This document discusses various aspects of hypertension and its treatment. It begins by defining hypertension as a blood pressure higher than 140/90 mmHg. It then explains factors that determine blood pressure like cardiac output and peripheral resistance. It discusses the renin-angiotensin system and how beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics are used to treat hypertension by various mechanisms like reducing cardiac output or blocking angiotensin II formation. Common side effects and considerations for different drug classes are also outlined.
Blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and total peripheral resistance. Hypertension is defined as blood pressure higher than 140/90 mmHg. Common drug classes for treating hypertension include diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and vasodilators. Diuretics work by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, thereby increasing urine output. Beta blockers reduce blood pressure by blocking the effects of epinephrine to decrease cardiac output and heart rate. Potential side effects of beta blockers include bronchospasm.
Hypertension is also known as high blood pressure. There are mainly two type of blood pressure i.e. systolic and another one is diastolic . The hypertension are categories into two parts that is primary hypertension and secondary hypertension. People are suffering from 3 stage during the condition of hypertension. There are following agents are used to treat hypertension like calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, beta blocker, alpha + beta blockers these are commonly used.
The document discusses medications used to treat cardiac conditions like hypertension, coronary artery disease, and congestive heart failure. It describes several classes of drugs and their effects, such as diuretics which reduce blood volume, ACE inhibitors which lower blood pressure, and beta blockers which decrease heart rate and oxygen demand. The goals of treatment are outlined as reducing risk factors and maintaining normal blood pressure, heart rate, and cholesterol levels. Nursing considerations are also highlighted, like monitoring for side effects and ensuring medication adherence.
The document discusses the regulation of blood pressure and hypertension. It defines normal blood pressure and hypertension. The causes of primary and secondary hypertension are described. The pathophysiology involves the baroreflex and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Treatment includes non-pharmacological methods as well as various classes of antihypertensive drugs such as ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and beta blockers. The mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects of these drug classes are explained in detail.
Basic understandings in the Heart FailureAryendu kumar
Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Common causes include high blood pressure, cardiomyopathy, abnormal heart rhythms, and coronary artery disease. Symptoms include fluid retention leading to peripheral edema and pulmonary edema. Treatment involves reducing preload and afterload on the heart to increase cardiac output and relieve symptoms. Key drug classes used are diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, vasodilators, and inotropic drugs. Non-pharmacological treatments include sodium and fluid restriction and exercise. The goal of treatment is management of symptoms and slowing disease progression.
This document provides an overview of heart failure, including its causes, symptoms, and goals of treatment. It discusses the key physiological compensatory mechanisms in heart failure progression, including increased sympathetic nervous system activity, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation, and myocardial hypertrophy. These compensations initially help the failing heart but ultimately lead to further deterioration. The document outlines pharmacologic interventions for heart failure, focusing on inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system like angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, which reduce workload on the heart and improve outcomes.
Myocardial Infarction Treatment
Classes of drugs used in the treatment of myocardial infarction
Vasodilators
General Pharmacology
Cardiac depressant drugs
Antiarrhythmics
Anti-thrombotics
Thrombolytics
Analgesics
General Mechanisms of Action
Blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and total peripheral resistance. Hypertension is defined as blood pressure higher than 140/90 mmHg. Common drug classes for treating hypertension include diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and vasodilators. Diuretics work by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, thereby increasing urine output. Beta blockers reduce blood pressure by blocking the effects of epinephrine to decrease cardiac output and heart rate. Potential side effects of beta blockers include bronchospasm.
Hypertension is also known as high blood pressure. There are mainly two type of blood pressure i.e. systolic and another one is diastolic . The hypertension are categories into two parts that is primary hypertension and secondary hypertension. People are suffering from 3 stage during the condition of hypertension. There are following agents are used to treat hypertension like calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, beta blocker, alpha + beta blockers these are commonly used.
The document discusses medications used to treat cardiac conditions like hypertension, coronary artery disease, and congestive heart failure. It describes several classes of drugs and their effects, such as diuretics which reduce blood volume, ACE inhibitors which lower blood pressure, and beta blockers which decrease heart rate and oxygen demand. The goals of treatment are outlined as reducing risk factors and maintaining normal blood pressure, heart rate, and cholesterol levels. Nursing considerations are also highlighted, like monitoring for side effects and ensuring medication adherence.
The document discusses the regulation of blood pressure and hypertension. It defines normal blood pressure and hypertension. The causes of primary and secondary hypertension are described. The pathophysiology involves the baroreflex and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Treatment includes non-pharmacological methods as well as various classes of antihypertensive drugs such as ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and beta blockers. The mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects of these drug classes are explained in detail.
Basic understandings in the Heart FailureAryendu kumar
Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Common causes include high blood pressure, cardiomyopathy, abnormal heart rhythms, and coronary artery disease. Symptoms include fluid retention leading to peripheral edema and pulmonary edema. Treatment involves reducing preload and afterload on the heart to increase cardiac output and relieve symptoms. Key drug classes used are diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, vasodilators, and inotropic drugs. Non-pharmacological treatments include sodium and fluid restriction and exercise. The goal of treatment is management of symptoms and slowing disease progression.
This document provides an overview of heart failure, including its causes, symptoms, and goals of treatment. It discusses the key physiological compensatory mechanisms in heart failure progression, including increased sympathetic nervous system activity, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation, and myocardial hypertrophy. These compensations initially help the failing heart but ultimately lead to further deterioration. The document outlines pharmacologic interventions for heart failure, focusing on inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system like angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, which reduce workload on the heart and improve outcomes.
Myocardial Infarction Treatment
Classes of drugs used in the treatment of myocardial infarction
Vasodilators
General Pharmacology
Cardiac depressant drugs
Antiarrhythmics
Anti-thrombotics
Thrombolytics
Analgesics
General Mechanisms of Action
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its causes, mechanisms of blood pressure control, and antihypertensive drug treatments. It describes how hypertension is defined and its prevalence. It explains the roles of the baroreceptor and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems in long-term and short-term blood pressure regulation. Finally, it provides details on major classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and others.
Drugs used for the Treatment of Heart failurenetraangadi2
This document provides an overview of heart failure, including its pathophysiology, causes, mechanisms, adaptive responses, and treatment approaches. It describes how heart failure results from structural or functional cardiac disorders that impair the ventricle's ability to fill or eject blood. Common causes are listed as well as the mechanisms that lead to heart failure, such as impaired contractility or ventricular filling/outflow. The adaptive responses that initially compensate but later become pathological are explained. The document then discusses therapeutic approaches for acute and chronic heart failure, focusing on relieving symptoms, correcting underlying causes, and preventing further deterioration. Specific drug classes are outlined with regards to their mechanisms and goals in managing heart failure.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system and drugs that affect it. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the heart and circulation. It then explains different classes of drugs used to treat hypertension, arrhythmias, angina, hyperlipidemia, and blood clotting disorders. These include diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, anticoagulants, and antiplatelet drugs.
Antihypertensives | Classes of Drugs | Baro ReceptorChetan Prakash
This Presentation provides a knowledge about Antihypertensives, types of blood pressure, hypertension types, normal blood pressure regulation, baro receptors, classes of antihypertensive drugs,recent discovery on hypertension. This is an assignment for the subject, Advanced Pharmacology-I, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
This document provides information on various cardio-diabetic drugs produced by ASIAN Pharmaceuticals including Presin, LRTN, LRTN-H, R-Stat, Lipostat, Asclot, Oretic, Linaglip and Diaglim. It also includes sections on the structure and function of the heart, types of blood vessels, common heart conditions like hypertension, coronary artery disease and heart attacks. Pathophysiology of hypertension and management approaches like lifestyle modifications and pharmacological therapies using drugs like amlodipine, losartan, and hydrochlorothiazide are summarized.
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by systolic or diastolic dysfunction. Common symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, cough, and shortness of breath. Treatment includes drugs that increase cardiac contractility, reduce fluid retention, block the renin-angiotensin system, dilate blood vessels, and reduce heart rate. New drugs like ivabradine and sacubitril/valsartan may also help lower hospitalization rates.
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It begins by defining hypertension and describing the types and outcomes of hypertension. It then covers the normal blood pressure regulation mechanisms. The document classifies antihypertensive drugs into several categories including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and others. For each drug class, it provides examples, discusses the mechanism of action, desirable properties, and drawbacks. It concludes by discussing the current treatment approaches and guidelines for selecting antihypertensive drugs.
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It begins by defining hypertension and describing the types and outcomes of hypertension. It then covers the normal blood pressure regulation mechanisms. The document classifies antihypertensive drugs into several categories including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and others. For each drug class, it provides examples, discusses the mechanism of action, desirable properties, and drawbacks. It concludes by discussing the current treatment approaches and guidelines for selecting antihypertensive drugs.
Anti hypertensive drugs Biomedical science slideshareJersitaSherley
This document summarizes different classes of antihypertensive drugs and their mechanisms of action. It discusses:
1) Diuretics like thiazides and loop diuretics which decrease blood volume and cardiac output.
2) ACE inhibitors and ARBs which inhibit the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to reduce vasoconstriction and sodium retention.
3) Calcium channel blockers which relax blood vessels by blocking calcium channels.
Each class is described along with examples, mechanisms, and potential adverse effects. The document provides an overview of the major pharmacological approaches for treating hypertension.
This document provides an overview of inotropes and vasopressors. It discusses how inotropes such as dobutamine work to increase cardiac contractility as positive inotropes, while drugs like calcium channel blockers act as negative inotropes. Vasopressors like norepinephrine work mainly through alpha receptors to increase blood pressure. The document reviews the mechanisms and indications for various inotropes and vasopressors. It also discusses factors like preload, afterload and contractility that influence cardiac output, and how drugs can be used to optimize these factors in conditions like cardiogenic shock. Monitoring of parameters like blood pressure, cardiac output and central venous pressure is important when using these
Hypertension is defined as persistently elevated blood pressure. It can be primary (essential) hypertension which accounts for 95% of cases and has no known cause, or secondary hypertension which is caused by other diseases or drugs. Primary hypertension risk factors include sedentary lifestyle, obesity, salt sensitivity, smoking, alcohol, and family history. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a key role in regulating blood pressure through mechanisms like vasoconstriction and sodium retention. Autonomic nervous system imbalances and defects in local vascular regulation and endothelial function can also contribute to the development of hypertension.
1. The document discusses cardiovascular pharmacology, focusing on drugs used to treat hypertension and heart failure.
2. Several classes of antihypertensive drugs are described, including diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and vasodilators.
3. Drugs used to treat heart failure that are mentioned include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and vasodilators.
A presentation hypertension
(what blood pressure is, what is hypertension, what are the risk factors of hypertension, how is it managed?) and other related knowledge on hypertension
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a condition characterized by consistently elevated blood pressure readings. It is measured in units of millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and expressed as systolic and diastolic pressures. Hypertension has various stages defined by specific blood pressure thresholds and is influenced by risk factors like age, family history, obesity, diet, smoking, alcohol, and lack of exercise. Common complications include cardiovascular diseases, stroke, kidney disease, and eye problems. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like a healthy diet, exercise, weight control, and quitting smoking as well as medications that work via different mechanisms such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and beta block
Hypertension and hypotension nature.pptxnxrg25985g
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is defined as a persistent elevation of blood pressure in the arteries. It is classified into stages based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings. Primary hypertension has no identifiable cause, while secondary hypertension has an underlying medical condition as its cause, such as kidney disease. Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, smoking, and excessive sodium intake. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise changes as well as pharmacological therapy using different classes of antihypertensive medications.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a condition defined by persistently elevated blood pressure in the arteries. It is classified into stages based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings. Primary hypertension has no known cause, while secondary hypertension is caused by underlying conditions like kidney disease or medications. Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, smoking, and excessive sodium intake. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise changes as well as pharmacological therapy with antihypertensive drugs.
Congestive cardiac failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It results from structural or functional abnormalities of the heart. The key functions of the heart are to supply oxygen and substrates to tissues through adequate blood flow and receive blood returning from tissues. When the heart cannot fulfill these functions due to issues with its structure, filling, contractility, heart rate, or afterload, congestive cardiac failure develops. Common causes include coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes, and valvular heart disease. Over time, compensatory mechanisms like increased sympathetic activity and fluid retention can worsen the condition. Treatment involves managing symptoms, improving cardiac function, and preventing further disease progression through medications, diet, exercise,
This document defines hypertension and describes its types, etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic evaluations, and management. Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or higher and/or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or higher. It is managed primarily through lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise changes as well as pharmacological therapies including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers. Nursing care involves monitoring the patient's condition, educating on lifestyle changes, and ensuring proper treatment adherence.
The document discusses different types of fungal diseases (mycoses). It describes four main groups: 1) superficial mycoses which grow on the skin surface, 2) cutaneous mycoses which grow in superficial skin layers like athlete's foot and ringworm, 3) subcutaneous mycoses which penetrate below the skin, and 4) systemic mycoses which can infect internal organs. Examples of different fungal diseases are provided for each group. Common antifungal drugs and their mechanisms of action and side effects are also summarized.
More Related Content
Similar to 1. Anti hypertensive drugs.pptx what's hypertension
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its causes, mechanisms of blood pressure control, and antihypertensive drug treatments. It describes how hypertension is defined and its prevalence. It explains the roles of the baroreceptor and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems in long-term and short-term blood pressure regulation. Finally, it provides details on major classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and others.
Drugs used for the Treatment of Heart failurenetraangadi2
This document provides an overview of heart failure, including its pathophysiology, causes, mechanisms, adaptive responses, and treatment approaches. It describes how heart failure results from structural or functional cardiac disorders that impair the ventricle's ability to fill or eject blood. Common causes are listed as well as the mechanisms that lead to heart failure, such as impaired contractility or ventricular filling/outflow. The adaptive responses that initially compensate but later become pathological are explained. The document then discusses therapeutic approaches for acute and chronic heart failure, focusing on relieving symptoms, correcting underlying causes, and preventing further deterioration. Specific drug classes are outlined with regards to their mechanisms and goals in managing heart failure.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system and drugs that affect it. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the heart and circulation. It then explains different classes of drugs used to treat hypertension, arrhythmias, angina, hyperlipidemia, and blood clotting disorders. These include diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, anticoagulants, and antiplatelet drugs.
Antihypertensives | Classes of Drugs | Baro ReceptorChetan Prakash
This Presentation provides a knowledge about Antihypertensives, types of blood pressure, hypertension types, normal blood pressure regulation, baro receptors, classes of antihypertensive drugs,recent discovery on hypertension. This is an assignment for the subject, Advanced Pharmacology-I, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
This document provides information on various cardio-diabetic drugs produced by ASIAN Pharmaceuticals including Presin, LRTN, LRTN-H, R-Stat, Lipostat, Asclot, Oretic, Linaglip and Diaglim. It also includes sections on the structure and function of the heart, types of blood vessels, common heart conditions like hypertension, coronary artery disease and heart attacks. Pathophysiology of hypertension and management approaches like lifestyle modifications and pharmacological therapies using drugs like amlodipine, losartan, and hydrochlorothiazide are summarized.
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by systolic or diastolic dysfunction. Common symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, cough, and shortness of breath. Treatment includes drugs that increase cardiac contractility, reduce fluid retention, block the renin-angiotensin system, dilate blood vessels, and reduce heart rate. New drugs like ivabradine and sacubitril/valsartan may also help lower hospitalization rates.
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It begins by defining hypertension and describing the types and outcomes of hypertension. It then covers the normal blood pressure regulation mechanisms. The document classifies antihypertensive drugs into several categories including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and others. For each drug class, it provides examples, discusses the mechanism of action, desirable properties, and drawbacks. It concludes by discussing the current treatment approaches and guidelines for selecting antihypertensive drugs.
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It begins by defining hypertension and describing the types and outcomes of hypertension. It then covers the normal blood pressure regulation mechanisms. The document classifies antihypertensive drugs into several categories including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and others. For each drug class, it provides examples, discusses the mechanism of action, desirable properties, and drawbacks. It concludes by discussing the current treatment approaches and guidelines for selecting antihypertensive drugs.
Anti hypertensive drugs Biomedical science slideshareJersitaSherley
This document summarizes different classes of antihypertensive drugs and their mechanisms of action. It discusses:
1) Diuretics like thiazides and loop diuretics which decrease blood volume and cardiac output.
2) ACE inhibitors and ARBs which inhibit the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to reduce vasoconstriction and sodium retention.
3) Calcium channel blockers which relax blood vessels by blocking calcium channels.
Each class is described along with examples, mechanisms, and potential adverse effects. The document provides an overview of the major pharmacological approaches for treating hypertension.
This document provides an overview of inotropes and vasopressors. It discusses how inotropes such as dobutamine work to increase cardiac contractility as positive inotropes, while drugs like calcium channel blockers act as negative inotropes. Vasopressors like norepinephrine work mainly through alpha receptors to increase blood pressure. The document reviews the mechanisms and indications for various inotropes and vasopressors. It also discusses factors like preload, afterload and contractility that influence cardiac output, and how drugs can be used to optimize these factors in conditions like cardiogenic shock. Monitoring of parameters like blood pressure, cardiac output and central venous pressure is important when using these
Hypertension is defined as persistently elevated blood pressure. It can be primary (essential) hypertension which accounts for 95% of cases and has no known cause, or secondary hypertension which is caused by other diseases or drugs. Primary hypertension risk factors include sedentary lifestyle, obesity, salt sensitivity, smoking, alcohol, and family history. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a key role in regulating blood pressure through mechanisms like vasoconstriction and sodium retention. Autonomic nervous system imbalances and defects in local vascular regulation and endothelial function can also contribute to the development of hypertension.
1. The document discusses cardiovascular pharmacology, focusing on drugs used to treat hypertension and heart failure.
2. Several classes of antihypertensive drugs are described, including diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and vasodilators.
3. Drugs used to treat heart failure that are mentioned include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and vasodilators.
A presentation hypertension
(what blood pressure is, what is hypertension, what are the risk factors of hypertension, how is it managed?) and other related knowledge on hypertension
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a condition characterized by consistently elevated blood pressure readings. It is measured in units of millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and expressed as systolic and diastolic pressures. Hypertension has various stages defined by specific blood pressure thresholds and is influenced by risk factors like age, family history, obesity, diet, smoking, alcohol, and lack of exercise. Common complications include cardiovascular diseases, stroke, kidney disease, and eye problems. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like a healthy diet, exercise, weight control, and quitting smoking as well as medications that work via different mechanisms such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and beta block
Hypertension and hypotension nature.pptxnxrg25985g
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is defined as a persistent elevation of blood pressure in the arteries. It is classified into stages based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings. Primary hypertension has no identifiable cause, while secondary hypertension has an underlying medical condition as its cause, such as kidney disease. Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, smoking, and excessive sodium intake. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise changes as well as pharmacological therapy using different classes of antihypertensive medications.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a condition defined by persistently elevated blood pressure in the arteries. It is classified into stages based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings. Primary hypertension has no known cause, while secondary hypertension is caused by underlying conditions like kidney disease or medications. Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, smoking, and excessive sodium intake. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise changes as well as pharmacological therapy with antihypertensive drugs.
Congestive cardiac failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It results from structural or functional abnormalities of the heart. The key functions of the heart are to supply oxygen and substrates to tissues through adequate blood flow and receive blood returning from tissues. When the heart cannot fulfill these functions due to issues with its structure, filling, contractility, heart rate, or afterload, congestive cardiac failure develops. Common causes include coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes, and valvular heart disease. Over time, compensatory mechanisms like increased sympathetic activity and fluid retention can worsen the condition. Treatment involves managing symptoms, improving cardiac function, and preventing further disease progression through medications, diet, exercise,
This document defines hypertension and describes its types, etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic evaluations, and management. Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or higher and/or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or higher. It is managed primarily through lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise changes as well as pharmacological therapies including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers. Nursing care involves monitoring the patient's condition, educating on lifestyle changes, and ensuring proper treatment adherence.
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The document discusses different types of fungal diseases (mycoses). It describes four main groups: 1) superficial mycoses which grow on the skin surface, 2) cutaneous mycoses which grow in superficial skin layers like athlete's foot and ringworm, 3) subcutaneous mycoses which penetrate below the skin, and 4) systemic mycoses which can infect internal organs. Examples of different fungal diseases are provided for each group. Common antifungal drugs and their mechanisms of action and side effects are also summarized.
Common anti-microbial drugs target bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. Malaria is caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium, including P. falciparum and P. vivax. Diagnosis involves microscopy detection of the malaria parasite. Quinine was historically used to treat malaria and fever, first discovered by indigenous people in South America. Common anti-malarial drugs now include chloroquine, amodiaquine, pyrimethamine, proguanil, primaquine, artemisinin and lumefantrine. Chloroquine and quinine work by binding to heme released during hemoglobin degradation, preventing its polymerization and killing the
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About CentiUP - Product Information Slide.pdfCentiUP
A heightened child formula, with the trio of Nano Calcium, HMO, and DHA mixed in the golden ratio, combined with NANO technology to help nourish the body deeply and comprehensively, helps children increase height, boost brain power, and improve the immune system and overall well-being.
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Benefits:
Linga mudra generates excessive heat within the body and is very useful for dealing with colds.
It also helps in boosting the immune system and makes the body more resistant to colds and similar infections.
The benefits of penis posture also extend to the respiratory system and it can help loosen the phlegm accumulated from the throat.
This posture also helps in weight loss.
Discomfort experienced in an air conditioned room is relieved by this mudra.
Difficulty in breathing can be relieved by this mudra.
Congested nose can be relieved by this mudra immediately and one can get good sleep.
It controls the flow of the menstrual cycle. Performing the Linga mudra with the Sun Mudra gives better results – both 15 minutes each, one after the other.
When navel center is shifted from its original place, comes back to its place by this mudra.
About CentiUP - Introduction and Products.pdfCentiUP
A heightened child formula, with the trio of Nano Calcium, HMO, and DHA mixed in the golden ratio, combined with NANO technology to help nourish the body deeply and comprehensively, helps children increase height, boost brain power, and improve the immune system and overall well-being.
5. Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood against the
walls blood vessels.
Factors that determine the blood pressure:
1- Cardiac output (CO): Cardiac output is the volume of
blood the heart pumps per minute
2- Total peripheral resistance (PR).
3- Elasticity of the aorta and large arteries.
4- Blood volume and circulatory capacity.
BP = CO X PR
6. What is afterload: Afterload is the
pressure against which the heart
works to eject blood during systole.
What is preload: ??
10. Baroreceptors are pressure sensors. Their function
is to sense pressure changes.
Baroreflex or baroreceptor reflex is a homeostatic
mechanisms that helps to maintain blood pressure at
nearly normal level.
14. 1. Beta adrenergic blockers
2. Diuretics
3. Calcium channel blockers
4. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
5. Angiotensin receptor blockers
7. Direct arterial vasodilators (self study)
8. Drug used in hypertensive emergency
15. Beta-blockers are drugs that bind to beta- receptors.
These drugs block the binding of norepinephrine and
epinephrine to these receptors.
Beta-blockers are sympatholytic drugs.
β1-receptors are located commonly in the heart and
kidneys.
β2- receptors are located mainly in the lungs,
gastrointestinal tract, liver, uterus, vascular smooth
muscle, and skeletal muscle.
β3- adrenergic receptors are located in fat cells.
16.
17. Hypertension is associated with an increase
cardiac output. Beta-blockers decrease blood
pressure by reducing cardiac output.
• Hypertension in some patients is caused by
emotional stress, which causes enhanced
sympathetic activity. Beta-blockers can be very
effective in these patients.
↓ HR, ↓ Force of contraction, ↓ Cardiac Output
↓ β 1 mediated renin release from kidney
↓ sympathetic outflow
18. ISA:
selective (β1):
Metoprolol
Acebutolol
Esmolol
Atenolol
Bisoprolol
Betaxolol
Non selective (β1 & β2):
Without ISA
Propronolol,
Sotalol ,
Timolol
With ISA: Pindolol
With additional α
blocking property:
Labetolol
Carvedilol
19. Bradycardia
Hypotension
atrioventicular (AV) nodal conduction
block. Beta-blockers are therefore
contraindicated in patients with sinus
bradycardia and partial AV block
20.
21. Bronchoconstriction can occur when non-selective
beta-blockers are given to asthmatic patients.
Therefore, non-selective beta-blockers are
contraindicated in patients with asthma or chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease.
Bronchoconstriction occurs because sympathetic
nerves innervating the bronchioles normally activate
β2-adrenoceptors that promote bronchodilation.
Beta-blockers can also mask the tachycardia that
serves as a warning sign for insulin-induced
hypoglycemia in diabetic patients; therefore, beta-
blockers should be used cautiously in diabetics.
22.
23. Heart: Blockade of beta1-receptors in the sino-
atrial node reduces heart rate (negative
chronotropic effect) and blockade of beta1-
receptors in the myocardium decrease cardiac
contractility (negative inotropic effect).
26. Kidney: Blockade of beta1-receptors inhibit the release of renin from
juxta-glomerular cells and thereby reduce the activity of the renin-
angiotensin-aldosterone system.
27. Renin is a proteolytic enzyme that is released into
the circulation by the kidneys. Its release is
stimulated by:
sympathetic nerve activation (acting through β1-
adrenoceptors)
renal artery hypotension (caused by systemic
hypotension or renal artery stenosis)
decreased sodium delivery to the distal tubules of
the kidney.
28. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
regulate blood volume and systemic vascular
resistance, which together influence cardiac
output and arterial pressure.
There are three important components to this
system: 1) renin, 2) angiotensin, and 3)
aldosterone. Renin, which is released primarily by
the kidneys, stimulates the formation of
angiotensin in blood and tissues, which in turn
stimulates the release of aldosterone from the
adrenal cortex.
29.
30. Angiotensin2 functions:
Constricts resistance vessels increasing systemic
vascular resistance and arterial pressure
Stimulates reabsorption.
increase the release aldosterone, which in turn acts
on the kidneys to increase sodium and fluid retention
Stimulates the release of vasopressin (antidiuretic
hormone, ADH) from the posterior pituitary, which
increases fluid retention by the kidneys
Stimulates thirst centers within the brain
Enhancing sympathetic adrenergic function
Stimulates cardiac hypertrophy and vascular
hypertrophy.
32. ACE inhibitors have the following actions:
Dilate arteries and veins by blocking angiotensin II
formation
Down regulate sympathetic activity
Promote renal excretion of sodium and water
(natriuretic and diuretic effects) by blocking the
effects of angiotensin II in the kidney and by
blocking angiotensin II stimulation
of aldosterone secretion. This reduces blood
volume, venous pressure and arterial pressure.
Inhibit cardiac remodeling associated with
chronic hypertension, heart failure, and myocardial
infarction.
In cardiology, ventricular remodeling (or cardiac remodeling) refers to
changes in the size, shape, structure, and function of the heart.
35. Dry cough
First-dose hypotension (due to vasodilatation)
Angioedema: it is a serious type of skin reaction
that affects the skin layer and also the tissues
Increased blood-potassium level (hyperkalemia)
36.
37. Patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis may
experience renal failure if ACE inhibitors are
administered. The reason is that the elevated
circulating and intrarenal angiotensin II in this
condition constricts the efferent arteriole more
than the afferent arteriole within the kidney, which
helps to maintain glomerular capillary pressure
and filtration. Removing this constriction by
blocking circulating and intrarenal angiotensin II
formation can cause an abrupt fall in glomerular
filtration rate.
38. Renal artery stenosis is a narrowing
of arteries that carry blood to one or both of the
kidneys.
39. Patients with renal artery stenosis, the kidneys
release large amounts of renin.
High angiotensin II serve to maintain glomerular
filtration by two mechanisms: elevation of blood
pressure and constriction of efferent glomerular
arterioles.
When ACE is inhibited, causing angiotensin II
levels to fall, the mechanisms that had been
supporting glomerular filtration fail, causing urine
production to drop
40. Diuretics. Diuretics may intensify first-dose
hypotension. To prevent this interaction, diuretics
should be withdrawn 1 week prior to initiating ACE
inhibitor treatment
ACE inhibitors increase the risk of hyperkalemia
caused by potassium supplements and
potassium-sparing diuretics
41. Candesartan
Irbesartan
Losartan
Olmesartan
Telmisartan
Valsartan
These drugs have very similar effects
to angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
inhibitors and are used for the same indications
(hypertension, heart failure, post- myocardial
infarction).
42. A diuretic is any substance that promotes diuresis
(increased production of urine).
DIURETICS
Diuretics enhance the removal of sodium and water from
body through kidneys.
Ginger. ...
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Caffeine
43.
44. Types of diuretics
Thiazides: Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone, indapamide
MOA:
these drugs Inhibit sodium-chloride transporter in the
distal tubule. This transporter normally reabsorbs about
5% of filtered sodium.
Loop diuretics: Furosemide (lasix), Torsemide, Bumetanide
MOA: Loop diuretics inhibit the sodium-potassium-chloride
co-transporter in the thick ascending limb. This transporter
normally reabsorbs about 25% of the sodium load.
Potassium-sparing diuretics: spironolactone and eplerenone.
50. Calcium channel blockers decrease the amount of
calcium entering cardiac and smooth muscle cells
by blocking voltage-gated calcium channels.
This causes blood vessels to relax and widen
(vasodilate), improves oxygen supply to the heart
51. Calcium-channel blockers bind to L-type calcium channels
located on the vascular smooth muscle, cardiac myocytes, and
cardiac nodal tissue (sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes).
These channels are responsible for regulating the influx of
calcium into muscle cells, which in turn stimulates smooth
muscle contraction and cardiac myocyte contraction.
In cardiac nodal tissue, L-type calcium channels play an
important role in pacemaker currents.
Therefore, by blocking calcium entry into the cell, there is,
vasodilation,
Decreased myocardial force generation (negative inotropy),
decreased heart rate (negative chronotropy),
Decreased conduction velocity within the heart (negative
dromotropy),
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