Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. Blood pressure is expressed using two measurements - systolic and diastolic pressures. For most adults, normal blood pressure is within the range of 100-130 mmHg systolic and 60-80 mmHg diastolic. High blood pressure is present if the resting blood pressure is persistently at or above 130/80 or 140/90 mmHg. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and beta blockers. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can lead to damage of vital organs and increase risk of
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It has many risk factors including age, race, family history, being overweight, lack of exercise, tobacco use, too much salt in the diet, too little potassium, heavy drinking, and chronic stress. Hypertension is classified as primary (essential), where the cause is unknown, or secondary, caused by an underlying condition. While often asymptomatic, over time untreated hypertension can lead to heart disease and stroke. Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and levels above 130/80 mmHg may indicate elevated blood pressure or stage 1 hypertension, while levels above 140/90 mmHg indicate stage 2 hypertension.
This document provides an overview of hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension as a condition where blood pressure is elevated over the long term, which can damage the heart and lead to issues like stroke if not treated. The document discusses pre-hypertension blood pressure levels, stages of hypertension, and common causes like diet, lack of exercise, and obesity. It also examines the pathophysiology (disease processes) of hypertension, including how the sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin system, vascular endothelium, and kidney functions can increase blood pressure through mechanisms like vasoconstriction and increased blood volume.
This document discusses hypertension, including its definition, staging, classification, causes, risk factors, prevention, and management. Some key points:
- Hypertension is defined as elevated blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg. It is classified as essential (90% of cases) or secondary (10% due to identifiable causes like kidney disease).
- Risk factors include non-modifiable factors like age as well as modifiable behaviors such as diet, physical activity, weight, and alcohol intake.
- Prevention focuses on lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, weight control to reduce risk, as well as early detection and treatment of elevated blood pressure.
- Management involves lifestyle changes and may include pharmacological treatment starting with
This document provides information on the diagnosis and management of hypertension. It defines hypertension as blood pressure greater than 140/90 mmHg. It describes the types and causes of hypertension, including essential (95% of cases, no identifiable cause) and secondary (underlying cause such as renal or endocrine issues). Target organ damage from uncontrolled hypertension includes effects on the heart, brain, kidneys, and retina. Lifestyle modifications and medication are used to treat hypertension with the goals of reducing blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg to prevent cardiovascular events. Common classes of antihypertensive medications discussed include diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin receptor blockers.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, affects nearly 1 billion people worldwide. It is a leading cause of death and is poorly controlled in many countries. May 14th is recognized as World Hypertension Day to increase awareness. Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic over 90 mmHg. Lifestyle modifications like weight loss, dietary changes, and increased physical activity can help control blood pressure but medication is often required. Treatment goals are to reduce blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 for those with diabetes or kidney disease to lower the risks of complications.
This document discusses the classification, evaluation, and management of hypertensive crises. It defines hypertensive emergency as severe hypertension with acute end-organ damage requiring immediate treatment to lower blood pressure, while hypertensive urgency involves severe hypertension without end-organ damage that usually allows for gradual blood pressure reduction over 24-48 hours. It provides guidelines for initial evaluation, laboratory testing, goals of therapy, recommended antihypertensive agents, and dosing for treating different types of hypertensive crises.
This document provides an overview of hypertension, including its definition, terms, causes, clinical presentations, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Hypertension is defined as persistent elevated blood pressure levels. It can be primary (essential) or secondary to other conditions. It often presents no symptoms initially but can eventually lead to organ damage if untreated. It affects over 30% of Americans and its prevalence increases with age. The pathophysiology is complex and multifactorial. Diagnosis involves taking multiple blood pressure readings and screening for secondary causes and organ damage.
Dr. Sachin Verma is a young, diligent and dynamic physician. He did his graduation from IGMC Shimla and MD in Internal Medicine from GSVM Medical College Kanpur. Then he did his Fellowship in Intensive Care Medicine (FICM) from Apollo Hospital Delhi. He has done fellowship in infectious diseases by Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA). He has also done FCCS course and is certified Advance Cardiac Life support (ACLS) and Basic Life Support (BLS) provider by American Heart Association. He has also done a course in Cardiology by American College of Cardiology and a course in Diabetology by International Diabetes Centre. He specializes in the management of Infections, Multiorgan Dysfunctions and Critically ill patients and has many publications and presentations in various national conferences under his belt. He is currently working in NABH Approved Ivy super-specialty Hospital Mohali as Consultant Intensivists and Physician.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It has many risk factors including age, race, family history, being overweight, lack of exercise, tobacco use, too much salt in the diet, too little potassium, heavy drinking, and chronic stress. Hypertension is classified as primary (essential), where the cause is unknown, or secondary, caused by an underlying condition. While often asymptomatic, over time untreated hypertension can lead to heart disease and stroke. Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and levels above 130/80 mmHg may indicate elevated blood pressure or stage 1 hypertension, while levels above 140/90 mmHg indicate stage 2 hypertension.
This document provides an overview of hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension as a condition where blood pressure is elevated over the long term, which can damage the heart and lead to issues like stroke if not treated. The document discusses pre-hypertension blood pressure levels, stages of hypertension, and common causes like diet, lack of exercise, and obesity. It also examines the pathophysiology (disease processes) of hypertension, including how the sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin system, vascular endothelium, and kidney functions can increase blood pressure through mechanisms like vasoconstriction and increased blood volume.
This document discusses hypertension, including its definition, staging, classification, causes, risk factors, prevention, and management. Some key points:
- Hypertension is defined as elevated blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg. It is classified as essential (90% of cases) or secondary (10% due to identifiable causes like kidney disease).
- Risk factors include non-modifiable factors like age as well as modifiable behaviors such as diet, physical activity, weight, and alcohol intake.
- Prevention focuses on lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, weight control to reduce risk, as well as early detection and treatment of elevated blood pressure.
- Management involves lifestyle changes and may include pharmacological treatment starting with
This document provides information on the diagnosis and management of hypertension. It defines hypertension as blood pressure greater than 140/90 mmHg. It describes the types and causes of hypertension, including essential (95% of cases, no identifiable cause) and secondary (underlying cause such as renal or endocrine issues). Target organ damage from uncontrolled hypertension includes effects on the heart, brain, kidneys, and retina. Lifestyle modifications and medication are used to treat hypertension with the goals of reducing blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg to prevent cardiovascular events. Common classes of antihypertensive medications discussed include diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin receptor blockers.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, affects nearly 1 billion people worldwide. It is a leading cause of death and is poorly controlled in many countries. May 14th is recognized as World Hypertension Day to increase awareness. Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic over 90 mmHg. Lifestyle modifications like weight loss, dietary changes, and increased physical activity can help control blood pressure but medication is often required. Treatment goals are to reduce blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 for those with diabetes or kidney disease to lower the risks of complications.
This document discusses the classification, evaluation, and management of hypertensive crises. It defines hypertensive emergency as severe hypertension with acute end-organ damage requiring immediate treatment to lower blood pressure, while hypertensive urgency involves severe hypertension without end-organ damage that usually allows for gradual blood pressure reduction over 24-48 hours. It provides guidelines for initial evaluation, laboratory testing, goals of therapy, recommended antihypertensive agents, and dosing for treating different types of hypertensive crises.
This document provides an overview of hypertension, including its definition, terms, causes, clinical presentations, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Hypertension is defined as persistent elevated blood pressure levels. It can be primary (essential) or secondary to other conditions. It often presents no symptoms initially but can eventually lead to organ damage if untreated. It affects over 30% of Americans and its prevalence increases with age. The pathophysiology is complex and multifactorial. Diagnosis involves taking multiple blood pressure readings and screening for secondary causes and organ damage.
Dr. Sachin Verma is a young, diligent and dynamic physician. He did his graduation from IGMC Shimla and MD in Internal Medicine from GSVM Medical College Kanpur. Then he did his Fellowship in Intensive Care Medicine (FICM) from Apollo Hospital Delhi. He has done fellowship in infectious diseases by Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA). He has also done FCCS course and is certified Advance Cardiac Life support (ACLS) and Basic Life Support (BLS) provider by American Heart Association. He has also done a course in Cardiology by American College of Cardiology and a course in Diabetology by International Diabetes Centre. He specializes in the management of Infections, Multiorgan Dysfunctions and Critically ill patients and has many publications and presentations in various national conferences under his belt. He is currently working in NABH Approved Ivy super-specialty Hospital Mohali as Consultant Intensivists and Physician.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension and provides blood pressure categories. It notes that hypertension risk increases with age and is more common in some ethnic groups. The causes of hypertension are largely unknown, though factors like genetics, obesity, stress, smoking, alcohol, salt intake, and personality type can contribute to risk. The document also lists modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for hypertension.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension and lists its learning objectives. It describes the epidemiology, classification, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approach, and management of hypertension. Hypertension is a major modifiable risk factor for heart disease and stroke. Accurate measurement over multiple visits is important for diagnosis. Evaluation of patients with hypertension includes establishing baseline blood pressure, identifying secondary causes, checking for target organ damage, and determining other risk factors. Symptoms are usually absent, but may include headache or signs of end organ damage.
The document discusses hypertension including its definition, classification, risk factors, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and management. It provides details on lifestyle modifications and drug therapies used to treat hypertension as well as the management of hypertensive crises. The document is intended to serve as an educational reference for healthcare providers on the topic of hypertension.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher. Factors that influence blood pressure include heart rate, sympathetic nervous system activity, vasoconstriction/vasodilation, and fluid volume regulated by the renin-angiotensin and aldosterone systems. Lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, following the DASH diet, reducing sodium intake, limiting alcohol, and regular exercise are first-line treatment recommendations for controlling hypertension before starting drug therapy.
HYPERTENSION introduction, recommendations for accurate measurements of BP, evaluation of patient with hypertension, management of patient with hypertension, resistant hypertension, hypertensive crisis, hypertensive emergencies
This document discusses hypertension, or high blood pressure. It notes that hypertension affects around 50 million people in the US. The main types are primary hypertension, which has no known cause, and secondary hypertension, which is caused by another disease like kidney disease. Risk factors for hypertension include genetics, family history, obesity, stress, alcohol, sodium, tobacco, and age. Untreated hypertension can lead to heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and vision loss. African Americans have a higher risk than other populations. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and medication, with the goal of controlling blood pressure.
Hypertension has many potential causes and treatments depending on the clinical situation. Secondary hypertension should be considered when initial control is difficult or the onset of hypertension is rapid. Treatment of hypertensive emergencies involves gradual reduction of blood pressure while avoiding hypotension, using agents like sodium nitroprusside or labetalol. Long-term regimens after crisis typically include vasodilators, beta-blockers, and diuretics. Management is tailored based on any underlying conditions and target organ effects.
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher. About 1 billion people worldwide and 1 in 3 Americans have hypertension. Hypertension directly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Prehypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 120-139 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure of 80-89 mm Hg. The main factors that influence blood pressure are cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, and fluid volume control by the kidneys. Hypertension can lead to damage of the heart, brain, kidneys, eyes, and vasculature if not properly treated.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including its prevalence, types, risk factors, complications, prevention, and historical aspects. Some key points:
1. Hypertension is a major public health problem worldwide and in countries like India, China, and the US. It affects around 20% of adults.
2. There are two main types - primary (essential) hypertension, which has no identifiable cause and accounts for 90% of cases, and secondary hypertension, which is caused by other underlying medical conditions.
3. Risk factors include age, genetics, obesity, diet high in salt and saturated fat/low in fiber, smoking, excessive alcohol, physical inactivity, and stress. Having diabetes also increases
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a major global health issue. It is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic over 90 mmHg. Risk factors include age, family history, stress, obesity, alcohol, sodium intake and lack of exercise. Complications can include heart disease, stroke, kidney disease and eye damage if left untreated. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet, exercise and weight loss as well as medications that lower blood pressure such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers and beta blockers. Nurses play an important role in educating patients about hypertension management.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition where the force of blood pushing against artery walls is too high. If left untreated, it can lead to heart disease and stroke. High blood pressure is diagnosed through regular checkups where a doctor uses a blood pressure cuff to measure pressure in the arteries. Treatment options include medications, a healthy diet low in fat and salt, regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, and not smoking. Web sites like those run by the CDC provide information to help manage and prevent high blood pressure.
1) Hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg and affects about one third of US adults.
2) Primary or essential hypertension, which accounts for 85-95% of cases, has no identifiable cause but is influenced by genetic and environmental factors like obesity, smoking, and stress.
3) Hypertension usually does not cause symptoms until end organ damage occurs, and it increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease and other complications if not treated.
This document defines hypertensive emergencies and discusses their management. It begins by classifying hypertension and defining hypertensive crises. Hypertensive emergencies are acute severe hypertension with signs of target organ damage, while hypertensive urgencies have severe hypertension without organ damage. The document then covers the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, presentation, investigations, and management of hypertensive emergencies. It discusses treating different organ-specific emergencies like stroke, heart failure, and kidney injury. The management involves rapid blood pressure reduction while monitoring for complications. Various intravenous medications are outlined to treat specific emergencies. Careful titration is needed due to the risk of overtreatment.
Hypertension, its causes, types and managementAbu Bakar
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension and provides normal and elevated blood pressure readings. It describes the types and causes of primary and secondary hypertension. It discusses the risk factors, mechanisms, diagnosis, clinical presentation, complications and treatment of hypertension, including lifestyle modifications and medication options. The overall goal of treatment is to reduce blood pressure levels to lower the risks of complications like stroke, heart disease and kidney failure.
This document summarizes guidelines for treating hypertension. It defines hypertension and classifications of blood pressure. The goals of treatment are to reduce risks of stroke, heart disease, heart failure, and kidney disease. Lifestyle changes and medication are used to achieve a target blood pressure of less than 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 mmHg for those with diabetes or chronic kidney disease. Initial drug therapy typically involves thiazide diuretics alone or combined with other classes of drugs depending on individual risk factors and medical conditions. Special considerations are given to treating hypertension in pregnancy, kidney disease, heart disease and other compelling indications.
Essential hypertension management and treatmentFabio Grubba
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including its classification, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines the different stages of hypertension according to blood pressure readings. Lifestyle modifications are recommended initially, including diet changes and exercise. If lifestyle changes do not control blood pressure, medications such as diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and other drug classes may be used. The goal of treatment is to prevent complications in target organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys by maintaining a blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg.
The document defines hypertension and provides classification based on blood pressure readings. It discusses etiology including primary/essential hypertension and secondary causes. It covers evaluation involving medical history, physical exam, and lab tests. Treatment goals and principles are outlined along with classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers. Complications of uncontrolled hypertension involve cardiac, renal, cerebral, and retinal effects.
A presentation hypertension
(what blood pressure is, what is hypertension, what are the risk factors of hypertension, how is it managed?) and other related knowledge on hypertension
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on hypertension given by two nursing students. It began with an outline and objectives. The students then defined hypertension and discussed blood pressure classifications. They explained determinants of blood pressure and risk factors for primary hypertension. Clinical manifestations, complications, and types of hypertension such as primary, secondary, and hypertensive crisis were summarized. The students concluded by discussing diagnostic evaluation, management through lifestyle modifications and pharmacological treatments, and the stepwise algorithm for hypertension management.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension and provides blood pressure categories. It notes that hypertension risk increases with age and is more common in some ethnic groups. The causes of hypertension are largely unknown, though factors like genetics, obesity, stress, smoking, alcohol, salt intake, and personality type can contribute to risk. The document also lists modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for hypertension.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension and lists its learning objectives. It describes the epidemiology, classification, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approach, and management of hypertension. Hypertension is a major modifiable risk factor for heart disease and stroke. Accurate measurement over multiple visits is important for diagnosis. Evaluation of patients with hypertension includes establishing baseline blood pressure, identifying secondary causes, checking for target organ damage, and determining other risk factors. Symptoms are usually absent, but may include headache or signs of end organ damage.
The document discusses hypertension including its definition, classification, risk factors, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and management. It provides details on lifestyle modifications and drug therapies used to treat hypertension as well as the management of hypertensive crises. The document is intended to serve as an educational reference for healthcare providers on the topic of hypertension.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher. Factors that influence blood pressure include heart rate, sympathetic nervous system activity, vasoconstriction/vasodilation, and fluid volume regulated by the renin-angiotensin and aldosterone systems. Lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, following the DASH diet, reducing sodium intake, limiting alcohol, and regular exercise are first-line treatment recommendations for controlling hypertension before starting drug therapy.
HYPERTENSION introduction, recommendations for accurate measurements of BP, evaluation of patient with hypertension, management of patient with hypertension, resistant hypertension, hypertensive crisis, hypertensive emergencies
This document discusses hypertension, or high blood pressure. It notes that hypertension affects around 50 million people in the US. The main types are primary hypertension, which has no known cause, and secondary hypertension, which is caused by another disease like kidney disease. Risk factors for hypertension include genetics, family history, obesity, stress, alcohol, sodium, tobacco, and age. Untreated hypertension can lead to heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and vision loss. African Americans have a higher risk than other populations. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and medication, with the goal of controlling blood pressure.
Hypertension has many potential causes and treatments depending on the clinical situation. Secondary hypertension should be considered when initial control is difficult or the onset of hypertension is rapid. Treatment of hypertensive emergencies involves gradual reduction of blood pressure while avoiding hypotension, using agents like sodium nitroprusside or labetalol. Long-term regimens after crisis typically include vasodilators, beta-blockers, and diuretics. Management is tailored based on any underlying conditions and target organ effects.
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher. About 1 billion people worldwide and 1 in 3 Americans have hypertension. Hypertension directly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Prehypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 120-139 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure of 80-89 mm Hg. The main factors that influence blood pressure are cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, and fluid volume control by the kidneys. Hypertension can lead to damage of the heart, brain, kidneys, eyes, and vasculature if not properly treated.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including its prevalence, types, risk factors, complications, prevention, and historical aspects. Some key points:
1. Hypertension is a major public health problem worldwide and in countries like India, China, and the US. It affects around 20% of adults.
2. There are two main types - primary (essential) hypertension, which has no identifiable cause and accounts for 90% of cases, and secondary hypertension, which is caused by other underlying medical conditions.
3. Risk factors include age, genetics, obesity, diet high in salt and saturated fat/low in fiber, smoking, excessive alcohol, physical inactivity, and stress. Having diabetes also increases
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a major global health issue. It is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic over 90 mmHg. Risk factors include age, family history, stress, obesity, alcohol, sodium intake and lack of exercise. Complications can include heart disease, stroke, kidney disease and eye damage if left untreated. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet, exercise and weight loss as well as medications that lower blood pressure such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers and beta blockers. Nurses play an important role in educating patients about hypertension management.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition where the force of blood pushing against artery walls is too high. If left untreated, it can lead to heart disease and stroke. High blood pressure is diagnosed through regular checkups where a doctor uses a blood pressure cuff to measure pressure in the arteries. Treatment options include medications, a healthy diet low in fat and salt, regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, and not smoking. Web sites like those run by the CDC provide information to help manage and prevent high blood pressure.
1) Hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg and affects about one third of US adults.
2) Primary or essential hypertension, which accounts for 85-95% of cases, has no identifiable cause but is influenced by genetic and environmental factors like obesity, smoking, and stress.
3) Hypertension usually does not cause symptoms until end organ damage occurs, and it increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease and other complications if not treated.
This document defines hypertensive emergencies and discusses their management. It begins by classifying hypertension and defining hypertensive crises. Hypertensive emergencies are acute severe hypertension with signs of target organ damage, while hypertensive urgencies have severe hypertension without organ damage. The document then covers the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, presentation, investigations, and management of hypertensive emergencies. It discusses treating different organ-specific emergencies like stroke, heart failure, and kidney injury. The management involves rapid blood pressure reduction while monitoring for complications. Various intravenous medications are outlined to treat specific emergencies. Careful titration is needed due to the risk of overtreatment.
Hypertension, its causes, types and managementAbu Bakar
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension and provides normal and elevated blood pressure readings. It describes the types and causes of primary and secondary hypertension. It discusses the risk factors, mechanisms, diagnosis, clinical presentation, complications and treatment of hypertension, including lifestyle modifications and medication options. The overall goal of treatment is to reduce blood pressure levels to lower the risks of complications like stroke, heart disease and kidney failure.
This document summarizes guidelines for treating hypertension. It defines hypertension and classifications of blood pressure. The goals of treatment are to reduce risks of stroke, heart disease, heart failure, and kidney disease. Lifestyle changes and medication are used to achieve a target blood pressure of less than 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 mmHg for those with diabetes or chronic kidney disease. Initial drug therapy typically involves thiazide diuretics alone or combined with other classes of drugs depending on individual risk factors and medical conditions. Special considerations are given to treating hypertension in pregnancy, kidney disease, heart disease and other compelling indications.
Essential hypertension management and treatmentFabio Grubba
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including its classification, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines the different stages of hypertension according to blood pressure readings. Lifestyle modifications are recommended initially, including diet changes and exercise. If lifestyle changes do not control blood pressure, medications such as diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and other drug classes may be used. The goal of treatment is to prevent complications in target organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys by maintaining a blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg.
The document defines hypertension and provides classification based on blood pressure readings. It discusses etiology including primary/essential hypertension and secondary causes. It covers evaluation involving medical history, physical exam, and lab tests. Treatment goals and principles are outlined along with classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers. Complications of uncontrolled hypertension involve cardiac, renal, cerebral, and retinal effects.
A presentation hypertension
(what blood pressure is, what is hypertension, what are the risk factors of hypertension, how is it managed?) and other related knowledge on hypertension
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on hypertension given by two nursing students. It began with an outline and objectives. The students then defined hypertension and discussed blood pressure classifications. They explained determinants of blood pressure and risk factors for primary hypertension. Clinical manifestations, complications, and types of hypertension such as primary, secondary, and hypertensive crisis were summarized. The students concluded by discussing diagnostic evaluation, management through lifestyle modifications and pharmacological treatments, and the stepwise algorithm for hypertension management.
1. Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 160 mmHg or higher and/or a diastolic blood pressure of 95 mmHg or higher. It can be essential (95% of cases, no identifiable cause) or secondary (5% of cases, an underlying cause such as kidney, endocrine, or other diseases).
2. Risk factors for hypertension include increasing age, male sex, family history, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, diet high in salt and cholesterol, obesity, diabetes, and alcohol use. Target organ damage includes heart, brain, kidneys, and eyes.
3. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like weight loss, exercise, diet changes, and limiting alcohol. Medic
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its definition, causes, risk factors, types, symptoms, investigations, management, medications, treatment for diabetics, and follow up. Hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It has no symptoms in most cases, making it difficult for patients to accept the diagnosis. Lifestyle modifications and medications are used to treat it. Common medication classes include ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. Strict control of blood pressure is important, especially for diabetics, to prevent complications.
This document provides information about hypertension including its definition, types, causes, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, goals of therapy, and lifestyle modifications. It defines hypertension as blood pressure higher than 140/90 mmHg and describes the classification of blood pressure readings. The treatment section discusses lifestyle changes and various classes of antihypertensive medications used to treat hypertension.
Hypertension is defined as blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg or taking medication for it. It can be essential or secondary hypertension. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like weight loss, exercise, diet changes and medication if needed. Goals are to reduce blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 for those with diabetes or kidney disease. First line drugs include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin receptor blockers. Multiple drugs may be needed and lifestyle changes are important to control hypertension.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines hypertension and describes its classification. It also outlines lifestyle modifications and medications that are used to treat hypertension. The goals of treatment are to lower blood pressure and prevent target organ damage to the heart, brain, kidneys and eyes. Nursing care focuses on educating patients, monitoring for side effects, ensuring compliance with treatment, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.
Hypertension Guidelines By Rodgers ChibaleRodgersChibale
This document provides information on hypertension including its definition, etiology, signs and symptoms, classification, treatment and treatment guidelines. It defines hypertension as a condition where blood pressure is chronically elevated above 140/90 mmHg. The causes of hypertension are categorized as primary (essential) or secondary. Treatment involves non-pharmacological methods as well as various classes of antihypertensive drugs like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, diuretics and vasodilators. The guidelines recommend starting treatment with one drug and adding a second from a different class if target is not reached after 3 months. Drug combinations should be used carefully due to risk of interactions.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a medical condition defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It is often asymptomatic but can lead to serious health issues like heart disease or stroke if left untreated. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like reducing salt intake, exercise, and weight loss. Medications may also be prescribed depending on severity, such as ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, or diuretics. For hypertensive emergencies with very high blood pressure, intravenous drugs are used to rapidly lower the pressure.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a chronic medical condition characterized by constant elevation of systolic or diastolic blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It is often called the "silent killer" because it usually has no symptoms, making it difficult for patients to accept the diagnosis and comply with treatment. Over 140 million people in India are estimated to have high blood pressure, and this is expected to rise to over 214 million by 2030. Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The document discusses the definition, causes, risk factors, types, diagnosis, treatment guidelines including lifestyle modifications and medications, and complications of hypertension.
Hypertension is defined as blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg or taking medication for it. The document discusses diagnosis and management of hypertension including lifestyle modifications like weight loss, exercise, and diet changes as well as drug therapies. Drug classes discussed are diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and ARBs. Treatment is aimed at reducing blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 for those with diabetes or kidney disease to decrease risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease and other complications. Selection of drug depends on individual patient factors and conditions.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a condition characterized by consistently elevated blood pressure readings. It is measured in units of millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and expressed as systolic and diastolic pressures. Hypertension has various stages defined by specific blood pressure thresholds and is influenced by risk factors like age, family history, obesity, diet, smoking, alcohol, and lack of exercise. Common complications include cardiovascular diseases, stroke, kidney disease, and eye problems. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like a healthy diet, exercise, weight control, and quitting smoking as well as medications that work via different mechanisms such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and beta block
Hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg or taking antihypertensive medication. It can be essential or secondary hypertension. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like weight loss, exercise, and diet changes as well as pharmacologic treatments. Drug therapy aims to reduce blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 mmHg for those with diabetes or kidney disease to decrease risk of heart disease and stroke. Treatment involves diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and other drugs depending on individual factors. Goals are to control blood pressure and reduce target organ damage through lifestyle and medical treatment.
Hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg or taking antihypertensive medication. It can be essential or secondary hypertension. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like weight loss, exercise, and diet changes as well as pharmacologic treatments. Drug therapy aims to reduce blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 mmHg for those with diabetes or kidney disease to decrease risk of heart disease and stroke. Treatment involves diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and other drugs depending on individual factors. Goals are to control blood pressure and reduce target organ damage through lifestyle and medical treatment.
This document discusses hypertension, including:
1. Factors that influence blood pressure such as heart rate, sympathetic nervous system activity, vasoconstriction, and fluid volume.
2. Definitions of blood pressure measurements and classifications of hypertension.
3. Causes of primary and secondary hypertension, as well as risk factors for primary hypertension.
4. Potential complications of uncontrolled hypertension like heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and eye damage.
5. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medication to lower blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular risk.
This document discusses hypertension, including:
1. Factors that influence blood pressure such as heart rate, sympathetic nervous system activity, vasoconstriction, and fluid volume.
2. Definitions of blood pressure measurements and classifications of hypertension.
3. Causes of primary and secondary hypertension, as well as risk factors for primary hypertension.
4. Potential complications of uncontrolled hypertension like heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and eye damage.
5. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medication to lower blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular risk.
Type 1 diabetes is caused by the immune system destroying insulin-producing cells. Type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy due to increased insulin needs. Diabetes is managed through diet, exercise, medication including insulin, and monitoring of blood sugar levels. Complications of uncontrolled diabetes include foot ulcers and infections, ketoacidosis, and other conditions.
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria and presents with a slowly rising fever over 1-2 weeks. Symptoms in the first week include malaise, headache, and constipation. By the second week, symptoms may progress to delirium or coma without treatment. Diagnosis involves blood, stool, or bone marrow cultures to identify the bacteria. Typhoid is treated with antibiotics like fluoroquinolones or azithromycin and prevention involves vaccination with either an oral or injectable vaccine. Multidrug resistant strains exist, requiring different antibiotic options.
This document provides an overview of pneumonia, including its definition, classification, symptoms, causes, risk factors, diagnosis, complications, treatment, and prevention. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. It causes inflammation in the small air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs, making breathing difficult. Pneumonia is classified based on location in the lungs (lobar vs. bronchopneumonia) and source (community-acquired, hospital-acquired, etc.). Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-ray, blood tests and sputum tests. Complications include organ failure from bloodstream infection. Treatment depends on cause but often involves antibiotics
Peptic ulcers develop in the stomach, esophagus, or duodenum (upper small intestine) and are usually caused by H. pylori bacteria or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin. Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and bloody stools. Diagnosis involves blood tests, breath tests, stool tests, endoscopy, or imaging. Treatment involves antibiotics to kill H. pylori, proton pump inhibitors to reduce acid, and medications to protect the stomach lining. Complications can include bleeding, perforation, and scarring.
This document provides information about immune system disorders and three autoimmune diseases: celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It defines the immune system and its cells. It describes celiac disease as an autoimmune reaction to gluten that damages the small intestine. IBD includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease that cause chronic inflammation of the digestive tract. SLE is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with immune system abnormalities that can damage multiple organs.
This document discusses angina pectoris, a common symptom of coronary artery disease where chest pain occurs due to reduced blood flow to the heart. It first covers the pathophysiology where an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand causes myocardial ischemia. Signs and symptoms including chest discomfort that can radiate to other areas and is exacerbated by exertion. Causes include risk factors like diabetes and hypertension. Diagnostic tests evaluate for coronary artery disease and include ECG, stress tests, and angiograms. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications like nitrates, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers to reduce symptoms, and potentially surgeries like angioplasty or bypass grafting.
This document discusses wound management and surgical products. It begins with an introduction to wound types including open wounds such as abrasions, lacerations, and punctures, as well as close wounds like contusions and hematomas. Next, it covers the history of wound management and the role of community pharmacists. It then discusses various surgical instruments, dressings, and the classification and types of surgical dressings used in wound care. The key steps in dressing a wound are also outlined.
Selective alpha1 blockers are Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin and Silodosin majorly used to treat BPH, also hypertension, PTSD, Raynaud's phenomenon, CHF
Phosphorus, is intensely sensitive to ‘other worlds’ and lacks the personal boundaries at every level. A Phosphorus personality is susceptible to all external impressions; light, sound, odour, touch, electrical changes, etc. Just like a match, he is easily excitable, anxious, fears being alone at twilight, ghosts, about future. Desires sympathy and has the tendency to kiss everyone who comes near him. An insane person with the exaggerated idea of one’s own importance.
Part III - Cumulative Grief: Learning how to honor the many losses that occur...bkling
Cumulative grief, also known as compounded grief, is grief that occurs more than once in a brief period of time. As a person with cancer, a caregiver or professional in this world, we are often met with confronting grief on a frequent basis. Learn about cumulative grief and ways to cope with it. We will also explore methods to heal from this challenging experience.
Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
congenital GI disorders are very dangerous to child. it is also a leading cause for death of the child.
this congenital GI disorders includes cleft lip, cleft palate, hirchsprung's disease etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF H1 ANTIHISTAMINICS-
FIRST GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-
1)HIGHLY SEDATIVE-DIPHENHYDRAMINE,DIMENHYDRINATE,PROMETHAZINE,HYDROXYZINE 2)MODERATELY SEDATIVE- PHENARIMINE,CYPROHEPTADINE, MECLIZINE,CINNARIZINE
3)MILD SEDATIVE-CHLORPHENIRAMINE,DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE
TRIPROLIDINE,CLEMASTINE
SECOND GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-FEXOFENADINE,
LORATADINE,DESLORATADINE,CETIRIZINE,LEVOCETIRIZINE,
AZELASTINE,MIZOLASTINE,EBASTINE,RUPATADINE. Mechanism of action of 2nd generation antihistaminics-
These drugs competitively antagonize actions of
histamine at the H1 receptors.
Pharmacological actions-
Antagonism of histamine-The H1 antagonists effectively block histamine induced bronchoconstriction, contraction of intestinal and other smooth muscle and triple response especially wheal, flare and itch. Constriction of larger blood vessel by histamine is also antagonized.
2) Antiallergic actions-Many manifestations of immediate hypersensitivity (type I reactions)are suppressed. Urticaria, itching and angioedema are well controlled.3) CNS action-The older antihistamines produce variable degree of CNS depression.But in case of 2nd gen antihistaminics there is less CNS depressant property as these cross BBB to significantly lesser extent.
4) Anticholinergic action- many H1 blockers
in addition antagonize muscarinic actions of ACh. BUT IN 2ND gen histaminics there is Higher H1 selectivitiy : no anticholinergic side effects
Storyboard on Acne-Innovative Learning-M. pharm. (2nd sem.) CosmeticsMuskanShingari
Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It typically manifests as pimples, blackheads, or whiteheads, often on the face, chest, shoulders, or back. Acne can range from mild to severe and may cause emotional distress and scarring in some cases.
**Causes:**
1. **Excess Oil Production:** Hormonal changes during adolescence or certain times in adulthood can increase sebum (oil) production, leading to clogged pores.
2. **Clogged Pores:** When dead skin cells and oil block hair follicles, bacteria (usually Propionibacterium acnes) can thrive, causing inflammation and acne lesions.
3. **Hormonal Factors:** Fluctuations in hormone levels, such as during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or certain medical conditions, can contribute to acne.
4. **Genetics:** A family history of acne can increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
**Types of Acne:**
- **Whiteheads:** Closed plugged pores.
- **Blackheads:** Open plugged pores with a dark surface.
- **Papules:** Small red, tender bumps.
- **Pustules:** Pimples with pus at their tips.
- **Nodules:** Large, solid, painful lumps beneath the surface.
- **Cysts:** Painful, pus-filled lumps beneath the surface that can cause scarring.
**Treatment:**
Treatment depends on the severity and type of acne but may include:
- **Topical Treatments:** Such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or retinoids to reduce bacteria and unclog pores.
- **Oral Medications:** Antibiotics or oral contraceptives for hormonal acne.
- **Procedures:** Such as chemical peels, extraction of comedones, or light therapy for more severe cases.
**Prevention and Management:**
- **Cleanse:** Regularly wash skin with a gentle cleanser.
- **Moisturize:** Use non-comedogenic moisturizers to keep skin hydrated without clogging pores.
- **Avoid Irritants:** Such as harsh cosmetics or excessive scrubbing.
- **Sun Protection:** Use sunscreen to prevent exacerbation of acne scars and inflammation.
Acne treatment can take time, and consistency in skincare routines and treatments is crucial. Consulting a dermatologist can help tailor a treatment plan that suits individual needs and reduces the risk of scarring or long-term skin damage.
One piece compressive Dental implant : data from Google Scholar
Hypertension
1.
2. What is Hypertension?
Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high
blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical
condition in which the blood pressure in
the arteries is persistently elevated.
3. Blood Pressure Measurement:
Blood pressure is expressed by two measurements,
the systolic and diastolic pressures, which are the
maximum and minimum pressures, respectively.
For most adults, normal blood pressure at rest is within the
range of ;
100–130 mmHg systolic and 60–80 mmHg diastolic.
For most adults, high blood pressure is present if the resting
blood pressure is persistently at or above 130/80 or 140/90
mmHg.
5. PREHYPERTENSION
Prehypertension is blood pressure readings with
a systolic pressure from 120 to 139 mm Hg or
a diastolic pressure from 80 to 89 mm Hg.
Indivisuals who are pre hypertensive are not candidates for
drug therapy.
Should be advised to practice lifestyle modification.
Those with pre-htn, who also have diabetes or kidney
disease, drug therapy is indicated if a trial of lifestyle
modification fails to reduce their bp.
6. Isolated systolic blood pressure
If the systolic blood pressure is elevated (>140) with
a normal (<90) diastolic blood pressure (DBP), it is
called "isolated systolic hypertension".
Systolic bp should be primarily considered during
treatment and not just diastolic bp.
Sbp is more imp risk factor after age 50
Diastolic is more imp before age 50.
7. Hypertensive Crises:
Severely elevated blood pressure (equal to or
greater than a systolic 180 or diastolic of 110) is
referred to as a hypertensive crisis.
Hypertensive crisis is categorized as
either hypertensive urgency or hypertensive
emergency, according to the absence or presence
of end organ damage, respectively
8. HTN EMERGENCY HTN URGENCY
Progressive end-organ
dysfunction.
Severely elevated bp
>180/120mmHg
Require emergent
lowering of bp.
Examples include: Acute
Myocardial infarction or
unstable Angina.
No progressive end-
organ dysfunction.
Severe elevated bp in
the range of stage 2 htn.
Examples : Highly
elevated bp without
severe headache,
shortness of breathe or
chest pain.
9. SYMPTOMS
A person with hypertension may not notice any symptoms, and
it is often called the “silent killer”.
If your blood pressure is extremely high, there may be certain
symptoms to look out for, including:
Severe headache.
Fatigue or confusion.
Vision problems.
Chest pain.
Difficulty breathing.
Irregular heartbeat.
Blood in the urine.
.
10.
11. ETIOLOGY OF HYPERTENSION
Primary Hypertension Secondary Hypertension
Primary Hypertension results
from a complex interaction of
genes and environmental
factors.
Such as:
High salt intake, lack of
exercise , obesity, aging,
Smoking etc.
Secondary hypertension
results from an identifiable
Cause.
such as ;
Kidney disease,
Hypothyroidism,
hyperthyroidism,
Cushing’s syndrome
12. One high reading does not mean you have high blood pressure. It is necessary to
measure the blood pressure at different times. To make the diagnosis of
hypertension at least three readings.
14. 1) Ambulatory B.P Measurement
Ambulatory BP is
measure by a small BP
device usually attached
to a belt around the
body and connect to a
cuff around the upper
arm.
It is standerstandard
for the diagnose of
hypertension and
pridector for CVD
16. 2) Home B.P measurements.
Home B.P is define as the average of all remaining measure .
Relatively inexpensive device my b use for home B.P
measurements these should include for morning and evening
both measurmeasuring b p in one week.
It is important to acknowledge the measurements different
factors such as stress. Smoking or cardian variation.
17. 3) Office- based B.P measurement
Despite there limitations
office based B.P
measurement continue to be
the primary technique used
world wide for the
detection and management
of hypertension.
Multiple measurements of
different days may b
necessary such as patient
position , cuff size .
18. White coat hypertension
Some people with normal
B.P find that it spike when
they visit to the doctor this
condition is called white
coat hypertension is also
called isolated or office
hypertension.
The white coat may effect
persist for year it may
avoided by using ABPM or
home based B.P
monitoring.
22. HEART FAILURE:
The increased workload from high blood pressure
can cause the heart to enlarge and fail to supply
blood to the body and heart muscle doesn't pump
blood as well as it should.
23. KIDNEY FAILURE & DISEASE:
High blood pressure can
damage the arteries
around the kidneys and
interfere with their
ability to filter blood
effectively.
25. RETINOPATHY
This may cause your blood vessels to become narrow ,which
then restricts blood from reaching the retina.
In some cases retina become swollen.
Over time high blood pressure can cause damage to the
retina’s blood vessels limit the retina function and causing
vision problems
32. Mechanism of Action
1. Increase renal excretion of Na and Water
2. Decrease plasma volume
3. Decrease peripheral resistance
(Desensitize smooth muscles to action of
catecholamine)
33. Adverse effects
Hypokalaemia – Muscle pain and fatigue
Hyperglycemia – Inhibition of insulin release due to
potassium depletion – Precipitation of diabetes.
Hyperlipidaemia – Rise in total LDL level
( Risk of stroke)
Hyperuricaemia
Sudden cardiac death
40. Potassium Sparing Diuretic
Not effective alone , so used in combination with other
diuretics to help maintain the potassium balance.
e.g Spironolactone, Amiloride, Uniretic
(HCT+Amiloride)
Adverse Effect:
Hyperkalemia
41.
42. Inhibit generation of Angiotensin II
Inhibit degradation of bradykinin
Decrease aldosterone production indirectly
Eg: Captopril
DOSE 25 mg Sublingually onset : 5-15
44. Hypertension with diabetes
Hypertension: first line drug for all grades of hypertension but
specially indicated in
Congestive cardiac failure
Myocardial Infarction
Diabetic Nephropathy
45. Cough
Angioedema (Life-threatening airway swelling and
obstruction; 0.1-0.2% of patients)
Proteinuria
Who would not be given ACEI :
contraindicated in pregnancy.
47. With potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g: Spirinolactone)
NSAIDs may decrease ACE inhibitors the efficacy and increase
adverse renal effect
FOOD DRUG INTERACTION :
Avoid taking food rich in potassium with captopril Or other ACEI
Bananas and green leafy
Because increase the amount of potassium in your body.
MANAGEMENT :
Should be taken 1hrs before meal because food reduce the
absorption 30%-40%.
48.
49. • AT1:
– Vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion, release NA
• AT2 receptor:
– Function is not known
• ARBs: competitively inhibit binding of angiotensin
II to AT1 receptor
• Has similar effects like ACE inhibitors
• Uses are similar to ACE inhibitors
• Mainly used in patients who cough with ACE
inhibitors
Eg : valsartan , (Losartan)
50. Advantage ARB’S of over ACE inhibitors
so less adverse effects like dry cough & angioedema
Drug Combination
Hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg+ Valsartan (60 or
80 mg)
51. Calcium channel blockers : (CCB's)
A calcium channel blocker is a chemical that disrupt the movement
of calcium (Ca+2) through calcium channels. They are also called
Calcium Antagonist.
OR
These are the important class of Cardiovascular drugs which act by
inhibiting L-type of voltage sensitive calcium channels in smooth
muscles and heart.
52. TYPES :
On the basis of chemical structure and activity there are three main
classes of CCB's:
1 - DIHYDROPYRIDINES : These works mostly on arteries.
2- BENZOTHIZEPINES : These works on the heart muscles and
arteries.
3- PHENYLALKLAMINES : These works mostly on the heart muscles.
53. INDICATIONS:
In treating high blood pressure, angina
and abnormal heart rhythms.
They may also be used after a heart attack.
They are also used in the prevention of
migraines headaches
In pulmonary hypertension.
55. SIDE EFFECTS :
Constipation ( Verapamil)
Headache
Rash
Dizziness
Edema
Drowsiness
OTHERTHINGSTOBE AWAREWHENTAKINGCCB's :
If you are taking CCB's you should not drink grapefruit juice. this is because it
increases the amount of medicines that enters the blood stream. As a result BP
can drop suddenly which can be dangerous. Apart from diltiazem and
amlodipine, almost all CCB'S will be affected by grapefruit.
If you have angina and stop taking CCB 'S, you could experienced chest pain.
WHOWOULDNOTBE GIVENCCB'S :
Pregnant and breast feeding women
Peoples with liver and kidney problems.
56. Natural CCB :
Magnesium is an example of nutrient that acts as a
natural CCB. Research has shown that higher
levels of magnesium block the movement of
calcium. In animal studies, magnesium
supplementation seemed to be most effective in
young with elevated blood pressure before they
develop hypertension. It also seemed slow the
progeession to hypertension.
57. Beta blockers, also known as beta-
adrenergic blocking agents, are a class of
drugs to treat the high blood pressure that
works by blocking the
neurotransmitters norepinephrine
and epinephrine from binding to receptors
58.
59. TYPES OF BETA RECEPTORS
There are three known types of beta receptors,
known as beta1 (β1), beta2(β2) and beta3 (β3).
β1-adrenergic receptors are located
commonly in the heart and kidneys.
β2-adrenergic receptors are located mainly in
the lungs, Git , liver , uterus, vascular smooth
muscle, and skeletal muscle.
β3- adrenergic receptors are located in fat cells.
61. INDICATIONS OF BETA BLOCKER
Beta blockers are used to manage a variety of conditions.
They include, but are not limited to:
Hypertension (In the management of HTN, it may be used
alone or concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents,
particularly thiazide diuretics.
Cardiac arrhythmias
Heart failure or post heart attack(myocardial infarction)
Diabetes
Angina pectoris due to coronary atherosclerosis and
Also treat glaucoma, anxiety, migraine headaches and
hyperthyroidism
63. CAUTIONS
People should advise their doctor if they have a
history of the following before taking B blockers.
Asthama
Bronchospasm
Severe peripheral arterial disease including raynauds
syndrome
Slow heart rate
Uncontrolled heart failure
64. INTERACTIONS
Beta blockers could interact with a range of
medications. These include:
NSAIDs
Anti ulcer medications
Anaesthetics
Warfarin
Hmg CoA reductase inhibitors