength method, and limit state method.
Bridges: Classification of bridges – with respect to construction
materials, structural behavior of super structure, span, sub structure,
purpose. Temporary and movable bridges. Factors affecting site
selection. Various loads/stresses acting on bridges. Bridge hydrology –
design discharge, water way, afflux, scour depth, economical span.
Bridge components – foundation, piers, abutments, wing wall, approach,
bearings, floor, girders, cables, suspenders. Methods of erection of
different types of bridges. River training works and maintenance of
bridges. Testing and strengthening of bridges. Bridge architect.
This document discusses structural analysis methods for statically indeterminate structures. It defines key terms like degree of static indeterminacy, internal and external redundancy, and methods for analyzing indeterminate structures. Specific methods discussed include the flexibility matrix method, consistent deformation method, and unit load method. Examples of statically indeterminate beams and frames are also provided.
The document discusses the design of staircases. It begins by defining key components of staircases like treads, risers, stringers, etc. It then describes different types of staircases such as straight, doglegged, and spiral. The document outlines considerations for designing staircases like dimensions, loads, and structural behavior. It provides steps for geometric design, load calculations, structural analysis, reinforcement design, and detailing of staircases. Numerical examples are also included to illustrate the design process.
The document discusses the design of footings for structures. It begins by explaining that footings are needed to transfer structural loads from members made of materials like steel and concrete to the underlying soil. It then describes different types of shallow and deep foundations, including spread, strap, combined, and raft footings. The document provides details on designing isolated and combined footings to resist vertical loads and moments based on provisions in IS 456. It also discusses wall footings and combined footings that support multiple columns. In summary, the document covers the purpose of footings, various footing types, and design of isolated and combined footings.
This document provides a classification of bridges based on various criteria such as material, alignment, location, purpose, superstructure type, flood hazard level, span, navigation facilities, loading, and lifespan. Some of the main bridge types discussed include slab bridges, girder bridges, truss bridges, suspension bridges, arch bridges, swing bridges, bascule bridges, and lift bridges. Bridges are also classified based on their span length from minor bridges to long span bridges. Temporary bridges discussed include pontoon, boat, and flying bridges while permanent bridges include RCC, masonry, and steel bridges.
Different Cross sections of Rail Tracks and Railway Station LayoutSunil Kumar Meena
This document provides information on railway track layouts and clearances. It includes cross sections of broad gauge tracks and distances between the track center line and platforms or structures. Minimum horizontal clearances and heights above and below the rail level are specified. Platform heights currently range from 500mm to 840mm. Stair riser heights on Indian railways should be between 4-7 inches. Diagrams illustrate a standard railway station layout and track line diagram.
- There are four main methods to measure the load carrying capacity of piles: static methods, dynamic formulas, in-situ penetration tests, and pile load tests.
- The ultimate load capacity (Qu) of an individual pile or pile group equals the sum of the point resistance (Qp) at the pile tip and the shaft resistance (Qs) developed along the pile shaft through friction between the soil and pile.
- Meyerhof's method is commonly used to calculate Qp in sand based on the effective vertical pressure at the pile tip multiplied by the bearing capacity factor Nq.
The document provides details on the design procedure for beams. It discusses estimating loads, analyzing beams to determine shear forces and bending moments, and designing beams. The design process involves selecting the beam size and shape, calculating the effective span, determining critical moments and shears, selecting reinforcement, and checking requirements such as shear capacity, deflection limits, and development lengths. An example problem demonstrates designing a singly reinforced concrete beam with a span of 5 meters to support a working live load of 25 kN/m.
The effect of varying span on Design of Medium span Reinforced Concrete T-bea...theijes
Bridge is a structure providing passageway over an obstacle without closing the way beneath. T-beam Bridge is mainly used by designer for small and medium span bridge. Reinforced Concrete is mostly used for highway bridge construction because of its durability, rigidity, economy, ease of construction and ease with pleasing appearance. This paper describes the design of 4-lane Reinforced Concrete T-beam Bridge deck considering IRC Class-AA tracked loading with span varying from 25 to 40m. After computing manually and STAAD Pro analysis software, it is observed that dead load bending moment with increasing span increases almost square of span
Performance Evaluation of Elastomeric Pads as Bridge Bearings under Earthquak...IRJET Journal
1) The document evaluates the performance of bridges with elastomeric pads as bearings compared to bridges with reinforced concrete (RC) bearings under earthquake loads through numerical modeling and analysis.
2) The analysis found that bridges with elastomeric pads had lower time periods, pier moments, lateral pier forces, and total displacements compared to bridges with RC bearings. For example, time period was 59.2% lower and displacement was 32.4% lower for bridges with elastomeric pads.
3) In general, the percentage reductions in response were greater for taller piers. It was concluded that elastomeric pads perform better seismically than RC bearings for bridges.
The document provides information about the analysis of a pre-stressed bridge construction project. It discusses what a bridge is, classifications of bridges, materials used, and components involved in bridge construction. It also describes the Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge in China, the world's longest rail-road bridge. The document outlines the process of post-tensioning bridges and provides field data from the construction of a bridge across Chhokra nalla on the Saddu-Urkura Road.
The document summarizes the analysis and design of a steel flyover at Vandalur Junction by a group of batch members supervised by an assistant professor. It includes the introduction, objectives, scope, literature review, methodology, materials used, design of the deck slab, longitudinal girders, cross girders, piers, pile foundation and conclusion. The key elements - deck slab, girders, piers and pile foundation - were designed according to codes like IRC and IS using software. The design aims to reduce traffic congestion at the junction by providing a grade separated flyover structure.
IRJET- Comparing the Load Pattern on Box Concrete Gridder with Consideration ...IRJET Journal
This document compares the load patterns on concrete box girders using the Indian Road Congress (IRC) code and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) code. It models box girder bridges with varying spans from 10-50 meters in a structural analysis software. The analysis subjects the bridges to different vehicle load classes specified in the two codes and determines the resulting shear forces and bending moments. It finds that for 2-lane bridges, the IRC LM-1 load class produces the maximum shear force and AASHTO HL-93 produces the maximum bending moment. For 4-lane bridges, the AASHTO Class A load produces both the maximum shear force and bending moment.
The document presents the design of a multi-level car parking structure with 4 floors above ground in Thirunelveli, India. The objectives are to analyze and design the structure, estimate construction costs, and provide safe, accessible parking. The methodology includes planning, analysis, design, detailing, estimation. The building is a concrete frame structure with a conventional car parking layout accessed by a helical ramp and stairs/lift. Structural analysis was conducted manually and using STADD Pro software. Key elements like slabs, beams, columns, footings, staircase, and ramp were designed according to Indian codes and standards.
Calulation of deflection and crack width according to is 456 2000Vikas Mehta
This document discusses the calculation of crack width in reinforced concrete flexural members. It provides information on:
1) Crack width is calculated to satisfy serviceability limits and is only relevant for Type 3 pre-stressed concrete members that crack under service loads.
2) Crack width depends on factors like amount of pre-stress, tensile stress in bars, concrete cover thickness, bar diameter and spacing, member depth and location of neutral axis, bond strength, and concrete tensile strength.
3) The method of calculation involves determining the shortest distance from the surface to a bar and using equations involving member depth, neutral axis depth, average strain at the surface level. Permissible crack widths are specified depending on exposure
This document provides the design of a rectangular water tank with a capacity of 2500 cubic meters. It includes:
1) Design of the roof slab as a flat slab with columns spaced 5 meters apart and a thickness of 240mm.
2) Design of columns with a size of 350mm and reinforcement of 6 bars of 16mm diameter.
3) Design of the vertical walls with a thickness of 230mm at the base reducing to 180mm in the middle. Reinforcement of 16mm diameter bars at 125mm centers is provided.
4) Checks for crack width for the columns and walls show the crack width is less than the permissible 0.2mm.
The document discusses tunnelling and geological aspects of tunnelling. It provides details on the history and types of tunnels, benefits of tunnels, tunnel construction equipment, and geological considerations for tunnel design including rock mass characterization, structural mapping, discontinuity analysis, and instability mechanisms. Key blocks and maximum wedge theories are described for evaluating potential rock failures around tunnel excavations.
Dynamic analysis of a reinforced concrete horizontal curved beam using softwareeSAT Journals
Abstract
Dynamic analysis of a reinforced concrete beam bridge, horizontally curved in plan is done using a finite element software. The
support conditions considered are simple supports. Dynamic loading in the form of moving vehicular load is taken into account
for the purpose of analysis. IRC Class AA type of vehicle is simulated on two lanes on the beam of span 31m, having a box type
cross-section. A parametric study is done varying the radius of curvature of the beam from 50 m to 250 m with the interval of 50
m to check the behavior of the beam. Various responses of the beam like bending moment, shear force, torsional moment and
deflection are calculated. The influence of a non-dimensional parameter L/R i.e. ratio of length of the beam to radius of curvature
of the beam is verified for the responses of the beam. From the results, it has been found that the responses i.e. the bending
moment, shear force, torsional moment and deflection of the beam decrease as the radius of curvature of the beam in increased.
Also, the responses of the beam increase as the L/R ratio is increased.
Keywords: Dynamic analysis, horizontally curved beam, finite element, moving vehicular moving load, Simply
Supported, Box type, parametric study, L/R ratio
This document provides details about innovative technologies used in the construction of special bridge structures. It summarizes the construction of a cable-stayed bridge in Bardhaman, India. Some key points:
- The bridge has a main span of 124 meters and uses precast concrete segments, steel pylons, and parallel strand cable-stay system for support.
- Advanced modeling software and wind tunnel testing were used in the design. Precast concrete slabs were used to avoid scaffolding.
- Construction involved erecting the steel pylons and deck segments, installing and stressing the 180 tons of stay cables to provide support.
- Monitoring sensors were installed to track the bridge's performance over its 100
There was a Bridge 2018 Conference on Innovative Technologies of Bridges organised by IIBE at Lucknow. During the conference held on 25.05.18 this paper was presented by Rajesh Prasad, ED Metro RVNL.
A bridge is the key element in a transportation system; it controls both the volume and weight of the traffic. Balance must be achieved between handling future traffic volume and loads and the cost of heavier and wider bridge structure. Economic Analysis and comparisons against competing alternatives is required as Bridges are the most expensive part of a road transportation network. Monetized & Non-Monetized Benefits that will accrue like time savings to road users, benefits to business activities (and to the economy in general) and salvage value benefits like Right-of-Way and substructure use need to be assessed as well.
Presentation on construction of cable stay bridge - a modern technique for su...Rajesh Prasad
This document provides details about the construction of a cable-stayed bridge in Bardhaman, India. The bridge has a main span of 124 meters and side spans of 64.5 meters. It is constructed with precast concrete segments and steel pylons that are 62 meters high. The bridge construction involves casting piers and segments, erecting the steel pylons and towers, and then incrementally launching the concrete segments and installing the stay cables to complete the bridge deck.
The beam section was designed with 42 prestressing strands located 130mm from the soffit. Section properties were calculated. Stress checks were performed at three stages to ensure stresses did not exceed allowable limits. A Magnel diagram showed the section satisfied design criteria with prestressing. Stirrup spacing of 150mm was chosen to resist shear. Total prestress losses were estimated at 26.67%. Deflections were calculated at various stages. A concrete slab was designed with reinforcement to span between beams.
Shear behavior of reinforced concrete slender beams using high strength concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
An experimental investigation is carried out on Nine Slender HSC beams with constant size 125mm x 130mm and effective length
900mm by varying (i) The longitudinal reinforcement ratio and (ii) the web reinforcement ratio were casted and tested to understand
the shear behavior of the beams with minimum web reinforcement as per IS CODE and ACI CODE and maximum web reinforcement.
The load-deflection behavior and the failure pattern of the beams, ultimate shear strength are studied with varying longitudinal
reinforcement and varying shear reinforcement. The experimental results obtained are compared with the theoretical values as per
code. Based on these observations, it can be concluded that, there are many parameters influencing the shear behavior of RC beams
such as shear span to depth ratio (a/d ratio>2), concrete grade, depth of the beam, the percentage of the longitudinal reinforcement
and shear reinforcement. It can be concluded that, the shear failure is brittle, sudden and very explosive. As the spacing of shear
reinforcement reduced (75mm) the load carrying capacity increased and as the spacing of shear reinforcement increased (225,
300mm) the load carrying capacity decreased. Shear failure is characterized by small deflection, lack of ductility and catastrophic
failure.
Keywords: High strength concrete, shear span to depth ratio, failure pattern, ultimate shear capacity, codal provisions.
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1. Internship Report on
Bridge Super-structure
Analysis and Design
in LT-IDPL
Elamathy M
Final year
M.E Structural Engineering
Anna University, Chennai
2. BRIDGES
A bridge is a structure providing passage over an obstacle without closing the way
beneath.The required passage may be for a road, a railway, pedestrians, a canal, or a
pipeline.The obstacle to be crossed may be a river, a road, railway or valley.
COMPONENTS OF BRIDGES
(a) Decking, consisting of deck slab, girders, trusses, etc.
(b) Bearings for the decking
(c) Abutments and piers
(d) Foundations for the abutments and the piers
(e) River training works, like revetment for slopes for embankment at abutments, and
aprons at river bed level
(f) Approaches to the bridge to connect the bridge proper to the roads on either side
(g) Handrails, parapets and guard stones
3. BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURE
Geometric
Requirements
No. & width of traffic
lanes and footpaths
Horizontal &Vertical
clearances required
above and below the
roadway
Structural Design
Requirements
Strength, Stiffness
& Stability
4. MISCELLANEOUS REQUIREMENTS
Lighting - Be in accordance with provisions of authority
having jurisdiction on that area
Drainage
•Transverse drainage – provide crown in deck
•Longitudinal drainage – provide camber or gradient –
gutter slope -minimum of 0.5%
•Overhanging portions be provided with drip bed or
notch
5. MISCELLANEOUS REQUIREMENTS
Road- Kerb - Surmountable & Insurmountable
Parapet – Designed to prevent a fast moving vehicle of a
given mass from shooting off the roadway- Minimum
700 mm height – New Jersey Barrier – road side face
double sloped
Hand Rail – parapets be mounted by metal hand rail –
minimum 350 mm height
(Above features be given deliberate vertical cuts or discontinuity to prevent monolithic action
with deck slab )
6. MISCELLANEOUS REQUIREMENTS
Crash Barriers – Protect walkways from erring vehicular
traffic by acting as an insurmountable kerb and deflect
the hitting vehicles back into the traffic lane – corrugated
or pressed metal sheet spanning horizontally between
posts.
Super-elevation – Be in accordance with the applicable
standard for the highway ( less than 0.08 m/m -
preferably less than 0.06 m/m )
7.
8. MISCELLANEOUS REQUIREMENTS
Expansion joints – Joints should be sealed to prevent
erosion and filling of debris.
Types of expansion joints:
• Field moulded joints – Excessive maintenance problems
• Compression seals – Good service life
• Compression-tension seals – Require careful consideration of thermal thrust
• Steel plates and finger joints – Costly & difficult to maintain
9.
10. LOADS ACTING ON BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURE
• Dead Load
• Super Imposed Dead Load
• Live Load
• Snow Load
• Impact factor on vehicular live load
• Wind load
• Longitudinal forces
• Centrifugal force
• Buoyancy
• Temperature effects
• Seismic force
• Erection Effects
11. LOAD COMBINATIONS
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE:
The structural strength under limit state shall be estimated in order to avoid
internal failure or excessive deformation.The equilibrium and the structural
strength shall be checked under basic, accidental and seismic combinations of
loads.
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE:
The serviceability limit state check shall be carried out in order to have control
on stress, deflection, crack width, settlement and to estimate shrinkage and
creep effects.
13. RCC T-BEAM BRIDGES
• T-Beam construction consists of a transversely reinforced slab
deck which spans across to the longitudinal support girders.
• T-Beam bridges are economical for spans 12m to 18m.
• Optimum lateral spacing of longitudinal girders is typically
between 1.8 m to 3m.
14. DESCRIPTION UNITS
Span length from EJ to EJ m 26.2
Centre of bearing to centre of EJ m 0.5
Length of effective span m 25.2
Width of Carriageway m 8
Depth of Slab mm 230
Width of slab mm 1000
Clear cover mm 40
Width of Crash Barrier m 0.5
Area of Crash Barrier mm2
0.3
C/C Spacing of Girders m 3
Depth of Girder m 2.1
Thickness of Wearing Coat mm 65
DECK SLAB
15. ANALYSIS OF DECK SLAB
Concrete bridge decks are designed as transverse strips as a flexure
member. Carriage way width is modelled as line in Staad Pro.The
concrete deck is assumed to be transverse slab strips of 1 m width,
which is supported by the girders.
DL, SIDL & LL ( Class A, Class 70 R-W, Class 70 R-T) cases are
considered for the analysis.
17. SUMMARY OF STAAD RESULTS
Load Case Units
Hogging
moment at
inner support
Sagging
moment
Hogging
moment at
cantilever
portion
DL kNm 6.097 1.518 0.677
SIDL kNm 10.312 4.631 2.813
WC kNm 1.609 0.401 0.179
LL-W-L kNm 57.13 55.478 0
LL-W-N kNm 49.492 69.842 0
LL-T kNm 23.365 14.488 0
LL-A-2LANE kNm 54.985 28.14 41.432
MAX LL kNm 57.13 69.842 41.432
18. Ultimate Limit State (ULS)
Combination DL SIDL WC LL
Live Load Leading 1.35 1.35 1.75 1.75
Serviceability Limit State (SLS)
Combination DL SIDL WC LL
Rare1 (LL Leading) 1 1 1 1
Quasi Permanent 1 1 1 0
Load Combinations for LIMIT STATE OF DESIGN
(IRC – 6: 2014)
19. RCC – LONGITUDINAL GIRDER
DESCRIPTION UNITS
Span c/c of Expansion joints m 26.2
Width of carriageway m 9
Width of Crash Barrier m 0.5
Thickness ofWearing Coat mm 65
Height of Crash Barrier m 0.965
Centre to centre spacing of girders m 3
Effective span/ c/c Span of Bearings m 25.2
20. GRILLAGE ANALYSIS OF GIRDER
• Deck is idealized as a series of ‘beam’ elements (or grillages),
connected and restrained at their joints.
• Each element is given an equivalent bending and torsional inertia
to represent the portion of the deck which it replaces.
• Bending and torsional stiffness in every region of slab are
assumed to be concentrated in nearest equivalent grillage beam.
• Restraints, load and supports may be applied at the joints
between the members, and members framing into a joint may be
at any angle.
21.
22. SUMMARY OF STAAD RESULTS FOR INTERMEDIATE GIRDER AT
DIFFERENT SECTIONS
GIRDER-2
LOAD CASES
Maximum Shear Force Maximum Bending Moment
L=d L/4 L/2 3L/4 L=L-d L=d L/4 L/2 3L/4 L=L-d
Distance from Centre of Bearing
(mm)
2258 6300 12600 18900 22942 2258 6300 12600 18900 22942
Beam No. 81 149 548 446 378 81 149 548 446 378
At distance 0.958 1 1 1 1 0.958 1 1 1 1
DL 431.73 291.086 21.042 231.621 390.462 -1079.21 -2359.37 -3421 -2751 -1507
SIDL 25.465 25.361 25.161 25.327 25.444 -57.611 -147.622 -319.3 -185.6 -84.13
WC 41.227 26.047 -0.955 19.617 36.763 -103.507 -222.661 -300.7 -256.9 -144.1
1 lane of 70R wheeled 366.09 144.288 9.474 130.873 281.951 -681.525 -1587.11 -1558 -1665 -966.2
1 lane of 70RTracked 334.99 170.461 -46.6 72.186 250.464 -764.896 -1511.19 -1352 -1602 -1036
2 lane of Class A 212.77 119.712 31.947 104.736 248.062 -496.98 -1104.01 -1412 -1438 850.73
Max LL 366.09 170.461 31.947 130.873 281.951 -764.896 -1587.11 -1558 -1665 -1036
Total 864.5 512.955 77.195 407.438 734.62 -2005.2 -4316.8 -5599 -4858 -2771
23. STRUCTURAL DESIGN
• Step-1: Assume the width & depth of section; diameter of
reinforcement bars and grades of materials
• Step-2: Determine the design strength of the materials from
IRC-112-2011
• Step-3: Determine the moment of resistance of the assumed
section and check if it is less than the Maximum moment due to
ULS combination of applied loads
• Step-4: Check the adequacy of reinforcement required for the
Under-Reinforced section
24. STRESS & STRAIN DISTRIBUTION FOR BENDING MOMENT
CALCULATION - IRC-112-2011
25. • Step-5: Check for shear reinforcement be made according to
IRC-112-2011 provisions (Sections loaded with LL, calculated
based on effective width formula, do not require shear check )
• Step-6: Check for serviceability limit state- Stress calculations be
made for Rare and Quasi-Permanent combinations for short and
long term effects – Checked if stresses are within limits specified
in IRC-112-2011
• Step-7: Check for crack width (less than 0.3 mm) & deflections
(Max. LL Deflection < span/800) are done
27. BOX CULVERT
Design Data
Dimensions
Clear span (m) 5
Clear height (m) 3
Top slab thickness (m) 0.6
Bottom slab thickness (m) 0.7
Side wall thickness (m) 0.5
Height of fill (for Live load dispersion) (m) 3
Height of fill (for SIDL , Earth pressure calculation) (m) 4
width of crash barrier (m) 0.5
Top & bottom haunch (mm) 150 x 150
Width of carriage way (m) 8.5
Total width (m) 6
Total height (m) 4.3
C/C width (m) 5.5
C/C height (m) 3.65
28. IDEALISATION OF SUPPORTS
According to "FoundationAnalysis and Design" by Joseph E Bowles
Modulus of subgrade reaction (Ks) 40 x SF x qa
where,
SF - Factor of safety 2.5
qa - Allowable bearing capacity (SBC) (kN/m2) 150
The modulus of subgrade (kN /m3) 15000
Bottom slab divided into 18 parts
length of one divided portion of bottom slab (m) 0.31
Stiffness at outer support (Type-1) (kN/m) 2291.67
Stiffness at interior supports (Type 2) (kN/m) 4583.33
29. LOADS CONSIDERED FOR ANALYSIS OF BOX CULVERT
• Dead Load
• SIDL- crash barrier
• SIDL- Earth fill + Pavement layer
• Live Load-1
• Live Load-2
• Breaking Force
• Earth Pressure
• Live Load Surcharge
• Live Load Surcharge- 1 Side - LL
Leading
• Active Earth Pressure
• Passive Earth Pressure
• Live Load Surcharge- 1 Side - EP
Leading
34. CONCLUSION
• Scientific, Social andTechnological dimensions of road
and bridge construction projects were introduced
• T-Beam bridge super-structure was analysed using Staad
Pro and designed by Limit State Method in accordance
to relevant IRC codes
35. REFERENCES
• IRC 6-2014, Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section II –
Loads and Stresses (5th Revision) , Indian Road Congress
• IRC 112-2011, Code of Practice for Concrete Road Bridges, Indian Road Congress
• IRC-5-2015, Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section I-
General Features of Design (8th Revision), Indian Road Congress
• V.K. Raina,Concrete Bridge Practice,Analysis, Design and Economics, 2nd edition,TATA
McGraw-Hill PublishingCompany Ltd, 1994
• Joseph E Bowles, Foundation Analysis and Design, 5th edition, McGraw-Hill, 1996
• JohnsonVictor D, Essentials of Bridge Engineering, 6th edition, Oxford & IBH Publishing
Company Pvt. Ltd, 2008.
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