Formwork is used to pour concrete into molds to form structures. It can be made from steel, wood, aluminum, or prefabricated forms. Good formwork is easy to remove, economical, leak-proof, rigid, durable, and provides smooth concrete surfaces. Formwork design considers categories like conventional, modern panel systems, and prefabricated modular systems. Steel, plywood, plastic, and aluminum are common materials. Proper bracing and erection sequences are needed to construct columns, beams, walls, stairs, and avoid failures during pouring.
Formwork Presentation for Construction TechnologyI'mMiss Lily
Ā
1. Formwork refers to the temporary structure used to support wet concrete until it is cured and can support itself. Common materials used include wood, steel, aluminum, plastic and plywood.
2. A good formwork must be water tight, strong, and reusable while also considering factors like quality, safety, and economy. It must be able to withstand loads, retain its shape, and be removed without damaging the concrete.
3. Different types of formworks are used for columns, beams, slabs, and other structural elements. Column formwork typically consists of side and end planks joined by yokes and bolts. Beam formworks use thick timber or plywood and are supported by props.
A presentation with exhaustive information about the general idea of formwork, the various types, the newest introductions and a comparative study between the conventional and modern-day formwork.
It also includes the study of causes of failure of formwork and the safety measures to be taken for preventing failure.
Formwork is used to create structures out of concrete that is poured into molds. It can be made from materials like steel, wood, aluminum, or prefabricated forms. Construction of formwork takes up 20-25% of total structure costs and involves supporting structures and molds. Proper formwork is designed to be easily removable, economical, leakproof, durable, rigid, provide smooth surfaces, be strong, and have adequate supports. Common types include conventional timber formwork, engineered prefabricated formwork, and modern systems like flying forms. Materials used include steel, plywood, plastic, and aluminum. Proper bracing and construction is needed to avoid failures from improper stripping, inadequate bracing, vibration
Formwork is used as a temporary mold for pouring concrete that will harden into the desired structural shape. There are various types of formwork classified by material (timber, plywood, steel, aluminum, plastic, magnesium) or purpose (slab formwork, beam formwork, column formwork). Proper formwork design is important to withstand loads, retain shape, prevent leakage, and allow removal without damage to concrete. The order and method of removing formwork is also important for safety.
It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is pouredĀ only to harden subsequently.
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Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain poured concrete until it cures and can support itself. It needs to be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and withstand pouring and compaction loads. New materials like steel and plastics are now used for formwork in addition to wood. Slipforming allows for continuous vertical pouring of concrete structures like building cores without relying on external support, by using a formwork that rises slowly on its own as concrete is added.
This presentation provides an overview of formwork, which is the mould used to support wet concrete until it cures. It discusses the requirements of good formwork including strength, rigidity, tight joints, and ease of removal. The economics of formwork are also covered, noting it can account for 30-100% of concrete costs depending on the project. The main types of formwork are then described - timber, steel, plywood, aluminum and plastic. Advantages and disadvantages of each type are listed. Construction details like propping, centering and stripping times are also summarized.
Formwork Presentation for Construction TechnologyI'mMiss Lily
Ā
1. Formwork refers to the temporary structure used to support wet concrete until it is cured and can support itself. Common materials used include wood, steel, aluminum, plastic and plywood.
2. A good formwork must be water tight, strong, and reusable while also considering factors like quality, safety, and economy. It must be able to withstand loads, retain its shape, and be removed without damaging the concrete.
3. Different types of formworks are used for columns, beams, slabs, and other structural elements. Column formwork typically consists of side and end planks joined by yokes and bolts. Beam formworks use thick timber or plywood and are supported by props.
A presentation with exhaustive information about the general idea of formwork, the various types, the newest introductions and a comparative study between the conventional and modern-day formwork.
It also includes the study of causes of failure of formwork and the safety measures to be taken for preventing failure.
Formwork is used to create structures out of concrete that is poured into molds. It can be made from materials like steel, wood, aluminum, or prefabricated forms. Construction of formwork takes up 20-25% of total structure costs and involves supporting structures and molds. Proper formwork is designed to be easily removable, economical, leakproof, durable, rigid, provide smooth surfaces, be strong, and have adequate supports. Common types include conventional timber formwork, engineered prefabricated formwork, and modern systems like flying forms. Materials used include steel, plywood, plastic, and aluminum. Proper bracing and construction is needed to avoid failures from improper stripping, inadequate bracing, vibration
Formwork is used as a temporary mold for pouring concrete that will harden into the desired structural shape. There are various types of formwork classified by material (timber, plywood, steel, aluminum, plastic, magnesium) or purpose (slab formwork, beam formwork, column formwork). Proper formwork design is important to withstand loads, retain shape, prevent leakage, and allow removal without damage to concrete. The order and method of removing formwork is also important for safety.
It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is pouredĀ only to harden subsequently.
formwork for concrete slab
beam formwork
steel formwork
doka h20
types of formwork
formwork for concrete
what is formwork in construction
building formwork
plywood disadvantages
advantage plywood
advantages and disadvantages of wood
best plywood for formwork
plywood formwork for concrete
mdf advantages and disadvantages
examples of advantages and disadvantages
advantage steel and construction
advantages of steel
disadvantages of steel structures
examples of advantages and disadvantages
advantages and disadvantages of surveys
wiki advantages and disadvantages
steel formwork design
steel formwork system
Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain poured concrete until it cures and can support itself. It needs to be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and withstand pouring and compaction loads. New materials like steel and plastics are now used for formwork in addition to wood. Slipforming allows for continuous vertical pouring of concrete structures like building cores without relying on external support, by using a formwork that rises slowly on its own as concrete is added.
This presentation provides an overview of formwork, which is the mould used to support wet concrete until it cures. It discusses the requirements of good formwork including strength, rigidity, tight joints, and ease of removal. The economics of formwork are also covered, noting it can account for 30-100% of concrete costs depending on the project. The main types of formwork are then described - timber, steel, plywood, aluminum and plastic. Advantages and disadvantages of each type are listed. Construction details like propping, centering and stripping times are also summarized.
This presentation provides an overview of formwork, which is the mould used to support wet concrete until it cures. It discusses the requirements of good formwork including strength, rigidity, tight joints, and ease of removal. The economics of formwork are also covered, noting it can account for 30-100% of concrete costs depending on the project. Different types of formwork are described like timber, steel, plywood, aluminum and plastic. Advantages and disadvantages of each type are given. Construction, propping, centering and stripping methods are outlined along with safety precautions for formwork.
This document defines formwork and its requirements, categories, types of materials used, and construction process. Formwork is a temporary mold into which concrete is poured and shaped. It must be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and loads. There are traditional, engineered, and modern modular types. Common materials are timber, steel, plastic, and aluminum. Proper construction and removal of formwork is important for quality, safety, and economy of concrete structures.
Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain and shape wet concrete until it hardens. It is commonly made from timber or steel. Formwork must balance requirements like containment, strength, resistance to leakage, accuracy, ease of handling, finish, access for concrete, and economy. It must safely support the weight of wet concrete and other loads until the concrete sets. Formwork design considers quality, safety, and minimizing costs through reuse. Forms are designed according to intended structural elements like walls, columns, beams, slabs, stairs, and more.
Formwork(Shuttering), Importance, Qualities of Formwork,types,Major objectives considered in formwork, Requirements of formwork,Formwork for Wall,Formwork for Column,Formwork for Slabs & beams ,Lintel or Beam Formwork, FORMWORK FOR SLAB,FORMWORK FOR STAIRS,FORMWORK FOR SPIRAL STAIRS,FORMWORK FOR CHIMNEYS,Removal of formwork,Time of Removal of formwork,Comparison between Steel and Timber Formwork,Cantilever slab,Maintenance of formwork,Cost of formwork,Advantages of steel form work,LOADS ON FORMWORK
Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain and shape wet concrete until it is cured, and gain sufficient strength to support its own weight. It is commonly made from timber or steel. Formwork must balance requirements like containment, strength, resistance to leakage, accuracy, ease of handling, finish, access for concrete, and economy. It is designed according to factors like the loads it will support, type of structure being built, and materials used. Formwork goes through stages of assembly, concrete placement, and stripping. Proper design, construction, and maintenance of formwork is important to produce high quality, safe concrete structures economically.
This presentation discusses formwork construction techniques. Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain and shape wet concrete until it hardens. It must be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and other loads. Common materials for formwork include timber and steel. Proper formwork design considers containment, strength, leakage resistance, accuracy, ease of handling, finish, access for concrete, and economy. Formwork is used for walls, columns, slabs, beams, stairs, chimneys, and other structural elements. Factors that influence when formwork can be removed include cement type, concrete mix ratio, and weather conditions. Maintenance and costs of formwork are also discussed.
Formwork is a temporary mold into which concrete is poured and shaped. It must be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and construction loads. Common materials for formwork include timber, steel, plastic, and aluminum. Proper construction and removal of formwork is important for quality, safety, and economy of concrete structures. Failure to properly brace, support, or remove formwork can lead to collapse during construction.
All you need to know about Construction FormworkAnkit Singhai
Ā
Formwork is temporary structure used to support and contain wet concrete until it hardens. It molds the concrete into the desired shape and controls its position. Formwork materials include lumber, plywood, steel, and plastics. Proper formwork design can significantly reduce construction costs. Formwork accounts for a large portion of the total cost of a concrete structure.
Formwork is a temporary structure used to support wet concrete until it cures and can support itself. It is usually constructed from wood or steel. Formwork must be strong yet easy to assemble and disassemble. It must safely support the weight of wet concrete without leaking or allowing deflection. Formwork is designed according to factors like the concrete mix design, structural member shape, loading conditions, and required surface finish. Formwork is an important but costly part of concrete construction.
This document discusses formwork, which is a mould used to contain and shape concrete until it hardens. Formwork is commonly made from timber or steel. It must be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and other loads without excessive deflection. Proper formwork design considers containment, strength, water tightness, accuracy, ease of handling, finish quality, and cost. The document describes formwork requirements and objectives, as well as details for common structural elements like walls, columns, beams, slabs, stairs, and removal procedures.
The document discusses flat grid or waffle slab systems. It defines waffle slabs as having two-directional reinforcement on the outside, giving it a waffle-like shape. This provides stability without using much material, making it suitable for large flat areas like foundations and floors. Waffle slabs are used in industrial and commercial buildings where large spans are needed with few columns. They provide features like using less concrete and steel than traditional slabs while providing strength and resistance to cracking and sagging. The document outlines the production, design, and construction process for waffle slabs and notes some iconic landmarks that have utilized this system.
Formwork is used to support wet concrete until it cures and can support itself. It must be strong yet allow concrete to be placed accurately to shape. Common materials include timber, plywood, steel, aluminum and plastics. Proper formwork design considers strength, containment, leakage prevention, finish quality, and economics. Specialized formwork like climbing, sliding, and tunnel forms improve efficiency for structures like walls, columns, and buildings. Proper formwork selection and construction is essential for quality, safety, and cost-effectiveness in concrete projects.
Formwork is a temporary structure used to hold wet concrete in desired shape until it hardens. It is classified based on size, material, and operation. Requirements include strength, water resistance, smooth surfaces. Common formwork includes foundations, walls, columns, slabs, beams, stairs using timber, steel, aluminum, plastic. Removal timing depends on concrete type. Cost is 30-60% of concrete cost. Advanced systems like REVOLA and LOGICA use steel/plywood/polymer facing for crane-lifted walls and columns, withstanding high pressures.
This document discusses formwork, which is used as a mold for pouring concrete. It begins by introducing formwork and its importance, comprising 20-25% of total construction costs. Requirements for formwork include strength, rigidity, tight joints, and removability. Common materials are timber, plywood, steel, and aluminum. Timber is most common but can warp or shrink. Stripping is the process of removing formwork. Indian standards specify shape retention and tolerances. The document then describes various types of formwork in more detail, including their characteristics and uses.
The document discusses steel formwork used for constructing concrete structures. Steel formwork consists of panels made from steel plates reinforced with steel angles. It has advantages over wooden formwork like strength, durability, and producing a smooth concrete surface. The time required to remove formwork depends on factors like cement type and weather conditions. Steel formwork requires maintenance like leveling plates but can be reused numerous times on projects.
Steel Structures - Building technology.pptxNikhil Raut
Ā
Steel structures are commonly used for high-rise buildings, long-span structures, industrial and warehouse buildings, and temporary structures due to steel's strength, light weight, speed of construction, and ability to create large spaces. Steel structures have advantages such as strength, flexibility, ductility, stability, earthquake resistance, and lighter weight compared to other materials. However, steel loses strength at high temperatures and is susceptible to corrosion. Common steel sections include angles, channels, I-beams, T-beams, round/square bars, and plates. Steel connections are made through bolting, riveting, and welding. Portal frames provide wide spans and are lightweight but require large members and cranes for erection.
Form work for R.C.C. Wall, slab, beam and column, centering for arches
of large spans and dams, design features for temporary works, slip
formwork, False work for Bridges
This document provides information on formwork design and construction. It discusses different types of formwork used for structural elements like slabs, beams, columns, footings, staircases and walls. Details are given on materials used, assembly, propping, bracing and stripping times. Guidelines are outlined for designing formwork to be strong, rigid, water tight and easily removable without damaging the concrete. The document emphasizes the importance of cleaning and treating forms prior to concrete placement.
Here is the table explaining the types of materials available for formwork:
Material | Suitability | Advantages | Disadvantages | Cost
-|-|-|-|-
Timber | Suitable for all types of formwork including beams, columns, slabs and foundations. Commonly used material. | Readily available. Easy to work with using basic carpentry tools. Can be reused multiple times if properly maintained. | Requires more maintenance between uses. Subject to damage. Absorbs water reducing quality of concrete surface. More combustible. | Low cost.
Plywood | Suitable for slab formwork and walls. | Strong and durable. Provides smooth concrete finish. Water resistant. | Heavier than timber. Requires proper support
The document provides instructions for operating an optical theodolite surveying instrument. It includes:
1) An overview of the instrument's applications in surveying, engineering, and construction projects.
2) Details on centering the instrument over survey points using either a plumb bob or optical plummet.
3) Procedures for leveling the instrument using either a plate level or automatic index to ensure accurate angle measurements.
This document discusses various quality control and materials testing methods. It describes mechanical tests like tensile, flattening, and hardness tests that physically test materials. It also discusses non-destructive tests like visual inspection, magnetic particle testing, and ultrasonic testing that inspect samples without damaging them. Specific testing methods are then outlined in more detail, including how tensile testing measures properties under loads, how bend tests evaluate ductility, and how dye penetrant testing locates surface defects using developer dyes.
This presentation provides an overview of formwork, which is the mould used to support wet concrete until it cures. It discusses the requirements of good formwork including strength, rigidity, tight joints, and ease of removal. The economics of formwork are also covered, noting it can account for 30-100% of concrete costs depending on the project. Different types of formwork are described like timber, steel, plywood, aluminum and plastic. Advantages and disadvantages of each type are given. Construction, propping, centering and stripping methods are outlined along with safety precautions for formwork.
This document defines formwork and its requirements, categories, types of materials used, and construction process. Formwork is a temporary mold into which concrete is poured and shaped. It must be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and loads. There are traditional, engineered, and modern modular types. Common materials are timber, steel, plastic, and aluminum. Proper construction and removal of formwork is important for quality, safety, and economy of concrete structures.
Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain and shape wet concrete until it hardens. It is commonly made from timber or steel. Formwork must balance requirements like containment, strength, resistance to leakage, accuracy, ease of handling, finish, access for concrete, and economy. It must safely support the weight of wet concrete and other loads until the concrete sets. Formwork design considers quality, safety, and minimizing costs through reuse. Forms are designed according to intended structural elements like walls, columns, beams, slabs, stairs, and more.
Formwork(Shuttering), Importance, Qualities of Formwork,types,Major objectives considered in formwork, Requirements of formwork,Formwork for Wall,Formwork for Column,Formwork for Slabs & beams ,Lintel or Beam Formwork, FORMWORK FOR SLAB,FORMWORK FOR STAIRS,FORMWORK FOR SPIRAL STAIRS,FORMWORK FOR CHIMNEYS,Removal of formwork,Time of Removal of formwork,Comparison between Steel and Timber Formwork,Cantilever slab,Maintenance of formwork,Cost of formwork,Advantages of steel form work,LOADS ON FORMWORK
Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain and shape wet concrete until it is cured, and gain sufficient strength to support its own weight. It is commonly made from timber or steel. Formwork must balance requirements like containment, strength, resistance to leakage, accuracy, ease of handling, finish, access for concrete, and economy. It is designed according to factors like the loads it will support, type of structure being built, and materials used. Formwork goes through stages of assembly, concrete placement, and stripping. Proper design, construction, and maintenance of formwork is important to produce high quality, safe concrete structures economically.
This presentation discusses formwork construction techniques. Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain and shape wet concrete until it hardens. It must be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and other loads. Common materials for formwork include timber and steel. Proper formwork design considers containment, strength, leakage resistance, accuracy, ease of handling, finish, access for concrete, and economy. Formwork is used for walls, columns, slabs, beams, stairs, chimneys, and other structural elements. Factors that influence when formwork can be removed include cement type, concrete mix ratio, and weather conditions. Maintenance and costs of formwork are also discussed.
Formwork is a temporary mold into which concrete is poured and shaped. It must be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and construction loads. Common materials for formwork include timber, steel, plastic, and aluminum. Proper construction and removal of formwork is important for quality, safety, and economy of concrete structures. Failure to properly brace, support, or remove formwork can lead to collapse during construction.
All you need to know about Construction FormworkAnkit Singhai
Ā
Formwork is temporary structure used to support and contain wet concrete until it hardens. It molds the concrete into the desired shape and controls its position. Formwork materials include lumber, plywood, steel, and plastics. Proper formwork design can significantly reduce construction costs. Formwork accounts for a large portion of the total cost of a concrete structure.
Formwork is a temporary structure used to support wet concrete until it cures and can support itself. It is usually constructed from wood or steel. Formwork must be strong yet easy to assemble and disassemble. It must safely support the weight of wet concrete without leaking or allowing deflection. Formwork is designed according to factors like the concrete mix design, structural member shape, loading conditions, and required surface finish. Formwork is an important but costly part of concrete construction.
This document discusses formwork, which is a mould used to contain and shape concrete until it hardens. Formwork is commonly made from timber or steel. It must be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and other loads without excessive deflection. Proper formwork design considers containment, strength, water tightness, accuracy, ease of handling, finish quality, and cost. The document describes formwork requirements and objectives, as well as details for common structural elements like walls, columns, beams, slabs, stairs, and removal procedures.
The document discusses flat grid or waffle slab systems. It defines waffle slabs as having two-directional reinforcement on the outside, giving it a waffle-like shape. This provides stability without using much material, making it suitable for large flat areas like foundations and floors. Waffle slabs are used in industrial and commercial buildings where large spans are needed with few columns. They provide features like using less concrete and steel than traditional slabs while providing strength and resistance to cracking and sagging. The document outlines the production, design, and construction process for waffle slabs and notes some iconic landmarks that have utilized this system.
Formwork is used to support wet concrete until it cures and can support itself. It must be strong yet allow concrete to be placed accurately to shape. Common materials include timber, plywood, steel, aluminum and plastics. Proper formwork design considers strength, containment, leakage prevention, finish quality, and economics. Specialized formwork like climbing, sliding, and tunnel forms improve efficiency for structures like walls, columns, and buildings. Proper formwork selection and construction is essential for quality, safety, and cost-effectiveness in concrete projects.
Formwork is a temporary structure used to hold wet concrete in desired shape until it hardens. It is classified based on size, material, and operation. Requirements include strength, water resistance, smooth surfaces. Common formwork includes foundations, walls, columns, slabs, beams, stairs using timber, steel, aluminum, plastic. Removal timing depends on concrete type. Cost is 30-60% of concrete cost. Advanced systems like REVOLA and LOGICA use steel/plywood/polymer facing for crane-lifted walls and columns, withstanding high pressures.
This document discusses formwork, which is used as a mold for pouring concrete. It begins by introducing formwork and its importance, comprising 20-25% of total construction costs. Requirements for formwork include strength, rigidity, tight joints, and removability. Common materials are timber, plywood, steel, and aluminum. Timber is most common but can warp or shrink. Stripping is the process of removing formwork. Indian standards specify shape retention and tolerances. The document then describes various types of formwork in more detail, including their characteristics and uses.
The document discusses steel formwork used for constructing concrete structures. Steel formwork consists of panels made from steel plates reinforced with steel angles. It has advantages over wooden formwork like strength, durability, and producing a smooth concrete surface. The time required to remove formwork depends on factors like cement type and weather conditions. Steel formwork requires maintenance like leveling plates but can be reused numerous times on projects.
Steel Structures - Building technology.pptxNikhil Raut
Ā
Steel structures are commonly used for high-rise buildings, long-span structures, industrial and warehouse buildings, and temporary structures due to steel's strength, light weight, speed of construction, and ability to create large spaces. Steel structures have advantages such as strength, flexibility, ductility, stability, earthquake resistance, and lighter weight compared to other materials. However, steel loses strength at high temperatures and is susceptible to corrosion. Common steel sections include angles, channels, I-beams, T-beams, round/square bars, and plates. Steel connections are made through bolting, riveting, and welding. Portal frames provide wide spans and are lightweight but require large members and cranes for erection.
Form work for R.C.C. Wall, slab, beam and column, centering for arches
of large spans and dams, design features for temporary works, slip
formwork, False work for Bridges
This document provides information on formwork design and construction. It discusses different types of formwork used for structural elements like slabs, beams, columns, footings, staircases and walls. Details are given on materials used, assembly, propping, bracing and stripping times. Guidelines are outlined for designing formwork to be strong, rigid, water tight and easily removable without damaging the concrete. The document emphasizes the importance of cleaning and treating forms prior to concrete placement.
Here is the table explaining the types of materials available for formwork:
Material | Suitability | Advantages | Disadvantages | Cost
-|-|-|-|-
Timber | Suitable for all types of formwork including beams, columns, slabs and foundations. Commonly used material. | Readily available. Easy to work with using basic carpentry tools. Can be reused multiple times if properly maintained. | Requires more maintenance between uses. Subject to damage. Absorbs water reducing quality of concrete surface. More combustible. | Low cost.
Plywood | Suitable for slab formwork and walls. | Strong and durable. Provides smooth concrete finish. Water resistant. | Heavier than timber. Requires proper support
The document provides instructions for operating an optical theodolite surveying instrument. It includes:
1) An overview of the instrument's applications in surveying, engineering, and construction projects.
2) Details on centering the instrument over survey points using either a plumb bob or optical plummet.
3) Procedures for leveling the instrument using either a plate level or automatic index to ensure accurate angle measurements.
This document discusses various quality control and materials testing methods. It describes mechanical tests like tensile, flattening, and hardness tests that physically test materials. It also discusses non-destructive tests like visual inspection, magnetic particle testing, and ultrasonic testing that inspect samples without damaging them. Specific testing methods are then outlined in more detail, including how tensile testing measures properties under loads, how bend tests evaluate ductility, and how dye penetrant testing locates surface defects using developer dyes.
This document provides an overview of ready mix concrete (RMC). It discusses the history and development of RMC, including its commercial introduction in the early 1900s. It describes the main production methods for RMC, including transit mixing, central mixing, and shrink mixing. It discusses the materials, plant, delivery, and placement of RMC. Some key structures built with RMC around the world are mentioned. Advantages of RMC include consistent quality control and time and cost savings over traditional on-site mixing. The future of RMC in India is seen as bright with more infrastructure development.
This document discusses different modes of transportation and provides details about road transportation classification in India. It describes the following road classifications based on location and function: national highways connecting major cities and ports, state highways connecting national highways and districts, major district roads serving production and market areas, other district roads connecting to taluka headquarters, and village roads connecting villages to other roads. It also discusses urban road classifications including arterial, sub-arterial, collector, and local streets.
The document provides information about formwork, which is a temporary structure used to support wet concrete until it is cured. It defines formwork and discusses its qualities, types, details for different structural elements, installation and removal times. It also addresses the costs associated with formwork and advantages of steel formwork over wood. Scaffolding, shoring and underpinning methods - which are also temporary structures - are briefly defined.
This document discusses different modes of transportation and classifications of roads. It covers the following key points:
1) Road transportation is an important mode as it allows for quick and easy transport of passengers and goods over short distances. Roads are classified based on factors like traffic volume, location, and materials used.
2) Rail transportation is well-suited for mass transport of people and bulk goods over long distances. Railways have different track gauges in India.
3) Other modes discussed include waterways and airways, along with their advantages and limitations.
4) The document provides details on the classification of roads in India according to the Nagpur Road Plan into national highways, state highways, major district
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Ā
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Ā
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
ā¢ On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
ā¢ Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
ā¢ As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
peopleās freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
ā¢ He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
Ā
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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2. What is Formwork?
ā¢ Formwork in construction is the use of support structures and moulds to
create structures out of concrete which is poured into the moulds. Formwork
can be made using moulds out of steel, wood, aluminium and/or
prefabricated forms.
ā¢ Formwork is an ancillary construction, used as a mould for a structure. Into
this mould, fresh concrete is placed only to harden subsequently.
ā¢ The construction of formwork takes time and involves expenditure up to 20
to 25% of the cost of the structure or even more.
ā¢ The operation of removing the formwork is known as stripping. Stripped
formwork can be reused. Reusable forms are known as panel forms and non-
usable are called stationary forms
3. A good formwork should satisfy the following requirements:
ļ· Easy removal Rigidity
ļ· Economy Smooth surface
ļ· less leakage Strength
ļ· Quality Supports
ā¢ Easy removal :Construction of formwork should permit removal of various parts in desired sequences
without damage to the concrete.
ā¢ Economy :Material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available and should be suitable for reuse
ā¢ less leakage :The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage of cement grout.
ā¢ Quality: Material of the formwork should not wrapper get distorted when exposed to the elements
4. A good formwork should satisfy the following requirements:
ā¢ Rigidity :Rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced both horizontally and
vertically, so as to retain its shape sequences without damage to the concrete
ā¢ Smooth surface : The formwork should be set accurately to the desired line and levels
should have plane surface.
ā¢ Strength : Strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live loads.
ā¢ Supports : As light as possible and Should rest on firm base.
5. Categories of formwork
ā¢ Conventional:
The formwork is built on site out
of timber and plywood or moisture-
resistant particleboard. It is easy to produce but time-consuming for larger
structures, and the plywood facing has a relatively short lifespan. It is still used
extensively where the labour costs are lower than the costs for procuring
reusable formwork. It is also the most flexible type of formwork, so even where
other systems are in use, complicated sections may use it.
ā¢ Modern-Day Formworks: This formwork systems are mostly modular, which are designed for
speed and efficiency. They are designed to provide increased accuracy and minimize waste in
construction and most have enhanced health and safety features built-in. The main types of
formwork systems in use now are:
1- System column formwork 2- Horizontal panel 3- Slip form 4- Tunnel form
6. Categories of formwork
Engineered/Pre-fabricated Formworks:
ā¢ This formwork is built out of prefabricated modules with a metal frame (usually
steel or aluminium) and covered on the application (concrete) side with material having the wanted
surface structure (steel, aluminium, timber, etc.). The two major advantages of formwork systems,
compared to traditional timber formwork, are speed of construction and lower life-cycle costs (barring
major force, the frame is almost indestructible, while the covering if made of wood; may have to be
replaced after a few ā or a few dozen ā uses, but if the covering is made with steel or aluminium theform
can achieve up to two thousand uses depending on care and the applications).
7. Steel formwork
ā¢This consist of panels fabricated out of thin steel plates stiffened
along the edges by small steel angles.
ā¢The panel units can be held together through the use of suitable
clamps or bolts and nuts.
ā¢The panels can be fabricated in large number in any desired
modular shape or size.
ā¢Steel forms are largely used in large projects or in situation where
large number reuses of the shuttering is possible.
ā¢This type of shuttering is considered most suitable for circular or
curved structures.
8. Steel formwork
Advantages Disadvantages
ā¢
ā¢
ā¢
ā¢
ā¢
ā¢
It can be used for a no. of times.
It is non absorbent.
Smooth finish surface obtained.
No shrinkage of formwork occurs.
Easy to use.
Its volume is less.
Its strength is more.
ā¢ Limited size or shape
ā¢ Excessive loss of heat
ā¢ A very smooth surface
will be produced which
give problems for finishing
process
ā¢ Limited fixing
9. plywood formwork
Timber for formwork should satisfy the following requirement: It should
beā¢well seasoned
ā¢ light in weight
ā¢easily workable with nails without splitting
ā¢free from loose knots
Timber used for shuttering for exposed concrete work should have smooth
and even surface on all faces which come in contact with concrete.
ļ· Sheeting for slabs, beam, column side and
beam bottom 25 mm to 40mm thick
ļ· Joints, ledges 50 x 70 mm to 50 x 150mm
ļ· Posts 75 x 100mm to 100 x 100mm
10. Plastic formwork
ā¢ Glass reinforced plastics (GRP) and vacuum formed
plastics are used when complicated concrete shapes are
required (e.g. waffle floors).
ā¢ Although vacuum formed plastics will always need
support, GRP can be fabricated with integral bearers
making it self supporting.
ā¢ Like steel, plastic formwork can be re-used many times, as
long as care is taken not to scour the surface whilst
vibrating the concrete.
11. Aluminum formwork
ļ· Often used in pre-fabricated formwork, that is put together on site.
ļ· Aluminium is strong and light, and consequently fewer supports and ties are required.
ļ· The lighter sections will deflect more, but this can be avoided by simply following the
manufacturers recommendations.
1. It can be used repeatedly with low average use-cost.
2. Construction is Convenient and Effective.
3. Saving on Construction Time.
4. Wide Application.
5. No construction Garbage on Site.
6. Flexibility.
7. Good stability, high bearing capacity.
12. FORMWORK FOR WALL
It consists of
ā¢ Timber sheeting
ā¢ Vertical posts
ā¢ Horizontal members
ā¢ Rackers
ā¢ Stakes
ā¢ Wedges
After completing one side of formwork
reinforcement is provided at the place then the
second side formwork is provided.
13. FORMWORK FOR COLUMN
ā¢ It consists of the following
ā Side & End Planks
ā Yoke
ā Nut & Bolts
ā¢ Two end & two side planks are joined
by the yokes and bolts.
14.
15. Erection sequence for a column
Prior to positioning column formwork check that steel for the colum
n has been inspected and cleared for casting.
- Position formwork for the column from predetermined grids.
- Plumb formwork both ways and securely support using adjustab le steel props.
- The propping angle should be 45Ā° to the floor.
- Ensure the steel props are safely secured to the column formwo rk and the floor, and that
adjustment for pushing and pulling is operational.
- Set out the positions of column clamps from a storey rod.
- Transfer the column clamp positions from the storey rod on to - column formwork.
-
16. - Use nails to support the arms of column
clamps while wedging.
- Position and wedge the bottom, middle
and top clamps sets.
-
- Check the formwork at the top for
square.
-
- Position and wedge the remainder of the
column clamps.
-
- Using a plumb bob suspended from a gauge block plumb the column.
17. Circular and octagonal column
Circular column formwork
ā¢ Fabricated steel, usually two piece, and of
ten with a hinge.
ā¢ Fibre cement pipes which are left in place
as permanent formwork.
ā¢ Timber sheathing tied with standard colu
mn clamps. Corners need to have infill pie
ces. Alternatively, metal strap can be use
d without the need for corner infills.
18. Erection sequence for a column
ā¢ Beam soffit must be thickened timber or strengthe
ned plywood.
ā¢ Beam sides 18mm plywood or 25mm boards, with
studs (cleats) at 500 to 600mm centres.
ā¢ Deep beams (over 600mm) should have walkers an
d ties.
ā¢ Use angle fillets in the beam side to soffit joint wh
ere possible.
ā¢ Allowance must be made for height adjustment of
the props or false work.
Erection sequence for constructing beam formwork
includes
ā¢ Position of sole plates;
ā¢Marking out and setting heights for false works;
ā¢Assemble and position props, adjustable head jacks,
false works , bearers and Spreaders;
ā¢Construct and erect side walls and beam soffit.
20. Column bracing formwork
ā¢Column formwork bracing performs two functions:
ā¢It must maintain the accuracy of the column form position and plumb so that it is
within tolerance.
ā¢Withstand results of forces acting on either the column formwork or the bracing. Th
e forces may be wind or impact. These impact forces can occur from the collision of
concrete buckets or cranes hoisting materials
21. Form work for stairs
ā¢Points to consider when designing stair form work:
Stair formwork must support the weight of concrete the weight of the throat
of the stair and the steps will have to be supported.Because of the slope of the
stair, some of the force i s transmitted sideways. All formwork must be well
tied together to prevent sideway movement.Consider the finish of the stair
treads and type of no sing. Space may have to be left for purpose made n osing.
22. FAILURE OF FORMWORK
ļ¼Formwork failures are the cause of many accidents and failures that occur
during concrete construction which usually happen when fresh concrete is placed
ļ¼Generally some unexpected event causes one member to fail, then others
become overloaded or misaligned and the entire formwork structure collapses
ļ¼Improper stripping and shore removal
ļ¼Inadequate bracing
ļ¼Vibration
ļ¼Unstable soil under mudsills, shoring not plumb
ļ¼Inadequate control of concrete placement
ļ¼Lack of attention to formwork details ļ¼Inadequate cross bracing and horizontal
bracing of shores
ļ¼Forms sometime collapse when their shores/ jack are displaced by the vibration
caused by:
23. ā¢ passing traffic
ā¢ movement of workers & equipment on the formwork
ā¢ the effect of vibrating concrete to consolidate it
Erection sequence for a column
ā¢ Beam soffit must be thickened timber or strengthe ned plywood.
ā¢ Beam sides 18mm plywood or 25mm boards, with studs (cleats) at 500 to 600mm centres.
ā¢ Deep beams (over 600mm) should have walkers an d ties.
ā¢ Use angle fillets in the beam side to soffit joint wh ere possible.
ā¢ Allowance must be made for height adjustment of the props or false work. Erection sequence for
constructing beam formwork includes
24. ā¢ Position of sole plates;
ā¢Marking out and setting heights for false works;
ā¢Assemble and position props, adjustable head jacks, false works , bearers and Spreaders;
ā¢Construct and erect side walls and beam soffit.
ā¢ Position of sole plates
Material used in formwork
(1) Steel formwork
(2)Plywood formwork
(3)Plastic formwork
(4)Aluminum formwork
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