Here is the table explaining the types of materials available for formwork:
Material | Suitability | Advantages | Disadvantages | Cost
-|-|-|-|-
Timber | Suitable for all types of formwork including beams, columns, slabs and foundations. Commonly used material. | Readily available. Easy to work with using basic carpentry tools. Can be reused multiple times if properly maintained. | Requires more maintenance between uses. Subject to damage. Absorbs water reducing quality of concrete surface. More combustible. | Low cost.
Plywood | Suitable for slab formwork and walls. | Strong and durable. Provides smooth concrete finish. Water resistant. | Heavier than timber. Requires proper support
Formwork is used to create structures out of concrete that is poured into molds. It can be made from materials like steel, wood, aluminum, or prefabricated forms. Construction of formwork takes up 20-25% of total structure costs and involves supporting structures and molds. Proper formwork is designed to be easily removable, economical, leakproof, durable, rigid, provide smooth surfaces, be strong, and have adequate supports. Common types include conventional timber formwork, engineered prefabricated formwork, and modern systems like flying forms. Materials used include steel, plywood, plastic, and aluminum. Proper bracing and construction is needed to avoid failures from improper stripping, inadequate bracing, vibration
This document defines formwork and its requirements, categories, types of materials used, and construction process. Formwork is a temporary mold into which concrete is poured and shaped. It must be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and loads. There are traditional, engineered, and modern modular types. Common materials are timber, steel, plastic, and aluminum. Proper construction and removal of formwork is important for quality, safety, and economy of concrete structures.
A presentation with exhaustive information about the general idea of formwork, the various types, the newest introductions and a comparative study between the conventional and modern-day formwork.
It also includes the study of causes of failure of formwork and the safety measures to be taken for preventing failure.
The document discusses building maintenance from a civil engineer's perspective. It provides an overview of aspects engineers should consider at different stages, from design to planning maintenance. Key points include:
- Maintenance planning should start at the design stage to prevent defects and reduce long-term costs. Factors like material selection and accessibility for maintenance are important.
- Developing a maintenance plan and budget helps maintain asset value systematically rather than through ad-hoc repairs. Regular inspections and record-keeping are important.
- Building defects can arise from design failures, construction issues, or material problems. Understanding defect causes allows for better maintenance management.
It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently.
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The document discusses steel framing systems, including cold-formed structures and composite floor slabs. It provides details on the manufacturing process of cold-formed steel and installation of composite slabs. Advantages and disadvantages of both systems are outlined. The document also includes two case studies on buildings that utilized these steel framing techniques: a hotel project in Ohio and a student housing development in California. Both case studies highlight how the steel systems helped reduce construction timelines.
Slip form construction is a method where concrete is poured into a continuously moving form to construct structures without joints. There are two main types - vertical slip forming used for tall structures like buildings and towers, and horizontal slip forming for pavement. The moving formwork is supported by hydraulic jacks and remains intact until the entire structure is completed, allowing faster construction at lower cost compared to traditional formwork. Slip forming produces monolithic, jointless structures but requires careful planning of the construction process and a skilled workforce.
1. Superstructure construction includes column, beam, floor, wall and roof located above ground level. Materials used are timber, steel and concrete.
2. Timber floor construction involves plank wood supported by timber joists and beams. Reinforced concrete uses column and beam construction with formwork, steel bar installation and concrete pouring.
3. Load bearing walls support loads and transfer to foundation, with minimum thickness of one brick. Non-load bearing walls only support own weight and are half brick thickness.
Formwork is used to create structures out of concrete that is poured into molds. It can be made from materials like steel, wood, aluminum, or prefabricated forms. Construction of formwork takes up 20-25% of total structure costs and involves supporting structures and molds. Proper formwork is designed to be easily removable, economical, leakproof, durable, rigid, provide smooth surfaces, be strong, and have adequate supports. Common types include conventional timber formwork, engineered prefabricated formwork, and modern systems like flying forms. Materials used include steel, plywood, plastic, and aluminum. Proper bracing and construction is needed to avoid failures from improper stripping, inadequate bracing, vibration
This document defines formwork and its requirements, categories, types of materials used, and construction process. Formwork is a temporary mold into which concrete is poured and shaped. It must be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and loads. There are traditional, engineered, and modern modular types. Common materials are timber, steel, plastic, and aluminum. Proper construction and removal of formwork is important for quality, safety, and economy of concrete structures.
A presentation with exhaustive information about the general idea of formwork, the various types, the newest introductions and a comparative study between the conventional and modern-day formwork.
It also includes the study of causes of failure of formwork and the safety measures to be taken for preventing failure.
The document discusses building maintenance from a civil engineer's perspective. It provides an overview of aspects engineers should consider at different stages, from design to planning maintenance. Key points include:
- Maintenance planning should start at the design stage to prevent defects and reduce long-term costs. Factors like material selection and accessibility for maintenance are important.
- Developing a maintenance plan and budget helps maintain asset value systematically rather than through ad-hoc repairs. Regular inspections and record-keeping are important.
- Building defects can arise from design failures, construction issues, or material problems. Understanding defect causes allows for better maintenance management.
It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently.
formwork for concrete slab
beam formwork
steel formwork
doka h20
types of formwork
formwork for concrete
what is formwork in construction
building formwork
plywood disadvantages
advantage plywood
advantages and disadvantages of wood
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mdf advantages and disadvantages
examples of advantages and disadvantages
advantage steel and construction
advantages of steel
disadvantages of steel structures
examples of advantages and disadvantages
advantages and disadvantages of surveys
wiki advantages and disadvantages
steel formwork design
steel formwork system
The document discusses steel framing systems, including cold-formed structures and composite floor slabs. It provides details on the manufacturing process of cold-formed steel and installation of composite slabs. Advantages and disadvantages of both systems are outlined. The document also includes two case studies on buildings that utilized these steel framing techniques: a hotel project in Ohio and a student housing development in California. Both case studies highlight how the steel systems helped reduce construction timelines.
Slip form construction is a method where concrete is poured into a continuously moving form to construct structures without joints. There are two main types - vertical slip forming used for tall structures like buildings and towers, and horizontal slip forming for pavement. The moving formwork is supported by hydraulic jacks and remains intact until the entire structure is completed, allowing faster construction at lower cost compared to traditional formwork. Slip forming produces monolithic, jointless structures but requires careful planning of the construction process and a skilled workforce.
1. Superstructure construction includes column, beam, floor, wall and roof located above ground level. Materials used are timber, steel and concrete.
2. Timber floor construction involves plank wood supported by timber joists and beams. Reinforced concrete uses column and beam construction with formwork, steel bar installation and concrete pouring.
3. Load bearing walls support loads and transfer to foundation, with minimum thickness of one brick. Non-load bearing walls only support own weight and are half brick thickness.
This document contains a bill of quantities for a Class D bungalow project. It includes item descriptions, quantities, units, and rates for external walls, internal walls, wall finishes, floor finishes, ceiling finishes, and a summary page. Quantities and costs are provided for various construction materials and tasks such as brickwork, plastering, tiling, and painting of walls, floors and ceilings of the bungalow.
Shoring is used to support trench faces and prevent soil and underground utility movement. It is used when trench depths make sloping back to a safe angle impractical. There are three main types of shoring: timber shoring using wood sheets and posts; hydraulic shoring using prefabricated aluminum or steel struts, wales and sheeting; and pneumatic shoring which is similar but uses air pressure instead of hydraulic pressure. Shoring must be installed from the top down and removed from the bottom up.
The document summarizes the construction process observed at a construction site visited by the authors. It describes the site location and type of buildings being constructed. Safety measures at the site include signage and required protective equipment. Various plants and machinery used at different stages are discussed, including excavators, backhoes, cranes and concrete mixers. Foundations works involving piling and excavations are mentioned.
This document discusses various types of flooring and wall cladding materials used in construction. It provides information on exterior and interior insulation finishing systems, roofing materials, waterproofing treatments, damp proofing, and terminite proofing. It also describes different stone flooring options like Shahabad stone, Kota stone, and marble stone flooring. Additional flooring materials discussed include chequered tiles, glazed tiles, block paving, terrazzo tiles, and various types of floor finishes.
This document discusses timber as a structural building material. It notes that timber is a renewable resource with low environmental impact compared to other materials. Timber structures use vertical posts and horizontal beams. As a structure, timber can transmit and resist loads through axial compression and bending. Properties like stress, deflection and strength depend on factors like grain direction, load type and material properties. Timber combines well with other materials like steel and concrete in composite structures.
The document provides information on various external finish materials, including glass, stucco, fibre cement, timber and wood products, and slate. It discusses the properties and applications of each material. Glass is highlighted for its transparency, aesthetics, and functional uses such as doors, windows, and partitions. Stucco is described as a composite building material used for decorative wall coating. Fiber cement is a composite material made of sand, cement and cellulose fibers used for siding. Various wood types and products are outlined, including their properties, common applications, and advantages for construction. Slate is discussed as a roofing material known for its durability and low maintenance.
Composite structure of concrete and steel.Suhailkhan204
This document discusses composite structures, which combine steel and concrete materials. The key elements of composite structures are composite deck slabs, beams, and columns, along with shear connectors. Composite structures take advantage of concrete's compressive strength and steel's tensile strength. They provide benefits like increased load capacity, stiffness, fire resistance, and cost savings compared to traditional steel or concrete construction alone. An example project, the Millennium Tower in Vienna, is described. The document analyzes costs and concludes that composite structures are best suited for high-rise buildings due to reduced weight, increased ductility, and savings of around 10% compared to reinforced concrete.
The document discusses common construction defects in buildings such as cracks and dampness. It defines construction defects and lists main causes as application of forces, effects of materials, temperature changes, and biological agents. Common cracks are categorized based on width and appearance. Cracks are further divided into structural and non-structural types. Main causes of cracks are identified as drying shrinkage, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, foundation movement, and vegetation growth. Specific defect examples and their causes are outlined, such as cracks in brickwork from lack of tying and defective flashing. Remedies for preventing common defects are also provided.
This document discusses the three basic types of superstructures: solid, skeleton, and surface structures. Solid structures combine load bearing with enclosure, transferring loads through walls. Examples include cellular/box frames and cross-walls. Skeleton structures concentrate loads through a load-bearing framework to foundations below. Examples include truss frames, portal frames, and suspension frames. Surface structures are thin materials shaped to gain strength through curvature, with examples being shell domes, barrel vaults, and folded plates.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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This document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete elements are cast and cured off-site then transported for assembly, allowing more efficient production and quality control.
- Elements include slabs, beams, columns, and wall panels that are joined on-site through embedded bolts, plates, and grouted connections.
- The precasting process involves casting concrete around prestressing strands to add strength, then cutting sections and transporting them for erection.
This report compares design codes for hollow block and ribbed slabs. It includes:
- A comparison of limitations between Egyptian, British, Euro and American codes on rib spacing, slab thickness, and other parameters.
- Solved examples for one-way and two-way slabs according to different codes, finding the Egyptian code most economical.
- Analysis of using one or two cross-ribs, determining one rib at midspan is sufficient.
- Different modeling methods for the slabs in structural analysis software, with minor differences in results.
- Case studies presented for one-way, cantilever, two-way hollow block slabs, and ribbed slabs using
Steel structures are made from combinations of structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. Common steel structures include buildings, bridges, and towers. Steel comes in various grades depending on carbon content, including low carbon steel (mild steel), medium carbon steel, and high carbon steel. Steel structures offer advantages like strength, light weight, and ease of fabrication but require maintenance to prevent corrosion. Common steel sections used in construction include I-beams, channels, angles, and hollow sections. Connections between steel members can be welded, bolted, or riveted.
Chapter 10 wall finishes ( plastering,pointing & painting)KHUSHBU SHAH
This document discusses various aspects of wall finishes, specifically plastering, pointing, and painting. It begins by defining plastering as a process of obtaining a smooth surface on rough walls, roofs, columns, and ceilings. It then discusses the different types of mortars used for plastering, including lime, cement, and lime cement mortars. The document also covers methods of plastering such as multi-coat plastering and describes common plaster finishes. It concludes by discussing pointing in masonry construction and various pointing techniques.
The document discusses common defects found in buildings such as cracks and dampness. It categorizes defects into pre-construction, during construction, and post-construction. Cracks can be structural or non-structural, and are caused by factors like drying shrinkage, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, and foundation issues. Dampness is usually due to penetrating damp from gaps or rising damp without a proper damp proof course. Preventive measures include proper design, materials, construction practices, and addressing the root causes of defects.
What are methods of steel structure designnajeeb muhamed
There are three different methods for design of steel structure, i.e. simple design, continuous design and semi-continuous steel design.
Joints in structures have been assumed to behave as either pinned or rigid to render design calculations manageable.
In simple design the joints are idealised as perfect pins. Continuous design assumes that joints are rigid and that no relative rotation of connected members occurs whatever the applied moment.
The vast majority of designs carried out today make one of these two assumptions, but a more realistic alternative is now possible, which is known as semi-continuous design.
Ferrocement is a type of thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar reinforced with closely spaced wire mesh. It has a higher ratio of steel to cement than conventional concrete. Ferrocement was invented in France in the 1840s and provides high tensile strength, durability, and versatility due to its composition and thin walls. It can be cast into various shapes using different techniques like hand plastering, semi-mechanized processes, centrifuging, or guniting. Ferrocement has applications in water tanks, boats, roofs, and other prefabricated structures due to its properties and ease of production.
The document provides details about the Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, including:
- The towers were designed by Cesar Pelly and inspired by Tun Dr. Mahathir to have Islamic elements and make Malaysia well known.
- Tower 1 was constructed by Majors Joint Venture and Tower 2 by Samsung Engineering & Construction over 25 and 24 months respectively.
- The structural frame uses high-strength concrete columns, a core, and ring beams. It discusses the core, columns, foundations, pinnacles, and skybridge components.
- Other buildings discussed include the Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque, Putrajaya International Convention
Formwork Presentation for Construction TechnologyI'mMiss Lily
1. Formwork refers to the temporary structure used to support wet concrete until it is cured and can support itself. Common materials used include wood, steel, aluminum, plastic and plywood.
2. A good formwork must be water tight, strong, and reusable while also considering factors like quality, safety, and economy. It must be able to withstand loads, retain its shape, and be removed without damaging the concrete.
3. Different types of formworks are used for columns, beams, slabs, and other structural elements. Column formwork typically consists of side and end planks joined by yokes and bolts. Beam formworks use thick timber or plywood and are supported by props.
Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain poured concrete until it cures and can support itself. It needs to be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and withstand pouring and compaction loads. New materials like steel and plastics are now used for formwork in addition to wood. Slipforming allows for continuous vertical pouring of concrete structures like building cores without relying on external support, by using a formwork that rises slowly on its own as concrete is added.
This document contains a bill of quantities for a Class D bungalow project. It includes item descriptions, quantities, units, and rates for external walls, internal walls, wall finishes, floor finishes, ceiling finishes, and a summary page. Quantities and costs are provided for various construction materials and tasks such as brickwork, plastering, tiling, and painting of walls, floors and ceilings of the bungalow.
Shoring is used to support trench faces and prevent soil and underground utility movement. It is used when trench depths make sloping back to a safe angle impractical. There are three main types of shoring: timber shoring using wood sheets and posts; hydraulic shoring using prefabricated aluminum or steel struts, wales and sheeting; and pneumatic shoring which is similar but uses air pressure instead of hydraulic pressure. Shoring must be installed from the top down and removed from the bottom up.
The document summarizes the construction process observed at a construction site visited by the authors. It describes the site location and type of buildings being constructed. Safety measures at the site include signage and required protective equipment. Various plants and machinery used at different stages are discussed, including excavators, backhoes, cranes and concrete mixers. Foundations works involving piling and excavations are mentioned.
This document discusses various types of flooring and wall cladding materials used in construction. It provides information on exterior and interior insulation finishing systems, roofing materials, waterproofing treatments, damp proofing, and terminite proofing. It also describes different stone flooring options like Shahabad stone, Kota stone, and marble stone flooring. Additional flooring materials discussed include chequered tiles, glazed tiles, block paving, terrazzo tiles, and various types of floor finishes.
This document discusses timber as a structural building material. It notes that timber is a renewable resource with low environmental impact compared to other materials. Timber structures use vertical posts and horizontal beams. As a structure, timber can transmit and resist loads through axial compression and bending. Properties like stress, deflection and strength depend on factors like grain direction, load type and material properties. Timber combines well with other materials like steel and concrete in composite structures.
The document provides information on various external finish materials, including glass, stucco, fibre cement, timber and wood products, and slate. It discusses the properties and applications of each material. Glass is highlighted for its transparency, aesthetics, and functional uses such as doors, windows, and partitions. Stucco is described as a composite building material used for decorative wall coating. Fiber cement is a composite material made of sand, cement and cellulose fibers used for siding. Various wood types and products are outlined, including their properties, common applications, and advantages for construction. Slate is discussed as a roofing material known for its durability and low maintenance.
Composite structure of concrete and steel.Suhailkhan204
This document discusses composite structures, which combine steel and concrete materials. The key elements of composite structures are composite deck slabs, beams, and columns, along with shear connectors. Composite structures take advantage of concrete's compressive strength and steel's tensile strength. They provide benefits like increased load capacity, stiffness, fire resistance, and cost savings compared to traditional steel or concrete construction alone. An example project, the Millennium Tower in Vienna, is described. The document analyzes costs and concludes that composite structures are best suited for high-rise buildings due to reduced weight, increased ductility, and savings of around 10% compared to reinforced concrete.
The document discusses common construction defects in buildings such as cracks and dampness. It defines construction defects and lists main causes as application of forces, effects of materials, temperature changes, and biological agents. Common cracks are categorized based on width and appearance. Cracks are further divided into structural and non-structural types. Main causes of cracks are identified as drying shrinkage, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, foundation movement, and vegetation growth. Specific defect examples and their causes are outlined, such as cracks in brickwork from lack of tying and defective flashing. Remedies for preventing common defects are also provided.
This document discusses the three basic types of superstructures: solid, skeleton, and surface structures. Solid structures combine load bearing with enclosure, transferring loads through walls. Examples include cellular/box frames and cross-walls. Skeleton structures concentrate loads through a load-bearing framework to foundations below. Examples include truss frames, portal frames, and suspension frames. Surface structures are thin materials shaped to gain strength through curvature, with examples being shell domes, barrel vaults, and folded plates.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
pipe expansion joint us bellows us bellows catalogue rubber expansion joint metal expansion joints driveway expansion joint filler flexi craft expansion joints building expansion joint systems
construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joint sidewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
monolithic isolation joints isolation joint material isolation joint vs expansion joint isolation joint neo prene insulating joints pipeline isolation joint vs control joint isolation joints in concrete concrete slab isolation joint
construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joints idewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
concrete joint filler
concrete joint filler strips
control joint vs construction joint concrete
concrete control joint filler
concrete slab control joint detail
types of concrete expansion joints
construction joint concrete
control joints in concrete
This document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete elements are cast and cured off-site then transported for assembly, allowing more efficient production and quality control.
- Elements include slabs, beams, columns, and wall panels that are joined on-site through embedded bolts, plates, and grouted connections.
- The precasting process involves casting concrete around prestressing strands to add strength, then cutting sections and transporting them for erection.
This report compares design codes for hollow block and ribbed slabs. It includes:
- A comparison of limitations between Egyptian, British, Euro and American codes on rib spacing, slab thickness, and other parameters.
- Solved examples for one-way and two-way slabs according to different codes, finding the Egyptian code most economical.
- Analysis of using one or two cross-ribs, determining one rib at midspan is sufficient.
- Different modeling methods for the slabs in structural analysis software, with minor differences in results.
- Case studies presented for one-way, cantilever, two-way hollow block slabs, and ribbed slabs using
Steel structures are made from combinations of structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. Common steel structures include buildings, bridges, and towers. Steel comes in various grades depending on carbon content, including low carbon steel (mild steel), medium carbon steel, and high carbon steel. Steel structures offer advantages like strength, light weight, and ease of fabrication but require maintenance to prevent corrosion. Common steel sections used in construction include I-beams, channels, angles, and hollow sections. Connections between steel members can be welded, bolted, or riveted.
Chapter 10 wall finishes ( plastering,pointing & painting)KHUSHBU SHAH
This document discusses various aspects of wall finishes, specifically plastering, pointing, and painting. It begins by defining plastering as a process of obtaining a smooth surface on rough walls, roofs, columns, and ceilings. It then discusses the different types of mortars used for plastering, including lime, cement, and lime cement mortars. The document also covers methods of plastering such as multi-coat plastering and describes common plaster finishes. It concludes by discussing pointing in masonry construction and various pointing techniques.
The document discusses common defects found in buildings such as cracks and dampness. It categorizes defects into pre-construction, during construction, and post-construction. Cracks can be structural or non-structural, and are caused by factors like drying shrinkage, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, and foundation issues. Dampness is usually due to penetrating damp from gaps or rising damp without a proper damp proof course. Preventive measures include proper design, materials, construction practices, and addressing the root causes of defects.
What are methods of steel structure designnajeeb muhamed
There are three different methods for design of steel structure, i.e. simple design, continuous design and semi-continuous steel design.
Joints in structures have been assumed to behave as either pinned or rigid to render design calculations manageable.
In simple design the joints are idealised as perfect pins. Continuous design assumes that joints are rigid and that no relative rotation of connected members occurs whatever the applied moment.
The vast majority of designs carried out today make one of these two assumptions, but a more realistic alternative is now possible, which is known as semi-continuous design.
Ferrocement is a type of thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar reinforced with closely spaced wire mesh. It has a higher ratio of steel to cement than conventional concrete. Ferrocement was invented in France in the 1840s and provides high tensile strength, durability, and versatility due to its composition and thin walls. It can be cast into various shapes using different techniques like hand plastering, semi-mechanized processes, centrifuging, or guniting. Ferrocement has applications in water tanks, boats, roofs, and other prefabricated structures due to its properties and ease of production.
The document provides details about the Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, including:
- The towers were designed by Cesar Pelly and inspired by Tun Dr. Mahathir to have Islamic elements and make Malaysia well known.
- Tower 1 was constructed by Majors Joint Venture and Tower 2 by Samsung Engineering & Construction over 25 and 24 months respectively.
- The structural frame uses high-strength concrete columns, a core, and ring beams. It discusses the core, columns, foundations, pinnacles, and skybridge components.
- Other buildings discussed include the Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque, Putrajaya International Convention
Formwork Presentation for Construction TechnologyI'mMiss Lily
1. Formwork refers to the temporary structure used to support wet concrete until it is cured and can support itself. Common materials used include wood, steel, aluminum, plastic and plywood.
2. A good formwork must be water tight, strong, and reusable while also considering factors like quality, safety, and economy. It must be able to withstand loads, retain its shape, and be removed without damaging the concrete.
3. Different types of formworks are used for columns, beams, slabs, and other structural elements. Column formwork typically consists of side and end planks joined by yokes and bolts. Beam formworks use thick timber or plywood and are supported by props.
Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain poured concrete until it cures and can support itself. It needs to be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and withstand pouring and compaction loads. New materials like steel and plastics are now used for formwork in addition to wood. Slipforming allows for continuous vertical pouring of concrete structures like building cores without relying on external support, by using a formwork that rises slowly on its own as concrete is added.
FERROCRETE - MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION METHODSjagrutib22
Ferrocrete is a type of reinforced concrete that uses closely spaced wire mesh or small diameter rods infiltrated with mortar. It has high density and durability to withstand various climates. Ferrocrete structures are lighter than regular reinforced concrete and do not require formwork. Some applications of ferrocrete include roofing, water tanks, bridges, and precast building components. Ferrocrete is constructed by first making a wire mesh framework, applying mortar that is worked into the mesh, and compacting it. This produces a strong, lightweight material suitable for many construction applications.
All you need to know about Construction FormworkAnkit Singhai
Formwork is temporary structure used to support and contain wet concrete until it hardens. It molds the concrete into the desired shape and controls its position. Formwork materials include lumber, plywood, steel, and plastics. Proper formwork design can significantly reduce construction costs. Formwork accounts for a large portion of the total cost of a concrete structure.
Formwork is used to pour concrete into molds to form structures. It can be made from steel, wood, aluminum, or prefabricated forms. Good formwork is easy to remove, economical, leak-proof, rigid, durable, and provides smooth concrete surfaces. Formwork design considers categories like conventional, modern panel systems, and prefabricated modular systems. Steel, plywood, plastic, and aluminum are common materials. Proper bracing and erection sequences are needed to construct columns, beams, walls, stairs, and avoid failures during pouring.
The document discusses several alternate wall technologies:
- Glass Fiber Reinforced Gypsum Panels (GFRG) which are strong load-bearing panels made of gypsum reinforced with glass fiber. They provide more floor space and lower construction costs than conventional methods.
- Concrete Insulated Walls which use insulating concrete forms that are filled with concrete to create strong, energy efficient walls.
- Ferrocement walls which are a type of thin reinforced concrete wall reinforced with layers of wire mesh and rebar that saves on materials.
- Straw bale walls which provide excellent insulation using straw bales stacked and plastered over for a renewable and low-impact building material.
- Rammed earth walls constructed by compact
This document provides an overview of pile foundations and advanced construction technologies. It defines pile foundations and lists their common uses. Piles are classified as load bearing or non-load bearing, with load bearing piles further divided into bearing and friction piles. Factors for selecting the appropriate pile type include load requirements, soil conditions, and cost. The document describes pile components like caps and shoes. It also covers pile installation methods, common pile materials, and potential causes of pile failure.
This document provides information on construction practices related to basements. It discusses different types of basements including ordinary basements, lattice beams, ground anchors, and top-down construction methods. Specific construction techniques are described, such as using diaphragm walls for ordinary basements, installing a series of lattice beams or steel trusses between basement walls, and using ground anchors to stabilize soil. Formwork, shuttering, centering, staging, scaffolding, and deshuttering practices in basement construction are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of bubble deck slabs. It begins by defining a bubble deck slab as a method of reducing the weight of floor slabs by replacing concrete in the middle with hollow plastic spheres. This reduces the slab's weight by 30-50%. Bubble deck slabs have three main benefits - reduced material costs, faster construction times, and lower environmental impact from reduced concrete usage. The document then discusses the different types of bubble deck slabs, examples of projects using them, and their structural properties like strength, deflection, vibration resistance and fire resistance. It concludes that bubble deck slabs provide weight reduction and environmental benefits compared to conventional slabs.
This document provides an overview of bubble deck slabs. It describes bubble deck slabs as a method that virtually eliminates concrete from the middle of floor slabs, replacing it with hollow plastic spheres to reduce weight by 30-50%. This makes construction faster and reduces loads on foundations. Three main types - filigree elements, reinforcement modules, and finished planks - are described. Experimental results show bubble deck slabs have 80% of solid slab shear strength and 5% more deflection, but are 40% lighter. Advantages include reduced material needs, costs, and CO2 emissions. Future uses could include tall buildings, large spans, and parking areas.
This document provides an overview of bubble deck slabs, which are hollow core slabs invented in Denmark that virtually eliminate concrete from the middle of floor slabs, dramatically reducing weight. It discusses the types of bubble deck slabs, materials used, advantages like reduced weight and costs, and properties including equivalent bending strength, increased spans, reduced deflection, durability, fire resistance, and vibration performance compared to solid slabs. Projects using bubble deck slabs are also highlighted.
Formwork is used to support wet concrete until it cures and can support itself. It must be strong yet allow concrete to be placed accurately to shape. Common materials include timber, plywood, steel, aluminum and plastics. Proper formwork design considers strength, containment, leakage prevention, finish quality, and economics. Specialized formwork like climbing, sliding, and tunnel forms improve efficiency for structures like walls, columns, and buildings. Proper formwork selection and construction is essential for quality, safety, and cost-effectiveness in concrete projects.
This document discusses timber frame and upper floor construction. It describes typical uses for timber framing such as residential, commercial, and agricultural buildings. Key terms of timber frame systems like posts, girders, beams, and rafters are defined. Limitations of timber framing include size constraints of wood members and susceptibility to rot, warping, and insects over time. Balloon and platform framing techniques are compared, with platform framing now being more common. Advantages of platform framing include using smaller wood pieces and creating a natural fire barrier between floors. Functions and construction of upper floors are outlined, including using joists, decking, and soundproofing measures like floating floors. Concrete upper floor construction can utilize
The document discusses various topics related to concrete structures including:
- Concrete is the second most used construction material after water due to its durability and ability to be molded into different shapes. Reinforcement is added to concrete to improve tensile strength.
- Types of cement used in concrete structures including Type K and Type M cement.
- Reinforced concrete uses steel reinforcement bars to improve tensile strength. Prestressed concrete applies stress before external loads to increase load capacity.
- Advantages of concrete structures include availability/cost of materials and ability to take compressive/bending forces. Disadvantages include cracking from shrinkage and weakness in tension.
- Concrete creep is a permanent deformation over time under load. Cre
Formwork is a temporary structure used to hold wet concrete in desired shape until it hardens. It is classified based on size, material, and operation. Requirements include strength, water resistance, smooth surfaces. Common formwork includes foundations, walls, columns, slabs, beams, stairs using timber, steel, aluminum, plastic. Removal timing depends on concrete type. Cost is 30-60% of concrete cost. Advanced systems like REVOLA and LOGICA use steel/plywood/polymer facing for crane-lifted walls and columns, withstanding high pressures.
This document provides information about constructing a diaphragm wall for basement excavation using the diaphragm wall method. It discusses what a diaphragm wall is, its applications, and the steps involved in constructing one including excavating a pre-trench, installing guide walls and reinforcement cages, concreting using tremie tubes, and joining wall panels with water stops. It also addresses selecting suitable temporary excavation support systems, advantages of diaphragm walls, excavator machines used, and providing additional wall support with ground anchors.
The document discusses flat grid or waffle slab systems. It defines waffle slabs as having two-directional reinforcement on the outside, giving it a waffle-like shape. This provides stability without using much material, making it suitable for large flat areas like foundations and floors. Waffle slabs are used in industrial and commercial buildings where large spans are needed with few columns. They provide features like using less concrete and steel than traditional slabs while providing strength and resistance to cracking and sagging. The document outlines the production, design, and construction process for waffle slabs and notes some iconic landmarks that have utilized this system.
The document discusses cement concrete, including its composition, properties, types, and testing methods. Cement concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, crushed rock, and water that hardens over time. It has high compressive strength but is weak in tension, so reinforcement is often added. Types include plain, reinforced, pre-stressed, lightweight, no-fines, and fiber-reinforced concrete. Workability is tested via slump and compaction factor tests, while compressive strength is determined through crushing tests. The document provides details on the composition, production, and applications of various concrete types.
This document discusses prefabrication, systems building, and mixed/composite construction. It begins with an introduction and overview of prefabricated concrete, including terminology, materials, components, design requirements, joints, and manufacturing processes. It then covers systems building and mixed/composite construction, discussing formwork systems, structural schemes, and prefabricated structural units. The document provides details on various modular planning, construction elements, and techniques used in prefabricated and systems building projects.
This document provides information on formwork used for constructing concrete structures. It discusses the different types of formwork including wooden, plywood, steel and combined forms. It also describes requirements for proper formwork like being waterproof and strong enough to support loads. Common formwork systems are described for columns, beams, slabs, stairs and walls. Standards for stripping formwork from concrete structures are also outlined according to the Indian Standard code.
This document provides an overview of Malaysia, including its geography, history, culture, and people. It discusses Malaysia's multi-racial society consisting of the Malay, Chinese, Indian, and indigenous populations. It also summarizes Malaysia's languages, religions, holidays, traditions like food and dress, important landmarks, and natural beauty including beaches and rainforests.
The document provides information about the Youth Trailblazer Challenge 2015 event to participants. It details that the 2-day bootcamp, organized by the Malaysia Trailblazers Association and held in conjunction with the 1ASEAN Entrepreneurship Summit, aims to train youth to become socially responsible entrepreneurs. Participants will be given problems to solve and have a chance to win seed grants totaling RM60,000. The document provides information on travel, accommodation, schedules and contact details to help participants prepare for the event.
This document provides information about timber, including its history, types found in Malaysia, prices, and properties. It discusses various types of timber such as hardwoods and softwoods. Hardwoods are obtained from deciduous trees and include types like teak, birch, and elm. Softwoods come from coniferous trees and some examples given are Douglas fir, western red cedar, and yellow pine. The document also outlines the process of converting timber from logs into sawn timber and different sawing methods like plain sawing and quarter sawing.
This document discusses various types of metals used in construction, including their properties and uses. It begins by defining metals and providing examples of light and heavy metals. It then covers the classification of metals into ferrous and non-ferrous types. Considerable detail is provided about the extraction and processing of iron from iron ore using the blast furnace process to produce pig iron and subsequently wrought iron, cast iron, and steel. The properties and applications of these ferrous metals in construction are outlined. Non-ferrous metals such as aluminum are also briefly discussed.
The document discusses various metal forming processes including rolling, extrusion, and forging. It describes rolling as reducing the cross-sectional area of metal by passing it through a pair of rotating rolls. Extrusion shapes metal by forcing a billet through a die opening, and can be direct or indirect. The document provides detailed information on rolling processes like flat rolling, shape rolling, thread rolling, and ring rolling, and the various types of rolling mills used.
1) The document outlines a group assignment for a construction technology and building materials course. Students must design a single-story bungalow, selecting appropriate foundation, flooring, wall, ceiling, and other structural components and justifying their choices.
2) Students must then examine the materials used for each component, explaining the suitability of the materials. They may include a layout plan.
3) The final project involves creatively presenting the design and material analyses on A3 boards, with a limit of 10 boards. Students will be marked individually based on a verbal and board presentation.
This document provides information about a Building Materials module offered at Taylor's University, including:
- The module aims to inform students about the properties and uses of various building materials.
- Students will be assessed through assignments, tests, and a final exam to evaluate their understanding of building material properties and applications.
- The module will be delivered over 14 weeks through lectures, tutorials, and self-study, covering topics such as concrete, metal, rubber, and ceramics.
This document outlines the objectives, content, learning outcomes, and assessment plan for a Measurement 1 module. The module introduces students to principles of measurement, standard methods of measurement, and taking off quantities for simple excavation, foundations, and concrete structures. Students will learn specification writing, bills of quantities, and the role of quantity surveyors. Assessments include tests, assignments, a portfolio, and a final exam to evaluate students' understanding of measurement techniques and ability to generate tender documents. The module uses lectures, tutorials and self-study over 14 weeks.
This document provides information on the Construction Technology 1 module offered at Taylor's University, including the module synopsis, teaching objectives, learning outcomes, assessment plan, and schedule. The 4-credit module aims to provide understanding of building components and their functions. It will be delivered over 14 weeks through lectures, tutorials, and self-directed study. Students will be assessed through a mid-term test, group assignment, TGC portfolio, and final exam. The assessments are designed to evaluate students' mastery of construction principles and technologies for residential buildings.
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1. The document outlines the tasks and objectives for a group project to create 3D geometric artwork based on assigned words, and an individual project to create a hanging mobile display for a Lego miniature.
2. For the group project, students will explore assigned words, translate them into design elements and principles, and create 3D models over several stages using various materials. They will present their best model.
3. For the individual project, students will apply what they learned to create an abstract hanging mobile display for their Lego miniature character, presenting design proposals and references in the first tutorial session.
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This document outlines an assignment for students to learn about the design process through developing a design process journal. The assignment involves students researching and understanding their Lego miniature character and generating design ideas and concepts for a hanging mobile display for the character. Students will complete 4 parts to their design process journal over multiple submissions, investigating their character, generating keywords and ideas, exploring what makes a good hanging mobile, and compiling their work. The design process journal will contribute to a larger project and be assessed based on demonstrating understanding of tasks, depth of content, and originality and workmanship.
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2) Students will create simple artworks applying design principles using everyday items.
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Cheok was a member of St. John Ambulance Malaysia who collected donations every year. She suggested collecting at Taylor's University because she stereotyped the students as wealthy. However, most students rejected her requests. Cheok became frustrated and broke down from the disappointment. Her friend Yin Ji then comforted her and provided social support, helping lift Cheok's spirits.
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Chapter 4
1. BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING
(HONS)
BLD 60104 CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 1
By Azrina Md Yaakob
Azrina.MdYaakob@taylors.edu.my
CHAPTER 4
CONCRETE FRAMED BUILDINGS
2. CONCRETE
Mixture of cement, fine
& coarse aggregate &
water
Basic construction:
a) Concrete
b) Formwork
c) Reinforcement
FRAMED
Consists of:
a) upright load bearing
members such as posts
in timber
b) columns in concrete
c) stanchions in steel
which are arranged at the
corners of the square or
rectangular base
Transfer loads of heavy
structure plus any
imposed loads via the
f r a m e s t r u c t u r e
members to a suitable
lower ground
BUILDING
R e s i d e n t i a l ,
Commercial, Offices,
Etc
1.0 BASIC DEFINITION
4. 1.1 CONCRETE
• Increases its strength during curing / hardening period
• Portland cement is used –28days
• Nominal max sizes of aggregates: 40, 20, 14 and 10mm;
5mm is for precast products
• Grade 7 & 10 -plain unreinforced concrete
• Grade 15 & 30 –RC with lightweight aggregates
• Grade 25 –RC with dense aggregates
• Grade 30 to 50 –pre-stressed concrete
5. 1.2 REINFORCEMENT
Requirements:
• Capable of achieving tensile strength without any undue strain
• A material can be easily bend to any required shape
• Surface must be capable of developing adequate bond between the
concrete & reinforcement
• Reasonable cost & acceptable to overall design concept
• Steel in the form of bars
• mild steel (R) & high yield (T)
• nominal sizes: 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 32mm
6. 1.3 FABRIC REINFORCEMENT
• Structural members that require only small area of reinforcement
• Can be reinforced by steel fabric, which can be supplied by sheets /
rolls
• Factory-made by welding
• Sheets: 4800mm x 2400mm
• Rolls: 48.00m & 72.00m with a common width of 2.40m
7. 1.4 FORMWORK
• A mould / box into which wet concrete can be poured so that it will flow
& finally set to the inner profile of the box
• Requirements:
• Strong enough to support the load of wet concrete
• Must be accurately set out
• Have grout-tight joints –grout leakage can cause honeycombing of the
surface
• Designed to be the max size that can be easily handled by hand &
mechanical lifting device
• Moisture content btw 15 –20%
Bad Formwork Design :
Leakage which cause
honeycombing
9. 1.4.1 FOUNDATION FORMWORK
There are 2 types of foundation formwork:
1. Permanent formwork
2. Traditional timber formwork
Benefits of using permanent formwork:
Ø Less concrete waste
Ø Requires less excavation than traditional wood planks
Ø Easily transported because of the light weights
Ø No skilled labours are needed
Benefits of using traditional timber formwork:
Ø It can be reused
Ø Cheaper production cost
Ø Higher availability than steel
Ø Easy to work by using hammer and nails
13. 1.4.3 BEAM FORMWORK
• A beam form consists of a three-sided box which is supported by
cross-members called headtrees.
• Soffit board should be fixed inside the beam sides so that latter can
be removed. This also can speed up the hardening process and also
release the formwork for re-use.
14. 1.4.4 SLAB FORMWORK
There is four type of slab formwork:
1. Timber beam slab formwork
2. Traditional slab formwork
3. Metal beam slab formwork
4. Modular slab formwork
Metal
beam
slab
fwk.
Timber
beam
slab
fwk.
Modular
slab
fwk.
Schema7c
sketch
of
tradi7onal
fwk.
15. 1.4.4.1 TRADITIONAL SLAB FORMWORK
• Consists of supports out of lumber or young tree trunks, that support tows of
stringers
• Assembled roughly to 2 meters apart, depending the thickness of slab
• Between these stringers, joists are positioned roughly 30cm apart upon which
boards or plywood are placed.
• The stringers and joists are usually 4 by 4 inch or 4 by 6 inch lumber
16. 1.4.4.2 TIMBER BEAM SLAB FORMWORK
• Similar to the traditional method
• But stringers and joist are replaced with engineered wood beams
• Supports are replaced with metal props
• This method more systematic and reusable
17. 1.4.4.3 METAL BEAM SLAB FORMWORK
• Similar to traditional method
• But stringers and joist are replaced with aluminium forming systems or steel
beams
• Supports are replaced with metal props
• More systematic and reusable
18. 1.4.4.4 MODULAR SLAB FORMWORK
• These systems consist of prefabricated timber, steel or aluminum
beams and formwork modules
• Modules are often no larger than 1 to 2 meter in size
• Beams and formwork are typically set by hand and pinned, clipped, or
screwed together
20. 1.5.1 STUMP
• A short column constructed on top of the pad foundation / pile
cap to support ground beam & column above
• To transfer the load of a building onto the pad foundation / pile
cap
• To raise ground beam & ground floor slab to the required
height above GL
21.
22. 1.5.2 BEAMS
• Supporting walls, joists, etc., at or near ground level, itself either
resting directly upon the ground or supported at both ends by piers.
• Vary in their complexity of design & reinforcement depends on
loading
• Erected over columns or piers taken into the soil
• Transfer their loadings to columns
• When erecting them, the piers must be already cast in the ground
23. 1.5.2.1 BEAM CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Clearing the ground
Blinding layer
Reinforcements are then tied and bent
separately; carried and laid over the columns
and blinding
Formwork erected to sides
Concrete is prepared and poured
25. 1.5.3 COLUMNS
• Constructed from either plain concrete (1:3:6) / reinforced concrete
(1:2:4)
• Vertical structural element that transmits, through compression, the
weight of the structure above to other structural elements below
• To support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or
ceilings rest
• Columns must be properly located, and the choice of a steel beam or
wood beams
29. 1.5.4 FLOOR
Functions of Ground Floor
• Withstand load imposed upon them, dead & live load
• Prevent the growth of greens inside the building by concrete over-site
• Prevent damp penetrating the building –damp proof membrane
• To be durable so to reduce the amount of maintenance / replacement
work to a min
• Provide acceptable finish which will meet the needs of users
30. Functions of Upper Floor
• Support their own weight, ceilings & superimposed
loads
• Restrict the passage of fire; for high-rise building
• Restrict transmission of sound from 1 floor to another
• Durability
• Bridge the specific span economically & be capable of
fairly quick erection
• Accommodate services
• Provide acceptable finish which will meet the needs of
users
31. Floor Slab
• The formwork for floor beam & floor slab is constructed
together
• Reinforcement for floor slab tied to beam reinforcement
34. a) Hardcore
• To fill hollows & to raise the finished level of an over-site concrete
slab after removal of turf
• Provide a firm working surface & prevent contamination of the lower
part of wet concrete
• Reduce the amount of rising ground moisture
• hard, durable & chemically inert; will not attack concrete & mortar;
readily be placed in in a compact & dense condition
• 100-150mm thick
b) Blinding
• To even-off the surface of hardcore if a damp-proof membrane is to
be placed under concrete bed
• A layer of sand 25 –50mm thick
35. c) Damp Proof Membrane
• To prevent dampness getting through a ground bearing concrete floor should be
protected by an impervious layer, usually a 1200 gauge (0.3mm) heavy duty
polythene damp-proof membrane.
• The DPM can be positioned either on the sand blinding or on the concrete slab.
• Joints in a Polythene DPM should be welted or taped and should overlap by at
least 300mm.
• The DPM must be linked with the DPC in the walls, to ensure that the entire
interior of the building is protected from moisture by a continuous, impervious
barrier.
36. d) Concrete Floor Slab
• A typical concrete mix for a ground bearing slab is 1:2:4 mix.
• The floor slab is usually placed over the DPM
• The floor slab should not be less than 100mm thick.
• Ensure all the services and ducts running under the floor are installed
and tested before pouring the slab.
• If required, the concrete slab may be reinforced with a layer of steel
mesh
• Once the concrete slab has been poured, it can be temped with a
heavy beam to remove air and surplus water and ensure a level
surface.
• The concrete slab should be left to dry out for around two to three days
39. 1.5.4.3 FLOOR FINISHES
Factors to be considered during choosing a right floor finishes:
• Durability –avoid premature replacement with extra cost &
inconvenience
• Function
• Resistance to wear –resistance to indentation as floor has to withstand
heavy furniture, fittings & equipment; resistance to abrasion in
buildings subject to movable equipment
• Economy –initial & maintenance cost
• Non-slip qualities –bathroom & kitchen
• Appearance –wood blocks & strip flooring
40. 1.6 ROOF BEAM
• A load-bearing member in the roof structure.
• Member that span across the openings & support structure or
loading above them
• Material : timber, steel & reinforced concrete
• Purlin act as beam, reducing the span of the rafter enabling an
economic section to be used
41.
42.
43. TUTORIAL 4 (A)
• In a table form, explain the type of materials available
for formwork.
• Item to be included in the tables are:
ü Suitability
ü Advantages
ü Disadvantages
ü Cost
Requirements:
You should prepare the table form which need to be presented.
Please state your name, student ID and title. (Group)
44. • In a table form, explain the type of materials available
for floor finishes.
• Item to be included in the tables are:
ü Suitability
ü Advantages
ü Disadvantages
ü Cost
Requirements:
You should prepare the table form which need to be presented.
Please state your name, student ID and title. (Group)
TUTORIAL 4 (B)
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