Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a condition characterized by consistently elevated blood pressure readings. It is measured in units of millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and expressed as systolic and diastolic pressures. Hypertension has various stages defined by specific blood pressure thresholds and is influenced by risk factors like age, family history, obesity, diet, smoking, alcohol, and lack of exercise. Common complications include cardiovascular diseases, stroke, kidney disease, and eye problems. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like a healthy diet, exercise, weight control, and quitting smoking as well as medications that work via different mechanisms such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and beta block
This document provides an overview of various cardiac medications, including their classifications, mechanisms of action, indications for use, dosages, and potential adverse effects. It discusses drugs that work on the cardiovascular system like beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics, inotropes, antiarrhythmics, and anticoagulants. The document also provides a case study example and discusses preparation for cardiac catheterization.
Hypertension is very common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), affecting 67-92% of patients. Control of hypertension is important for slowing the loss of kidney function and reducing the risk of further kidney damage. The document discusses several risk factors for hypertension in CKD patients including older age, African descent, overweight or obesity, and concurrent diabetes or heart disease. It also reviews guidelines for treating hypertension in CKD, which generally recommend a target blood pressure under 140/90 mmHg and use of renin-angiotensin system blocking agents along with monitoring of kidney function and potassium levels.
Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibition(ARNI):The New Fronteir ?drucsamal
1) LCZ696, which inhibits neprilysin and blocks angiotensin receptors, reduced the risks of cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalization compared to enalapril in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
2) LCZ696 also reduced the risks of all-cause mortality and worsened heart failure compared to enalapril.
3) Patients receiving LCZ696 experienced greater improvements in quality of life and functional status measures compared to those receiving enalapril.
Treatment Of Hypertension In Special Situation Modified Fina Lcdrmisbah83
This document discusses hypertension, including its types, causes, investigations, management, treatment in special situations, complications, and global mortality. It notes that hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke worldwide. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and medications, with goals of controlling blood pressure to reduce cardiovascular risks and events.
An arrhythmia occurs when the electrical impulses that coordinates your heartbeats don't work properly, resulting in your heart to beat too fast, too slow or abnormally. The condition may feel like a racing heart and may be undamaging.
This document provides an overview of various cardiac medications, including their classifications, mechanisms of action, indications for use, dosages, and potential adverse effects. It discusses drugs that work on the cardiovascular system like beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics, inotropes, antiarrhythmics, and anticoagulants. The document also provides a case study example and discusses preparation for cardiac catheterization.
Hypertension is very common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), affecting 67-92% of patients. Control of hypertension is important for slowing the loss of kidney function and reducing the risk of further kidney damage. The document discusses several risk factors for hypertension in CKD patients including older age, African descent, overweight or obesity, and concurrent diabetes or heart disease. It also reviews guidelines for treating hypertension in CKD, which generally recommend a target blood pressure under 140/90 mmHg and use of renin-angiotensin system blocking agents along with monitoring of kidney function and potassium levels.
Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibition(ARNI):The New Fronteir ?drucsamal
1) LCZ696, which inhibits neprilysin and blocks angiotensin receptors, reduced the risks of cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalization compared to enalapril in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
2) LCZ696 also reduced the risks of all-cause mortality and worsened heart failure compared to enalapril.
3) Patients receiving LCZ696 experienced greater improvements in quality of life and functional status measures compared to those receiving enalapril.
Treatment Of Hypertension In Special Situation Modified Fina Lcdrmisbah83
This document discusses hypertension, including its types, causes, investigations, management, treatment in special situations, complications, and global mortality. It notes that hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke worldwide. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and medications, with goals of controlling blood pressure to reduce cardiovascular risks and events.
An arrhythmia occurs when the electrical impulses that coordinates your heartbeats don't work properly, resulting in your heart to beat too fast, too slow or abnormally. The condition may feel like a racing heart and may be undamaging.
The document discusses various agents used to treat coagulation disorders and bleeding risks. It outlines the blood coagulation mechanism and lists common risk factors for blood clots. It then describes different classes of drugs that work at different points in the coagulation cascade, including anticoagulants like heparin and warfarin that prevent clotting, fibrinolytics that break up existing clots, and antiplatelets that reduce platelet aggregation. It also discusses drugs used for bleeding disorders and important drug interactions.
This document summarizes the case of a 73-year-old male patient admitted to the hospital for coronary artery disease. It provides details on his medical history including diabetes, hypertension, and a history of smoking. It then discusses coronary artery disease including symptoms, risk factors, diagnostic tests, treatment options through lifestyle changes, medications, and surgery. It concludes with a nursing care plan to address ineffective airway clearance related to secretions in the bronchi.
Comentario de Regina Dalmau en #SECenACC19 de los resultados del CLEAR Wisdom Trial, sobre eficacia y seguridad del ácido bempedoico con la dosis máxima tolerada de estatinas en pacientes con hipercolesterolemia y alto riesgo cardiovascular.
This document summarizes various cardiovascular drugs used to treat cardiac diseases such as hypertension. It discusses major categories including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and nitrates/nitrites. For each drug class, it describes the mechanisms of action, therapeutic effects, common medications, side effects, nursing considerations and more. The goal is to optimize blood flow and vascular resistance to lower blood pressure.
This document provides information about cardiac emergencies presented by Mrs. Shalini, an Assistant Professor of Nursing. It defines cardiac emergencies and lists the learning objectives. The major cardiac emergencies discussed include acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, sudden cardiac death, cardiac tamponade, hypertensive emergencies, and dysrhythmias. For each emergency, the document provides definitions, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, management, and nursing care considerations.
1. The document discusses different types of arrhythmias including tachycardia and bradycardia. It describes various causes of arrhythmias including functional, organic, hemodynamic, hormonal and congenital factors.
2. Types of arrhythmias are classified based on location in the heart as atrial, junctional, or ventricular. Common atrial arrhythmias include premature atrial contractions and atrial fibrillation.
3. Supraventricular tachycardia is a junctional arrhythmia and the most common type is atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Symptoms can include a pounding heart, shortness of breath, chest pain and d
This document provides objectives and content about acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or heart attack. It begins with objectives of explaining AMI and its various aspects. It then defines AMI as reduced blood flow in a coronary artery due to atherosclerosis or thrombus. It discusses the incidence, classifications, risk factors like hypertension and smoking, etiological factors, pathophysiology of plaque buildup and thrombus formation blocking blood flow. It covers clinical features like chest pain, diagnostic evaluation including ECG, cardiac enzymes and angiography. It outlines management including pharmacological treatments, angioplasty, and other surgical procedures to reopen blocked arteries and restore blood flow to the heart.
Resistant hypertension is defined as blood pressure that remains above goal despite treatment with three antihypertensive agents of different classes, one being a diuretic. Refractory hypertension is when blood pressure cannot be controlled despite four or more drugs at maximal doses. Pseudoresistant hypertension occurs when poor control is due to non-adherence or suboptimal treatment rather than true treatment resistance. Evaluation of patients with resistant hypertension includes screening for secondary causes like primary aldosteronism or renal artery stenosis through tests of electrolytes, renal function, and imaging studies. Treatment involves optimizing the current three-drug regimen before adding supplementary drugs like beta blockers or aldosterone antagonists.
Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is an arrhythmia originating in the ventricles with a heart rate over 100 beats per minute and wide QRS complexes of at least 120 ms. VT can be either idiopathic or structural, sustained or non-sustained, and monomorphic or polymorphic. The ECG can diagnose VT based on the wide QRS complexes. VT has subtypes including bundle branch reentry VT and idiopathic monomorphic VT. Treatment options include medical therapies like amiodarone, implantable cardioverter defibrillators based on major trials, and catheter ablation.
This document discusses wide complex tachycardias and how to differentiate them based on electrocardiogram (ECG) findings. It provides details on what makes a complex narrow or wide, types of wide complex tachycardias including ventricular tachycardia and supraventricular tachycardia, and ECG criteria to help determine the source and mechanism such as the presence or absence of RS complexes and their intervals. Morphologic criteria on the ECG and algorithms like the ACC algorithm are presented to aid in differential diagnosis.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed due to plaque buildup within the arteries over many years. This reduces blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle. CAD is diagnosed using tests like electrocardiograms, stress tests, echocardiograms, and heart scans. Treatment options include medications to improve blood flow, angioplasty to widen narrowed arteries using a balloon catheter, stents to prop open the arteries, or atherectomy using a tiny drill to remove plaque. Lifestyle changes like a healthy diet, exercise, weight control, and managing conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure can help prevent and manage CAD.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is defined as abnormalities of kidney structure or function present for more than three months. It affects over 26 million Americans and is a major public health issue. The leading causes are diabetes and hypertension. As CKD progresses, kidney function declines and complications increase like anemia and bone disease. Cardiovascular disease risk also rises substantially. Inflammation, lipid abnormalities, and genetic factors can all contribute to CKD progression if not properly managed.
The document discusses common complications of hemodialysis including hypotension, muscle cramps, nausea and vomiting, and headache. It notes the percentages of patients experiencing each complication and describes causes such as rapid ultrafiltration, cardiovascular issues, and dialysis disequilibrium syndrome. Prevention strategies are outlined including accurate setting of dry weight and dialysate modifications. Treatment of muscle cramps is also addressed.
The document discusses hypertension including its definition, types, symptoms, risk factors, pathophysiology, classifications, causes, complications, and treatment. It defines normal and abnormal blood pressure values and classifications. It describes primary and secondary hypertension and their causes. Untreated hypertension can damage the heart, kidneys, retina and brain. Treatment includes lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, and weight loss as well as pharmacological therapies targeting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Guidelines and beyond new drug therapy for heart failure with reduced ejectio...ahvc0858
This document provides information on new guidelines and therapies for heart failure patients. It begins by outlining the challenges of managing heart failure patients and their high mortality rates. It then discusses the history of heart failure treatments from ACE inhibitors in the 1990s to newer drugs like ARNi's. The document defines the different types of heart failure - HFrEF, HFmrEF, and HFpEF - and their diagnostic criteria. It explains how neprilysin inhibition enhances natriuretic peptides while simultaneously suppressing the RAAS. Finally, it summarizes that the new drug LCZ696 combines neprilysin inhibition with an ARB to reduce mortality and hospitalization in heart failure patients beyond existing neurohormonal therapies
The document discusses cardiovascular pharmacology, including drugs that affect the cardiovascular system. It covers topics like electrophysiology, antihypertensives, and hemostatic agents. It describes how the heart requires adequate ATP and calcium to function properly and coordinate electrical stimulation for contractions. It also summarizes the cardiac conduction cycle and discusses drugs that can treat cardiac dysrhythmias and hypertension.
This document provides information on various types of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias including AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia (ORT), atrial tachycardia, junctional tachycardias, Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, and atrial fibrillation. It discusses the mechanisms, ECG patterns, symptoms, diagnostic approaches, and management options for these arrhythmias in 1-3 sentences per type of arrhythmia.
The document discusses tachyarrhythmias and provides details about various types. It begins by defining tachyarrhythmia as an abnormal cardiac rhythm with a heart rate over 100 beats per minute. There are three main causes of tachyarrhythmia: abnormal automaticity, triggered activity, and re-entry. Several types of tachyarrhythmia are then described in detail, including sinus tachycardia, atrial tachycardia, ventricular ectopic beats, and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Diagnosis involves analyzing features of the electrocardiogram such as heart rate, rhythm, QRS width, and P wave morphology.
Efonidipine is a calcium channel blocker that uniquely blocks L-type, N-type, and T-type calcium channels. It has potent antihypertensive effects and provides cardiovascular protection through multiple mechanisms. These include reducing myocardial oxygen demand, improving endothelial function, attenuating platelet activation, and inhibiting aldosterone levels. Efonidipine also has protective effects on the kidneys, brain, and metabolic function. It has an excellent safety profile with minimal side effects like pedal edema compared to other calcium channel blockers.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. Blood pressure is expressed using two measurements - systolic and diastolic pressures. For most adults, normal blood pressure is within the range of 100-130 mmHg systolic and 60-80 mmHg diastolic. High blood pressure is present if the resting blood pressure is persistently at or above 130/80 or 140/90 mmHg. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and beta blockers. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can lead to damage of vital organs and increase risk of
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its causes, mechanisms of blood pressure control, and antihypertensive drug treatments. It describes how hypertension is defined and its prevalence. It explains the roles of the baroreceptor and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems in long-term and short-term blood pressure regulation. Finally, it provides details on major classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and others.
The document discusses various agents used to treat coagulation disorders and bleeding risks. It outlines the blood coagulation mechanism and lists common risk factors for blood clots. It then describes different classes of drugs that work at different points in the coagulation cascade, including anticoagulants like heparin and warfarin that prevent clotting, fibrinolytics that break up existing clots, and antiplatelets that reduce platelet aggregation. It also discusses drugs used for bleeding disorders and important drug interactions.
This document summarizes the case of a 73-year-old male patient admitted to the hospital for coronary artery disease. It provides details on his medical history including diabetes, hypertension, and a history of smoking. It then discusses coronary artery disease including symptoms, risk factors, diagnostic tests, treatment options through lifestyle changes, medications, and surgery. It concludes with a nursing care plan to address ineffective airway clearance related to secretions in the bronchi.
Comentario de Regina Dalmau en #SECenACC19 de los resultados del CLEAR Wisdom Trial, sobre eficacia y seguridad del ácido bempedoico con la dosis máxima tolerada de estatinas en pacientes con hipercolesterolemia y alto riesgo cardiovascular.
This document summarizes various cardiovascular drugs used to treat cardiac diseases such as hypertension. It discusses major categories including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and nitrates/nitrites. For each drug class, it describes the mechanisms of action, therapeutic effects, common medications, side effects, nursing considerations and more. The goal is to optimize blood flow and vascular resistance to lower blood pressure.
This document provides information about cardiac emergencies presented by Mrs. Shalini, an Assistant Professor of Nursing. It defines cardiac emergencies and lists the learning objectives. The major cardiac emergencies discussed include acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, sudden cardiac death, cardiac tamponade, hypertensive emergencies, and dysrhythmias. For each emergency, the document provides definitions, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, management, and nursing care considerations.
1. The document discusses different types of arrhythmias including tachycardia and bradycardia. It describes various causes of arrhythmias including functional, organic, hemodynamic, hormonal and congenital factors.
2. Types of arrhythmias are classified based on location in the heart as atrial, junctional, or ventricular. Common atrial arrhythmias include premature atrial contractions and atrial fibrillation.
3. Supraventricular tachycardia is a junctional arrhythmia and the most common type is atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Symptoms can include a pounding heart, shortness of breath, chest pain and d
This document provides objectives and content about acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or heart attack. It begins with objectives of explaining AMI and its various aspects. It then defines AMI as reduced blood flow in a coronary artery due to atherosclerosis or thrombus. It discusses the incidence, classifications, risk factors like hypertension and smoking, etiological factors, pathophysiology of plaque buildup and thrombus formation blocking blood flow. It covers clinical features like chest pain, diagnostic evaluation including ECG, cardiac enzymes and angiography. It outlines management including pharmacological treatments, angioplasty, and other surgical procedures to reopen blocked arteries and restore blood flow to the heart.
Resistant hypertension is defined as blood pressure that remains above goal despite treatment with three antihypertensive agents of different classes, one being a diuretic. Refractory hypertension is when blood pressure cannot be controlled despite four or more drugs at maximal doses. Pseudoresistant hypertension occurs when poor control is due to non-adherence or suboptimal treatment rather than true treatment resistance. Evaluation of patients with resistant hypertension includes screening for secondary causes like primary aldosteronism or renal artery stenosis through tests of electrolytes, renal function, and imaging studies. Treatment involves optimizing the current three-drug regimen before adding supplementary drugs like beta blockers or aldosterone antagonists.
Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is an arrhythmia originating in the ventricles with a heart rate over 100 beats per minute and wide QRS complexes of at least 120 ms. VT can be either idiopathic or structural, sustained or non-sustained, and monomorphic or polymorphic. The ECG can diagnose VT based on the wide QRS complexes. VT has subtypes including bundle branch reentry VT and idiopathic monomorphic VT. Treatment options include medical therapies like amiodarone, implantable cardioverter defibrillators based on major trials, and catheter ablation.
This document discusses wide complex tachycardias and how to differentiate them based on electrocardiogram (ECG) findings. It provides details on what makes a complex narrow or wide, types of wide complex tachycardias including ventricular tachycardia and supraventricular tachycardia, and ECG criteria to help determine the source and mechanism such as the presence or absence of RS complexes and their intervals. Morphologic criteria on the ECG and algorithms like the ACC algorithm are presented to aid in differential diagnosis.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed due to plaque buildup within the arteries over many years. This reduces blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle. CAD is diagnosed using tests like electrocardiograms, stress tests, echocardiograms, and heart scans. Treatment options include medications to improve blood flow, angioplasty to widen narrowed arteries using a balloon catheter, stents to prop open the arteries, or atherectomy using a tiny drill to remove plaque. Lifestyle changes like a healthy diet, exercise, weight control, and managing conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure can help prevent and manage CAD.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is defined as abnormalities of kidney structure or function present for more than three months. It affects over 26 million Americans and is a major public health issue. The leading causes are diabetes and hypertension. As CKD progresses, kidney function declines and complications increase like anemia and bone disease. Cardiovascular disease risk also rises substantially. Inflammation, lipid abnormalities, and genetic factors can all contribute to CKD progression if not properly managed.
The document discusses common complications of hemodialysis including hypotension, muscle cramps, nausea and vomiting, and headache. It notes the percentages of patients experiencing each complication and describes causes such as rapid ultrafiltration, cardiovascular issues, and dialysis disequilibrium syndrome. Prevention strategies are outlined including accurate setting of dry weight and dialysate modifications. Treatment of muscle cramps is also addressed.
The document discusses hypertension including its definition, types, symptoms, risk factors, pathophysiology, classifications, causes, complications, and treatment. It defines normal and abnormal blood pressure values and classifications. It describes primary and secondary hypertension and their causes. Untreated hypertension can damage the heart, kidneys, retina and brain. Treatment includes lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, and weight loss as well as pharmacological therapies targeting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Guidelines and beyond new drug therapy for heart failure with reduced ejectio...ahvc0858
This document provides information on new guidelines and therapies for heart failure patients. It begins by outlining the challenges of managing heart failure patients and their high mortality rates. It then discusses the history of heart failure treatments from ACE inhibitors in the 1990s to newer drugs like ARNi's. The document defines the different types of heart failure - HFrEF, HFmrEF, and HFpEF - and their diagnostic criteria. It explains how neprilysin inhibition enhances natriuretic peptides while simultaneously suppressing the RAAS. Finally, it summarizes that the new drug LCZ696 combines neprilysin inhibition with an ARB to reduce mortality and hospitalization in heart failure patients beyond existing neurohormonal therapies
The document discusses cardiovascular pharmacology, including drugs that affect the cardiovascular system. It covers topics like electrophysiology, antihypertensives, and hemostatic agents. It describes how the heart requires adequate ATP and calcium to function properly and coordinate electrical stimulation for contractions. It also summarizes the cardiac conduction cycle and discusses drugs that can treat cardiac dysrhythmias and hypertension.
This document provides information on various types of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias including AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia (ORT), atrial tachycardia, junctional tachycardias, Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, and atrial fibrillation. It discusses the mechanisms, ECG patterns, symptoms, diagnostic approaches, and management options for these arrhythmias in 1-3 sentences per type of arrhythmia.
The document discusses tachyarrhythmias and provides details about various types. It begins by defining tachyarrhythmia as an abnormal cardiac rhythm with a heart rate over 100 beats per minute. There are three main causes of tachyarrhythmia: abnormal automaticity, triggered activity, and re-entry. Several types of tachyarrhythmia are then described in detail, including sinus tachycardia, atrial tachycardia, ventricular ectopic beats, and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Diagnosis involves analyzing features of the electrocardiogram such as heart rate, rhythm, QRS width, and P wave morphology.
Efonidipine is a calcium channel blocker that uniquely blocks L-type, N-type, and T-type calcium channels. It has potent antihypertensive effects and provides cardiovascular protection through multiple mechanisms. These include reducing myocardial oxygen demand, improving endothelial function, attenuating platelet activation, and inhibiting aldosterone levels. Efonidipine also has protective effects on the kidneys, brain, and metabolic function. It has an excellent safety profile with minimal side effects like pedal edema compared to other calcium channel blockers.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. Blood pressure is expressed using two measurements - systolic and diastolic pressures. For most adults, normal blood pressure is within the range of 100-130 mmHg systolic and 60-80 mmHg diastolic. High blood pressure is present if the resting blood pressure is persistently at or above 130/80 or 140/90 mmHg. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and beta blockers. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can lead to damage of vital organs and increase risk of
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its causes, mechanisms of blood pressure control, and antihypertensive drug treatments. It describes how hypertension is defined and its prevalence. It explains the roles of the baroreceptor and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems in long-term and short-term blood pressure regulation. Finally, it provides details on major classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and others.
Hypertension Guidelines By Rodgers ChibaleRodgersChibale
This document provides information on hypertension including its definition, etiology, signs and symptoms, classification, treatment and treatment guidelines. It defines hypertension as a condition where blood pressure is chronically elevated above 140/90 mmHg. The causes of hypertension are categorized as primary (essential) or secondary. Treatment involves non-pharmacological methods as well as various classes of antihypertensive drugs like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, diuretics and vasodilators. The guidelines recommend starting treatment with one drug and adding a second from a different class if target is not reached after 3 months. Drug combinations should be used carefully due to risk of interactions.
Blood pressure is the force of the blood pushing against the walls of the arteries.
Each time our heart beats pumps blood into the arteries.
Blood pressure is highest when the heart beats, pumping the blood. This is called systolic pressure.
When our heart is at rest, between beats, our blood pressure falls. This is called diastolic pressure.
A blood pressure reading uses these two numbers. Usually, the systolic number comes before or above the diastolic number.
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It begins by defining hypertension and describing the types and outcomes of hypertension. It then covers the normal blood pressure regulation mechanisms. The document classifies antihypertensive drugs into several categories including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and others. For each drug class, it provides examples, discusses the mechanism of action, desirable properties, and drawbacks. It concludes by discussing the current treatment approaches and guidelines for selecting antihypertensive drugs.
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It begins by defining hypertension and describing the types and outcomes of hypertension. It then covers the normal blood pressure regulation mechanisms. The document classifies antihypertensive drugs into several categories including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and others. For each drug class, it provides examples, discusses the mechanism of action, desirable properties, and drawbacks. It concludes by discussing the current treatment approaches and guidelines for selecting antihypertensive drugs.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on hypertension given by two nursing students. It began with an outline and objectives. The students then defined hypertension and discussed blood pressure classifications. They explained determinants of blood pressure and risk factors for primary hypertension. Clinical manifestations, complications, and types of hypertension such as primary, secondary, and hypertensive crisis were summarized. The students concluded by discussing diagnostic evaluation, management through lifestyle modifications and pharmacological treatments, and the stepwise algorithm for hypertension management.
Essential hypertension management and treatmentFabio Grubba
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including its classification, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines the different stages of hypertension according to blood pressure readings. Lifestyle modifications are recommended initially, including diet changes and exercise. If lifestyle changes do not control blood pressure, medications such as diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and other drug classes may be used. The goal of treatment is to prevent complications in target organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys by maintaining a blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg.
A presentation hypertension
(what blood pressure is, what is hypertension, what are the risk factors of hypertension, how is it managed?) and other related knowledge on hypertension
Hypertension is also known as high blood pressure. There are mainly two type of blood pressure i.e. systolic and another one is diastolic . The hypertension are categories into two parts that is primary hypertension and secondary hypertension. People are suffering from 3 stage during the condition of hypertension. There are following agents are used to treat hypertension like calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, beta blocker, alpha + beta blockers these are commonly used.
The document discusses the heart and hypertension. It defines normal blood pressure and describes the types and causes of hypertension. Hypertension usually has no symptoms, but can sometimes cause headaches, confusion or vision changes. Untreated hypertension can damage blood vessels and the heart over time, so treatment is important even in asymptomatic cases. Treatment includes diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and other drugs that work to lower blood pressure by various mechanisms.
This document discusses hypertension and classifications of blood pressure. It then summarizes various categories of antihypertensive agents including their mechanisms of action, examples of medications, therapeutic uses, and side effects. Nursing implications are provided around monitoring blood pressure during therapy, ensuring proper administration of medications, and lifestyle education to support treatment.
This document discusses antihypertensive agents used to treat hypertension. It describes different categories of agents including adrenergic agents, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and vasodilators. For each category, it covers mechanisms of action, examples of medications, therapeutic uses, and potential side effects. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring blood pressure during therapy and avoiding abruptly stopping medications.
This document discusses antihypertensive agents used to treat hypertension. It describes different categories of agents including adrenergic agents, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and vasodilators. For each category, the document outlines mechanisms of action, examples of medications, therapeutic uses, and potential side effects. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring blood pressure during therapy and avoiding abruptly stopping medications.
This document discusses hypertension and its treatment. It begins by defining hypertension and describing the types. It then discusses the normal blood pressure regulation system and how this is disrupted in hypertension. The remainder of the document focuses on the treatment of hypertension, describing various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and others. It provides details on specific drugs in each class, their mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects.
The document discusses the regulation of blood pressure and hypertension. It defines normal blood pressure and hypertension. The causes of primary and secondary hypertension are described. The pathophysiology involves the baroreflex and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Treatment includes non-pharmacological methods as well as various classes of antihypertensive drugs such as ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and beta blockers. The mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects of these drug classes are explained in detail.
1 billion people worldwide have high blood pressure, and this number is expected to increase to 1.56 billion people by the year 2025
Lets gear up to take on this future opportunity by offering
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Anti hypertensive drugs Biomedical science slideshareJersitaSherley
This document summarizes different classes of antihypertensive drugs and their mechanisms of action. It discusses:
1) Diuretics like thiazides and loop diuretics which decrease blood volume and cardiac output.
2) ACE inhibitors and ARBs which inhibit the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to reduce vasoconstriction and sodium retention.
3) Calcium channel blockers which relax blood vessels by blocking calcium channels.
Each class is described along with examples, mechanisms, and potential adverse effects. The document provides an overview of the major pharmacological approaches for treating hypertension.
The document discusses medications used to treat cardiac conditions like hypertension, coronary artery disease, and congestive heart failure. It describes several classes of drugs and their effects, such as diuretics which reduce blood volume, ACE inhibitors which lower blood pressure, and beta blockers which decrease heart rate and oxygen demand. The goals of treatment are outlined as reducing risk factors and maintaining normal blood pressure, heart rate, and cholesterol levels. Nursing considerations are also highlighted, like monitoring for side effects and ensuring medication adherence.
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Understanding Atherosclerosis Causes, Symptoms, Complications, and Preventionrealmbeats0
Definition: Atherosclerosis is a condition characterized by the buildup of plaques, which are made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances, in the walls of arteries. Over time, these plaques harden and narrow the arteries, restricting blood flow.
Importance: This condition is a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease, carotid artery disease, and peripheral artery disease. Understanding atherosclerosis is crucial for preventing these serious health issues.
Overview: We will cover the aims and objectives of this presentation, delve into the signs and symptoms of atherosclerosis, discuss its complications, and explore preventive measures and lifestyle changes that can mitigate risk.
Aim: To provide a detailed understanding of atherosclerosis, encompassing its pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and strategies for prevention and management.
Purpose: The primary purpose of this presentation is to raise awareness about atherosclerosis, highlight its impact on public health, and educate individuals on how they can reduce their risk through lifestyle changes and medical interventions.
Educational Goals:
Explain the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, including the processes of plaque formation and arterial hardening.
Identify the risk factors associated with atherosclerosis, such as high cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and sedentary lifestyle.
Discuss the clinical signs and symptoms that may indicate the presence of atherosclerosis.
Highlight the potential complications arising from untreated atherosclerosis, including heart attack, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.
Provide practical advice on preventive measures, including dietary recommendations, exercise guidelines, and the importance of regular medical check-ups.
Phosphorus, is intensely sensitive to ‘other worlds’ and lacks the personal boundaries at every level. A Phosphorus personality is susceptible to all external impressions; light, sound, odour, touch, electrical changes, etc. Just like a match, he is easily excitable, anxious, fears being alone at twilight, ghosts, about future. Desires sympathy and has the tendency to kiss everyone who comes near him. An insane person with the exaggerated idea of one’s own importance.
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Selective alpha1 blockers are Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin and Silodosin majorly used to treat BPH, also hypertension, PTSD, Raynaud's phenomenon, CHF
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
A congenital heart defect is a problem with the structure of the heart that a child is born with.
Some congenital heart defects in children are simple and don't need treatment. Others are more complex. The child may need several surgeries done over a period of several years.
2. Hypertension Defination
Is chronic medical condition refer to high blood pressure characterized by
consistently elevated blood pressure in the arteries , It is typically measured in
millimetres of mercury (mm Hg) and is expressed as two values:-
Systolic Pressure:-This is the higher number and represents the pressure in the
arteries when the heart contracts (beats) and pumps blood into the circulatory
system.
Diastolic Pressure:- This is the lower number and represents the pressure in the
arteries when the heart is at rest between beats.
3. Hypertension Stages
Stage Systolic Diastolic
Normal < 120 mmHg < 80mmHg
Pre hypertension 120 – 139 mmHg 80-89mmHg
Stage (1) 140 – 159 mmHg 90 – 99 mmHg
Stage (2) 160 or more mmHg 100 or more mmHg
4. Hypertension Risk Factors
Age .
Family history.
Obesity .
Too High salt intake .
Alcohols .
Smoking .
Lack of exercise .
6. Hypertension Symptoms
Most People do not feel any symptoms so that
hypertension called (Silent Killer) .
NOTE
Most hypertension Symptoms :-
Severe Headache .
Chest Pain .
Blurred Vision .
Difficulty Breathing .
Nose Bleeding .
Vomiting and Nausea .
7. Hypertension Classification
Primary Hypertension Secondary hypertension
also known (idiopathic hypertension) or
(Essential hypertension) is elevated high
blood pressure without certain causes :-
Some causes related to Primary HTN :-
Genetics .
Age .
Life style (smoking – Alcohol – stress ) .
Obesity .
is elevated high blood pressure results from
certain causes :-
Kidney diseases .
Endocrine system disorders .
Drugs have hypertension as (side effect) .
8. Hypertension sub types
White coat
hypertension
Resistant hypertension
Malignant
hypertension
Isolated
hypertension
Is elevated high blood
pressure occurs when
the doctor measure
blood pressure due to
stress .
Is elevated high blood
pressure despite use
more than one drug to
treat .
Is severe high blood
pressure lead to organ
damage .
Occurs when systolic
value is high but
diastolic value is
normal .
11. Sympathetic Nervous System Activation
In Stress occurs Sympathetic Nervous System Activation through binding of between(
Adrenaline – Noradrenaline) and Adrenergic receptors (Alpha – beta receptors) lead to
increase Cardiac output and Vasoconstriction Lead to Hypertension .
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
When blood pressure drops Lead to the kidneys release renin enzyme .
Renin acts on angiotensinogen (produced by the liver) to form angiotensin I then (ACE) converts
angiotensin I into angiotensin II.
Angiotensin II causes Vasoconstriction and stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal
glands which Lead to increase sodium reabsorption leading to water retention and an increase in
blood volume.
Vasopressin (ADH Hormone) :-
ADH refer to (Anti Diuretic Hormone) which released by (Pituitary gland) when blood pressure
drops pituitary gland secrete ADH which work on kidney to prevent water excretion which lead
to increase blood volume and increase blood pressure .
14. Diuretics
Mechanism :- Help kidney to Prevent reabsorption of sodium and water that lead to reduce
blood volume and modify blood pressure .
Charactized by “Ide” Suffix .
Diuretics split to 3 main classes are :-
Thiazide Diuretics .
Loop Diuretics .
Potassium – sparing Diuretics ..
15. Thiazide Diuretics Loop Diuretics Potassium – sparing Diuretics
Mechanism :- Prevent
sodium reabsorption in the
distal convoluted tubules of
the kidneys.
Drugs :-
Hydrochlorothiazide .
Indapamide .
Chlorthalidone .
Metolazone .
Mechanism :- Loop
diuretics act on the loop of
Henle in the kidneys
inhibiting sodium and
chloride reabsorption .
Drugs :-
Furosemide .
Torsemide .
Bumetanide .
Mechanism :- These diuretics
work by blocking the effects of
aldosterone hormone that
promotes salt and water retention .
Drugs :-
Spironolactone .
Amiloride .
Triamterene .
Eplerenone .
16. Contraindications Side effects
Anuria .
severe kidney disease .
Hyperglycaemia .
electrolyte imbalances .
increased urination .
breast enlargement in males .
menstrual irregularities in
females .
17. Renin inhibitors
Mechanism :- inhibit renin enzyme which responsible for (angiotensin I
Production) lead to vasodilation and modify blood pressure .
Renin inhibitors Drugs :-
Aliskiren .
23. Calcium channel blockers (CCBs)
Mechanism :- Blocks calcium channels (L-type calcium channels) in vascular and cardiac
muscles which lead to Vasodilation and reduce cardiac output then modify blood pressure.
Charactized by “pine” Suffix .
CCBs split to 2 main classes are :-
Dihydropyridine Non – Dihydropyridine
Work on vascular muscle
and acts as Vasodilators
such as :-
Amlodipine .
Felodipine .
Nimodipine .
Isradipine .
Clevidipine
Work on both Cardiac muscle and vascular muscle
Benzothiazepines
Diltiazem .
Phenylalkylamines
Verapamil .
27. Beta blockers
Mechanism :- acts as beta receptors blockers which found in heart and blood vessels and
kidney which lead to modify blood pressure .
Charactized by “lol” Suffix .
Beta blockers split to 3 main classes are :-
Non – selective beta blockers .
Selective Beta - 1 blockers .
Alpha beta blockers .
28. Non – selective beta blockers Selective Beta - 1 blockers Alpha beta blockers
Blocks beta 1 and beta2
receptors such as :-
Nadolol .
Blocks beta 1 receptors
such as :-
Atenolol .
Blocks alpha and beta receptors
such as :-
Carvedilol .
29. Contraindications Side effects
bradycardia.
severe asthma .
Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD)
.
mask symptoms of low blood
sugar.
Cold hands and feet.
Depression.
Sexual dysfunction .
30. Direct Vasodilators
Mechanism :- acts as Vasodilators through relaxing Blood Vessels and lead to modify
hypertension .
Direct Vasodilators Drugs :-
Hydralazine .
Minoxidil .
Sodium Nitroprusside .
31. Nitrates
Mechanism :- work through Decrease Cardiac work load through converts to Nitric oxide
(NO) Lead to increase (cGMP) Lead to relax veins in body and modify blood pressure .
Nitrates Drugs :-
Nitroglycerin .
Isosorbide Mononitrate.
Isosorbide Dinitrate.
32. Central – Alpha 2 receptors Agonists
Mechanism :- Stimulates Alpha 2 receptors in brain which lead to
decrease sympathetic nervous system .
Central – Alpha 2 receptors Agonists Drugs :-
Clonidine .
Methyldopa .
33. Hypertension in Pregnancy
Definition :- refers to elevated blood pressure levels during (Gestation) effects on
mother and Fetus .
Risk factors of Hypertension in Pregnancy :-
Family History .
Age .
Pre – existing Hypertension .
Bad Life Style .
Obesity .
Diabetes
Kidney Diseases .
Endocrine Diseases .
34. Types of Hypertension in Pregnancy
Gestational Hypertension
(PIH)
Chronic
Hypertension
Pre – Eclampsia Pre – Eclampsia
Superimposed
Characterized by High
blood pressure without
proteinuria (protein in
urine) after 20 weeks of
pregnancy.
Characterized by
Pre-existing high
blood pressure
before pregnancy
or diagnosed
before 20 weeks
gestation.
Characterized by high
blood pressure and
damage to
organs(Kidney), often
including proteinuria.
Can develop after 20
weeks of pregnancy.
Women with chronic
hypertension may
develop worsening
symptoms of
preeclampsia during
pregnancy.
35. Treatment of Hypertension in Pregnancy
Life Style Medications
Good Nutrition .
Weight management .
Methyldopa .
Nifedipine .
Labetalol .
Avoid (ACE - ARBs) drugs .
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