Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. Blood pressure is expressed using two measurements - systolic and diastolic pressures. For most adults, normal blood pressure is within the range of 100-130 mmHg systolic and 60-80 mmHg diastolic. High blood pressure is present if the resting blood pressure is persistently at or above 130/80 or 140/90 mmHg. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and beta blockers. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can lead to damage of vital organs and increase risk of
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on hypertension given by two nursing students. It began with an outline and objectives. The students then defined hypertension and discussed blood pressure classifications. They explained determinants of blood pressure and risk factors for primary hypertension. Clinical manifestations, complications, and types of hypertension such as primary, secondary, and hypertensive crisis were summarized. The students concluded by discussing diagnostic evaluation, management through lifestyle modifications and pharmacological treatments, and the stepwise algorithm for hypertension management.
This document discusses hypertension, including its definition, classification, causes, types (primary and secondary), diagnosis, management through lifestyle changes and medications, complications, and heart failure. Hypertension is defined as blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg. Its causes include lifestyle factors like stress, diet, obesity, and genetics. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet changes and exercise, as well as medications that lower blood pressure such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers. Complications of uncontrolled hypertension include heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and cognitive impairment.
What is hypertension, Definition of hypertension, Classification of hypertension, pathophysiology of hypertension, Signs and symptoms of hypertension, Risk factors of hypertension, Causes of hypertension, Differential diagnosis of hypertension, Medications of hypertension, Different class of medications for hypertension, Patient education for hypertension
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a condition characterized by consistently elevated blood pressure readings. It is measured in units of millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and expressed as systolic and diastolic pressures. Hypertension has various stages defined by specific blood pressure thresholds and is influenced by risk factors like age, family history, obesity, diet, smoking, alcohol, and lack of exercise. Common complications include cardiovascular diseases, stroke, kidney disease, and eye problems. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like a healthy diet, exercise, weight control, and quitting smoking as well as medications that work via different mechanisms such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and beta block
A presentation hypertension
(what blood pressure is, what is hypertension, what are the risk factors of hypertension, how is it managed?) and other related knowledge on hypertension
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its causes, mechanisms of blood pressure control, and antihypertensive drug treatments. It describes how hypertension is defined and its prevalence. It explains the roles of the baroreceptor and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems in long-term and short-term blood pressure regulation. Finally, it provides details on major classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and others.
Secondary hypertension is high blood pressure caused by an underlying medical condition that affects the kidneys, heart, blood vessels or endocrine system. It differs from primary hypertension which has no clear cause. Proper treatment of the underlying condition can control both secondary hypertension and reduce risks of complications like heart disease, kidney failure and stroke. Some common causes of secondary hypertension include kidney disease, Cushing's syndrome, pheochromocytoma, thyroid problems and obstructive sleep apnea.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. Blood pressure is expressed using two measurements - systolic and diastolic pressures. For most adults, normal blood pressure is within the range of 100-130 mmHg systolic and 60-80 mmHg diastolic. High blood pressure is present if the resting blood pressure is persistently at or above 130/80 or 140/90 mmHg. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and beta blockers. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can lead to damage of vital organs and increase risk of
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on hypertension given by two nursing students. It began with an outline and objectives. The students then defined hypertension and discussed blood pressure classifications. They explained determinants of blood pressure and risk factors for primary hypertension. Clinical manifestations, complications, and types of hypertension such as primary, secondary, and hypertensive crisis were summarized. The students concluded by discussing diagnostic evaluation, management through lifestyle modifications and pharmacological treatments, and the stepwise algorithm for hypertension management.
This document discusses hypertension, including its definition, classification, causes, types (primary and secondary), diagnosis, management through lifestyle changes and medications, complications, and heart failure. Hypertension is defined as blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg. Its causes include lifestyle factors like stress, diet, obesity, and genetics. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet changes and exercise, as well as medications that lower blood pressure such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers. Complications of uncontrolled hypertension include heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and cognitive impairment.
What is hypertension, Definition of hypertension, Classification of hypertension, pathophysiology of hypertension, Signs and symptoms of hypertension, Risk factors of hypertension, Causes of hypertension, Differential diagnosis of hypertension, Medications of hypertension, Different class of medications for hypertension, Patient education for hypertension
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a condition characterized by consistently elevated blood pressure readings. It is measured in units of millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and expressed as systolic and diastolic pressures. Hypertension has various stages defined by specific blood pressure thresholds and is influenced by risk factors like age, family history, obesity, diet, smoking, alcohol, and lack of exercise. Common complications include cardiovascular diseases, stroke, kidney disease, and eye problems. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like a healthy diet, exercise, weight control, and quitting smoking as well as medications that work via different mechanisms such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and beta block
A presentation hypertension
(what blood pressure is, what is hypertension, what are the risk factors of hypertension, how is it managed?) and other related knowledge on hypertension
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its causes, mechanisms of blood pressure control, and antihypertensive drug treatments. It describes how hypertension is defined and its prevalence. It explains the roles of the baroreceptor and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems in long-term and short-term blood pressure regulation. Finally, it provides details on major classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and others.
Secondary hypertension is high blood pressure caused by an underlying medical condition that affects the kidneys, heart, blood vessels or endocrine system. It differs from primary hypertension which has no clear cause. Proper treatment of the underlying condition can control both secondary hypertension and reduce risks of complications like heart disease, kidney failure and stroke. Some common causes of secondary hypertension include kidney disease, Cushing's syndrome, pheochromocytoma, thyroid problems and obstructive sleep apnea.
This document discusses high blood pressure (hypertension). It defines hypertension as blood pressure higher than 140/90 mmHg. It describes the main types of hypertension, including primary (essential) hypertension which has no known cause, and secondary hypertension which can be caused by other medical conditions like diabetes or kidney disease. It outlines the risk factors, symptoms, complications if untreated, treatment options focusing on lifestyle changes, and discusses how the body normally regulates blood pressure through various mechanisms.
Essential hypertension management and treatmentFabio Grubba
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including its classification, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines the different stages of hypertension according to blood pressure readings. Lifestyle modifications are recommended initially, including diet changes and exercise. If lifestyle changes do not control blood pressure, medications such as diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and other drug classes may be used. The goal of treatment is to prevent complications in target organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys by maintaining a blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg.
Hypertension Guidelines By Rodgers ChibaleRodgersChibale
This document provides information on hypertension including its definition, etiology, signs and symptoms, classification, treatment and treatment guidelines. It defines hypertension as a condition where blood pressure is chronically elevated above 140/90 mmHg. The causes of hypertension are categorized as primary (essential) or secondary. Treatment involves non-pharmacological methods as well as various classes of antihypertensive drugs like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, diuretics and vasodilators. The guidelines recommend starting treatment with one drug and adding a second from a different class if target is not reached after 3 months. Drug combinations should be used carefully due to risk of interactions.
The document discusses medications used to treat cardiac conditions like hypertension, coronary artery disease, and congestive heart failure. It describes several classes of drugs and their effects, such as diuretics which reduce blood volume, ACE inhibitors which lower blood pressure, and beta blockers which decrease heart rate and oxygen demand. The goals of treatment are outlined as reducing risk factors and maintaining normal blood pressure, heart rate, and cholesterol levels. Nursing considerations are also highlighted, like monitoring for side effects and ensuring medication adherence.
This document defines hypertension and describes its causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and management. Hypertension, also called high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic pressure over 140 mm Hg or diastolic over 90 mm Hg. It has two main types: primary (essential) hypertension which has no identifiable cause, and secondary hypertension which is caused by an underlying condition like kidney disease. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and may include diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, or calcium channel blockers to lower blood pressure. Regular monitoring of blood pressure and medication adherence are important for managing the condition and preventing complications like heart attack, stroke, or kidney failure.
High blood pressure, coronary artery disease, heart attack, diabetes, sleep apnea, obesity, and certain medications can increase the risk of developing heart failure. The main causes of heart failure are coronary artery disease, heart attacks, cardiomyopathy, and conditions that overwork the heart like high blood pressure. Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling, and coughing. Treatment depends on the stage but may include medications, surgery, devices, and lifestyle changes.
This document discusses various aspects of hypertension and its treatment. It begins by defining hypertension as a blood pressure higher than 140/90 mmHg. It then explains factors that determine blood pressure like cardiac output and peripheral resistance. It discusses the renin-angiotensin system and how beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics are used to treat hypertension by various mechanisms like reducing cardiac output or blocking angiotensin II formation. Common side effects and considerations for different drug classes are also outlined.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines hypertension and describes its classification. It also outlines lifestyle modifications and medications that are used to treat hypertension. The goals of treatment are to lower blood pressure and prevent target organ damage to the heart, brain, kidneys and eyes. Nursing care focuses on educating patients, monitoring for side effects, ensuring compliance with treatment, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) and its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines hypertension as a blood pressure higher than 140/90 mmHg and identifies factors that can lead to primary (essential) hypertension in 90-95% of cases, like increased sympathetic nervous system activity. Symptoms of hypertension are often vague. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, smoking cessation, and stress management as well as prescription drugs like diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers to control blood pressure. Patient education focuses on understanding the condition, preventative measures, lifestyle changes, medication management, and the importance of follow up.
Blood pressure is the force of the blood pushing against the walls of the arteries.
Each time our heart beats pumps blood into the arteries.
Blood pressure is highest when the heart beats, pumping the blood. This is called systolic pressure.
When our heart is at rest, between beats, our blood pressure falls. This is called diastolic pressure.
A blood pressure reading uses these two numbers. Usually, the systolic number comes before or above the diastolic number.
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by systolic or diastolic dysfunction. Common symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, cough, and shortness of breath. Treatment includes drugs that increase cardiac contractility, reduce fluid retention, block the renin-angiotensin system, dilate blood vessels, and reduce heart rate. New drugs like ivabradine and sacubitril/valsartan may also help lower hospitalization rates.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, refers to blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It puts stress on blood vessels and vital organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys over time if not controlled. The document discusses what causes hypertension, risk factors, potential health effects, diagnosis through blood pressure monitoring, treatment through lifestyle modifications and medications, and treatment goals of lowering blood pressure to reduce risks of heart disease, stroke, and other complications. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like losing weight, reducing salt, exercising, and quitting smoking, as well as medications like diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs.
The document discusses drugs used to treat cardiovascular conditions. It covers antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs. It also discusses drugs for angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, including antiplatelets, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, nitroglycerin, and ACE inhibitors. Finally, it addresses antiarrhythmic drugs and the mechanisms of different types of arrhythmias.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, refers to blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It puts increased stress on blood vessels and vital organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys over time. Common symptoms include headache, dizziness, and fatigue. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, and weight loss as well as medications to lower blood pressure such as diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs. The goals of treatment are to prevent complications like heart attack, stroke, kidney disease, and reduce blood pressure to under 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 for those with diabetes or chronic kidney disease.
This document discusses normal blood pressure ranges and classifications of hypertension. It then describes the main drug classes used to treat hypertension, including adrenergic agents, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and vasodilators. Specific medications within each class are provided along with their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and potential side effects.
This document discusses hypertension and hypotension. It defines hypertension as high blood pressure and hypotension as abnormally low blood pressure. It describes the causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment options through lifestyle modifications and medications, as well as potential complications of both conditions. Nursing management is also reviewed for monitoring and educating patients.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) and provides information about a patient's medical history and lab results. It defines three stages of hypertension and lists risk factors. It also summarizes the patient's vitals, chief complaints, medical history, family history, lab results and medications. Additionally, it covers topics like the anatomy and physiology of systems involved in blood pressure regulation, the pathophysiology of hypertension, and descriptions of medications prescribed to the patient.
This document discusses the diagnosis and management of hypertension. It defines hypertension as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg or being on antihypertensive medication. The main types are essential and secondary hypertension. Lifestyle modifications like weight loss, exercise, and diet changes can help control hypertension before starting medications. Common drug classes for treatment include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin receptor blockers, and beta blockers. The goals of treatment are to reduce target organ damage and cardiovascular risk by achieving a blood pressure under 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 mmHg for those with diabetes or chronic kidney disease.
It will be very use full for M.sc Nursing students how to critique the journals or dissertation.
And also to gain knowledge regarding the journal or dissertation critique.
IT CONTAINS DEFINITION, RISK FACTORS, ETIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DIAGNOSTIC METHODS, MEDICAL AND NURSING MANAGEMENT.
IT WILL BE USE FULL FOR THE NURSING STUDENTS.
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This document discusses high blood pressure (hypertension). It defines hypertension as blood pressure higher than 140/90 mmHg. It describes the main types of hypertension, including primary (essential) hypertension which has no known cause, and secondary hypertension which can be caused by other medical conditions like diabetes or kidney disease. It outlines the risk factors, symptoms, complications if untreated, treatment options focusing on lifestyle changes, and discusses how the body normally regulates blood pressure through various mechanisms.
Essential hypertension management and treatmentFabio Grubba
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including its classification, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines the different stages of hypertension according to blood pressure readings. Lifestyle modifications are recommended initially, including diet changes and exercise. If lifestyle changes do not control blood pressure, medications such as diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and other drug classes may be used. The goal of treatment is to prevent complications in target organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys by maintaining a blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg.
Hypertension Guidelines By Rodgers ChibaleRodgersChibale
This document provides information on hypertension including its definition, etiology, signs and symptoms, classification, treatment and treatment guidelines. It defines hypertension as a condition where blood pressure is chronically elevated above 140/90 mmHg. The causes of hypertension are categorized as primary (essential) or secondary. Treatment involves non-pharmacological methods as well as various classes of antihypertensive drugs like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, diuretics and vasodilators. The guidelines recommend starting treatment with one drug and adding a second from a different class if target is not reached after 3 months. Drug combinations should be used carefully due to risk of interactions.
The document discusses medications used to treat cardiac conditions like hypertension, coronary artery disease, and congestive heart failure. It describes several classes of drugs and their effects, such as diuretics which reduce blood volume, ACE inhibitors which lower blood pressure, and beta blockers which decrease heart rate and oxygen demand. The goals of treatment are outlined as reducing risk factors and maintaining normal blood pressure, heart rate, and cholesterol levels. Nursing considerations are also highlighted, like monitoring for side effects and ensuring medication adherence.
This document defines hypertension and describes its causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and management. Hypertension, also called high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic pressure over 140 mm Hg or diastolic over 90 mm Hg. It has two main types: primary (essential) hypertension which has no identifiable cause, and secondary hypertension which is caused by an underlying condition like kidney disease. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and may include diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, or calcium channel blockers to lower blood pressure. Regular monitoring of blood pressure and medication adherence are important for managing the condition and preventing complications like heart attack, stroke, or kidney failure.
High blood pressure, coronary artery disease, heart attack, diabetes, sleep apnea, obesity, and certain medications can increase the risk of developing heart failure. The main causes of heart failure are coronary artery disease, heart attacks, cardiomyopathy, and conditions that overwork the heart like high blood pressure. Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling, and coughing. Treatment depends on the stage but may include medications, surgery, devices, and lifestyle changes.
This document discusses various aspects of hypertension and its treatment. It begins by defining hypertension as a blood pressure higher than 140/90 mmHg. It then explains factors that determine blood pressure like cardiac output and peripheral resistance. It discusses the renin-angiotensin system and how beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics are used to treat hypertension by various mechanisms like reducing cardiac output or blocking angiotensin II formation. Common side effects and considerations for different drug classes are also outlined.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines hypertension and describes its classification. It also outlines lifestyle modifications and medications that are used to treat hypertension. The goals of treatment are to lower blood pressure and prevent target organ damage to the heart, brain, kidneys and eyes. Nursing care focuses on educating patients, monitoring for side effects, ensuring compliance with treatment, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) and its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines hypertension as a blood pressure higher than 140/90 mmHg and identifies factors that can lead to primary (essential) hypertension in 90-95% of cases, like increased sympathetic nervous system activity. Symptoms of hypertension are often vague. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, smoking cessation, and stress management as well as prescription drugs like diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers to control blood pressure. Patient education focuses on understanding the condition, preventative measures, lifestyle changes, medication management, and the importance of follow up.
Blood pressure is the force of the blood pushing against the walls of the arteries.
Each time our heart beats pumps blood into the arteries.
Blood pressure is highest when the heart beats, pumping the blood. This is called systolic pressure.
When our heart is at rest, between beats, our blood pressure falls. This is called diastolic pressure.
A blood pressure reading uses these two numbers. Usually, the systolic number comes before or above the diastolic number.
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by systolic or diastolic dysfunction. Common symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, cough, and shortness of breath. Treatment includes drugs that increase cardiac contractility, reduce fluid retention, block the renin-angiotensin system, dilate blood vessels, and reduce heart rate. New drugs like ivabradine and sacubitril/valsartan may also help lower hospitalization rates.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, refers to blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It puts stress on blood vessels and vital organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys over time if not controlled. The document discusses what causes hypertension, risk factors, potential health effects, diagnosis through blood pressure monitoring, treatment through lifestyle modifications and medications, and treatment goals of lowering blood pressure to reduce risks of heart disease, stroke, and other complications. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like losing weight, reducing salt, exercising, and quitting smoking, as well as medications like diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs.
The document discusses drugs used to treat cardiovascular conditions. It covers antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs. It also discusses drugs for angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, including antiplatelets, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, nitroglycerin, and ACE inhibitors. Finally, it addresses antiarrhythmic drugs and the mechanisms of different types of arrhythmias.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, refers to blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It puts increased stress on blood vessels and vital organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys over time. Common symptoms include headache, dizziness, and fatigue. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, and weight loss as well as medications to lower blood pressure such as diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs. The goals of treatment are to prevent complications like heart attack, stroke, kidney disease, and reduce blood pressure to under 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 for those with diabetes or chronic kidney disease.
This document discusses normal blood pressure ranges and classifications of hypertension. It then describes the main drug classes used to treat hypertension, including adrenergic agents, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and vasodilators. Specific medications within each class are provided along with their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and potential side effects.
This document discusses hypertension and hypotension. It defines hypertension as high blood pressure and hypotension as abnormally low blood pressure. It describes the causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment options through lifestyle modifications and medications, as well as potential complications of both conditions. Nursing management is also reviewed for monitoring and educating patients.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) and provides information about a patient's medical history and lab results. It defines three stages of hypertension and lists risk factors. It also summarizes the patient's vitals, chief complaints, medical history, family history, lab results and medications. Additionally, it covers topics like the anatomy and physiology of systems involved in blood pressure regulation, the pathophysiology of hypertension, and descriptions of medications prescribed to the patient.
This document discusses the diagnosis and management of hypertension. It defines hypertension as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg or being on antihypertensive medication. The main types are essential and secondary hypertension. Lifestyle modifications like weight loss, exercise, and diet changes can help control hypertension before starting medications. Common drug classes for treatment include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin receptor blockers, and beta blockers. The goals of treatment are to reduce target organ damage and cardiovascular risk by achieving a blood pressure under 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 mmHg for those with diabetes or chronic kidney disease.
Similar to HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION. (20)
It will be very use full for M.sc Nursing students how to critique the journals or dissertation.
And also to gain knowledge regarding the journal or dissertation critique.
IT CONTAINS DEFINITION, RISK FACTORS, ETIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DIAGNOSTIC METHODS, MEDICAL AND NURSING MANAGEMENT.
IT WILL BE USE FULL FOR THE NURSING STUDENTS.
This document provides a master plan for congestive cardiac failure (CCF) that includes:
- Definitions and types of CCF such as left vs right sided failure.
- Risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluations, and management strategies which involve both pharmacological treatments like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and device-based therapies as well as non-pharmacological approaches.
- Nursing management focuses on assessment, establishing diagnoses related to decreased cardiac output and fluid imbalance, and interventions to maintain cardiac output, restore fluid balance, and improve activity tolerance through rest and gradual increases in activity.
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HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.
1.
2. Blood pressure is the product of cardiac output
multiplied by peripheral resistance. Cardiac output is the
product of the heart rate multiplied by the stroke
volume. In normal circulation, pressure is exerted by the
flow of blood through the heart and blood vessels. High
blood pressure known as hypertension, can result from a
change in cardiac output, a change in peripheral
resistance or both. The medications used for treating
hypertension decrease peripheral resistance, blood
volume or the strength and rate of myocardial
contraction.
INRODUCTION
3. Hypertension is a systolic blood pressure
greater than 140mmHg and diastolic pressure
greater than 90mmHg over a sustained period,
based on the average of two or more blood
pressure measurements taken in two or more
contacts with the health care provider after an
initial screening.
-Joint National Committee 1997
DEFINITION
4. Maximum (systolic) pressure
pressure in the artery when the left
ventricle is contracting to force the blood
into the Aorta and other arteries.
Minimum (diastolic) pressure
pressure in the artery when the ventricles
are relaxing and the heart is filling up,
receiving blood from veins.
Force exerted by circulating
blood on the arterial walls
5. Age
Sedentary lifestyle
Obesity
Salt sensitivity
Alcohol, smoking
Family history
Race (blacks)
Too little potassium in diet
Too little vitamin D in diet.
Stress.
RISK FACORS
6. PRIMARY HYPERTENSION
For most adults, there’s no
identifiable cause of high blood
pressure. This type of high blood
pressure called essential hypertension or
primary hypertension, tends to develop
gradually over many years.
CAUSES
7. Adrenal cortical abnormalities:
Cushing’s syndrome (Adrenal glands overproduce
the hormone cortisol)
Primary aldosteronism (over production of
aldosterone by adrenal cortex)
Aldosteronism causes sodium and water
retention, potassium excretion in the kidneys
Diseases of the kidney (polycystic kidney disease)
SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
8. Disease of the renal arteries supplying the
kidney RENOVASCULAR
HYPERTENSION
Neuroendocrine tumors
Medication side effects (NSAID)
Kidney problems
Adrenal gland tumors
Certain defects in blood vessels (congenital)
Thyroid problems
9. Certain medications, such as birth
control pills, cold remedies, over-the-
counter pain relievers and some
prescription drugs.
Illegal drugs such as cocaine and
amphetamines
Alcohol abuse or chronic alcohol use
Obstructive sleep apnea.
15. History collection
Family history of hypertension
Physical examination
Check the vital signs
Through the physical examination found that
how much blood pressure
Obesity
Assess the sweating
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
16. Laboratory studies
Routine lab. Test includes urine analysis, blood
chemistry (Na, K, creatinine, FBS, Total and
high density lipoprotein, cholesterol level)
Renal damage ( BUN and creatinine levels or
by micro or macroalbuminuria)
Add. Studies creatinine clearance, renin level,
urine test, 24hours urine protein may be
perform.
12 lead ECG
Echocardiography
17. FIRST LINE DRUGS
1. Diuretics
2. Beta blockers
3. ACE inhibitors
4. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers
(Losartan, Telmisartan)
5. Calcium channel blockers
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
18. II LINE DRUGS
Alpha I sympatholytic
Alpha II sympathomimetics
Direct vasodilators
Kallium channel openers
Agonist of II receptors in CNS
19. DIURETICS AND RELATED DRUGS
Loop diuretics (Lasix)
Blocks Reabsorption of Na, Cl & water
Thiazide diuretics ( Chlorothiazide)
Decrease of blood volume, renal blood flow and
cardiac output depletion of ECF.
Negative Na balance, mild hypokalemia directly affect
vascular smooth muscle volume.
Potassium – Sparing diuretics (Spironolactone or
Aldactone)
Competitive inhibitor of aldosterone acts on distal
tubule independently of aldosterone.
20. Beta blockers (Propanolol, Metaprolol
Block the sympathetic nervous system, producing a
slower HR and lower HR
Alpha blockers (Prazosin Hydrochloride or Minipress)
Peripheral vasodilators acting directly on the blood
vessel.
Combined Alpha and Beta blockers (Labetalol)
Peripheral dilatation and decreases peripheral
vascular resistance.
vasodilators (Nitropress)
Decreases peripheral resistance but concurrently
elevates cardiac output, acts directly on smooth muscle
of blood vessels.
21. ACE inhibitors
Inhibit conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
lower total peripheal resistance.
Example – Captopril, Enalapril, Ramipril.
Calcium Antagonists
Inhibits calcium in influx reduces cardiac afterload
Example – Cardizem SR
Inhibits calcium ion influx slows velocity of
conduction of cardiac impulse.
Example – Verapamil.
22. Lose weight if overweight
Limit alcohol
Increase aerobic physical activity
Reduce sodium intake
Maintain adequate intake of dietary potassium,
calcium and magnesium for general health
Stop smoking and reduce intake of dietary
saturated fat and cholesterol.
NURSING MANAGEMENT
23. FOOD GROUP NO
Grains & grains
products
Vegetables
Fruits
Low fat or fat
free dairy food
Meat, fish and
poultry
Nuts, seeds and
dry beans.
SERVINGS PER DAY
7-8
4-5
4-5
2-3
2 or fewer
4-5 weekly
THE DASH (DIETARY APPROACHES
TO STOP HYPERTENSION) DIET
24. Take medication properly
• If side effects or cost problem, do not stop medication
• Ask doctor about other problem
Schedule regular doctor visit
• It takes a team effort to treat high BP successfully.
Mange stress
Release negative thoughts,
Maintain good relationship.
Adopt healthy habits
• Loss excess weight & get regular physical activity
• Limits alcohol & if you smoke, quit
LIFE STYLE MODIFICATION
25. Fiber, such as blond psyllium and wheat bran
Minerals such as calcium and potassium
Supplements that increase nitric oxide or widen blood
vessels such as cocoa, coenzyme Q10 or garlic
Omega-3 fatty acids found in fatty fish, fish oil
supplements or flaxseed
Probiotics found in fermented dairy products such as
cultured yogurt, buttermilk, acidophilus milk, cultured
sour cream and cheese.
Alternative medicine
26. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
1.Decreased cardiac output related to
o Increased vascular resistance, vasoconstriction
o Myocardial ischemia
o Ventricular hypertrophy/rigidity
2. Activity intolerance related
o Generalized weakness
o Sedentary life style
o Imbalance between oxygen supply and demand
NURSING PROCESS
27. 3. Ineffective coping related to
o Situational /maturational crisis; multiple life
changes
o Inadequate relaxation; little or no exercise,
work overload
o Inadequate support system
o Poor nutrition
o Unmet expectation; unrealistic perceptions
o Inadequate coping methods
o Gender differences in coping strategies
28. 4. Acute pain (Headache) related to increased
vascular pressure
5. Nutrition imbalanced more than body
requirements related to
o Excessive intake in relation to metabolic need
o Sedentary activity level
o Cultural preferences
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