The document summarizes the design of beam-and-slab systems. It describes how the one-way slab is designed as a continuous slab spanning the beam supports using moment distribution methods or a simplified coefficient method. Interior beams are designed as T-beams and edge beams as L-beams, which provide greater flexural strength than conventional beams. The beam and slab must be securely connected to transfer shear forces between them. The slab is reinforced as a one-way system and the beams are designed as simply supported beams spanning their supports.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
pipe expansion joint us bellows us bellows catalogue rubber expansion joint metal expansion joints driveway expansion joint filler flexi craft expansion joints building expansion joint systems
construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joint sidewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
monolithic isolation joints isolation joint material isolation joint vs expansion joint isolation joint neo prene insulating joints pipeline isolation joint vs control joint isolation joints in concrete concrete slab isolation joint
construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joints idewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
concrete joint filler
concrete joint filler strips
control joint vs construction joint concrete
concrete control joint filler
concrete slab control joint detail
types of concrete expansion joints
construction joint concrete
control joints in concrete
The document discusses L-beams, which are floor beams that have slabs on only one side. L-beams are common in reinforced concrete structures and experience bending moment, shear force, and torsional moment from one-sided loading. The effective width of an L-beam flange is calculated according to code recommendations based on factors like beam spacing and length. Design of L-beams involves determining the flange width, selecting a beam depth, checking moment of resistance, and adding reinforcement as needed to resist bending and shear loads.
Slab is a thin concrete structure used for flooring that can be square, rectangular, or circular. Slabs vary in thickness from 4-6 inches depending on load and are made of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and reinforcement bars. There are several types of slabs including one-way slabs which carry load in one direction, two-way slabs which carry load in two directions, joist slabs which have concrete ribs for support, and precast slabs which are constructed off-site and transported. Other slab types include flat plates, flat slabs, waffle slabs, hollow core slabs, and composite slabs which incorporate a steel deck.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
Diaphragm wall: Construction and DesignUmer Farooq
The document discusses diaphragm walls, which are concrete or reinforced concrete walls constructed below ground using a slurry-supported trench method. Diaphragm walls can reach depths of 150 meters and widths of 0.5-1.5 meters. They are constructed using tremie installation or pre-cast concrete panels. Diaphragm walls are suitable for urban construction due to their quiet installation and lack of vibration. The document discusses different types of diaphragm walls based on materials and functions, and provides details on their design, construction process, and material requirements.
The document provides information on the basics of civil engineering foundations. It discusses the objectives and types of foundations, including shallow foundations like isolated and combined footings, and deep foundations such as pile and pier foundations. Pile foundations can be friction piles or load bearing piles. Factors that determine the size and bearing capacity of foundations are also covered. The document contains diagrams to illustrate foundation components and construction methods.
Deep foundations are used when the bearing stratum is located at a significant depth below the surface. The most common types of deep foundations are pile foundations, cofferdams, and caisson foundations. Pile foundations support structures using vertical piles that transfer loads either through end bearing or skin friction. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite. Cofferdams are temporary structures used to exclude water from a construction site to allow work below the water level. Common types include earthfill, rockfill, single-walled, and cellular cofferdams. Caissons are watertight structures that become part of the permanent foundation. Types are open caissons, box caissons
Pre-stressed concrete uses tensioned steel strands or bars to place concrete in compression before application of service loads. This counters the tensile stresses induced by loads and prevents cracking. There are two main methods: pre-tensioning applies tension before pouring concrete, while post-tensioning tensions strands after concrete curing. Pre-stressed concrete allows for smaller and lighter structures that resist loads, deflection, and cracking better than reinforced concrete.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
pipe expansion joint us bellows us bellows catalogue rubber expansion joint metal expansion joints driveway expansion joint filler flexi craft expansion joints building expansion joint systems
construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joint sidewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
monolithic isolation joints isolation joint material isolation joint vs expansion joint isolation joint neo prene insulating joints pipeline isolation joint vs control joint isolation joints in concrete concrete slab isolation joint
construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joints idewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
concrete joint filler
concrete joint filler strips
control joint vs construction joint concrete
concrete control joint filler
concrete slab control joint detail
types of concrete expansion joints
construction joint concrete
control joints in concrete
The document discusses L-beams, which are floor beams that have slabs on only one side. L-beams are common in reinforced concrete structures and experience bending moment, shear force, and torsional moment from one-sided loading. The effective width of an L-beam flange is calculated according to code recommendations based on factors like beam spacing and length. Design of L-beams involves determining the flange width, selecting a beam depth, checking moment of resistance, and adding reinforcement as needed to resist bending and shear loads.
Slab is a thin concrete structure used for flooring that can be square, rectangular, or circular. Slabs vary in thickness from 4-6 inches depending on load and are made of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and reinforcement bars. There are several types of slabs including one-way slabs which carry load in one direction, two-way slabs which carry load in two directions, joist slabs which have concrete ribs for support, and precast slabs which are constructed off-site and transported. Other slab types include flat plates, flat slabs, waffle slabs, hollow core slabs, and composite slabs which incorporate a steel deck.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
Diaphragm wall: Construction and DesignUmer Farooq
The document discusses diaphragm walls, which are concrete or reinforced concrete walls constructed below ground using a slurry-supported trench method. Diaphragm walls can reach depths of 150 meters and widths of 0.5-1.5 meters. They are constructed using tremie installation or pre-cast concrete panels. Diaphragm walls are suitable for urban construction due to their quiet installation and lack of vibration. The document discusses different types of diaphragm walls based on materials and functions, and provides details on their design, construction process, and material requirements.
The document provides information on the basics of civil engineering foundations. It discusses the objectives and types of foundations, including shallow foundations like isolated and combined footings, and deep foundations such as pile and pier foundations. Pile foundations can be friction piles or load bearing piles. Factors that determine the size and bearing capacity of foundations are also covered. The document contains diagrams to illustrate foundation components and construction methods.
Deep foundations are used when the bearing stratum is located at a significant depth below the surface. The most common types of deep foundations are pile foundations, cofferdams, and caisson foundations. Pile foundations support structures using vertical piles that transfer loads either through end bearing or skin friction. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite. Cofferdams are temporary structures used to exclude water from a construction site to allow work below the water level. Common types include earthfill, rockfill, single-walled, and cellular cofferdams. Caissons are watertight structures that become part of the permanent foundation. Types are open caissons, box caissons
Pre-stressed concrete uses tensioned steel strands or bars to place concrete in compression before application of service loads. This counters the tensile stresses induced by loads and prevents cracking. There are two main methods: pre-tensioning applies tension before pouring concrete, while post-tensioning tensions strands after concrete curing. Pre-stressed concrete allows for smaller and lighter structures that resist loads, deflection, and cracking better than reinforced concrete.
This presentation summarizes the key aspects of one-way slab design. It defines one-way slabs as having an aspect ratio of 2:1 or greater, with bending primarily along the long axis. The presentation discusses the types of one-way slabs including solid, hollow, and ribbed. It also outlines the design considerations for one-way slabs according to the ACI code, including minimum thickness, reinforcement ratios, and bar spacing. An example problem demonstrates how to design a one-way slab for a given set of loading and dimensional conditions.
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression using tensioned steel strands, cables, or bars. This is done through either pre-tensioning or post-tensioning. In pre-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned before the concrete is poured, while in post-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Prestressed concrete provides benefits over reinforced concrete like lower construction costs, thinner structural elements, and longer spans between supports.
The document discusses different types of shallow foundations. It describes spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat or raft foundations. For spread footings, it provides details on single, stepped, sloped, wall, and grillage footings. Foundations are also discussed for black cotton soils, including strip footings, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations. Finally, potential causes of foundation failure are listed such as unequal settlement, subsoil moisture movement, and lateral soil pressures.
This document discusses column jacketing, which is a method of retrofitting and strengthening existing columns. It involves adding reinforced concrete, steel, or fiber-reinforced polymer around the column. The key steps are preparing the column surface, adding shear keys and reinforcement, applying a bonding agent, and casting the new concrete or installing the jacket. Column jacketing increases the strength and seismic capacity of the column. It improves confinement and increases axial, shear, and foundation load capacity without significant weight addition.
The document provides details on the design procedure for beams. It discusses estimating loads, analyzing beams to determine shear forces and bending moments, and designing beams. The design process involves selecting the beam size and shape, calculating the effective span, determining critical moments and shears, selecting reinforcement, and checking requirements such as shear capacity, deflection limits, and development lengths. An example problem demonstrates designing a singly reinforced concrete beam with a span of 5 meters to support a working live load of 25 kN/m.
shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system. Shear walls are constructed to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure.
This document provides details on the design of staircases, including:
1. It describes the typical components of a staircase like flights, landings, risers, treads, nosings, waist slabs, and soffits.
2. It discusses different types of staircases like straight, quarter turn, dog-legged, open well, spiral and helicoidal.
3. It classifies staircases structurally into those with stair slabs spanning transversely or longitudinally and provides examples of each type.
4. It provides an example calculation for the design of a waist slab spanning longitudinally, including loading, bending moment calculation, reinforcement design and checks.
1) Two-way slabs are slabs that require reinforcement in two directions because bending occurs in both the longitudinal and transverse directions when the ratio of longest span to shortest span is less than 2.
2) The document discusses various types of two-way slabs and design methods, focusing on the direct design method (DDM).
3) Using the DDM, the total factored load is first calculated, then the total factored moment is distributed to positive and negative moments. The moments are further distributed to column and middle strips using factors that consider the slab and beam properties.
The pile foundation uses piles to support walls, piers, and other structures. Piles can be placed individually or in clusters. Piles are used when loose soil extends to great depths, and transfer structural loads to harder soils below through end bearing and side friction. Common pile materials include timber, steel, and concrete. Piles can be load bearing, transmitting loads through end bearing and side friction, or non-load bearing, used as retaining walls or sheeting. Pile capacity is assessed through field load tests or theoretical calculations based on soil properties.
Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe or unstable structure. There are three main types of shoring: raking shores, flying shores, and dead shores. Raking shores use inclined members called rakers to provide lateral support to walls. Flying shores provide temporary support between party walls when an intermediate building is demolished. Dead shores provide vertical support to walls and structures when the lower part of a wall is removed, such as to add an opening.
The document discusses code provisions for calculating the effective span of slabs according to IS 456. It describes how to calculate the effective span for simply supported, continuous, and cantilever members. It also discusses load assumptions, reinforcement cover requirements, deflection limits, and provides an overview of one-way slabs, two-way slabs, flat slabs, and flat plates.
This document discusses riveted connections in steel structures. It describes the different types of rivets, including their shape and method of installation. Some key types are snap headed rivets, pan headed rivets, and flat counter sunk rivets. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of riveted connections. Advantages include ease of installation without electricity, while disadvantages include noise and required skilled labor. The document further explains different riveted joint configurations, including lap joints and butt joints, providing examples of single and double riveted versions of each. Finally, it briefly outlines potential failure modes of riveted connections, such as shear failure of rivets or plates, and bearing failure of plates or
This document discusses different types of foundations, including shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and raft/mat foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations, pier foundations, and caisson/well foundations. It also discusses considerations for foundations on expansive black cotton soil, recommending methods like strip foundations, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations.
This document provides information on diaphragm walls, including:
- Diaphragm walls are reinforced concrete walls constructed using the slurry trench technique, reaching depths of up to 50m.
- They are commonly used as retaining walls, for supporting deep excavations, and as basement or underground structure walls.
- Construction involves excavating trenches using bentonite slurry, installing reinforcement cages, and pouring concrete to form wall panels either successively or alternately.
- Proper specifications are required for bentonite slurry, reinforcement, and construction methods to ensure continuity and water-tightness of the completed diaphragm wall structure.
The document discusses different types of joints used in concrete structures including construction joints, expansion joints, contraction joints, and seismic joints. It provides definitions and discusses the purpose, formation, location, and detailing of each joint type. Construction joints allow concrete to be placed continuously and provide limits for placements. Expansion joints allow for movement in the structure. Contraction joints create planes of weakness to control cracking. Seismic joints separate portions of buildings to improve performance during earthquakes.
Post-tensioning is an effective alternative for earthquake-prone regions and dense populations in India. It has advantages over ordinary reinforced concrete like higher seismic resilience, less concrete usage, stiffer foundations, and faster construction. Post-tensioning involves threading steel tendons through ducts and tensioning them after concrete pouring. It provides better crack control, economy, quality, and efficiency. While widely used in other countries, post-tensioning is not yet common in India but has applications in slabs, buildings, and foundations.
The document discusses different types of well foundations used in construction. It describes the key components of well foundations including the cutting edge, steining, bottom plug, top plug, and well cap. It explains the process of sinking well foundations, which involves excavating material inside the well curb to allow the well to sink vertically into the ground. Precautions like maintaining verticality and limiting tilt and shift are important during well sinking.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
This document provides design requirements for lacing and battening systems used in steel structural elements. It discusses two types of lacing systems - single and double. It outlines 9 design requirements for lacing per Indian code IS 800, including angle of inclination, slenderness ratio, effective length, width/thickness, transverse shear force, strength checks, and end connections. It also discusses 7 design requirements for battening systems, including transverse shear force calculation, slenderness ratio, spacing, thickness, effective depth, overlap for welded connections, and notes battening offers less shear resistance than lacing.
The document discusses the moment coefficient method for analyzing statically indeterminate structures. It provides definitions of statically indeterminate structures as those where there are more unknown reactions or internal forces than available equilibrium equations. The moment coefficient method uses coefficients provided in the ACI code that are based on elastic analysis but account for inelastic redistribution. The coefficients are multiplied by the total factored load and span length to determine bending moments. The method was first included in the 1963 ACI code and remains permissible for analyzing two-way slabs supported on all sides. Advantages include providing a more exact analysis and potential cost savings through more precise design.
This document provides three thumb rules for column placement in building design:
1. The minimum column size should be 9"x9" for a single-story structure and 12"x9" for a 1.5-story structure, using appropriate concrete grades. Larger column sizes are needed for greater distances between columns or additional floors.
2. The distance between column centers should not exceed 4m for 9"x9" columns, and larger column sizes are needed to allow for greater distances.
3. Columns should be arranged in a rectangular grid or circular pattern, not zigzag, to avoid structural issues in load transfer, wall construction, and beam placement. Following these thumb rules can help prevent mistakes in structural
This presentation summarizes the key aspects of one-way slab design. It defines one-way slabs as having an aspect ratio of 2:1 or greater, with bending primarily along the long axis. The presentation discusses the types of one-way slabs including solid, hollow, and ribbed. It also outlines the design considerations for one-way slabs according to the ACI code, including minimum thickness, reinforcement ratios, and bar spacing. An example problem demonstrates how to design a one-way slab for a given set of loading and dimensional conditions.
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression using tensioned steel strands, cables, or bars. This is done through either pre-tensioning or post-tensioning. In pre-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned before the concrete is poured, while in post-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Prestressed concrete provides benefits over reinforced concrete like lower construction costs, thinner structural elements, and longer spans between supports.
The document discusses different types of shallow foundations. It describes spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat or raft foundations. For spread footings, it provides details on single, stepped, sloped, wall, and grillage footings. Foundations are also discussed for black cotton soils, including strip footings, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations. Finally, potential causes of foundation failure are listed such as unequal settlement, subsoil moisture movement, and lateral soil pressures.
This document discusses column jacketing, which is a method of retrofitting and strengthening existing columns. It involves adding reinforced concrete, steel, or fiber-reinforced polymer around the column. The key steps are preparing the column surface, adding shear keys and reinforcement, applying a bonding agent, and casting the new concrete or installing the jacket. Column jacketing increases the strength and seismic capacity of the column. It improves confinement and increases axial, shear, and foundation load capacity without significant weight addition.
The document provides details on the design procedure for beams. It discusses estimating loads, analyzing beams to determine shear forces and bending moments, and designing beams. The design process involves selecting the beam size and shape, calculating the effective span, determining critical moments and shears, selecting reinforcement, and checking requirements such as shear capacity, deflection limits, and development lengths. An example problem demonstrates designing a singly reinforced concrete beam with a span of 5 meters to support a working live load of 25 kN/m.
shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system. Shear walls are constructed to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure.
This document provides details on the design of staircases, including:
1. It describes the typical components of a staircase like flights, landings, risers, treads, nosings, waist slabs, and soffits.
2. It discusses different types of staircases like straight, quarter turn, dog-legged, open well, spiral and helicoidal.
3. It classifies staircases structurally into those with stair slabs spanning transversely or longitudinally and provides examples of each type.
4. It provides an example calculation for the design of a waist slab spanning longitudinally, including loading, bending moment calculation, reinforcement design and checks.
1) Two-way slabs are slabs that require reinforcement in two directions because bending occurs in both the longitudinal and transverse directions when the ratio of longest span to shortest span is less than 2.
2) The document discusses various types of two-way slabs and design methods, focusing on the direct design method (DDM).
3) Using the DDM, the total factored load is first calculated, then the total factored moment is distributed to positive and negative moments. The moments are further distributed to column and middle strips using factors that consider the slab and beam properties.
The pile foundation uses piles to support walls, piers, and other structures. Piles can be placed individually or in clusters. Piles are used when loose soil extends to great depths, and transfer structural loads to harder soils below through end bearing and side friction. Common pile materials include timber, steel, and concrete. Piles can be load bearing, transmitting loads through end bearing and side friction, or non-load bearing, used as retaining walls or sheeting. Pile capacity is assessed through field load tests or theoretical calculations based on soil properties.
Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe or unstable structure. There are three main types of shoring: raking shores, flying shores, and dead shores. Raking shores use inclined members called rakers to provide lateral support to walls. Flying shores provide temporary support between party walls when an intermediate building is demolished. Dead shores provide vertical support to walls and structures when the lower part of a wall is removed, such as to add an opening.
The document discusses code provisions for calculating the effective span of slabs according to IS 456. It describes how to calculate the effective span for simply supported, continuous, and cantilever members. It also discusses load assumptions, reinforcement cover requirements, deflection limits, and provides an overview of one-way slabs, two-way slabs, flat slabs, and flat plates.
This document discusses riveted connections in steel structures. It describes the different types of rivets, including their shape and method of installation. Some key types are snap headed rivets, pan headed rivets, and flat counter sunk rivets. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of riveted connections. Advantages include ease of installation without electricity, while disadvantages include noise and required skilled labor. The document further explains different riveted joint configurations, including lap joints and butt joints, providing examples of single and double riveted versions of each. Finally, it briefly outlines potential failure modes of riveted connections, such as shear failure of rivets or plates, and bearing failure of plates or
This document discusses different types of foundations, including shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and raft/mat foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations, pier foundations, and caisson/well foundations. It also discusses considerations for foundations on expansive black cotton soil, recommending methods like strip foundations, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations.
This document provides information on diaphragm walls, including:
- Diaphragm walls are reinforced concrete walls constructed using the slurry trench technique, reaching depths of up to 50m.
- They are commonly used as retaining walls, for supporting deep excavations, and as basement or underground structure walls.
- Construction involves excavating trenches using bentonite slurry, installing reinforcement cages, and pouring concrete to form wall panels either successively or alternately.
- Proper specifications are required for bentonite slurry, reinforcement, and construction methods to ensure continuity and water-tightness of the completed diaphragm wall structure.
The document discusses different types of joints used in concrete structures including construction joints, expansion joints, contraction joints, and seismic joints. It provides definitions and discusses the purpose, formation, location, and detailing of each joint type. Construction joints allow concrete to be placed continuously and provide limits for placements. Expansion joints allow for movement in the structure. Contraction joints create planes of weakness to control cracking. Seismic joints separate portions of buildings to improve performance during earthquakes.
Post-tensioning is an effective alternative for earthquake-prone regions and dense populations in India. It has advantages over ordinary reinforced concrete like higher seismic resilience, less concrete usage, stiffer foundations, and faster construction. Post-tensioning involves threading steel tendons through ducts and tensioning them after concrete pouring. It provides better crack control, economy, quality, and efficiency. While widely used in other countries, post-tensioning is not yet common in India but has applications in slabs, buildings, and foundations.
The document discusses different types of well foundations used in construction. It describes the key components of well foundations including the cutting edge, steining, bottom plug, top plug, and well cap. It explains the process of sinking well foundations, which involves excavating material inside the well curb to allow the well to sink vertically into the ground. Precautions like maintaining verticality and limiting tilt and shift are important during well sinking.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
This document provides design requirements for lacing and battening systems used in steel structural elements. It discusses two types of lacing systems - single and double. It outlines 9 design requirements for lacing per Indian code IS 800, including angle of inclination, slenderness ratio, effective length, width/thickness, transverse shear force, strength checks, and end connections. It also discusses 7 design requirements for battening systems, including transverse shear force calculation, slenderness ratio, spacing, thickness, effective depth, overlap for welded connections, and notes battening offers less shear resistance than lacing.
The document discusses the moment coefficient method for analyzing statically indeterminate structures. It provides definitions of statically indeterminate structures as those where there are more unknown reactions or internal forces than available equilibrium equations. The moment coefficient method uses coefficients provided in the ACI code that are based on elastic analysis but account for inelastic redistribution. The coefficients are multiplied by the total factored load and span length to determine bending moments. The method was first included in the 1963 ACI code and remains permissible for analyzing two-way slabs supported on all sides. Advantages include providing a more exact analysis and potential cost savings through more precise design.
This document provides three thumb rules for column placement in building design:
1. The minimum column size should be 9"x9" for a single-story structure and 12"x9" for a 1.5-story structure, using appropriate concrete grades. Larger column sizes are needed for greater distances between columns or additional floors.
2. The distance between column centers should not exceed 4m for 9"x9" columns, and larger column sizes are needed to allow for greater distances.
3. Columns should be arranged in a rectangular grid or circular pattern, not zigzag, to avoid structural issues in load transfer, wall construction, and beam placement. Following these thumb rules can help prevent mistakes in structural
The document discusses column behavior under different loading conditions. It presents the load and moment equations for columns under eccentric loading, and describes three failure cases: 1) pure axial load/crushing failure, 2) balanced failure, and 3) pure flexural failure. Equations are derived for the load-carrying capacity and moment capacity based on the stress-strain relationships of concrete and steel.
Bar Bending Schedule (BBS) is a chart which gives a clear picture of bar length, diameter of bar ,bar mark ,location of bar.
It allow workers to place steel properly.
This document provides an overview of design in reinforced concrete according to BS 8110. It discusses the basic materials used - concrete and steel reinforcement - and their properties. It describes two limit states for design: ultimate limit state considering failure, and serviceability limit state considering deflection and cracking. Key aspects of beam design are summarized, including types of beams, design for bending and shear resistance, and limiting deflection. Reinforcement detailing rules are also briefly covered.
This is a Power Point Presentation discussing briefly about the Slab, Beam & Column of a building construction. It was presented on 6th March, 2014 as part of the Presentations of the subject: DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION, at Ahsanullah University of Science & Technology (AUST)
This document discusses different types and classifications of columns. It defines a column as a vertical structural member primarily designed to carry axial compression loads. Columns can be classified based on their shape, reinforcement, and type of loading. Common shapes include square, rectangular, circular, L-shaped, and T-shaped sections. Reinforcement types include tied columns with tie bars, spiral columns with helical reinforcement, and composite columns with encased steel. Columns are either concentrically loaded with forces through the centroid, or eccentrically loaded off-center. The document also covers column capacity calculations, resistance factors, and provides an example problem.
The document discusses reinforced concrete columns, including their functions, failure modes, classifications, and design considerations. Columns primarily resist axial compression but may also experience bending moments. They can fail due to compression, buckling, or a combination. Design depends on whether the column is short or slender, braced or unbraced. Reinforcement is designed based on the column's expected loads and dimensions using methods specified in design codes like BS 8110.
This document discusses the design of two-way slabs. It defines a two-way slab as having a ratio of long to short spans of less than 2. The main types of two-way slabs described are flat slabs with drop panels, two-way slabs with beams, flat plates, and waffle slabs. The basic steps of two-way slab design are outlined, including choosing the slab type and thickness, the design method, calculating moments, determining reinforcement, and checking shear strength. Two common design methods are described: the direct design method which uses coefficients, and the equivalent frame method which analyzes frames cut between columns.
1. The document provides engineering formulas and equations for statistics, mechanics, electricity, fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, structural analysis, and simple machines.
2. Key formulas include those for mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and probability. Mechanics formulas include those for force, torque, energy, power, and kinematics.
3. Formulas are also provided for stress, strain, modulus of elasticity, beam deflection, truss analysis, and mechanical advantage of simple machines like levers, inclined planes, and gears.
information on types of beams, different methods to calculate beam stress, design for shear, analysis for SRB flexure, design for flexure, Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam,
- A beam-and-slab system uses a one-way slab supported by beams cast compositely with the slab, forming an efficient floor system.
- The slab is designed as a continuous slab using continuous beam theory or a simplified coefficient method. Beams act as L-beams on edges and T-beams interiorly.
- T-beams and L-beams save weight while providing a greater lever arm for strength and stiffness over conventional beams. Ensuring the beam and slab are securely connected requires consideration of vertical and horizontal shear forces.
- A beam-and-slab system uses a one-way slab supported by beams cast compositely with the slab, forming an efficient floor system.
- The slab is designed as a continuous slab using continuous beam theory or a simplified coefficient method. Beams act as L-beams on edges and T-beams interiorly.
- T-beams and L-beams save weight while providing a greater lever arm for strength and stiffness over conventional beams. Ensuring the beam and slab are securely connected requires attention to vertical and horizontal shear forces.
Prepared by madam rafia firdous. She is a lecturer and instructor in subject of Plain and Reinforcement concrete at University of South Asia LAHORE,PAKISTAN.
This document summarizes lecture content on the flexural analysis and design of reinforced concrete T-beams and L-beams. It discusses the effective width of flanges, flexural behavior cases where the flange is in tension or compression, and analysis approaches depending on whether the neutral axis lies within or outside the flange. Procedures are provided for checking tension-controlled failure, calculating flexural capacity from the compression and tension sides, and designing beams by selecting trial dimensions, calculating reinforcement ratios, and detailing. An example is given to design an interior T-beam under given loading and moment capacity conditions.
Lec 20 21-22 -flexural analysis and design of beams-2007-rCivil Zone
This document summarizes lecture content on the flexural analysis and design of reinforced concrete T-beams and L-beams. It discusses the effective width of flanges, flexural behavior cases where the flange is in tension or compression, and analysis approaches depending on whether the neutral axis lies within or outside the flange. Formulas are provided for calculating forces, moments, and steel ratios. The design process involves selecting beam dimensions, determining the effective width, checking the neutral axis position, and iterating as needed to satisfy strength and serviceability requirements. An example problem demonstrates the full T-beam design process.
The document discusses two-way slabs that have reinforcing steel spanning in both directions. It provides information on different types of two-way slab systems and minimum thickness requirements based on deflection. Flat plates are described as the most common type and have advantages like easy formwork and simple bar placement. The direct design method from ACI 318 is summarized, including limitations, design strips, moment coefficients, and bar placement requirements. An example problem demonstrates using the direct design method to analyze and design a slab section.
1) Sections and joints in thin-walled structures must be designed to efficiently transfer loads through bending and shear stresses.
2) Open sections like angles and Z-sections are not suitable alone due to their low torsional stiffness, while closed sections formed by combining open sections improve stiffness.
3) Critical areas like the A-pillar and engine rail require larger closed sections to resist high bending moments from torsion loads and frontal impacts.
The document discusses column buckling and spar buckling in aircraft structures. It provides introductions and reminders on column buckling theory including buckling of columns with various boundary conditions. It discusses buckling of spar webs and the concept of complete diagonal tension in spar webs. Examples are provided on calculating buckling loads of columns and stresses in spars.
Lesson 04, shearing force and bending moment 01Msheer Bargaray
1) The document discusses shear forces and bending moments in beams subjected to different load types. It defines types of beams, supports, loads, and sign conventions for shear forces and bending moments.
2) Examples are provided to calculate shear forces and bending moments at different points along beams experiencing simple loading cases such as a uniformly distributed load on a cantilever beam.
3) Methods for determining the shear force and bending moment in an overhanging beam subjected to a uniform load and point load are demonstrated. Diagrams and free body diagrams are used to solve for the reactions and internal forces.
A comparison of VLSI interconnect modelshappybhatia
This document presents a comparative study of delay analysis for carbon nanotube and copper based VLSI interconnect models. It outlines the introduction, interconnect models, factors affecting interconnect performance, and comparison of CNT vs copper. It then discusses analytical delay estimation using the driver interconnect model and modified nodal analysis, as well as SPICE simulation results comparing CNT and copper. The goal is to analyze and compare the delay performance of CNT and copper interconnects.
A Comparison Of Vlsi Interconnect Modelshappybhatia
The document presents a comparative study of delay analysis for carbon nanotube and copper based VLSI interconnect models. It analyzes the performance of CNT and copper interconnects using analytical delay estimation techniques like the driver interconnect load model, modified nodal analysis, and the unified time delay model. Simulation results show that CNT bundle interconnects provide significant delay improvement over copper interconnects for certain parameters like repeater sizing and pitch ratio.
This document discusses P-Delta effects on long columns. It defines long and short columns based on their length-to-depth ratio and describes how long columns fail due to buckling while short columns fail materially. It explains P-Delta effects, how they generate additional moments in columns, and the different types of P-Delta effects. The document also discusses columns bent in single and double curvature and how to calculate the additional moments generated due to P-Delta effects using a simplified method per code recommendations. It provides a design example and assigns homework to solve the same example using different support conditions and software/manual calculations to compare results.
- Deep beams are defined as beams with a shear span to depth ratio of less than 2. They behave differently than ordinary beams due to two-dimensional loading and non-linear stress distributions.
- Deep beams transfer significant load through compression forces between the load and supports. Shear deformations are more prominent.
- Design of deep beams requires considering two-dimensional effects, non-linear stress distributions, and large shear deformations. Procedures include checking minimum thickness, designing for flexure and shear, and detailing reinforcement.
The document discusses one-way and two-way slabs. A one-way slab bends in only one direction and is supported on two walls parallel to the bending direction. A two-way slab bends in two perpendicular directions and is supported on all four sides. The ratio of the longer span to shorter span, ly/lx, determines if a slab with four-sided support acts as one-way (ly/lx > 2) or two-way. Secondary reinforcement is provided in one-way slabs to resist secondary moments and cracking from shrinkage or concentrated loads.
This document discusses concepts related to the design of concrete beams including:
1. It introduces concepts like bending, shear, tension and compression as they relate to beam design.
2. It provides formulas for calculating reactions, shear forces, and bending moments in simply supported beams under different loading conditions.
3. It explains concepts like the neutral axis, stress blocks, and strain diagrams that are important to beam design.
4. It discusses factors that influence the strength of beams like the moment of inertia and reinforcement ratio.
5. It compares working stress and limit state methods of design.
The document discusses electromagnetic waves and transmission lines. It defines that electromagnetic waves propagate in dielectric mediums and are produced by accelerating electric charges. It also describes that in transverse electromagnetic waves, the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Additionally, it explains that transmission lines have distributed inductance, capacitance, resistance, and conductance per unit length which can be modeled as an equivalent circuit. The input impedance of a transmission line is dependent on the characteristic impedance and load impedance.
This document discusses large span timber structures. It covers material related to shape and structural efficiency of common timber structural forms like trusses, arches, and bracing systems. Key points discussed include:
- Trusses are very efficient structural forms where members only experience axial forces. Common truss shapes and preliminary design considerations are presented.
- Arches derive their efficiency from experiencing primarily axial forces from their arched shape. Support conditions, geometry, buckling analysis and bracing of arches are discussed.
- Bracing systems are important to resist lateral loads and buckling in timber structures. Various bracing elements and their design are covered.
This document describes a study comparing coupled and de-coupled dynamic analyses of an FPSO, its mooring lines, and risers. A coupled analysis considers the full interaction between the FPSO, moorings, and risers, while a de-coupled analysis analyzes them separately. The study finds that a coupled analysis more accurately captures damping effects, mean current loads, and the influence of moorings and risers on FPSO motions. It presents results of a case study comparing the two methods for an FPSO in the Campos Basin, finding differences in predicted offset, tension, and response.
Lec06 Analysis and Design of T Beams (Reinforced Concrete Design I & Prof. Ab...Hossam Shafiq II
1) T-beams are commonly used structural elements that can take two forms: isolated precast T-beams or T-beams formed by the interaction of slabs and beams in buildings.
2) The analysis and design of T-beams considers the effective flange width provided by slab interaction or the dimensions of an isolated precast flange.
3) Two methods are used to analyze T-beams: assuming the stress block is in the flange and using rectangular beam theory, or using a decomposition method if the stress block extends into the web.
study Domain Transform for Edge-Aware Image and Video ProcessingChiamin Hsu
This document summarizes the domain transform approach for real-time edge-aware image and video processing.
1) It presents a method to perform edge-preserving filtering by applying 1D linear filters on a transformed domain, rather than directly applying computationally expensive 2D bilateral filters.
2) The domain transform maps pixels from the image plane to a new domain based on their spatial coordinates and color values. Smoothing is done in this transformed domain, which approximates edge-preserving filtering in the original image plane.
3) Key advantages are that the domain transform allows replacing 2D filtering with more efficient 1D filtering, enabling real-time processing at arbitrary scales. This makes possible applications like depth
2. BEAM - AND - SLAB SYSTEM
Here is a conventional
beam:
Here is a wide beam:
We can save all this
dead weight - provided
that the reduced web
Here is a T-beam: can resist the induced
shear actions.
So we can design a floor
system, using beam and
and an L-beam: slab design as follows . . .
4. Model for slab design:
These reactions per metre . . .
Interior beams
First,
(T-beams)
consider the
Edge beam
slab . . .
(L-beam)
Support
columns
Span direction
Span direction
of beams
of slab
Model for beam design: . . . provide
this UDL on
the beams.
5. HOW DOES THE SLAB WORK ?
• Like a one-way continuous slab, supported by walls,
which in this case are in fact, beams,
• Could proceed to use our methods for continuous
beams (slabs in this case) adopting linear-elastic
methods (moment distribution, stiffness
methods, etc.), or using moment re-distribution.
However, in most cases a simplified ‘coefficient’ method is
easier. The method applies when : Cl. 7.2
• ratio of adjacent span lengths <= 1.2
• loads are essentially UDL - g and q
• q <= 2g
• slab is of uniform section
• rebar layout complies with Code arrangement
• actions at supports are solely due to slab loads
Let’s consider this method . . .
6. Design moments:
TWO SPAN MULTI-SPAN
- Fd Ln2 - Fd Ln2 - Fd Ln2
9 10 11
Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln
+ Fd Ln2 + Fd Ln2 + Fd Ln2 + Fd Ln2 + Fd Ln2
11 11 11 16 16
- Fd Ln2
AT EDGE
24
BEAM Fd = 1.2 g + 1.5 q
Ln =clear distance between faces of supports
Design shear forces :
1.15 Fd Ln Fd Ln
Shear force at RH end:
2 2
Fd Ln Fd Ln
Shear force at LH end:
2 2
Ln Ln
Fd Ln Fd Ln
Shear force at mid span:
7 8
7. T- BEAMS AND L - BEAMS
Conventional
beam
b Since T-beams and
C L-beams have a
lever arm greater effective
T width of compression
flange (bef > b), a
T-beam greater lever arm is
bef
available.
C
lever arm
T
So T- and L-beams
..and this is This is the will have a higher
the ‘web’ ‘flange’ ultimate bending
capacity.
bef
(Likewise, at working
C moment, the section
lever arm will be stiffer.)
L-beam
T
8. Simply supported T-beams and L-beams
Bending Resistance
bef
Usually, the neutral axis at ultimate moment is
within the flange. So for bending, we proceed
as for a rectangular beam, using bef .
neutral axis
(Sometimes the approximation LA = d - t / 2 is
used for preliminary calculations.)
So a T-beam or an L-beam can be designed just as for a rectangular
beam, except for the following considerations:
1. Two-dimensional stresses at slab/beam interfaces.
2. An appropriate bef is selected for the flange.
3. The beam and slab are securely held together.
First, consider (1) . . .
9. Two dimensional stresses
At mid-span of the beam, the top of the slab is subjected to both
compression in the direction of the beam span, and tension caused by the
hogging of the slab across the beam here:
The concrete is subjected to a two-dimensional
stress state. At first glance, this may appear to be
a problem. However, this is not the case.
The negative moment in the slab is resisted by the
tensile rebar. In the beam direction, the ability of
the concrete to carry the compressive stress due
to positive bending remains relatively unaffected.
Now consider bef . . .
10. Effective width of beam flange
The width of flange clearly cannot exceed
bef half the distance to the next adjacent beam
(otherwise we’d be double-counting).
But the width is also limited by the ability of
bw the section to distribute actions from the
bef web to the flange, and this will be governed
by the span of the beam.
bw AS3600-2001 provides direct guidance:
For T-beams bef = bw + 0.2 a Cl. 8.8
For L-beams bef = bw + 0.1 a
Where for a simply supported beam,
a = span length L of the beam.
So it is important to check bef before proceeding too far with the
design. Remember not to encroach on the territory of any
adjacent beams.
11. HOLDING BEAM AND SLAB TOGETHER
Vertical shear action is carried by the web,
which includes the common web/flange area.
This is bv.do, where bv and do are as shown.
do
To ensure that the common web/flange is
bv
properly engaged in its role of carrying
some of the shear force, stirrups are
ALWAYS used, and are carried as high as
possible.
Note how this explains the use of bv in all shear resistance
formulas considered so far.
Note too that bv = bw for reinforced concrete beams.
(Footnote: This is not the case for prestressed concrete
beams, hence the different terms.)
But there is also a longitudinal (horizontal) shear action to
concern us . . .
12. Resistance to Longitudinal Shear Forces
Over distance δx, a horizontal
shear force δC must be provided
to ensure integrity of the beam.
x δx
From the equilibrium of the
element,
δx
C + δC C C + δC δC / δx = V / (Lever Arm)
C
LA V V - δV δC So the rate of change of C is
proportional to V, or V* at
T T + δT
ultimate load.
δx
So how do we make provision for these stresses?
Does the concrete carry the actions, or do we need
special rebar arrangements? . . .
13. SHEAR ON WEB SHEAR PLANE: δx = Lever Arm Cl. 8.4
Critical section
Shear force to be resisted = V* stirrups area Asv at s spacing
SHEAR ON FLANGE SHEAR PLANE: Steel contribution
A1 A1 Vuf = β4 As fsy d / s
+ β5 bf d f ’ct
Critical section < 0.2 f ’c bf d
Shear force to be resisted = V*.A1/A2
Concrete
A2 = total area of
flange contribution
s For monolithic construction:
β4 = 0.9 and β5 = 0.5
Check φ Vuf > Longitudinal
shear force
14. Lower Ductility Check
For any concrete beam, we must ensure that,
when the first crack occurs, the rebar is
adequate to carry the moment which caused
the first crack, with an appropriate margin.
This requirement is stated:
Muo >= (Muo)min = 1.2 Mcr
Cl. 8.1.4.1
For T- and L- beams, there is no simple
Note that the neutral axis formula for doing this. We must calculate the
of the uncracked section uncracked second moment of area of the
may be below (as shown) section Ig, the section modulus with respect to
or within the flange. the tension fibre Z, and proceed from there.
Then Mcr = f ’cf Z and we check that Muo >= 1.2 Mcr
If not, then increase Muo until it is.
15. Upper Ductility Check
We must also check that the section is not prone to compressive concrete
fracture before the rebar has yielded sufficiently to warn the user of a
problem.
The check is (as for rectangular beams): ku <= 0.4
This is seldom a problem, since we have a wide compression flange to help
us:
kud
But we should always check that this is satisfied.
16. Effective Inertia for Deflection Ief
This can be worked out by Branson’s formula, but can be time
consuming.
Best to use an approximation to start with, and then use the more
complicated method only if deflection appears to be a problem.
A very simple approximation for Ief was provided in AS3600 - 1994:
Ief = 0.045 bef d3 ( 0.7 + 0.3 bw / bef )3
Using EcIef, proceed to compute deflections as for a rectangular beam.
If calculated deflection is much less than the allowable deflection, then
further calculation is not required.
So what about detailing ? . . .
17. Detailing Primary slab rebar, top
and bottom:
Termination of bars to AS3600 Secondary
Figure 9.1.3.2 slab rebar:
Stirrups extended
into slab:
Main beam rebar:
The slab is designed as a one-way,
continuous slab, spanning across …and the beam is designed as a
the beam supports. simply supported T- (or L-) beam,
spanning across its supports.
18. SUMMARY
• A beam-and-slab system, with a one-way slab, and beams
cast compositely with the slab, is a highly efficient
floor system.
• The slab is designed as a continuous slab, using theory of
continuous beams (slabs), or the simplified ‘coefficient’
method (where applicable i.e. most of the time).
• Edge beams act as L-beams, and interior beams as
T-beams.
• L- and T-beams save weight, and provide a greater lever arm
for flexural strength and stiffness.
• Care is required to ensure that the beam and slab are
properly held together - hence attention to vertical and
horizontal shear force actions is required.
19. NEXT
14. Member Strength of Columns
(Lecture 15. on ‘Compression rebar for bending’ will be on
Monday next week)