This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its causes, mechanisms of blood pressure control, and antihypertensive drug treatments. It describes how hypertension is defined and its prevalence. It explains the roles of the baroreceptor and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems in long-term and short-term blood pressure regulation. Finally, it provides details on major classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and others.
This document discusses various drug classes used to treat hypertension. It describes how diuretics, sympathoplegic drugs, alpha-2 agonists, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers are used to lower blood pressure through different mechanisms like reducing blood volume, blocking sympathetic nervous system effects, vasodilation, and inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. It also covers approaches to treatment, including stepped care using multiple drug classes, monotherapy with a single drug, and emergent treatment of hypertensive crisis with intravenous vasodilators.
This document discusses antiarrhythmic drugs, which are used to treat cardiac arrhythmias caused by disturbances in heart rate, rhythm, impulse generation or conduction. It describes the mechanisms of different types of arrhythmias and classifies antiarrhythmic drugs. The main classes are: Class I sodium channel blockers like quinidine; Class II beta blockers; Class III potassium channel blockers like amiodarone; and Class IV calcium channel blockers like verapamil. For each drug class and example drugs, the mechanisms of action, uses, and potential adverse effects are outlined.
Brief descriptions of adrenergic drugs with individual agents with classification, therapeutic uses with dose, mechanism of action, adverse events, contraindications etc. Adrenergic drugs are drugs with actions similar to that of adrenaline (epinephrine) or of sympathetic stimulation.
Antiarrhythmic drugs are used to treat and prevent cardiac arrhythmias by blocking ion channels involved in cardiac impulse generation and conduction. Class I drugs like quinidine and procainamide block sodium channels to prolong the action potential duration, while Class IB drugs like lignocaine shorten repolarization. Class III drugs like amiodarone block potassium channels to prolong the action potential. Calcium channel blockers like verapamil inhibit calcium influx. Other drugs include adenosine for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, beta blockers for supraventricular arrhythmias, and atropine for bradycardias. Adverse effects vary between drugs but include arrhythmias, heart block and QT prolong
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension and describing the types. It then classifies and describes the mechanisms and examples of major classes of antihypertensive drugs, including ACE inhibitors like enalapril, lisinopril, and ramipril, ARBs like telmisartan and valsartan, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and diuretics. For some of the drugs, it provides their chemical structure, mechanism of action, brand/generic names, and references. In summary, the document categorizes and explains the common classes and examples of pharmaceuticals used to lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients.
Congestive heart failure is a condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It affects over 20 million people worldwide and prevalence increases significantly with age. There are two main types - heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Common causes include heart attack, hypertension, and cardiomyopathies. Treatment aims to relieve symptoms, slow progression, and prevent hospitalizations through lifestyle changes, medications to reduce preload and afterload, and device-based therapies in severe cases.
Anti hypertensives and diuretics drugs - pharmacology Areej Abu Hanieh
Hypertension is defined as blood pressure greater than 140/90 mmHg. It can be caused by increased vascular resistance or reduced venous capacitance. While often asymptomatic, long term effects include strokes, heart failure, kidney damage, etc. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications like diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers to lower blood pressure and reduce risks. Careful management is needed as uncontrolled hypertension can lead to serious health issues.
This document provides information on hyperlipidemic drugs. It begins with an introduction to hyperlipidemia and its causes. It then discusses various drug classes for treating hyperlipidemia, including their mechanisms of action, effects on lipid levels, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, adverse effects and interactions. The major drug classes discussed are HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), bile acid sequestrants, fibrates, and niacin. For each class, specific drugs are highlighted and their properties compared.
This document discusses various drug classes used to treat hypertension. It describes how diuretics, sympathoplegic drugs, alpha-2 agonists, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers are used to lower blood pressure through different mechanisms like reducing blood volume, blocking sympathetic nervous system effects, vasodilation, and inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. It also covers approaches to treatment, including stepped care using multiple drug classes, monotherapy with a single drug, and emergent treatment of hypertensive crisis with intravenous vasodilators.
This document discusses antiarrhythmic drugs, which are used to treat cardiac arrhythmias caused by disturbances in heart rate, rhythm, impulse generation or conduction. It describes the mechanisms of different types of arrhythmias and classifies antiarrhythmic drugs. The main classes are: Class I sodium channel blockers like quinidine; Class II beta blockers; Class III potassium channel blockers like amiodarone; and Class IV calcium channel blockers like verapamil. For each drug class and example drugs, the mechanisms of action, uses, and potential adverse effects are outlined.
Brief descriptions of adrenergic drugs with individual agents with classification, therapeutic uses with dose, mechanism of action, adverse events, contraindications etc. Adrenergic drugs are drugs with actions similar to that of adrenaline (epinephrine) or of sympathetic stimulation.
Antiarrhythmic drugs are used to treat and prevent cardiac arrhythmias by blocking ion channels involved in cardiac impulse generation and conduction. Class I drugs like quinidine and procainamide block sodium channels to prolong the action potential duration, while Class IB drugs like lignocaine shorten repolarization. Class III drugs like amiodarone block potassium channels to prolong the action potential. Calcium channel blockers like verapamil inhibit calcium influx. Other drugs include adenosine for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, beta blockers for supraventricular arrhythmias, and atropine for bradycardias. Adverse effects vary between drugs but include arrhythmias, heart block and QT prolong
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension and describing the types. It then classifies and describes the mechanisms and examples of major classes of antihypertensive drugs, including ACE inhibitors like enalapril, lisinopril, and ramipril, ARBs like telmisartan and valsartan, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and diuretics. For some of the drugs, it provides their chemical structure, mechanism of action, brand/generic names, and references. In summary, the document categorizes and explains the common classes and examples of pharmaceuticals used to lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients.
Congestive heart failure is a condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It affects over 20 million people worldwide and prevalence increases significantly with age. There are two main types - heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Common causes include heart attack, hypertension, and cardiomyopathies. Treatment aims to relieve symptoms, slow progression, and prevent hospitalizations through lifestyle changes, medications to reduce preload and afterload, and device-based therapies in severe cases.
Anti hypertensives and diuretics drugs - pharmacology Areej Abu Hanieh
Hypertension is defined as blood pressure greater than 140/90 mmHg. It can be caused by increased vascular resistance or reduced venous capacitance. While often asymptomatic, long term effects include strokes, heart failure, kidney damage, etc. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications like diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers to lower blood pressure and reduce risks. Careful management is needed as uncontrolled hypertension can lead to serious health issues.
This document provides information on hyperlipidemic drugs. It begins with an introduction to hyperlipidemia and its causes. It then discusses various drug classes for treating hyperlipidemia, including their mechanisms of action, effects on lipid levels, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, adverse effects and interactions. The major drug classes discussed are HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), bile acid sequestrants, fibrates, and niacin. For each class, specific drugs are highlighted and their properties compared.
This document summarizes different types of antianginal drugs. It discusses the pathophysiology of angina pectoris and different causes of chest pain. It then describes various classes of antianginal drugs including nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, potassium channel openers, and other drugs. For each class, it discusses mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects. The document provides an overview of treatment approaches for angina pectoris and ischemic heart disease.
Potassium-sparing diuretics work by antagonizing the effects of aldosterone in the collecting tubules, preventing potassium secretion. They include spironolactone, eplerenone, amiloride, and triamterene. Spironolactone and eplerenone directly block mineralocorticoid receptors, while amiloride and triamterene inhibit sodium influx. Their use can cause hyperkalemia due to reduced potassium excretion. Combining them with thiazides can ameliorate thiazide-induced hypokalemia but requires careful dose adjustment to avoid adverse effects. Loop diuretics combined with thiazides provide an additive diuretic response by blocking sodium
Arrhythmias are abnormalities in heart rate or rhythm that arise from problems with the heart's electrical system. They can be caused by issues with impulse formation or conduction. Arrhythmias are classified as tachyarrhythmias, which involve fast heart rates, or bradyarrhythmias, which involve slow heart rates. Common arrhythmias include atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and various types of heart block. Diagnosis involves electrocardiography and other cardiac tests. Treatment may involve medications, cardiac ablation, implanted devices, or surgery depending on the type of arrhythmia.
Drugs used in cardio vascular system- Mr. pannehabdou panneh
This document provides an overview of various types of cardiovascular drugs, including:
1. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors which lower blood pressure by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
2. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists which compete with angiotensin II for tissue binding sites to reduce blood pressure.
3. Other classes of drugs discussed include alpha blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and nitrates. Each drug class is described in terms of its mechanisms of action, clinical uses, common side effects and drug examples. The document serves as a reference for cardiovascular drugs and their characteristics.
Pharmacological management of heart failureNaser Tadvi
Heart failure is caused by decreased cardiac output and increased sympathetic discharge. Drugs used to treat heart failure include diuretics to reduce preload, ACE inhibitors to reduce afterload, beta blockers to attenuate sympathetic activation, and digitalis for its inotropic effects. Newer drugs target vasodilation and myosin activation to further increase cardiac efficiency while reducing energy demands. Combination therapy following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status provides the best approach for management of heart failure.
The document discusses the heart and cardiac arrhythmias. It begins by describing the structure and function of the heart, including the specialized conducting system that coordinates contraction and pumping of blood. It then discusses factors that can disrupt normal cardiac rhythm and cause arrhythmias through various mechanisms like changes in automaticity, triggered activity, and abnormal conduction. Various types of arrhythmias are described like tachycardias and bradycardias. Treatment of arrhythmias aims to restore normal rhythm and cardiac output when compromised. Antiarrhythmic drugs are classified based on their mechanisms of action like sodium channel blockade, calcium channel blockade, and beta blockade.
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs used to treat high blood pressure. It describes 7 classes: diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, sympatholytic and alpha adrenergic blockers, and direct arterial vasodilators. For each class, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, advantages, indications, side effects and other relevant information. Diuretics are further broken down into their types, mechanisms, effects and side effects.
The document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its classification, pathogenesis, complications, and pathological features. It notes that essential (primary) hypertension accounts for 95% of cases and has unknown etiology, while secondary hypertension makes up 5-10% of cases and has a known cause such as renal or endocrine disorders. Complications of long-term high blood pressure include damage to organs like the heart, brain, kidneys and eyes due to reduced blood flow and vessel damage over time.
This document discusses angina pectoris, also known as stable angina. It defines angina as chest pain or discomfort that occurs due to decreased blood flow to the heart muscle. It then describes the different types of angina and their causes. The main causes are atherosclerosis, coronary artery spasm, traumatic injury, and embolic events which can all restrict blood flow to the heart. The document outlines the goals of treatment which are to prevent heart attacks and death while reducing angina symptoms. It then discusses the various pharmacological treatments used including nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, antiplatelet agents, ACE inhibitors, and ranolazine. Non-pharmacological options like percutaneous coronary
Hypertension is a common cardiovascular condition caused by persistently high blood pressure that damages organs. Antihypertensive drugs work via different mechanisms like inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, blocking calcium channels, promoting sodium excretion with diuretics, and reducing sympathetic nervous system activity. Common classes of antihypertensives include ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, sympatholytics, and vasodilators. Treatment involves beginning with certain drug classes based on patient characteristics and guidelines, and escalating treatment by adding other classes as needed to control blood pressure. Antihypertensive drug choice is also based on minimizing adverse effects and avoiding
Myocardial ischemia occurs when heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen due to narrowing of the coronary arteries. The main causes are atherosclerosis and coronary thrombosis. Symptoms include chest pain known as angina. Diagnosis involves ECG, stress testing, and cardiac catheterization. Treatment aims to increase blood flow through medications like nitrates and calcium channel blockers, or procedures like angioplasty and bypass surgery. Myocardial infarction results from prolonged ischemia and cell death. It can cause complications like heart failure and arrhythmias. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow, managing pain and arrhythmias, and preventing further damage.
This document provides an overview of heart failure, including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, classification, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Heart failure is defined as when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It affects about 3-20 cases per 1000 people and is increasing in prevalence. Causes include intrinsic pump failure, increased workload on the heart, and impaired filling of cardiac chambers. Treatment involves pharmacological therapies like ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, diuretics, as well as non-pharmacological approaches like diet modification and exercise.
Antiplatelet agents such as aspirin and clopidogrel work by preventing platelet activation and aggregation to reduce clot formation. Anticoagulants like heparin and warfarin slow down the clotting process by inhibiting coagulation factors. These drugs are used to prevent conditions caused by clots such as heart attacks, strokes, and deep vein thrombosis. Common side effects include bleeding and gastrointestinal issues. The choice of antiplatelet or anticoagulant depends on the medical condition being treated.
This document discusses antihypertensive agents used to treat hypertension. It describes different categories of agents including adrenergic agents, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and vasodilators. For each category, the document outlines mechanisms of action, examples of medications, therapeutic uses, and potential side effects. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring blood pressure during therapy and avoiding abruptly stopping medications.
Antiarrhythmic drugs are used to prevent or treat irregularities in cardiac rhythm caused by disturbances in the heart's electrical impulses. The drugs work by reducing abnormal pacemaker activity or modifying conduction to disable reentrant circuits. Quinidine is a Class IA drug that blocks sodium channels, prolonging the action potential and increasing the refractory period. It can treat both atrial and ventricular arrhythmias but causes side effects like cinchonism. Procainamide is also a Class IA drug that works similarly to quinidine to treat ventricular and some supraventricular arrhythmias but has more ganglionic blocking effects and can cause lupus-like symptoms.
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. The parasites travel to the liver and multiply, then infect red blood cells. Symptoms include fever, chills, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves examining blood smears under a microscope for parasites. Treatment depends on the parasite species and disease severity, but typically involves antimalarial medications such as chloroquine or artemisinin combinations. Complications can include severe anemia, respiratory distress, kidney and liver damage.
Pathophysiology of congestive heart failurethunderrajesh
This document provides an overview of congestive heart failure, including its definition, types, causes, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatment. Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart muscle is weakened and cannot pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in tissues and organs. The main types are systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Common causes include hypertension, coronary artery disease, and valvular issues. Symptoms involve fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling. Treatment focuses on medications like ACE inhibitors, diuretics, beta blockers, and lifestyle changes such as diet, exercise, and stress reduction.
This document discusses antihypertensive agents used to treat hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It then discusses the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway which controls blood pressure. Various classes of antihypertensive agents are described, including beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. Specific drugs from each class are provided along with their mechanisms and uses for treating hypertension. The mechanisms of action are summarized for each drug class, such as how beta-blockers work by blocking epinephrine to slow the heart rate and lower blood pressure.
This document discusses various classes of drugs used to treat hypertension, including their mechanisms and side effects. It describes how diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, alpha/beta blockers, and other classes work to lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels, reducing fluid retention, or inhibiting hormone systems like renin-angiotensin-aldosterone. Common side effects across drug classes include low blood pressure, dizziness, fatigue, and electrolyte imbalances. Regular monitoring is important when taking antihypertensive medications.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a condition characterized by consistently elevated blood pressure readings. It is measured in units of millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and expressed as systolic and diastolic pressures. Hypertension has various stages defined by specific blood pressure thresholds and is influenced by risk factors like age, family history, obesity, diet, smoking, alcohol, and lack of exercise. Common complications include cardiovascular diseases, stroke, kidney disease, and eye problems. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like a healthy diet, exercise, weight control, and quitting smoking as well as medications that work via different mechanisms such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and beta block
This document summarizes different types of antianginal drugs. It discusses the pathophysiology of angina pectoris and different causes of chest pain. It then describes various classes of antianginal drugs including nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, potassium channel openers, and other drugs. For each class, it discusses mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects. The document provides an overview of treatment approaches for angina pectoris and ischemic heart disease.
Potassium-sparing diuretics work by antagonizing the effects of aldosterone in the collecting tubules, preventing potassium secretion. They include spironolactone, eplerenone, amiloride, and triamterene. Spironolactone and eplerenone directly block mineralocorticoid receptors, while amiloride and triamterene inhibit sodium influx. Their use can cause hyperkalemia due to reduced potassium excretion. Combining them with thiazides can ameliorate thiazide-induced hypokalemia but requires careful dose adjustment to avoid adverse effects. Loop diuretics combined with thiazides provide an additive diuretic response by blocking sodium
Arrhythmias are abnormalities in heart rate or rhythm that arise from problems with the heart's electrical system. They can be caused by issues with impulse formation or conduction. Arrhythmias are classified as tachyarrhythmias, which involve fast heart rates, or bradyarrhythmias, which involve slow heart rates. Common arrhythmias include atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and various types of heart block. Diagnosis involves electrocardiography and other cardiac tests. Treatment may involve medications, cardiac ablation, implanted devices, or surgery depending on the type of arrhythmia.
Drugs used in cardio vascular system- Mr. pannehabdou panneh
This document provides an overview of various types of cardiovascular drugs, including:
1. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors which lower blood pressure by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
2. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists which compete with angiotensin II for tissue binding sites to reduce blood pressure.
3. Other classes of drugs discussed include alpha blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and nitrates. Each drug class is described in terms of its mechanisms of action, clinical uses, common side effects and drug examples. The document serves as a reference for cardiovascular drugs and their characteristics.
Pharmacological management of heart failureNaser Tadvi
Heart failure is caused by decreased cardiac output and increased sympathetic discharge. Drugs used to treat heart failure include diuretics to reduce preload, ACE inhibitors to reduce afterload, beta blockers to attenuate sympathetic activation, and digitalis for its inotropic effects. Newer drugs target vasodilation and myosin activation to further increase cardiac efficiency while reducing energy demands. Combination therapy following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status provides the best approach for management of heart failure.
The document discusses the heart and cardiac arrhythmias. It begins by describing the structure and function of the heart, including the specialized conducting system that coordinates contraction and pumping of blood. It then discusses factors that can disrupt normal cardiac rhythm and cause arrhythmias through various mechanisms like changes in automaticity, triggered activity, and abnormal conduction. Various types of arrhythmias are described like tachycardias and bradycardias. Treatment of arrhythmias aims to restore normal rhythm and cardiac output when compromised. Antiarrhythmic drugs are classified based on their mechanisms of action like sodium channel blockade, calcium channel blockade, and beta blockade.
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs used to treat high blood pressure. It describes 7 classes: diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, sympatholytic and alpha adrenergic blockers, and direct arterial vasodilators. For each class, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, advantages, indications, side effects and other relevant information. Diuretics are further broken down into their types, mechanisms, effects and side effects.
The document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its classification, pathogenesis, complications, and pathological features. It notes that essential (primary) hypertension accounts for 95% of cases and has unknown etiology, while secondary hypertension makes up 5-10% of cases and has a known cause such as renal or endocrine disorders. Complications of long-term high blood pressure include damage to organs like the heart, brain, kidneys and eyes due to reduced blood flow and vessel damage over time.
This document discusses angina pectoris, also known as stable angina. It defines angina as chest pain or discomfort that occurs due to decreased blood flow to the heart muscle. It then describes the different types of angina and their causes. The main causes are atherosclerosis, coronary artery spasm, traumatic injury, and embolic events which can all restrict blood flow to the heart. The document outlines the goals of treatment which are to prevent heart attacks and death while reducing angina symptoms. It then discusses the various pharmacological treatments used including nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, antiplatelet agents, ACE inhibitors, and ranolazine. Non-pharmacological options like percutaneous coronary
Hypertension is a common cardiovascular condition caused by persistently high blood pressure that damages organs. Antihypertensive drugs work via different mechanisms like inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, blocking calcium channels, promoting sodium excretion with diuretics, and reducing sympathetic nervous system activity. Common classes of antihypertensives include ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, sympatholytics, and vasodilators. Treatment involves beginning with certain drug classes based on patient characteristics and guidelines, and escalating treatment by adding other classes as needed to control blood pressure. Antihypertensive drug choice is also based on minimizing adverse effects and avoiding
Myocardial ischemia occurs when heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen due to narrowing of the coronary arteries. The main causes are atherosclerosis and coronary thrombosis. Symptoms include chest pain known as angina. Diagnosis involves ECG, stress testing, and cardiac catheterization. Treatment aims to increase blood flow through medications like nitrates and calcium channel blockers, or procedures like angioplasty and bypass surgery. Myocardial infarction results from prolonged ischemia and cell death. It can cause complications like heart failure and arrhythmias. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow, managing pain and arrhythmias, and preventing further damage.
This document provides an overview of heart failure, including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, classification, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Heart failure is defined as when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It affects about 3-20 cases per 1000 people and is increasing in prevalence. Causes include intrinsic pump failure, increased workload on the heart, and impaired filling of cardiac chambers. Treatment involves pharmacological therapies like ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, diuretics, as well as non-pharmacological approaches like diet modification and exercise.
Antiplatelet agents such as aspirin and clopidogrel work by preventing platelet activation and aggregation to reduce clot formation. Anticoagulants like heparin and warfarin slow down the clotting process by inhibiting coagulation factors. These drugs are used to prevent conditions caused by clots such as heart attacks, strokes, and deep vein thrombosis. Common side effects include bleeding and gastrointestinal issues. The choice of antiplatelet or anticoagulant depends on the medical condition being treated.
This document discusses antihypertensive agents used to treat hypertension. It describes different categories of agents including adrenergic agents, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and vasodilators. For each category, the document outlines mechanisms of action, examples of medications, therapeutic uses, and potential side effects. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring blood pressure during therapy and avoiding abruptly stopping medications.
Antiarrhythmic drugs are used to prevent or treat irregularities in cardiac rhythm caused by disturbances in the heart's electrical impulses. The drugs work by reducing abnormal pacemaker activity or modifying conduction to disable reentrant circuits. Quinidine is a Class IA drug that blocks sodium channels, prolonging the action potential and increasing the refractory period. It can treat both atrial and ventricular arrhythmias but causes side effects like cinchonism. Procainamide is also a Class IA drug that works similarly to quinidine to treat ventricular and some supraventricular arrhythmias but has more ganglionic blocking effects and can cause lupus-like symptoms.
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. The parasites travel to the liver and multiply, then infect red blood cells. Symptoms include fever, chills, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves examining blood smears under a microscope for parasites. Treatment depends on the parasite species and disease severity, but typically involves antimalarial medications such as chloroquine or artemisinin combinations. Complications can include severe anemia, respiratory distress, kidney and liver damage.
Pathophysiology of congestive heart failurethunderrajesh
This document provides an overview of congestive heart failure, including its definition, types, causes, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatment. Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart muscle is weakened and cannot pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in tissues and organs. The main types are systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Common causes include hypertension, coronary artery disease, and valvular issues. Symptoms involve fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling. Treatment focuses on medications like ACE inhibitors, diuretics, beta blockers, and lifestyle changes such as diet, exercise, and stress reduction.
This document discusses antihypertensive agents used to treat hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It then discusses the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway which controls blood pressure. Various classes of antihypertensive agents are described, including beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. Specific drugs from each class are provided along with their mechanisms and uses for treating hypertension. The mechanisms of action are summarized for each drug class, such as how beta-blockers work by blocking epinephrine to slow the heart rate and lower blood pressure.
This document discusses various classes of drugs used to treat hypertension, including their mechanisms and side effects. It describes how diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, alpha/beta blockers, and other classes work to lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels, reducing fluid retention, or inhibiting hormone systems like renin-angiotensin-aldosterone. Common side effects across drug classes include low blood pressure, dizziness, fatigue, and electrolyte imbalances. Regular monitoring is important when taking antihypertensive medications.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a condition characterized by consistently elevated blood pressure readings. It is measured in units of millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and expressed as systolic and diastolic pressures. Hypertension has various stages defined by specific blood pressure thresholds and is influenced by risk factors like age, family history, obesity, diet, smoking, alcohol, and lack of exercise. Common complications include cardiovascular diseases, stroke, kidney disease, and eye problems. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like a healthy diet, exercise, weight control, and quitting smoking as well as medications that work via different mechanisms such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and beta block
The document discusses the regulation of blood pressure and hypertension. It defines normal blood pressure and hypertension. The causes of primary and secondary hypertension are described. The pathophysiology involves the baroreflex and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Treatment includes non-pharmacological methods as well as various classes of antihypertensive drugs such as ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and beta blockers. The mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects of these drug classes are explained in detail.
This document summarizes various cardiovascular drugs used to treat cardiac diseases such as hypertension. It discusses major categories including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and nitrates/nitrites. For each drug class, it describes the mechanisms of action, therapeutic effects, common medications, side effects, nursing considerations and more. The goal is to optimize blood flow and vascular resistance to lower blood pressure.
Anti hypertensive drugs Biomedical science slideshareJersitaSherley
This document summarizes different classes of antihypertensive drugs and their mechanisms of action. It discusses:
1) Diuretics like thiazides and loop diuretics which decrease blood volume and cardiac output.
2) ACE inhibitors and ARBs which inhibit the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to reduce vasoconstriction and sodium retention.
3) Calcium channel blockers which relax blood vessels by blocking calcium channels.
Each class is described along with examples, mechanisms, and potential adverse effects. The document provides an overview of the major pharmacological approaches for treating hypertension.
- A 48-year-old male presented with essential hypertension and was prescribed captopril. He returned with a persistent brassy cough.
- Captopril is an ACE inhibitor that works by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to lower blood pressure. However, it can cause cough as a side effect by inhibiting the breakdown of bradykinin.
- The patient's cough was likely caused by captopril as a side effect. His blood pressure was now under control, so the doctor would need to consider changing him to an alternative antihypertensive like an ARB that is less likely to cause cough.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or higher and/or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or higher. It is classified into prehypertension, stage I hypertension, and stage II hypertension based on blood pressure levels. Hypertension can be primary (essential) or secondary to other medical conditions. Risk factors include increasing age, family history, obesity, smoking, excessive alcohol use, and stress. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, and weight loss as well as pharmacological therapy using different classes of antihypertensive medications.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system and drugs that affect it. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the heart and circulation. It then explains different classes of drugs used to treat hypertension, arrhythmias, angina, hyperlipidemia, and blood clotting disorders. These include diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, anticoagulants, and antiplatelet drugs.
Antihypertensives | Classes of Drugs | Baro ReceptorChetan Prakash
This Presentation provides a knowledge about Antihypertensives, types of blood pressure, hypertension types, normal blood pressure regulation, baro receptors, classes of antihypertensive drugs,recent discovery on hypertension. This is an assignment for the subject, Advanced Pharmacology-I, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
This document defines hypertension and describes its types, etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic evaluations, and management. Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or higher and/or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or higher. It is managed primarily through lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise changes as well as pharmacological therapies including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers. Nursing care involves monitoring the patient's condition, educating on lifestyle changes, and ensuring proper treatment adherence.
This document defines hypertension and describes its types, etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic evaluations, and management. Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or higher and/or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or higher. It is managed primarily through lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise changes as well as pharmacological therapies including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers. Nursing care involves monitoring vital signs, assessing risk factors, and educating patients on lifestyle changes and medication compliance.
This document defines hypertension and describes its types, etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic evaluations, and management. Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or higher and/or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or higher. It is managed primarily through lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise changes as well as pharmacological therapies using different classes of antihypertensive drugs. Nursing care involves thorough assessment, monitoring, dietary management, and health education.
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension. It describes the mechanisms of action, effects, and side effects of different classes including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, direct renin inhibitors, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers. Diuretics work by increasing sodium excretion while ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Beta blockers inhibit sympathetic stimulation to lower blood pressure. Each class lowers blood pressure through different mechanisms in the body.
Hypertension is also known as high blood pressure. There are mainly two type of blood pressure i.e. systolic and another one is diastolic . The hypertension are categories into two parts that is primary hypertension and secondary hypertension. People are suffering from 3 stage during the condition of hypertension. There are following agents are used to treat hypertension like calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, beta blocker, alpha + beta blockers these are commonly used.
This document discusses various aspects of hypertension and its treatment. It begins by defining hypertension as a blood pressure higher than 140/90 mmHg. It then explains factors that determine blood pressure like cardiac output and peripheral resistance. It discusses the renin-angiotensin system and how beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics are used to treat hypertension by various mechanisms like reducing cardiac output or blocking angiotensin II formation. Common side effects and considerations for different drug classes are also outlined.
Hypertension llb explains by harrionsion booknxrg25985g
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg. It can be primary (without an identifiable cause) or secondary (with an identifiable underlying cause such as kidney disease). Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, smoking, excessive alcohol use, and physical inactivity. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, and stress management as well as pharmacological therapy using different classes of antihypertensive drugs like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and beta blockers.
Blood pressure is the force of the blood pushing against the walls of the arteries.
Each time our heart beats pumps blood into the arteries.
Blood pressure is highest when the heart beats, pumping the blood. This is called systolic pressure.
When our heart is at rest, between beats, our blood pressure falls. This is called diastolic pressure.
A blood pressure reading uses these two numbers. Usually, the systolic number comes before or above the diastolic number.
This document discusses hypertension and classifications of blood pressure. It then summarizes various categories of antihypertensive agents including their mechanisms of action, examples of medications, therapeutic uses, and side effects. Nursing implications are provided around monitoring blood pressure during therapy, ensuring proper administration of medications, and lifestyle education to support treatment.
Benefits:
Linga mudra generates excessive heat within the body and is very useful for dealing with colds.
It also helps in boosting the immune system and makes the body more resistant to colds and similar infections.
The benefits of penis posture also extend to the respiratory system and it can help loosen the phlegm accumulated from the throat.
This posture also helps in weight loss.
Discomfort experienced in an air conditioned room is relieved by this mudra.
Difficulty in breathing can be relieved by this mudra.
Congested nose can be relieved by this mudra immediately and one can get good sleep.
It controls the flow of the menstrual cycle. Performing the Linga mudra with the Sun Mudra gives better results – both 15 minutes each, one after the other.
When navel center is shifted from its original place, comes back to its place by this mudra.
Cancer treatment has advanced significantly over the years, offering patients various options tailored to their specific type of cancer and stage of disease. Understanding the different types of cancer treatments can help patients make informed decisions about their care. In this ppt, we have listed most common forms of cancer treatment available today.
Vital statistics.pptx Vital statistics, the records of birth and death, are a...Sapna Thakur
These vital statistics are invaluable for planning, monitoring and evaluating various programs related to primary health care, family planning, maternal and child health, education etc.
PROGRAMMING OF HANAU WIDE VUE & GOTHIC ARCH TRACING.pptxSatvikaPrasad
Programming a Hanau articulator and performing Gothic arch tracing are essential steps in prosthodontics to ensure precise jaw movement replication and occlusal accuracy. The Hanau articulator, a semi-adjustable dental instrument, simulates mandibular movements by allowing customization based on the patient's unique jaw dynamics. This involves setting the condylar inclination, Bennett angle, and incisal guidance. Gothic arch tracing, on the other hand, is a technique used to record the centric relation of the mandible. It involves using a stylus and recording plate to trace mandibular movements, creating a characteristic arrow-point tracing that aids in accurately locating the centric relation. Both procedures are crucial for fabricating well-fitted dental prostheses, ensuring patient comfort, and maintaining optimal oral function.
2. Introduction to hypertension
Causes of hypertension
Mechanism for controlling blood
pressure
◦ Baroreceptors
◦ Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system
Anti-hypertensive drugs
3. Also known as high blood pressure (HBP)
Long-term medical condition in which the
blood pressure in the arteries is increases
Systolic blood pressure of greater than 140 mm Hg
Diastolic blood pressure of greater than 90 mm Hg
Normal: 120/80
Elevated blood pressure is an extremely
common disorder, affecting approximately 15
percent of the population of the United States
(60 million people)
4. Family history
Age
Diabetics
Obesity
Disability states
Environmental factors
◦ Stressful life
◦ Increase Na+
◦ smoking
5. Hypertension is directly related to the
cardiac output
Cardiac output and peripheral
resistance, in turn, are controlled
mainly by two overlapping control
mechanisms:
A. Baroreceptors
B. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
6. Baroreceptors are present in the aortic arch
Baroreflexes act by changing the activity of
the sympathetic nervous system
Therefore, they are responsible for the rapid,
moment-to-moment regulation of blood
pressure
If blood pressure increases baroreceptors
activated and send fewer impulses to
cardiovascular centers in the spinal cord
7. This prompts a reflex response of increased
sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic
output to the heart and vasculature,
resulting in vasoconstriction and increased
cardiac output
8. The kidney provides for the long-term control of
blood pressure by altering the blood volume
Baroreceptors in the kidney respond to reduced
arterial pressure by releasing the enzyme renin
Low sodium intake and greater sodium loss also
increase renin release
This renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin
I, which is converted, in turn to angiotensin II, in
the presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme
(ACE)
9. Angiotensin II is a potent circulating
vasoconstrictor
Constricting both arterioles and veins,
causing an
◦ Increase GFR
◦ Increase renal Na+ reabsorption
◦ Stimulate aldosterone secretion
◦ increase in blood pressure
10. Anti-hypertensive dugs contain the following
groups
◦ Diuretics
◦ Beta blockers
◦ ACE inhibiters
◦ Angiotensin II receptors blockers
◦ Renin inhibiters
◦ Alpha receptors blockers
◦ Calcium Chanel blockers
◦ Centrally acting adrenergic drugs
◦ Vasodilators
11. A. Thiazide diuretics
“Hydrochlorothiazide and chlorothalidone”
lower blood pressure initially by increasing
sodium and water excretion
This causes a decrease in extracellular
volume, resulting in a decrease in cardiac
output and renal blood flow
Thus decrease in B.P.
Thiazide diuretics induce hypokalemia and
hyperuricemia in 70 percent of patients and
hyperglycemia in 10 percent of patients
12. B. Loop diuretics
“Furosemide, bumetanide, and
torsemide”
These drugs inhibit the Na/K+ co-
transport in ascending loop of henle
Thus decrease the reabsorption of
ions
14. “propranolol, metoprolol, atenolol etc”
The β-blockers reduce blood pressure
primarily by decreasing cardiac output
They may also decrease sympathetic outflow
from the central nervous system (CNS) and
inhibit the release of renin from the kidneys,
Thus decreasing the formation of angiotensin
II and the secretion of aldosterone
16. “Enalapril, lisinopril”
The ACE inhibitors lower blood pressure by
reducing peripheral vascular resistance
without reflexively increasing cardiac output,
rate, or contractility
These drugs block the ACE that cleaves
angiotensin I to form the potent
vasoconstrictor angiotensin II
17. Dry cough
Skin rash
Fever
altered taste
hypotension (in hypovolemic states),
and
hyperkalemia
18. “Losartan, irbesartan”
The ARBs are alternatives to the ACE
inhibitors
These drugs block the AT1 receptors
Their pharmacologic eff ects are similar to
those of ACE inhibitors in that they produce
arteriolar and venous dilation and block
aldosterone secretion, thus lowering blood
pressure and decreasing salt and water
retention
19. “aliskiren”
Aliskiren directly inhibits renin and, thus, acts
earlier in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system than do ACE inhibitors or ARBs
It lowers blood pressure about as effectively
as ARBs, ACE inhibitors, and thiazides
Aliskiren can cause diarrhea, especially at
higher doses
Aliskiren can also cause cough and
angioedema but probably less often than ACE
inhibitors
20. They are effective in treating
hypertension in patients with angina
or diabetes
The calcium-channel blockers are
divided into three chemical classes
1. Diphenylalkylamines
2. Benzodiazepines
3. Dihydropyridines
21. Verapamil is the only member of this class
that is currently approved in the United States
Verapamil is the least selective of any
calcium-channel blocker and has significant
effects on both cardiac and vascular smooth
muscle cells
It is also used to treat angina,
supraventricular tachyarrhythmia's, and to
prevent migraine and cluster headaches
22. Diltiazem is the only member of this
class that is currently approved in the
United States
Like verapamil, diltiazem affects both
cardiac and vascular smooth muscle
cells, but it has a less pronounced
negative inotropic effect on the heart
compared to that of verapamil
23. This group includes the first-generation
“Nifedipine” and
five second-generation agents
◦ Amlodipine, felodipine, isradipine, nicardipine, and
nisoldipine
All dihydropyridines have a much greater
affinity for vascular calcium channels than for
calcium channels in the heart
24. Calcium enters muscle cells through special
voltage-sensitive calcium channels
Calcium-channel antagonists block the
inward movement of calcium by binding to
L-type calcium channels in the heart and in
smooth muscle of the coronary and
peripheral arteriolar vasculature
This causes vascular smooth muscle to
relax, dilating mainly arterioles
25. Clonidine
◦ Inhibit sympathetic vasomotor center
◦ Reduce total peripheral resistance
◦ Decrease BP
α-Methyldopa
◦ Diminished adrenergic outflow from the
CNS
◦ This leads to reduced total peripheral
resistance and decreased blood pressure
26. “Hydralazine , minoxidil”
These are not used primary drugs to treat
hypertension
These vasodilators act by producing
relaxation of vascular smooth muscles artery
and arterioles
Thus result in decrease peripheral resistance
and therefore BP
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