This presentation summarizes the key aspects of one-way slab design. It defines one-way slabs as having an aspect ratio of 2:1 or greater, with bending primarily along the long axis. The presentation discusses the types of one-way slabs including solid, hollow, and ribbed. It also outlines the design considerations for one-way slabs according to the ACI code, including minimum thickness, reinforcement ratios, and bar spacing. An example problem demonstrates how to design a one-way slab for a given set of loading and dimensional conditions.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
This document provides details on the design of a continuous one-way reinforced concrete slab. It includes minimum thickness requirements, equations for calculating moments and shear, maximum reinforcement ratios, and minimum reinforcement ratios. An example is then provided to demonstrate the design process. The slab is designed to have a thickness of 6 inches with 0.39 in2/ft of tension reinforcement in the negative moment region and 0.33 in2/ft in the positive moment region.
This presentation summarizes the key aspects of one-way slab design:
1) One-way slabs have an aspect ratio of 2:1 or greater, where bending occurs primarily along the long axis. They can be solid, hollow, or ribbed.
2) Design and analysis treats a unit strip of the slab as a rectangular beam of unit width and the slab thickness as the depth.
3) The ACI code specifies minimum slab thickness, concrete cover, span length, bar spacing, reinforcement ratios, and other design requirements.
4) An example problem demonstrates the design process, calculating loads, moments, minimum reinforcement, and checking the proposed slab thickness.
5) One-
The document discusses the design of staircases. It begins by defining key components of staircases like treads, risers, stringers, etc. It then describes different types of staircases such as straight, doglegged, and spiral. The document outlines considerations for designing staircases like dimensions, loads, and structural behavior. It provides steps for geometric design, load calculations, structural analysis, reinforcement design, and detailing of staircases. Numerical examples are also included to illustrate the design process.
1) Two-way slabs are slabs that require reinforcement in two directions because bending occurs in both the longitudinal and transverse directions when the ratio of longest span to shortest span is less than 2.
2) The document discusses various types of two-way slabs and design methods, focusing on the direct design method (DDM).
3) Using the DDM, the total factored load is first calculated, then the total factored moment is distributed to positive and negative moments. The moments are further distributed to column and middle strips using factors that consider the slab and beam properties.
Two way slabs are slabs that are supported on all four edges and have a ratio of less than 2 between their long and short spans. This causes them to bend in both directions. There are two types: simply supported and restrained. Simply supported slabs have corners that lift up under loading while restrained slabs have corners that are held down, producing torsion. Reinforcement is provided differently depending on the type of slab.
This document discusses shear wall analysis and design. It defines shear walls as structural elements used in buildings to resist lateral forces through cantilever action. The document classifies different types of shear walls and discusses their behavior under seismic loading. It outlines the steps for designing shear walls, including reviewing layout, analyzing structural systems, determining design forces, and detailing reinforcement. The document emphasizes the importance of properly locating shear walls in a building to resist seismic loads and minimize torsional effects.
The document discusses code provisions for calculating the effective span of slabs according to IS 456. It describes how to calculate the effective span for simply supported, continuous, and cantilever members. It also discusses load assumptions, reinforcement cover requirements, deflection limits, and provides an overview of one-way slabs, two-way slabs, flat slabs, and flat plates.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
This document provides details on the design of a continuous one-way reinforced concrete slab. It includes minimum thickness requirements, equations for calculating moments and shear, maximum reinforcement ratios, and minimum reinforcement ratios. An example is then provided to demonstrate the design process. The slab is designed to have a thickness of 6 inches with 0.39 in2/ft of tension reinforcement in the negative moment region and 0.33 in2/ft in the positive moment region.
This presentation summarizes the key aspects of one-way slab design:
1) One-way slabs have an aspect ratio of 2:1 or greater, where bending occurs primarily along the long axis. They can be solid, hollow, or ribbed.
2) Design and analysis treats a unit strip of the slab as a rectangular beam of unit width and the slab thickness as the depth.
3) The ACI code specifies minimum slab thickness, concrete cover, span length, bar spacing, reinforcement ratios, and other design requirements.
4) An example problem demonstrates the design process, calculating loads, moments, minimum reinforcement, and checking the proposed slab thickness.
5) One-
The document discusses the design of staircases. It begins by defining key components of staircases like treads, risers, stringers, etc. It then describes different types of staircases such as straight, doglegged, and spiral. The document outlines considerations for designing staircases like dimensions, loads, and structural behavior. It provides steps for geometric design, load calculations, structural analysis, reinforcement design, and detailing of staircases. Numerical examples are also included to illustrate the design process.
1) Two-way slabs are slabs that require reinforcement in two directions because bending occurs in both the longitudinal and transverse directions when the ratio of longest span to shortest span is less than 2.
2) The document discusses various types of two-way slabs and design methods, focusing on the direct design method (DDM).
3) Using the DDM, the total factored load is first calculated, then the total factored moment is distributed to positive and negative moments. The moments are further distributed to column and middle strips using factors that consider the slab and beam properties.
Two way slabs are slabs that are supported on all four edges and have a ratio of less than 2 between their long and short spans. This causes them to bend in both directions. There are two types: simply supported and restrained. Simply supported slabs have corners that lift up under loading while restrained slabs have corners that are held down, producing torsion. Reinforcement is provided differently depending on the type of slab.
This document discusses shear wall analysis and design. It defines shear walls as structural elements used in buildings to resist lateral forces through cantilever action. The document classifies different types of shear walls and discusses their behavior under seismic loading. It outlines the steps for designing shear walls, including reviewing layout, analyzing structural systems, determining design forces, and detailing reinforcement. The document emphasizes the importance of properly locating shear walls in a building to resist seismic loads and minimize torsional effects.
The document discusses code provisions for calculating the effective span of slabs according to IS 456. It describes how to calculate the effective span for simply supported, continuous, and cantilever members. It also discusses load assumptions, reinforcement cover requirements, deflection limits, and provides an overview of one-way slabs, two-way slabs, flat slabs, and flat plates.
The document discusses limit state design of reinforced concrete structures. It introduces limit states as conditions where the structure becomes unfit for use, including limit states of strength and serviceability. Limit state design involves characterizing loads and resistances as random variables and using partial safety factors on loads and resistances to achieve a target reliability. The document outlines the general principles of limit state design according to Indian Standard code IS 800, including defining actions, factors governing strength limits, and serviceability limits related to deflection, vibration and durability.
This document discusses the design of flat slab structures. It begins by defining a flat slab as a type of slab supported directly on columns without beams. It then provides details on the types of flat slabs, their common uses in buildings, and benefits such as flexibility in layout and reduced construction time. The document goes on to discuss key design considerations for flat slabs including thickness, drops, column heads, and methods of analysis. It focuses on the direct design method and provides limitations for its use.
This document discusses raft/mat foundations, including:
- A raft foundation is a thick reinforced concrete slab that supports columns and transmits loads into the soil. It is used for structures with large or uneven column loads.
- Types of raft foundations include flat plate, thickened under columns, beam and slab, box structures, and mats on piles.
- Construction involves soil testing, excavation, reinforcement placement, forming, concrete pouring, and curing. Raft foundations are economic and reduce differential settlement but require treatment for point loads.
This resource material is exclusively for the purpose of knowledge dissemination for the use of Civil engineering Fraternity, professionals & students.
This file contains state of art techniques adopted & practiced as per IS456 code provisions for analysis design & detailing of flat slab structural systems.
The presentation aims to provide clear,concise, technical details of flat slabs design.
The presentation deals with structural actions & behavior of flat slabs with visual representations obtained through finite element analysis.
The knowledge gained can be used for designing building structures frequently encountered in construction.
The presentation covers an important feature of slab systems supported on rigid & flexible support & clearly demarcates the minimum beam dimensions required to consider the supports to be either rigid or flexible.
The presentation alsoincludes clear technical drawings to highlight the importance of detailing w.r.t. rebar lay out - positioning & curtailment. Typical section drawing through middle & column strips are also included for visualizing rebar patterns in 3 -d views.
This presentation is an outcome of series of lectures for undergrad & grad students studying in civil engineering.
My next presentation would be on Analysis & design of deep beams.
Kindly mail me ( vvietcivil@gmail.com) your questions & valuable feedback.
Calulation of deflection and crack width according to is 456 2000Vikas Mehta
This document discusses the calculation of crack width in reinforced concrete flexural members. It provides information on:
1) Crack width is calculated to satisfy serviceability limits and is only relevant for Type 3 pre-stressed concrete members that crack under service loads.
2) Crack width depends on factors like amount of pre-stress, tensile stress in bars, concrete cover thickness, bar diameter and spacing, member depth and location of neutral axis, bond strength, and concrete tensile strength.
3) The method of calculation involves determining the shortest distance from the surface to a bar and using equations involving member depth, neutral axis depth, average strain at the surface level. Permissible crack widths are specified depending on exposure
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression using tensioned steel strands, cables, or bars. This is done through either pre-tensioning or post-tensioning. In pre-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned before the concrete is poured, while in post-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Prestressed concrete provides benefits over reinforced concrete like lower construction costs, thinner structural elements, and longer spans between supports.
information on types of beams, different methods to calculate beam stress, design for shear, analysis for SRB flexure, design for flexure, Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam,
A two way slab is supported by beams on all four sides and has a ratio of longer to shorter span of less than 2. It has reinforcement in both directions. The design process involves preliminary sizing based on deflection criteria, analysis, sizing of reinforcement in the shorter direction as a singly reinforced section, checking for shear and deflection, and detailing of reinforcement including development length and torsion reinforcement.
This document provides information about the design of strap footings. It begins with an overview of strap footings, noting they are used to connect an eccentrically loaded column footing to an interior column. The strap transmits moment caused by eccentricity to the interior footing to generate uniform soil pressure beneath both footings.
It then outlines the basic considerations for strap footing design: 1) the strap must be rigid, 2) footings should have equal soil pressures to avoid differential settlement, and 3) the strap should be out of contact with soil to avoid soil reactions. Finally, it provides the step-by-step process for designing a strap footing, including proportioning footing dimensions, evaluating soil pressures, designing reinforcement,
Slabs are structural members that support transverse loads and transfer them to supports via bending. They are commonly used as floors and roofs. One-way slabs bend in only one direction across the shorter span like a wide beam, while two-way slabs bend in both directions if the ratio of longer to shorter span is less than or equal to 2. Design of one-way slabs involves calculating bending moment and shear force, selecting reinforcement ratio and bar size, and checking deflection, shear, and development length.
Slab is a thin concrete structure used for flooring that can be square, rectangular, or circular. Slabs vary in thickness from 4-6 inches depending on load and are made of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and reinforcement bars. There are several types of slabs including one-way slabs which carry load in one direction, two-way slabs which carry load in two directions, joist slabs which have concrete ribs for support, and precast slabs which are constructed off-site and transported. Other slab types include flat plates, flat slabs, waffle slabs, hollow core slabs, and composite slabs which incorporate a steel deck.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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This document provides details on the design of staircases, including:
1. It describes the typical components of a staircase like flights, landings, risers, treads, nosings, waist slabs, and soffits.
2. It discusses different types of staircases like straight, quarter turn, dog-legged, open well, spiral and helicoidal.
3. It classifies staircases structurally into those with stair slabs spanning transversely or longitudinally and provides examples of each type.
4. It provides an example calculation for the design of a waist slab spanning longitudinally, including loading, bending moment calculation, reinforcement design and checks.
This document discusses one way slabs. It defines one way slabs as slabs supported by beams on two opposite sides, with the load transferred to the two supports. For a slab to be considered one way, the ratio of its long side (ly) to short side (lx) must be greater than or equal to 2. Reinforcement in a one way slab is provided only along the short span direction. In contrast, two way slabs have reinforcement in both directions since for them ly/lx is less than 2. Other types of slabs discussed include flat slabs supported directly on columns and grid slabs supported within a column-free area by perimeter beams.
This document provides information on the structural design of a simply supported reinforced concrete beam. It includes:
- A list of students enrolled in an elementary structural design course.
- Equations and diagrams showing the forces and stresses in a reinforced concrete beam with a singly reinforced bottom section.
- Limits on the maximum depth of the neutral axis according to the grade of steel.
- Examples of analyzing the stresses and determining steel reinforcement for a given beam cross-section.
- A design example calculating the dimensions and steel reinforcement for a rectangular beam with a factored uniform load.
This document discusses column jacketing, which is a method of retrofitting and strengthening existing columns. It involves adding reinforced concrete, steel, or fiber-reinforced polymer around the column. The key steps are preparing the column surface, adding shear keys and reinforcement, applying a bonding agent, and casting the new concrete or installing the jacket. Column jacketing increases the strength and seismic capacity of the column. It improves confinement and increases axial, shear, and foundation load capacity without significant weight addition.
Trusses are commonly used in buildings to span long distances and carry heavy loads. Steel trusses are preferred over wood trusses for their strength, simplicity of installation, and durability without risk of rotting. Various types of trusses include king post, queen post, Howe, Pratt, and fan trusses used in roofs, as well as north light trusses traditionally used for industrial buildings to maximize natural lighting. Larger spans may use tubular steel, quadrangular, or gusset plate connected trusses, while galvanized steel sheets are often used for roofing material.
This document provides guidance on the design of lacing and battens for built-up compression members. It discusses the key design considerations and calculations for both single and double lacing systems, including the angle of inclination, slenderness ratio, effective lacing length, bar width and thickness. Similar guidelines are given for battens, covering spacing, thickness, effective depth, transverse shear and overlap. The document also includes an example problem on designing a slab foundation for a column with given load and material properties.
The document discusses retaining walls and includes:
- Definitions of retaining walls and their parts
- Common types of retaining walls including gravity, semi-gravity, cantilever, counterfort and bulkhead walls
- Earth pressures like active, passive and at rest pressures
- Design principles for stability against sliding, overturning and bearing capacity
- Drainage considerations for retaining walls
- Theories for analyzing earth pressures like Rankine and Coulomb's theories
- Sample design calculations and problems for checking stability of retaining walls
This document discusses the design of two-way slabs. It defines a two-way slab as having a ratio of long to short spans of less than 2. The main types of two-way slabs described are flat slabs with drop panels, two-way slabs with beams, flat plates, and waffle slabs. The basic steps of two-way slab design are outlined, including choosing the slab type and thickness, the design method, calculating moments, determining reinforcement, and checking shear strength. Two common design methods are described: the direct design method which uses coefficients, and the equivalent frame method which analyzes frames cut between columns.
The document discusses limit state design of reinforced concrete structures. It introduces limit states as conditions where the structure becomes unfit for use, including limit states of strength and serviceability. Limit state design involves characterizing loads and resistances as random variables and using partial safety factors on loads and resistances to achieve a target reliability. The document outlines the general principles of limit state design according to Indian Standard code IS 800, including defining actions, factors governing strength limits, and serviceability limits related to deflection, vibration and durability.
This document discusses the design of flat slab structures. It begins by defining a flat slab as a type of slab supported directly on columns without beams. It then provides details on the types of flat slabs, their common uses in buildings, and benefits such as flexibility in layout and reduced construction time. The document goes on to discuss key design considerations for flat slabs including thickness, drops, column heads, and methods of analysis. It focuses on the direct design method and provides limitations for its use.
This document discusses raft/mat foundations, including:
- A raft foundation is a thick reinforced concrete slab that supports columns and transmits loads into the soil. It is used for structures with large or uneven column loads.
- Types of raft foundations include flat plate, thickened under columns, beam and slab, box structures, and mats on piles.
- Construction involves soil testing, excavation, reinforcement placement, forming, concrete pouring, and curing. Raft foundations are economic and reduce differential settlement but require treatment for point loads.
This resource material is exclusively for the purpose of knowledge dissemination for the use of Civil engineering Fraternity, professionals & students.
This file contains state of art techniques adopted & practiced as per IS456 code provisions for analysis design & detailing of flat slab structural systems.
The presentation aims to provide clear,concise, technical details of flat slabs design.
The presentation deals with structural actions & behavior of flat slabs with visual representations obtained through finite element analysis.
The knowledge gained can be used for designing building structures frequently encountered in construction.
The presentation covers an important feature of slab systems supported on rigid & flexible support & clearly demarcates the minimum beam dimensions required to consider the supports to be either rigid or flexible.
The presentation alsoincludes clear technical drawings to highlight the importance of detailing w.r.t. rebar lay out - positioning & curtailment. Typical section drawing through middle & column strips are also included for visualizing rebar patterns in 3 -d views.
This presentation is an outcome of series of lectures for undergrad & grad students studying in civil engineering.
My next presentation would be on Analysis & design of deep beams.
Kindly mail me ( vvietcivil@gmail.com) your questions & valuable feedback.
Calulation of deflection and crack width according to is 456 2000Vikas Mehta
This document discusses the calculation of crack width in reinforced concrete flexural members. It provides information on:
1) Crack width is calculated to satisfy serviceability limits and is only relevant for Type 3 pre-stressed concrete members that crack under service loads.
2) Crack width depends on factors like amount of pre-stress, tensile stress in bars, concrete cover thickness, bar diameter and spacing, member depth and location of neutral axis, bond strength, and concrete tensile strength.
3) The method of calculation involves determining the shortest distance from the surface to a bar and using equations involving member depth, neutral axis depth, average strain at the surface level. Permissible crack widths are specified depending on exposure
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression using tensioned steel strands, cables, or bars. This is done through either pre-tensioning or post-tensioning. In pre-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned before the concrete is poured, while in post-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Prestressed concrete provides benefits over reinforced concrete like lower construction costs, thinner structural elements, and longer spans between supports.
information on types of beams, different methods to calculate beam stress, design for shear, analysis for SRB flexure, design for flexure, Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam,
A two way slab is supported by beams on all four sides and has a ratio of longer to shorter span of less than 2. It has reinforcement in both directions. The design process involves preliminary sizing based on deflection criteria, analysis, sizing of reinforcement in the shorter direction as a singly reinforced section, checking for shear and deflection, and detailing of reinforcement including development length and torsion reinforcement.
This document provides information about the design of strap footings. It begins with an overview of strap footings, noting they are used to connect an eccentrically loaded column footing to an interior column. The strap transmits moment caused by eccentricity to the interior footing to generate uniform soil pressure beneath both footings.
It then outlines the basic considerations for strap footing design: 1) the strap must be rigid, 2) footings should have equal soil pressures to avoid differential settlement, and 3) the strap should be out of contact with soil to avoid soil reactions. Finally, it provides the step-by-step process for designing a strap footing, including proportioning footing dimensions, evaluating soil pressures, designing reinforcement,
Slabs are structural members that support transverse loads and transfer them to supports via bending. They are commonly used as floors and roofs. One-way slabs bend in only one direction across the shorter span like a wide beam, while two-way slabs bend in both directions if the ratio of longer to shorter span is less than or equal to 2. Design of one-way slabs involves calculating bending moment and shear force, selecting reinforcement ratio and bar size, and checking deflection, shear, and development length.
Slab is a thin concrete structure used for flooring that can be square, rectangular, or circular. Slabs vary in thickness from 4-6 inches depending on load and are made of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and reinforcement bars. There are several types of slabs including one-way slabs which carry load in one direction, two-way slabs which carry load in two directions, joist slabs which have concrete ribs for support, and precast slabs which are constructed off-site and transported. Other slab types include flat plates, flat slabs, waffle slabs, hollow core slabs, and composite slabs which incorporate a steel deck.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joint sidewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
monolithic isolation joints isolation joint material isolation joint vs expansion joint isolation joint neo prene insulating joints pipeline isolation joint vs control joint isolation joints in concrete concrete slab isolation joint
construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joints idewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
concrete joint filler
concrete joint filler strips
control joint vs construction joint concrete
concrete control joint filler
concrete slab control joint detail
types of concrete expansion joints
construction joint concrete
control joints in concrete
This document provides details on the design of staircases, including:
1. It describes the typical components of a staircase like flights, landings, risers, treads, nosings, waist slabs, and soffits.
2. It discusses different types of staircases like straight, quarter turn, dog-legged, open well, spiral and helicoidal.
3. It classifies staircases structurally into those with stair slabs spanning transversely or longitudinally and provides examples of each type.
4. It provides an example calculation for the design of a waist slab spanning longitudinally, including loading, bending moment calculation, reinforcement design and checks.
This document discusses one way slabs. It defines one way slabs as slabs supported by beams on two opposite sides, with the load transferred to the two supports. For a slab to be considered one way, the ratio of its long side (ly) to short side (lx) must be greater than or equal to 2. Reinforcement in a one way slab is provided only along the short span direction. In contrast, two way slabs have reinforcement in both directions since for them ly/lx is less than 2. Other types of slabs discussed include flat slabs supported directly on columns and grid slabs supported within a column-free area by perimeter beams.
This document provides information on the structural design of a simply supported reinforced concrete beam. It includes:
- A list of students enrolled in an elementary structural design course.
- Equations and diagrams showing the forces and stresses in a reinforced concrete beam with a singly reinforced bottom section.
- Limits on the maximum depth of the neutral axis according to the grade of steel.
- Examples of analyzing the stresses and determining steel reinforcement for a given beam cross-section.
- A design example calculating the dimensions and steel reinforcement for a rectangular beam with a factored uniform load.
This document discusses column jacketing, which is a method of retrofitting and strengthening existing columns. It involves adding reinforced concrete, steel, or fiber-reinforced polymer around the column. The key steps are preparing the column surface, adding shear keys and reinforcement, applying a bonding agent, and casting the new concrete or installing the jacket. Column jacketing increases the strength and seismic capacity of the column. It improves confinement and increases axial, shear, and foundation load capacity without significant weight addition.
Trusses are commonly used in buildings to span long distances and carry heavy loads. Steel trusses are preferred over wood trusses for their strength, simplicity of installation, and durability without risk of rotting. Various types of trusses include king post, queen post, Howe, Pratt, and fan trusses used in roofs, as well as north light trusses traditionally used for industrial buildings to maximize natural lighting. Larger spans may use tubular steel, quadrangular, or gusset plate connected trusses, while galvanized steel sheets are often used for roofing material.
This document provides guidance on the design of lacing and battens for built-up compression members. It discusses the key design considerations and calculations for both single and double lacing systems, including the angle of inclination, slenderness ratio, effective lacing length, bar width and thickness. Similar guidelines are given for battens, covering spacing, thickness, effective depth, transverse shear and overlap. The document also includes an example problem on designing a slab foundation for a column with given load and material properties.
The document discusses retaining walls and includes:
- Definitions of retaining walls and their parts
- Common types of retaining walls including gravity, semi-gravity, cantilever, counterfort and bulkhead walls
- Earth pressures like active, passive and at rest pressures
- Design principles for stability against sliding, overturning and bearing capacity
- Drainage considerations for retaining walls
- Theories for analyzing earth pressures like Rankine and Coulomb's theories
- Sample design calculations and problems for checking stability of retaining walls
This document discusses the design of two-way slabs. It defines a two-way slab as having a ratio of long to short spans of less than 2. The main types of two-way slabs described are flat slabs with drop panels, two-way slabs with beams, flat plates, and waffle slabs. The basic steps of two-way slab design are outlined, including choosing the slab type and thickness, the design method, calculating moments, determining reinforcement, and checking shear strength. Two common design methods are described: the direct design method which uses coefficients, and the equivalent frame method which analyzes frames cut between columns.
الفصل الأول - مقدمة في الخرسانة المسلحة - تصميم المنشآت الخرسانية المسلحةAhmed Gamal Abdel Gawad
حل أمثلة الفصل الأول :
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المحاضرة الأولى : مقدمة في الخرسانة المسلحة
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المحاضرة الثانية : حديد التسليح
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م. أحمد جمال عبد الجواد
This document discusses different types of two-way slabs, including edge-supported slabs, column-supported slabs, flat plates, and waffle slabs. It provides details on when a slab is considered a two-way slab and how it is reinforced in two directions to resist bending moments in both directions. The document also discusses analysis methods for two-way slab design.
This document discusses key aspects of cost estimating for construction projects. It begins by explaining that cost estimating involves both art and science, as it requires calculating costs based on data but also envisioning how a project will be built. The document then defines what an estimate is, the purpose of estimating, and the role of the estimator. It describes the skills required of an estimator and the typical components of an estimate, including materials, labor, equipment, overhead and profit. Finally, it outlines possible sources of error in cost estimates.
The document discusses reinforcement in two-way slabs and footing design. It describes two types of shear failure in slabs: one-way shear and two-way shear. One-way shear results in inclined cracking and pull-out of negative reinforcement from the slab. Two-way shear can result in either inclined cracking or the slab sliding down the column. The critical perimeter for two-way shear is located at d/2 from the column face, where d is the effective depth of the slab. Formulas are provided to calculate the nominal shear resistance Vn of slabs under two-way shear with negligible moment transfer.
The document summarizes the design of beam-and-slab systems. It describes how the one-way slab is designed as a continuous slab spanning the beam supports using moment distribution methods or a simplified coefficient method. Interior beams are designed as T-beams and edge beams as L-beams, which provide greater flexural strength than conventional beams. The beam and slab must be securely connected to transfer shear forces between them. The slab is reinforced as a one-way system and the beams are designed as simply supported beams spanning their supports.
The document discusses column behavior under different loading conditions. It presents the load and moment equations for columns under eccentric loading, and describes three failure cases: 1) pure axial load/crushing failure, 2) balanced failure, and 3) pure flexural failure. Equations are derived for the load-carrying capacity and moment capacity based on the stress-strain relationships of concrete and steel.
This document provides three thumb rules for column placement in building design:
1. The minimum column size should be 9"x9" for a single-story structure and 12"x9" for a 1.5-story structure, using appropriate concrete grades. Larger column sizes are needed for greater distances between columns or additional floors.
2. The distance between column centers should not exceed 4m for 9"x9" columns, and larger column sizes are needed to allow for greater distances.
3. Columns should be arranged in a rectangular grid or circular pattern, not zigzag, to avoid structural issues in load transfer, wall construction, and beam placement. Following these thumb rules can help prevent mistakes in structural
The document discusses the moment coefficient method for analyzing statically indeterminate structures. It provides definitions of statically indeterminate structures as those where there are more unknown reactions or internal forces than available equilibrium equations. The moment coefficient method uses coefficients provided in the ACI code that are based on elastic analysis but account for inelastic redistribution. The coefficients are multiplied by the total factored load and span length to determine bending moments. The method was first included in the 1963 ACI code and remains permissible for analyzing two-way slabs supported on all sides. Advantages include providing a more exact analysis and potential cost savings through more precise design.
The document discusses different types of slabs used in construction. It describes solid ground floors, suspended ground floors, upper floors, precast concrete floors, reinforced concrete slabs, flat plate slabs, waffle slabs, one-way and two-way slabs. It also discusses potential problems with slabs like cracking and dampness, and their causes such as poor construction practices, uneven settlement, inadequate strength of concrete, and improper reinforcement placement.
Bar Bending Schedule (BBS) is a chart which gives a clear picture of bar length, diameter of bar ,bar mark ,location of bar.
It allow workers to place steel properly.
This document provides an introduction to reinforced concrete, including its key components and purposes. Reinforced concrete is a composite material made of concrete, which resists compression well but has low tensile strength, and steel reinforcing bars, which resist tension well. Together they create an economical and strong structural material. The document outlines structural elements, design considerations for safety, reliability, and economy, and limit state design principles which ensure structures do not fail under expected loads. It also discusses factors that affect concrete durability and different failure modes in reinforced concrete depending on steel reinforcement ratios.
This is a Power Point Presentation discussing briefly about the Slab, Beam & Column of a building construction. It was presented on 6th March, 2014 as part of the Presentations of the subject: DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION, at Ahsanullah University of Science & Technology (AUST)
This document provides an overview of design in reinforced concrete according to BS 8110. It discusses the basic materials used - concrete and steel reinforcement - and their properties. It describes two limit states for design: ultimate limit state considering failure, and serviceability limit state considering deflection and cracking. Key aspects of beam design are summarized, including types of beams, design for bending and shear resistance, and limiting deflection. Reinforcement detailing rules are also briefly covered.
This document discusses different types and classifications of columns. It defines a column as a vertical structural member primarily designed to carry axial compression loads. Columns can be classified based on their shape, reinforcement, and type of loading. Common shapes include square, rectangular, circular, L-shaped, and T-shaped sections. Reinforcement types include tied columns with tie bars, spiral columns with helical reinforcement, and composite columns with encased steel. Columns are either concentrically loaded with forces through the centroid, or eccentrically loaded off-center. The document also covers column capacity calculations, resistance factors, and provides an example problem.
The document discusses reinforced concrete columns, including their functions, failure modes, classifications, and design considerations. Columns primarily resist axial compression but may also experience bending moments. They can fail due to compression, buckling, or a combination. Design depends on whether the column is short or slender, braced or unbraced. Reinforcement is designed based on the column's expected loads and dimensions using methods specified in design codes like BS 8110.
The document provides an overview of one-way slab design. It defines one-way slabs as having an aspect ratio of 2:1 or greater, with bending primarily in one direction. Types of one-way slabs include solid, hollow, and ribbed slabs. The document discusses applications of the L/B ratio, loading conditions, analysis approach by considering strips as beams, and ACI code specifications for one-way slab design including minimum thickness, reinforcement ratios, and an example problem solution.
1) One-way slabs are reinforced concrete slabs that are primarily supported on two sides and bending occurs mainly in one direction.
2) They have an aspect ratio of length to width of 2:1 or greater. One-way slabs can be solid, hollow, or ribbed.
3) The ACI code provides specifications for one-way slab design including minimum thickness, concrete cover, span length, bar spacing, reinforcement ratios, and design examples.
This document discusses the design of one-way reinforced concrete slabs. It defines one-way slabs as slabs supported on two opposite sides where loads are transferred in the short direction. The strip method is used to analyze one-way slabs by considering a unit strip with a width of one unit and a depth equal to the slab thickness. The document reviews ACI code specifications for one-way slab design including minimum thickness, bar spacing, reinforcement ratios, and moment coefficients. Sample problems are provided to demonstrate the design of one-way slabs using working stress design.
This presentation summarizes the design of one-way slab reinforcement. It defines one-way slabs as having an aspect ratio of 2:1 or greater, where bending occurs along the long axis. For analysis and design, a one-way slab is modeled as a series of rectangular beams side by side. Minimum slab thickness requirements are defined by building codes to control deflection. The presentation includes an example problem demonstrating the full design process for a one-way slab with given parameters.
This document discusses the design of one-way slabs. It begins by defining one-way slabs as slabs that are supported on two opposite sides and carry loads in the perpendicular direction. The document then provides details on: the analysis of one-way slabs as series of 1-foot wide beam strips; typical reinforcement including main tension bars and shrinkage/temperature bars; minimum thickness requirements in the ACI code; and design procedures including selecting design strips, calculating loads, drawing shear and moment diagrams, and determining reinforcement ratios. Examples are provided for reinforcement spacing, minimum cover, and designing a one-way slab.
This document discusses the design of one-way slabs. It begins by defining one-way slabs as slabs that are supported on two opposite sides and carry loads perpendicularly to the supporting beams. The document then outlines the design process, which involves analyzing representative strips of the slab as simple beams and determining reinforcement ratios. Key steps include checking deflection, calculating factored loads, drawing shear and moment diagrams, and selecting reinforcement sizes that satisfy the required ratios. Examples of one-way slab design and the minimum requirements for thickness, reinforcement ratios, and cover are also provided.
The document discusses various types of compression members including columns, pedestals, walls, and struts. It describes design considerations for compression members including strength and buckling resistance. It defines effective length as the vertical distance between points of inflection when the member buckles. Various classifications of columns are discussed based on loadings, slenderness ratio, and reinforcement type. Code requirements for longitudinal and transverse reinforcement as well as detailing are provided. Two examples of column design are included, one with axial load only and one with spiral reinforcement.
Lec05 Design of Rectangular Beams with Tension Steel only (Reinforced Concret...Hossam Shafiq II
The document discusses design considerations for rectangular reinforced concrete beams with tension steel only. It covers topics such as beam proportions, deflection control, selection of reinforcing bars, concrete cover, bar spacing, effective steel depth, minimum beam width, and number of bars. Beam proportions should have a depth to width ratio of 1.5-2 for normal spans and up to 4 for longer spans. Minimum concrete cover and bar spacings are specified to protect the steel. Effective steel depth is the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the steel centroid. Design assumptions must be checked against the final design.
The document discusses the analysis and design of different types of slabs in reinforced concrete structures. It describes one-way slabs, which act as a series of parallel beams, and two-way slabs, which are supported on all four edges. Two-way slabs can be edge-supported by beams or columns. The minimum thickness, reinforcement requirements, and design procedures are provided for one-way and two-way slabs according to code specifications. Various examples are also presented to illustrate how to analyze and design one-way and two-way slabs.
This document discusses the analysis and design of concrete floor systems. It begins with an overview of basic design steps for slabs, including recalling design procedures for shear and flexure. It then classifies different types of concrete floor systems such as one-way slabs, two-way slabs, flat plates, and joist systems. The document provides examples of analyzing and designing a one-way slab using the ACI approximate method and discussing the effect of beam spacing on slab moments. It concludes with references for further information.
This presentation summarizes information about reinforced concrete columns. It was presented by a group of 9 students from the Department of Civil Engineering at Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology to faculty members. The presentation defines columns, classifies columns based on shape, reinforcement, and loading, and describes the effective length, buckling modes, sizing, reinforcement, cover, lapping, hoop reinforcement, and failure modes of columns. The objectives are to understand column arrangement, design specifications, and characteristics.
This document provides information on the design of reinforced concrete columns, including:
- Columns transmit loads vertically to foundations and may resist both compression and bending. Common cross-sections are square, circular and rectangular.
- Columns are classified as braced or unbraced depending on lateral stability, and short or slender based on buckling resistance. Short column design considers axial load capacity while slender column design accounts for second-order effects.
- Reinforcement details include minimum longitudinal bar size and spacing and design of lateral ties. Slender column design determines loadings and calculates moments from stiffness, deflection and biaxial bending effects. Design charts are used to select reinforcement for columns under axial and uniaxial
1. The document discusses the design of one-way reinforced concrete slabs according to Indian code IS 456:2000.
2. It defines one-way slabs as edge supported slabs spanning in one direction with a ratio of long to short span greater than or equal to 2.
3. The main considerations for slab design discussed are effective span, deflection control, reinforcement requirements including minimum area, maximum bar diameter and cover, and load calculations.
This document discusses the design of column base plates and steel anchorage to concrete. It provides an introduction to base plates and anchor rods, including materials and design considerations. It then covers the design of base plates for different load cases such as axial load, axial load plus moment, and axial load plus shear. Finally, it discusses the design of anchor rods for tension and shear loading based on the requirements in the ACI 318 code. The design procedures aim to ensure adequate load transfer from the steel column to the concrete foundation.
The document discusses community resilience and outlines a methodology for planning community resilience. It describes a 6-step process for forming a collaborative planning team, understanding community needs and systems, determining goals and objectives, developing and implementing a resilience plan. It also summarizes tools and activities from various organizations to support community resilience planning and highlights research being conducted by NIST.
Community resilience modeling, field studies and implementationMd.Asif Rahman
The document discusses modeling community resilience through the development of a virtual test community called Centerville. It describes creating standardized models of Centerville's physical infrastructure like buildings, roads, and electrical grid. It also models Centerville's social and economic attributes like demographics, employment, and critical facilities. The goal is to integrate these physical and social models to allow testing how disruptions impact infrastructure interdependencies and community resilience metrics. Researchers from different disciplines can collaborate using this testbed to develop and validate modeling approaches before applying them to real communities.
This document discusses the development of a multiphysics model to predict alkali-silicate reaction (ASR) in concrete. ASR causes expansion in concrete over time due to a reaction between alkalis in cement and silica in aggregates, producing an expansive gel. The researcher aims to generate virtual concrete microstructures and develop a thermo-chemo-mechanical model using governing equations to predict the kinetic reactions of ASR and resulting expansion. The model will be validated by studying the time-dependent results and analyzing concentration of ASR gel, expansion, and intermediate products over time.
This document summarizes a finite element analysis of a cantilever beam using quadrilateral meshing elements. The beam is modeled and analyzed in Abaqus for three loading cases: a point load at the free end, a point load at the mid-section, and a distributed load along the length. Hand calculations are also performed and compared to Abaqus and MATLAB results. Increasing the number of elements improves accuracy of the models. Quadrilateral elements are preferred over triangular elements for beam bending problems. Maximum displacement occurs under a point load at the free end. The study concludes with recommendations for accurate beam modeling and design using finite element analysis.
This document summarizes the development of a hyperelastic-viscoplastic model to model the behavior of concrete under uniaxial loading. It describes conducting a uniaxial compression test on a concrete cylinder specimen. A hyperelastic model and viscoplastic model were combined in a constitutive equation to model the material. Material coefficients for the models were optimized by fitting the model predictions to the experimental stress-strain data. A sensitivity study identified which coefficients most significantly affected the model fit. Other material models like Mooney-Rivlin and linear isotropic solid models were also tested but did not fit the experimental data as well. The model reasonably captured the nonlinear stress-strain behavior of concrete but had limitations and assumptions that could be
This document discusses the subdomain method for solving differential equations using finite element analysis. The subdomain method approximates solutions by forcing the integral of the residual to equal zero over subintervals, or subdomains, of the total domain. It provides an example problem of using the subdomain method to solve a second order differential equation. The exact solution is compared to the approximate subdomain solution, showing good accuracy with less than 12% relative error. The subdomain method is simple to formulate but works best for problems involving a single governing equation.
This document presents a thesis on retrofitting existing buildings in Bangladesh to improve seismic performance. It begins with an introduction to earthquakes and Bangladesh's seismic environment due to its location between tectonic plates. The objective is to evaluate an existing building using static analysis and design software to determine demand-capacity ratios of members under seismic loads. Beams exceeding capacity will be retrofitted with steel plating and columns with concrete jacketing. Dynamic time history analysis will also be performed and results compared to static analysis. The methodology, building model, load calculations, software analysis, retrofitting designs, and planned comparisons are described over several chapters.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
8+8+8 Rule Of Time Management For Better ProductivityRuchiRathor2
This is a great way to be more productive but a few things to
Keep in mind:
- The 8+8+8 rule offers a general guideline. You may need to adjust the schedule depending on your individual needs and commitments.
- Some days may require more work or less sleep, demanding flexibility in your approach.
- The key is to be mindful of your time allocation and strive for a healthy balance across the three categories.
Post init hook in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, hooks are functions that are presented as a string in the __init__ file of a module. They are the functions that can execute before and after the existing code.
4. ONE WAY SLAB
One-way slabs are those slabs with an aspect ratio in plan of
2:1 or greater, in which bending is primarily about the long
axis.
So, the slab is one way where L/B ≥ 2.
5. TYPES OF ONE WAY SLAB
One way slab may be…
SOLID
HOLLOW
RIBBED
6. APPLICATION OF L/B RATIO
In first figure slab is supported on two
opposite sides only. In this case the
structural action of the slab is
essentially one way.
In second figure there are beams on all
four sides with a intermediate beam.
Now if length to width ratio is 2 or
greater, slab is one way even though
supports are provided on all sides.
7. LOADING OF ONE WAY SLAB
When slabs are supported on two
opposite sides only loads being carried
by the slab in the direction
perpendicular to the supporting
beams.
When supports are provided on all
sides most of the load is carried in
the short direction to the
supporting beams and one way
action is obtained.
8. DESIGN & ANALYSIS
For analysis there is a term as….
“ONE WAY SLAB IS A SET OF A RECTANGULAR
BEAMS SIDE BY SIDE”
But How ???
Lets find it…..
9. For purpose of analysis and design a
unit strip of such a slab is cut out ,
which may be considered as a
rectangular beam of unit width (say
1ft or 1m) with a depth ‘h’ equal to
the thickness of the slab and a span
‘l’ equal to the distance between
supported edges.
The strip can be analyzed by the
methods that were used for
rectangular beams.
So that term is clear.
11. MINIMUM SLAB THICKNESS
To control deflection, ACI Code 9.5.2.1 specifies minimum
thickness values for one-way solid slabs.
12. MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER
According to ACI Code 7.7.1, the following minimum concrete cover is to be provided:
a. Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground:
• Larger than Ø 36 mm bar ---------------------------------------------4 cm
• Ø 36 mm and smaller bars -------------------------------------------2 cm
b. Concrete exposed to weather or in contact with ground:
• Ø 19 mm and larger bars----------------------------------------------5 cm
Ø 16 mm and smaller bars --------------------------------------------4 cm
c. Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth -----------7.5 cm
13. SPAN
According to ACI code 8.7.1
If the slab rests freely on its
supports the span length
may be taken equal to the
clear span plus the depth
of the slab but need not
exceed the distance
between centers of
supports .
BAR SPACING
The lateral spacing of the flexural
bars should not exceed 3 times
the thickness h or 18 inch
according to ACI code 7.6.5
The lateral spacing of
temperature and shrinkage
reinforcement should not be
placed farther apart than 5 times
the slab thickness or 18 inch
according to ACI code 7.12.2
14. MAXIMAM REINFORCEMENT RATIO
Reinforcement ratio is the ratio of
reinforcement area to gross concrete area based on total
depth of slab.
REINFORCEMENT RATIO :
One-way solid slabs are designed as rectangular sections
subjected to shear and moment. Thus, the maximum
reinforcement ratio corresponds to a net tensile stain in the
reinforcement, €t of 0.004
15. MINIMAM REINFORCEMENT RATIO
For temperature and shrinkage reinforcement :
According to ACI Code 7.12.2.1
Slabs with Grade 40 or 50 deformed bars………….
0.0020
Slabs with Grade 60 deformed bars ………………….
0.0018
Slabs where reinforcement with yield strength
Exceeding 60000 psi …………………………………….....
For flexural reinforcement :
According to ACI Code 10.5.4,
the minimum flexural reinforcement is not to be less than the shrinkage
reinforcement, or 0.0018
16. EXAMPLE PROBLEM
A reinforced concrete slab is built integrally with its supports
and consists of equal span of 15 ft. The service live load is 100
psf and 4000 psi concrete is specified for use with steel with a
yield stress equal to 60000 psi. Design the slab following the
provisions of the ACI code.
18. THICKNESS ESTIMATION
For being both ends continuous minimum slab thickness =
L/28=(15*120)/28=6.43 in.
Let a trial thickness of 6.50 in.
19. DETERMINING LOADS
• Consider only a 1 ft width of beam .
• Dead load = 150*6.50/12=81 psf
• Live load = 100 psf
• Factored DL and LL =(81+1.2+100*1.6)
=257 psf
20. DETERMINING MAXIMUM MOMENTS
• Factored moments at critical sections by ACI code :
• At interior support : -M=1/9 *0.257*152 =6.43 k-ft
• At midspan : +M=1/14*0.257*152 =4.13 k-ft
• At exterior support : -M=1/24*0.257*152 =2.41 k-ft
• Mmax = 6.43 k-ft
28. APPLICATION OF ONE WAY SLAB
Provides useful flat surface
One way slab may be used when there is
architectural limitations
It is the simplest form of slab design
Main reinforcement placing is one way, so there
is a little congestion than two way slab
Animated series of emerging circles(Intermediate)To reproduce the SmartArt on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then clickBlank. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click SmartArt. In the Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box, in the left pane, click Relationship. In the Relationship pane, click Basic Radial (eighth row, second option from the left), and then click OK to insert the graphic into the slide.On the slide, select the SmartArtgraphic, and then click one of the arrows on the left border. In the Type your text here dialog box, in the top-level bullet, enter the text for the center circle of the graphic. In the second-level bullets, enter the text for all the other shapes in the SmartArt graphic. With the SmartArt graphic still selected, on the Design tab, in the Themes group, click Colors and select Median. Under SmartArtTools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the ShapeHeight box, enter 5”.In the ShapeWidth box, enter 7.5”.Under SmartArtTools, on the Format tab, in the Arrange group, click Align and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle.Under SmartArtTools, on the Design tab, in the SmartArtStyles group, click the More arrow at the SmartArtStyles gallery, and then under Best Match for Document select IntenseEffect (the fifth option from the left).On the Home tab, in the Font group, click the button next to FontColor, and then under ThemeColors select Black, Text 1 (first row, the second option from the left). On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the FormatShape dialog box launcher. In the FormatShape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane, under Surface do the following:In the Material list, under SpecialEffect, select SoftEdge (second option from the left).In the Lighting list, under Neutral, select Harsh (first row, the fourth option from the left).In the Angle box, enter 30°.Press and hold CTRL, and select all five shapes in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the FormatShape dialog box launcher. In the FormatShape dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane, and in the Shadow pane do the following:In the Presets list, under Outer, select OffsetBottom (first row, the second option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 65%.In the Size box, enter 103%.In the Blur box, enter 9 pt.In the Angle box, enter 90°.In the Distance box, enter 3 pt.To reproduce the SmartArt effects on this slide, do the following:On the slide, select the center circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the FormatShape dialog box launcher. In the FormatShape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following:Under Bevel, in the Top list, under Bevel, select Circle (first row, the first option from the left).Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box enter 24 pt. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box enter 12 pt.On the slide, select the top circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the FormatShape dialog box launcher. In the FormatShape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane do the following:Click Solidfill.Click the button next to Color, and then under ThemeColors select Orange, Accent 2 (first row, the sixth option from the left)Also in the FormatShape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following:Under Bevel, in the Top list, under Bevel, select Circle (first row, the first option from the left).Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box enter 20 pt. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box enter 15 pt.Press and hold SHIFT, and drag a corner sizing handle towards the center of this circle to make it smaller.On the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box enter 20 pt.Position the top circle slightly over to the right 0.5”.Select the right circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the FormatShape dialog box launcher. In the FormatShape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane do the following:Click Solidfill.Click the button next to Color, and then ThemeColors select Gold, Accent 4 (first row, the eighth option from the left)Also in the FormatShape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following:Under Bevel, in the Top list, under Bevel, select Circle (first row, the first option from the left).Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box enter 24 pt. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box enter 12 pt.Press and hold SHIFT, and drag a corner sizing handle towards the center of this circle to make it smaller.On the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box enter 28 pt.Position the right circle slightly towards the upper right corner of the slide.One the slide, select the bottom circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the FormatShape dialog box launcher. In the FormatShape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane do the following:Click Solidfill.In the Color list, under ThemeColors select Green, Accent 5 (first row, the ninth option from the left)Also in the FormatShape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following:Under Bevel, in the Top list, select Circle (first row, the first option from the left).Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box enter 24 pt. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box enter 12 pt.Press and hold SHIFT, and drag a corner sizing handle away from the center of this circle to make it larger.On the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box enter 28 pt.Drag the circle slightly toward the right edge of the slide.On the slide, select the left circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the FormatShape dialog box launcher. In the FormatShape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane do the following:Click Solidfill.In the Color list, under ThemeColors select Olive Green, Accent 3 (first row, the seventh option from the left)Also in the FormatShape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following:Under Bevel, in the Top list, under Bevel, select Circle (first row, the first option from the left).Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box enter 30 pt. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box enter 30 pt.Press and hold SHIFT, and drag a corner sizing handle towards the center of this circle to make it smaller.On the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box enter 40 pt. and click Bold.Position the top circle slightly towards the bottom of the slide.To reproduce the line effects on this slide, do the following:Press and hold CTRL and select each of the four lines connecting the circles in the SmartArt graphic. On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the FormatShape dialog box launcher. In the FormatShape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, and in the Line Color pane do the following:Click Gradient line.In the Type list, select Linear.In the Direction list, select Linear Right (first row, fourth option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear on the slider, then customize the gradient stops as follows:Select Stop 1 on the slider, and then do the following:In the Position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). In the Transparency box, enter 100%.Also in the FormatShape dialog box, clickLineStyle in the left pane, and in the LineStyle pane do the following:In the Width box, enter 3.5 pt.In the Dashtype list, select RoundDot (second option from the top).To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following:On the Animation tab, in the Advanced Animations group, click Animation Pane. On the slide, select the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery and click MoreEntrance Effects. In the ChangeEntranceEffect dialog box, under Moderate, select Basic Zoom, and then click OK.In the Animation group, click Effect Options and do the following:Under Direction, click In from ScreenCenter.Under Sequence, click One by one.In the CustomAnimation task pane, expand the contents by clicking the double arrow under the zoom entrance effect, and then do the following:Select the first effect (zoom entrance effect), and in the Timing group, in the Start list, select WithPrevious.Select the second effect (zoom entrance effect). On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery, and under Entrance, click Wipe, and click OK.With the second effect (now wipe effect) still selected, do the following:In the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then under Direction, select FromBottom.In the Timing group, in the Delay list, enter 00.50.In the Timing group, in the Duration list, enter 00.50.Select the fourth effect (zoom entrance effect). On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery, and under Entrance, click Wipe, and click OK.With the fourth effect (now wipe effect) still selected, do the following:In the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then under Direction, select From Left.In the Timing group, in the Delay list, enter 00.50.In the Timing group, in the Duration list, enter 00.50.Select the sixth effect (zoom entrance effect). On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery, and under Entrance, click Wipe, and click OK.With the sixth effect (now wipe effect) still selected, do the following:In the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then under Direction, select From Left.In the Timing group, in the Delay list, enter 00.50.In the Timing group, in the Duration list, enter 00.50.Select the eighth effect (zoom entrance effect). On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery, and under Entrance, click Wipe, and click OK.With the eighth effect (now wipe effect) still selected, do the following:In the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then under Direction, select From Right.In the Timing group, in the Delay list, enter 00.50.In the Timing group, in the Duration list, enter 00.50.To reproduce the background on this slide, do the following:Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Radial.In the Direction, list click From Center (third option from the left)in the drop-down list.Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear on the slider, then customize the gradient stops as follows:Select Stop 1 on the slider, and then do the following:In the Position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 35% (third row, second option from the left). Select Stop 2 on the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors clickBlack, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left).