External finishes

EXTERNAL FINISHES BY
SARTHAK KAURA
•Glass
•Stucco
•Fibre Cement
•Timber & Wood based products
•Slate

GLASS
Glass has become one of the world's most
important building materials, not only through its
natural transparency and its unique aesthetics,
but also due to its fascinating diversity.
In addition to the obvious demands, functional
solutions must also be developed for use in daily
life.

FUNCTIONAL USES OF GLASS
Suggested Applications:
•Doors and entries
•Office and conference room
walls
•Partitions Balcony and stair
railings
•Windows
•Lighting
•Interlocking Glass Block walls
•Pavers and stair treads
•Shower and bath enclosures
Glass shower
enclosure
Glass balustrade Glass door staircas
e
Glasswindow

PARTITIONS/SHUTTERS
Glass shutter
Glass partition
Glass louvers Glass screen

GLASS BLOCKS
•They are translucent
•Due to its reinforcement they don’t
break easily
•They are available in various colours
,textures & fixed sizes-6”*6”

GLASS FLOORING AND STAIRS
Safety and aesthetics are
combined in the floor of
this
pedestrian bridge made
from
laminated Stratobel glass.
•Glass stairs and flooring
should be comprised of 3
to 9 cm top layer
laminated glass to 1cm
base with sand blasted
friction bars to prevent
slipping
•It is generally used in m
sq. panels.

GLASS BEAMS
•Toughened laminated glass may be used for glass beams in glass roofs.
•Another relatively new applications are laminated glass tube used in
space frame structures.

GLASS CLADDING
Column Mirror cladding Wall cladding

ELEVATORS
glass balustrade
Glass elevator
See-through
Floor of elevator

GLASS FOUNTAINS &WATER SCREENS
Glass cascades of
cast, moulded or
fused glass

Made by uses of small tiles of
coloured glass or mirrors of
usually square shaped &
sometimes irregular shapes
MOSAIC

WIRE GLASS
•COLOUR-variable
•GLOSSINESS-glossy, matt
•TRANSLUCENCE-80-100%
•TEXTURE-dull
•STRENGTH-high
•USES-fire resistence,
resistance purpose, aesthetics
•NOTE-wired glass used on
window prevents falling glass
after failure

Cast Glass is produced by heating plate
glass on a mold to a temperature
sufficient for the glass to conform to the
sculpted mold surface. This creates
areas of varying depth, relief, and
texture. This molded texture provides
visual obscurity while providing an
appealing tactile quality.
CAST/MOULDED GLASS

FUSED GLASS TILES
With fused glass tiles &
custom door pulls

CAST GLASS WITH FUSED GLASS
Cast Glass with fused glass frit

These are suggested textures; custom textures are available
Adobe Bamboo Burlap Chord
Dot Shift Eddy Embossed Leaves Eros

SUG
These are suggested textures; custom textures are available
Leaves Nautilus Paper Parched
Rivulet Scallop Staccato Stipple

ADVANTAGES-DISADVANTAGES OF GLASS
ADVANTAGES
 They provide a degree of transparency
inspite of providing a screen
 Mirrored surfaces help increase the
sense of space in a small enclosed area
 Small panels of tinted glass are a very
good way of adding vibrant colours
 It absorbs ,reflects or transmits light
 It is available in beautiful colours
 It is capable of being worked in many
ways-blown drawn or pressed
 It is not usually effected by air or water
or ordinary chemicals
 Laminated glass maintains its form
even after breakage(held within the
frame after breaking)
DISADVANTAGES
 glass is effected by alkalies
• It is extremely brittle
 It cannot b used for load
bearing structures for very high
loading
 Glass splash backs,sinks,baths
require constant maintainance
to look good
 They are easily breakable as
compared to other materials
like wood
 There is less privacy in glass
enclosed spaces
 Glass roofs may leak during
rains if proper joinery is not
done eg-Johnson wax factory

Timber & Wood based products
• Wood is an organic material, the hard, tough substance that forms the
trunk of trees. It has been used for thousands of years as fuel and
construction material for making houses, tools, weapons, furniture,
packaging, artworks, and paper.
ORIGAMI LOG

PROPERTIES
• Hard and strong.
• Insulating material.
• Wood is naturally very durable. If not attacked by living
 things, it can last for hundreds or even for thousands of
years.
• The most important threat for wood are fungi that cause
so-called dry rot. The heartwood of a few species is
naturally resistant to these fungi.
• Other types of natural resistance to various of other types
of attack, have been discovered in other species. These
types are usually very aromatic. It is suspected that they
are protected by the resins and other chemicals they
contain.
• Wood may need to be preserved by protecting it chemically
against deterioration.

• Indian timber :
There are over 150 species of timber which are produced
in India. Following are the chief varieties of timber trees
which are used for the engineering purposes in India :
1) TEAK
2) SAL
3) MANGO
4) DEODAR
5) BAMBOO
6) OAK
7) PINE
8) MAHOGANY
9) ROSEWOOD OR BLACKWOOD
10) PALM
TYPES

COMMON NAME COLOR LOCATION CHARACTERISTICS,
USAGE
BAMBOO ASSAM AND BENGAL IT IS FLEXIBLE, VERY
STRONG
DURABLE. USED FOR
SCAFFOLDINGS, THATCHED
ROOFS, RAFTERS,
FURNITURES ETC.
DEODAR YELLOWISH BROWN HIMALAYAS, PUNJAB IT PROVIDES SOFT WOOD.
U.P CAN BE EASILY WORKED
WITH AND IS MODERATELY
STRONG. IT IS USED FOR
MAKING CHEAP FURNITURE,
STRUCTURAL WORK, ETC.
MAHOGANY REDDISH BROWN IT TAKES GOOD POLISH
AND IS EASILY WORKED. IT
IS DURABLE UNDER WATER.
COMMONLY USED FOR
FURNITURE, PATTERN
MAKING AND
CABINET WORK.

USAGE
MANGO DEEP GREY THROUGHOUT INDIA IT IS EASY TO WORK
WITH AND IT MAINTAINS
ITS SHAPE WELL. IT IS
MODERATELY.
MOST OFTEN USED FOR
FURNITURE,
CABINET WORKS,
PANELS FOR DOORS AND
WINDOWS ETC.
OAK YELLOWISH BROWN IT IS STRONG
AND DURABLE.
USED FOR PREPARING
SPORTING GOODS.
PALM DARK BROWN THROUGHOUT INDIA IT CONTAINS
RIP WOOD IN THE OUTER
CRUST. IT IS STRONG,
DURABLE AND FIBROUS.
USED FOR FURNITURE,
ROOF COVERING,
RAFTERS AND JOISTS.

USAGE
ROSEWOOD OR DARK KERALA, M.P, MAHARASHTRA, IT IS STRONG, TOUGH AND
BLACKWOOD ORISSA, CLOSE GRAINED. IT
MAINTAINS ITS SHAPE AND IS
AVAILABLE IN LARGE SIZES.
USED FOR FURNITURE OF
SUPERIOR QUALITY, CABINET
WORK, ORNAMENTAL
CARVINGS, ETC.
SAL BROWN KARNATAKA, U.P, M.P IT IS HARD FIBROUS AND
ORISSA CLOSE-GRAINED. IT REQUIRES
SLOW AND CAREFUL SEASONING.
IT IS USED IN THE INTERIOR
SPACES FOR MULTIPLE
PURPOSES.
TEAK DEEP YELLOW- CENTRAL AND MODERATELY HARD, TEAK IS
DARK BROWN SOUTHERN INDIA DURABLE AND FIRE
RESISTANT. IT TAKES UP A GOOD
POLISH AND IS NOT ATTACKED BY
WHITE ANTS AND DRY ROT. ITS
USE IS LIMITED TO SUPERIOR
WORK ONLY.

 Doors and windows
 Staircases

Conference room
Bar
Shoe showroom

Spa
Lobby
Drawing room Art gallery

• Covering the whole or required
surface of masonry interior or
partition wall with big wooden
panels is called wall paneling.
• Installation is quick and easy, and
there are vast varieties of panels
that blend with almost any design.
TRADITIONAL WALL PANELLING
 Paneling

•
Pre-finished wood flooring with
double layer construction, obtained
by bonding a fine timber top layer
on a multilayer plywood backing of
birch (thickness 11 mm, width 90
mm, length 600/1000 mm).
• The thickness of the fine timber
layer is 3.5mm.The tongue and
groove profiles on 4 sides ensure
perfect interlocking of the edges,
allowing a quick and precise laying
of the blocks.

• BAMBOO FLOORING is truly the
new in the hardwood flooring market.
• Bamboo flooring is for instance, as
hard as Maple (one of the hardest
woods in the market), and 50% more
stable and harder than Red Oak.
• It provides unparalleled strength,
durability, insect and mildew
resistance, as well as excellent fire
resistant qualities.

INDUSTRIAL TIMBER
The timber which is prepared scientifically in a factory is termed as
industrial timber such timber possesses desired shape , appearance ,
strength , etc. Following are the varieties of industrial timber :
1) VENEERS : these are thin sheets or slices of wood of superior
quality. The thickness of veneers varies from 0.40mm to 6mm.they
are obtained by rotating a log of wood against a sharp knife.
2) PLYWOOD : the meaning of term ply is a thin layer. Plywood are
boards which are prepared from thin layers of wood or veneers. Three
or more veneers in odd number are placed one above the other with
grains of successive layers at right angles to each other.
• Advantages of plywood :-
1) They are available in a variety of decorative appearance.
2) They are elastic and hence not liable to split or crack due to changes
in atomsphere.
3) They are light in weight .
4) They are easy to work and they can be made to suit any design.

3) FIBERBOARDS: these are rigid boards and are also known as
pressed or reconstructed wood. Thickness varies from 3mm to
12mm .
• Use of fiberboards :
1) For internal finishes of room such as wall paneling , suspended
ceilings , etc .
2) To construct internal partitions .
3) To prepare flush doors , tops of tables , etc
4) To provide an insulating material of heat and sound .
5) To work as paving or flooring material.

ADVANTAGES OF USING TIMBER
1) IT CAN EASILY BE HANDLED , PLANED , SAWN AND JOINED WITH
ORDINARY TOOLS OF THE CARPENTER .
2) IT CAN BE USED FOR LOAD BEARING OR NON- LOAD BEARING
MEMBERS.
3) IT COMBINES LIGHT WEIGHT WITH STRENGTH AND HENCE IT IS
GENERALLY PREFERRED FOR EARTH-QUAKE PRONE AREAS .
4) IT IS EASY TO PROVIDE JOINTS IN TIMBER CONSTRUCTION.
5) IT IS ECONOMICAL AND CHEAP . THIS IS DUE TO THE FACT THAT THE
SMALLEST PIECE OF WOOD CAN BE PUT TO ONE USE OR THE OTHER.
6) IT GIVES DECENT APPEARANCE AND COMFORTABLE DESIGN.
7) THE USE OF HEAVY TIMBER PRESENTS A MASSIVE AND GRAND
APPEARANCE.
8) HOUSES WHICH USE MORE OF TIMBER ARE FOUND TO BE COOL IN
SUMMERS AND WARM IN WINTERS .THIS IS DUE TO THE FACT THAT
TIMBER IS A NON – CONDUCTOR OF HEAT .
9) THE TIMBER CONSTRUCTION ARE QUITE DURABLE , IF PROPERLY
PROTECTED AGAINST MOISTURE , RAIN , WIND , ETC.

DISADVANTAGES OF USING TIMBER
1) ON THE DOWNSIDE IS THAT WOOD AND THE FORESTS ARE BEING RAVAGED
FOR HARVESTING. FORESTS ARE IMPORTANT TO THE PLANET AND
ENVIRONMENT. WE ARE WIPING OUT A NATURAL RESOURCE. LOOK AT THE
DESTRUCTION OF THE RAIN FORESTS AS A PRIME EXAMPLE.
2) BURNS EASILY, CAN BE INFESTED BY INSECTS.

PLYWOOD
 Flat panel built up of plies of veneer through bonding
 Cross-laminated for uniform transverse strength and
high dimensional stability
Face
Cross-bands
Core
Back

LUMBER-BASED PRODUCTS FINGER-
JOINED LUMBER

THE WORD "SLATE" IS ALSO USED FOR CERTAIN TYPES OF
OBJECT MADE FROM SLATE ROCK. IT MAY MEAN A SINGLE
ROOFING TILE MADE OF SLATE, OR A WRITING SLATE. THIS WAS
TRADITIONALLY A SMALL SMOOTH PIECE OF THE ROCK, OFTEN
FRAMED IN WOOD, USED WITH CHALK AS A NOTEPAD OR
NOTICEBOARD, AND ESPECIALLY FOR RECORDING CHARGES IN
PUBS AND INNS.
SLATE CAN BE MADE INTO ROOFING SLATES, WHICH ARE
INSTALLED BY A SLATER. AND, ARE A TYPE OF ROOF SHINGLE,
OR MORE SPECIFICALLY A TYPE OF ROOF TILE. SLATE HAS TWO
LINES OF BREAKABILITY– WHICH MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO SPLIT
THE STONE INTO THIN SHEETS. WHEN BROKEN, SLATE RETAINS
A NATURAL APPEARANCE WHILE REMAINING RELATIVELY FLAT
AND EASY TO STACK.
SLATE

SLATE IS PARTICULARLY SUITABLE AS A ROOFING MATERIAL AS
IT HAS AN EXTREMELY LOW WATER ABSORPTION INDEX OF LESS
THAN 0.4%. IN FACT, THIS NATURAL SLATE, WHICH REQUIRES
ONLY MINIMAL PROCESSING, HAS THE LOWEST EMBODIED
ENERGY OF ALL THE ROOFING MATERIALS.
NATURAL SLATE IS SPECIFIED BY BUILDING PROFESSIONALS AS
A RESULT OF ITS BEAUTY AND DURABILITY. SLATE IS
INCREDIBLY DURABLE: IT CAN LAST UP TO SEVERAL HUNDRED
YEARS. AS A NATURAL RESOURCE, IT OFFERS MANY
ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS.
ITS LOW TENDENCY TO ABSORB WATER ALSO MAKES IT VERY
RESISTANT TO FROST DAMAGE AND BREAKAGE DUE TO
FREEZING. NATURAL SLATE IS ALSO WATERPROOF AND
FIREPROOF RESISTANT AND ENERGY EFFICIENT. IT REQUIRES
LITTLE OR NO MAINTENANCE.

STUCCO IS A MATERIAL MADE OF AN AGGREGATE, A BINDER,
AND WATER. STUCCO IS APPLIED WET AND HARDENS TO A VERY
DENSE SOLID. IT IS USED AS DECORATIVE COATING FOR WALLS
AND CEILINGS AND AS A SCULPTURAL AND ARTISTIC MATERIAL
IN ARCHITECTURE. STUCCO MAY BE USED TO COVER LESS
VISUALLY APPEALING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS SUCH
AS CONCRETE, CINDER BLOCK, OR CLAY BRICK AND ADOBE.
STUCCO RELIEF WAS USED IN THE ARCHITECTURAL
DECORATION SCHEMES OF MANY ANCIENT CULTURES.

FIBER CEMENT
Fiber cement siding is a building material used to cover the exterior of a
building in both commercial and domestic applications.
Fiber cement is a composite material made
of sand, cement and cellulose fibres.
The external cladding products require very little maintenance once
installed and painted. The thicker/denser fiber cement products have
excellent impact resistance but the thinner less dense products need to
be protected from impact. Compared to wooden siding, fiber cement is
not susceptible to termites.
Fiber cement cladding is a non combustible material.

External finishes

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External finishes