Exterior and interior Finishes- Building Construction

INTERNAL SURFACE FINISHES
Presented by:
Ar.Taha Padrawala

It is important that
• finishing operations are carried out in the right sequence.
• care is taken to prevent damage once a particular finish is applied, also a good
standard of workmanship is required.
• Background for finishes must be allowed to dry properly before a particular finish is
applied.
• Before selecting a finish thought must be given to many factors such as:-
• Appearance
• Durability
• Maintenance
• Acoustic Criteria
• Fire Criteria
• Relationship to Mechanical and Electrical Services
• Changeability
• Cost
• Toxic Emissions from Interior Materials

Finishes fall into two categories:-
• self finish or applied finish
• wet finish or dry finish
Types of finishes commonly found in domestic buildings:-
• Applied finish - is a finish which is actually applied on
site.
• Self finish - is a finish which is inherent in the material
and does not have to be specially applied on site.
Self Finish Applied Finish Life Span
Plaster on masonry
walls
50 – 100 years
Paint 4 – 8 years
Wallpaper 4 – 10 years
PVC floor tiles 10 years
First Class Bricks Life of building
(100 years plus)
Natural stone 100 years plus
Natural slate 100 years
Natural wood (type of wood)

Why should I use natural finishes?
• They’re good for humans. Nontoxic
natural finishes are essential for people
with chemical sensitivities and respiratory
problems.
• By balancing relative humidity in the
atmosphere, they reduce dampness and
mold.
• They’re good for the planet. Natural
finishes require less extraction and
processing than synthetic finishes and
have fewer disposal issues.
• Most of their ingredients biodegrade
easily and safely and are recyclable.
• They’re good for buildings.
• Natural finishes’ high vapor permeability
(ability to let moisture pass in and out)
allows buildings to “breathe,” which helps
increase the durability of the walls, roof
and foundation.

NATURAL
STONE
A traditional finishing material is natural stone, which is durable
and has an attractive appearance.
Facing products are produced from granite, limestone, marble,
and quartzite.
Natural stone finishing materials are used for exterior and
interior facings on walls and for floor coverings, mainly in public
buildings and structures, such as theaters, hotels, and subway
stations.
Natural stone materials are also used in the form of decorative
chips to finish the surfaces of concrete and reinforced-concrete
parts and units.

Finishes protect walls from the elements and from daily wear, and they
play an important role in regulating indoor temperature and humidity.
Natural finishes, which undergo minimal processing and are generally
nontoxic, can be made from clay, lime, chalk, casein, rock dusts, earth
pigments, and natural plant extracts such as oils and waxes.
These naturally beautiful materials bath walls in color and texture while
balancing relative humidity, creating a more comfortable indoor
environment.
Natural finishes are essential for buildings made of straw bales, cob and
non-stabilized adobe because these materials must “breathe” to remain
healthy. However, their use is hardly limited to those types of homes.

Clay plasters
• Plasters made with clay are beautiful, durable, and made from inexpensive and non-toxic ingredients.
• Clay creates a breathable finish material with a natural capacity to regulate moisture and temperature
in the surrounding air.
• Clay naturally absorbs excess moisture in the air, helping air to feel more comfortable in summer, while
its high thermal mass creates a battery heat (or cooling) storage that helps to maintain constant air
temperature. Materials can often be found on or local to the building site, making the ingredients dirt
cheap...literally.
• Clay naturally occurs in a variety of colors and clay plasters can be pigmented with mineral based
pigments in every range of color.

Lime plasters
• Highly durable and crack-resistant.
• Commonly used in alternative construction.
• Smooth application and aesthetically pleasing.
Gypsum plaster
• Gypsum is a sedimentary rock-like material that
is unique in that it can be heated to give up some
of its chemically combined powder and water,
then restored to its original form when water is
added.
• Because of this it can be easily formed into nearly
any shape or molded into a form or sheets more
commonly known as gypsum board (drywall) that
are highly fire-resistant and easy to work with.
• Plastering is applied in layers depending on the
type and strength of the base used.

Decorative
concretes
and
mortars
• Decorative concretes and mortars are very
effective finishing materials.The
decorative effect of these materials
results from the use of colored cements
and fillers produced by crushing various
kinds of natural stones and by texturing
the front surfaces of products (for
example, large blocks and panels) during
molding or after the concrete has
hardened.
• Decorative concretes and mortars are
used extensively in the factory finishing of
structural members for fully prefabricated
buildings; the use of decorative mortar
mixtures for the exterior and interior
finishing (plastering) during construction
is limited, since the operation is time-
consuming and labor-intensive.

Wood • Among the wood finishing materials are
decorative plywood, veneer, parquet,
chipboard, fiberboard, and such articles as
railings, plinths, and finish casings.
• Hardwood is generally used for interior finishes
such as flooring, door linings, wall cladding and
shelving.
• Wood finishing materials are notable for their
excellent appearance and service qualities.
Facing products are produced not only from
decorative natural woods, such as oak, beech,
and walnut, but also from carefully processed
common species, such as birch and pine.Timber
insulates heat and electricity but it tends to
warp under heavy loads.This is the reason why
timber needs seasoning, that is a reduction of its
moisture content.
• The service life of wood finishing materials is
increased by treating them with wood
preservatives and by applying paint and varnish
coatings.

WALL FINISHING
• IT IS THE FINAL TOUCHES PLACED ON A WALL THAT ‘FINISHES ‘ THE WALL WITH
AN ACCEPTABLE VISUAL LOOK.
• TYPES OF WALL FINISHES
• PLASTERING AND PAINTING
• CLADDING
• PANELING
• WALLPAPERS
• MURAL
• GYPSUM FINISH
• FABRIC WALL FINISH
• MOTIFS

Wet finishes
Examples of wet finishes :-
Plaster
Paint
Wallpaper
One of the major problems with wet finishes is that considerable
“drying out time” is required for the building plus expansion /
shrinkage problems with timber components.

PANELING
Paneling is a wall covering
constructed from rigid or
semi-rigid components.
These are traditionally
interlocking wood, but could
be plastic or other materials.
TIMBER PANELING
TYPE OF PANELING-
Acoustical tiles for paneling
Marble Panelling
Mosaic Panelling

WALLPAPERS
Wallpaper is a kind of material used to
cover and decorate the interior walls
of homes, offices, and other buildings;
it is one aspect of interior decoration
TYPES OFWALLPAPERS
FlockWallpaper
Super fresco
Paintable wallpaper
TexturedWallpaper
EcoWallpaper VinylWallpaper

MURAL
A mural is any piece of artwork
painted or applied directly on a wall,
ceiling or other large permanent
surface
GYPSUM FINISH
Drywall (also known as
plasterboard, wallboard, gypsum
board, or gyprock) is a panel made
of gypsum plaster pressed
between two thick sheets of paper

PAINTS VARNISHES AND
DISTEMPER

PAINTS
TYPES OF PAINTS
WHITE WASH
USED- CEMENT PLASTER WALL AND CEILING
DRY DISTEMPER OR WATER BOND DISTEMPER
OIL BOND DISTEMPER
PLASTIC OR ACRYLIC EMULSTION PAINT
TEXTURED WALL FINISH
USED-ON INTERIOR OR EXTERIOR WALL SURFACE
SYNTHETIC ENAMEL PAINT
USED-ON METAL ,WOOD (CAN ALSO BE DONE ON WALL AND
CEILING)
EPOXY PAINT
USED-AS PROTECTIVE COATING WHERE LOT OF CHEMICAL
RESISTANCE,HARDNESS,ADHESION
FLAT OIL PAINTS
USED-ON METAL ,WOOD ,WALL (BUT LESS GLAZING THEN
ENAMEL PAINTS)

INTRODUCTION
•The final finishing of all surfaces such as
walls,ceilings,woodwork,metalwork,etc is
necessary to make them look good and also
for their protection from moisture,termites
etc.
•So according to the nature of the surface and
the finishing required, the surface should be
coated with different types of paints.
• PAINT is a solution of a pigment in water, oil,
or organic solvent, used to cover wood or
metal articles either for protection or for
appearance
•For different surfaces different types of
paints from different companies are used.
•Some of the leading companies of India are
Asian paints, nerolac, berger, nippon etc.

Classification by Type of paints
Curing mechanism Baking or Air-dry
Solvent for the paint Water- based or solvent-
based
Function of system
component
Primer, sealer, undercoat
or finishing coat
Resin component Epoxy, Alkyd, Acrylic,
Polyurethane, etc
CLASSIFICATION OF PAINTS

CLASSIFICATION OF PAINTS
Paints can be classified under various factors that are:
ONTHE BASIS OF BASE USED-
•Oil Paints utilize a drying oil that oxidizes and
hardens to form a tough elastic film when exposed to
thin layer of air.
•Alkyd Paints have as a binder an alkyd resin, such as
chemically modified soy or linseed oil.
•Latex Paints have as a binder an acrylic resin that
coalesces as water evaporates from the emulsion.
•Epoxy Paints have an epoxy resin as a binder for
increased resistance to corrosion, abrasion and
chemicals

•Rust Inhibiting Paints & Primers-
These are especially formulated with anti-
corrosive pigments to prevent or reduce the
corrosion of metal surfaces.
•Fire Retardant Paints-
These are especially formulated with silicone
and polyvinyl chloride or other substance to
reduce the flame spread of a combustible
material
•Heat Resistant Paints-
These are specially formulated with silicone
resins to withstand high temperatures.
•In tumescent Coatings-
These when exposed to the heat of a fire, swell
to form a thick insulating layer of inert foam
that retards flame spread and combustion.
ONTHE BASIS OF PROPERTIES-

Distempers :
Distempers are durable and economical water based
paintsThe major constituents of distemper include
colouring agents, as well as chalk and lime.They
have been the main painting substance for decades
and still are excellent budget painting solutions.
Even the distempers now used are more varied and
have special properties.
Emulsion Paint :
These are the superior quality of paint formed by
mixing oil/water and an emulsifying agent to prevent
the combination separating.They have much better
ease of application, are washable and have a greater
overall decorative appeal. Not only do they have
higher coverage than enamels and distempers, they
are mostly washable and can be easily applied on
concrete and stucco surfaces. As per the interior and
exterior painting requirements both interior and
exterior emulsion paints exist.

Texture paints :
These are used to create to desired visual effects on
the walls. By the use of brushes, rollers, putty knives,
trowels and other applications a variety of patterns
can be created. Other paints can be applied on the
textures to create desired effects. Sometimes,
texture paints are tinted prior to application, giving
the desired colour.Texture paints also help in
covering undulations and levelling surfaces.
Cement Paint :
To give a new look for concrete and other cement-
based materials, cement paint is the perfect answer.
It is a special paint coatings made for masonry and
cement-based materials, including concrete, mortar
(and brick), concrete block and stucco. Not only it
adds to the aesthetics of the wall but also provides a
waterproofing coating and can supplement the role
of putty.

Enamel Paints :
Enamels are hard, washable and usually
glossy paints.They can be oil based or
alkyd based and come in several sheens,
from eggshell or low-luster to satin, semi-
gloss and high-gloss.They find
application not only on metal surfaces but
also on interior walls and wooden
surfaces.
Primers-
These are basecoats applied to a surface
to improve the adhesion of subsequent
coats of paint or varnish.
Sealers-
These are basecoats applied to a surface
to reduce absorption of subsequent coats
of paint or varnish, or to prevent bleeding
through the finish coat.

Wood Finishes :
Wood Finish Paints are different from the usual wall
paints and are formulated specifically for application
on wooden surfaces.They have better capacity of
adhering to the wooden surfaces and enhancing the
appeal of the wooden textures.These include wood
sealers, varnishes, preservatives etc.
Wooden finishing is also done by polishing the
surface which is formed by the following ingredients:
•Spirit
•Lacquers(Lakhdana)
•Chalk powder
•Polish colors
•Turkey umber
•Raw sena
•Brunt sena
•Kajal
•Pevdi

TYPES OF FINISHES-
Matt Paint-
Matt color is the most common of interior wall paints.There’s no shine or
sheen to the finish. It is easy to apply, although it can often take more than a
single coat to create a good solid color. Matt paint can be applied with a brush
or roller and works well on walls that have imperfections. On the downside,
matt paint is easily marked. Although some marks can be removed with a
damp cloth, matt paint needs regular retouching.

Satin/ Pearl-
This is very durable in terms of wash ability and resistance to moisture.
It will offer the user the full protection on their walls from dirt, moisture,
stains, etc. and so it is ideal for areas like bathrooms and kitchens, but
will show even more imperfections on walls because of its strong shine.

Eggshell
An eggshell finish has a shine that’s extremely subtle but without the same
smoothness as a satin finish.Thus, it doesn’t highlight imperfections quite
as much, making it much more suitable as an interior wall paint. It’s easy to
apply and can often cover in a single coat, making it a better choice for
many people.

Semi-Gloss
Semi-gloss is another common interior
paint, although it’s more commonly used
on trim rather than the walls. It offers a
hard finish, is suitable to heavy use and is
easy to clean with just soap and water.
The shine produced is less than full gloss
paint, but it’s usually easy to achieve a
good covering with just a single coat.
Gloss Paint
Apart from matt paint, gloss paint is the
most common interior wall paint. It’s one
you can use on most walls, although
some people use it sparingly on these
surfaces and prefer to use it on woodwork
because of its high shine. Gloss paint
shows up all the imperfections on a wall
and achieving an even coverage on a wall
will often need more than a single coat of
paint.

DEFECTS OF PAINTS
Bleeding
• Discolouration of paint film due
to pigment seeping to the
surface from undercoats or gum
from knots in timber.
Blistering
• Formation of small areas of
swelling on the surface caused
by painting in the direct heat of
the sun or from trapped
moisture, seeping through to
the surface or from corrosion
sites.

Cissing
• Shrinkage or contraction of the new
coating away from area which is
contaminated by grease, oil or polish
( particularly silicone types.)
Cracking and Peeling
• Occurs if the paint had inadequate
adhesion and flexibility, overspreading or
thinning of the paint, inadequate surface
preparation or applying to bare wood
without primer, and hardening and
fragility as the paint ages.
Crazing
• Irregular cracking of surface film due to
age application of the paint over an oily or
wet undercoat.

Efflorescence
• Formation of a series of open
blisters in a paint film due to
soluble salts rising to the surface
from brick, plaster and cement
objects.
Flaking
• Occurs when the paint peels away
from the surface due to a crack or
joint in the film. It may be caused
by use of an unsuitable undercoat,
or shrinkage/ expansion of the
surface.

Mildew
• Occurs in moist humid conditions ( bathrooms,
kitchens, laundry rooms) when using alkyd or
oil based paint or lower quality paint.Can occur
due to failure to prime wood before painting
and not successfully removing mildew from the
surface before repainting .
Chalking
• Appearance of fine powder on the paint film
due to weathering causing the resin to break
down, or painting over a porous surface.
Sagging
• Formation of a waterfall – like appearance on
the surface due to , too much paint being
applie in one coat.

PAINT COMPOSITION
Pigment Constituents Comments
Lead white Basic lead carbonate Highly poisonous
Yellow ochre Hydrated ferric oxide Highly tolerant externally
Cadmium yellow Cadmium sulphide Highly poisonous
Red ochre Ferric oxide An earth pigment
Chrome red Basic lead chromate Highly poisonous
Prussian blue Ferric ferrocyande Poisonous
Cobalt blue Cobalt aluminate Poisonous
Zinc green Zinc chromate Highly poisonous
Amber Clay without iron and magnesium From ferric oxide
Burnt sienna Hydrated ferric oxide An earth pigment
Lamp black Carbon -

• It should possess a good spreading power i.e. Maximum area of the
surface should be covered by minimum quantity of the paint. Such that it
can be
• The paint should be fairly cheap and economical.
• The paint should be such that it can be easily and freely applied on the
surface.
• The paint should be such that it dries in reasonable time and not too
rapidly.
• The paint should be such that its color is maintained for a long time.
• The paint should form a hard and durable surface.
• The paint should not affect the health of workers during its application.
• The paint should not be affected by weathering actions of the
atmosphere.
• The paint should possess attractive and pleasing appearance.
• The surface coated with paint should not show cracks when the paint
dries.
• When applied on the surface, the paint should form a thin film of uniform
nature.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PAINTS-

INGREDIENTS
Binder, vehicle, or resins-
The binder, commonly called the vehicle, is the film-forming component of
paint. It is the only component that must be present.The binder
imparts adhesion and strongly influences such properties as gloss,
durability, flexibility, and toughness.
Solvent-
The main purpose of the solvent is to dissolve the polymer and adjust
the viscosity of the paint. It facilitates the paint’s application, it’s drying,
and the formation of a regular paint film and acts as a carrier for the non
volatile components in a paint. During application and drying, the solvent
evaporates.To spread heavier oils (for example, linseed) as in oil-based
interior house paint, a thinner oil is required.

Pigment or Filler-
Pigments are granular solids incorporated in the paint to contribute color.
They can be classified as either natural or synthetic. Natural pigments include
various clays, calcium carbonate, mica, silica, and talc. Synthetics would
include engineered molecules, calcined clays, blanc fixe, precipitated calcium
carbonate.
Fillers are a special type of pigment that serve to thicken the film, support its
structure and increase the volume of the paint.These granular solids impart
toughness and texture. Not all paints include fillers. On the other hand, some
paints contain large proportions of pigment/filler and binder.
Additives-
Besides the three main categories of ingredients, paint can have a wide variety
of miscellaneous additives, which are usually added in small amounts, yet
provide a significant effect on the product. Some examples include additives
to modify surface tension, improve flow properties and finished appearance,
control foaming etc.

ADVANTAGES-
1.It protects the surface from
weathering effects of the
atmospheric and actions by
other liquids, fumes and gases.
2. It prevents decay of wood
and corrosion in metal.
3. It is used to give good appearance to the surface.The decorative effects may be
created by painting and the surface becomes hygienically good ,clean,colourful
and attractive.
4.It provides a smooth surface for easy cleaning.

PROCESS OF PAINTING
Surface Preparation- Surface preparation is
important because it directly affects the surface finish of
the paint.
A paint scrapper, a putty knife or a sand paper is used to
remove loose particles or flakes and the surface is made
enough and free from dust, dirt, grease etc. All loose
material is removed and filled with plaster or putty
mixture.
Primer coating- It is essential, especially when the
walls to be painted are stained, porous, have water
damage or when we are painting a light colour over a dark
color or vice versa. Primers help provide a smooth surface,
making the surface less absorbent, thus increasing the
spreading capacity of the paint. Using primer on the
kitchen, bathroom and exterior walls is especially
important to aid in the prevention of mildew.
Primer helps give uniform colour and texture to the finished paint, and provide better
adhesion to the top coats.The type of primer used is also dependent on the kind of surface
to be painted, i.e. different primers exist for interior walls, exterior walls, wood, metals etc.

Putty Coat :
Putties are generally used in the case of fresh painting or walls that require
total overhauling just like fresh walls, they may not be used for repainting or
touch up exercises. Wall putty should be applied to walls after first primer coat
has dried. It will fill in minor cracks and surface imperfections, and provide a
protective sub-layer for the expensive paint.As per the requirement 1-2 coats
of putty can be applied, but it is required to allow the previous coat to dry
before applying subsequent coat.
Second Primer Coat :
Generally repainting services require a single coat of primer, but for fresh
surfaces or the surfaces that need considerable leveling and removal of
undulations, two primer coats are required. Care must be taken that the
second primer coat be applied only after the previous putty coat has dried
completely.
Finish Coat :
Generally two coats of finish coat are required to get the desired finish and
color. It is important that each coat must be completely dry before the
application of next one.

Properties of paint
There are a number of ways to judge paint quality:
• Wearability
• Covering ability
• Ease of cleaning
• Protection of the substrate
• Environmentally Friendly
• Aesthetic
• Practical and Cost Effective

Dry finishes
Examples of dry finishes :-
Plaster board
Timber panelling
Carpet
The greatest advantage of dry finishes when compared to wet
finishes is that no shrinkage will occur during the dry out process.
A dry finish should be uniform in colour, size and be true to shape.
The application of dry finishes does not prevent occupancy of the
building.

Varnishes
 Applied as a finish protective
coating to a painting.
 Protects from dust, UV rays,
humidity, scuffing and
yellowing.
Three MainTypes:
Gloss, Matte, & Satin.
Two Different Formulations:
Resin & Polymer

Characteristics of a good varnish
●It should dry rapidly.
●It should form a hard film on drying.
●It should not crack on drying.
●It should be durable and weather resistant.
●It should give uniform and pleasing appearance.
●It should not hide the natural grains of the inner surface of timber.

Painting the woodwork - Steps
1. Preparation of surface:
The new wood should be seasoned and it must be dried before painting.The
surface of the wood should be cleaned and nails should be punched below the
surface.
2. Knotting:
The knots covered with suitable material is called knotting.

• 3. First coat:
After knotting the primary coat is applied on the surface of the wood. It is usually
applied before the wood work is fixed.
4. Second coat:
This coat is applied after knotting and priming coat. Each coat applied
longitudinally in thin film and crossed, so that no brush mark is seen on this painted
surface.
5. Final coat:
This coat is applied over the second coat without any brush mark.

Surface Preparation for
Enamel painting
• Previously painted wooden surfaces must be properly sanded to remove any dust
or grease.
• Apply wood primer by brush, after thinning to given ratio by recommended
thinner.
• Allow it to dry for 6-8 hr then apply putty or Lambi
• Sand the applied putty with number 180 sand paper and then apply second coat of
wood primer.
• Now the wooden surface is ready for painting with the top coat

Painting with enamel
• Apply wood primer by brush, after thinning to given ratio by recommended
thinner.
• Allow it to dry for 6-8 hr then apply putty or Lambi.
• Sand the applied putty with 180 no. sand paper and apply 2nd coat of wood primer.
• Now the wooden surface is ready for painting with the top coat

• Enamels are normally applied by brushing although they can also be sprayed.
• The drying time of enamels is longer; hence care must be taken to ensure a dust
free environment while the paint film is drying.
• Two coats of paint is sufficient in most cases, however if the earlier paint shade was
significantly darker than the new shade an additional coat of paint is
recommended.

Acoustical Panels:
Large overhead composite panels and wall mounted curved
reflectors dramatically improve acoustics and listening quality in
auditoriums, lecture halls, churches, performance halls and
rehearsal spaces.

Wall Cladding
Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) composite wall are used throughout the
construction and building materials industries. FRP offers a number of
significant features including resistance to mold, mildew, and bacteria
growth, high impact strength, high moisture resistance, chemical resistance,
stain resistance, sanitary finish, low maintenance, and easy installation.

Composite Flooring
Polished composite surfaces provide stunning appearance in flooring applications
and are extremely durable.

Divider Panels
Composite panels provide decorative and functional space separation and can
be used to produce stunning light effects. Reinforced composite panels are
extremely strong yet can offer a delicate and attractive appearance.

Thank You
“To create architecture is
to put in order.
Put what in order !
Function and objects.”
-Le Corbusier
“The best advice I've
received is to be yourself.
The best artists do that.”
- Frank Gehry

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