This document provides a master plan for congestive cardiac failure (CCF) that includes:
- Definitions and types of CCF such as left vs right sided failure.
- Risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluations, and management strategies which involve both pharmacological treatments like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and device-based therapies as well as non-pharmacological approaches.
- Nursing management focuses on assessment, establishing diagnoses related to decreased cardiac output and fluid imbalance, and interventions to maintain cardiac output, restore fluid balance, and improve activity tolerance through rest and gradual increases in activity.
1. The document defines myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack as the irreversible damage of myocardial tissue caused by prolonged ischemia and hypoxia due to reduced blood flow in a coronary artery from atherosclerosis or blockage.
2. There are 5 types of MIs defined based on their cause. Signs and symptoms include chest pain and other indicators. Diagnosis involves ECG, cardiac marker tests, and other evaluations.
3. Treatment includes both pharmacological interventions like thrombolytics and aspirin as well as surgical procedures like angioplasty, stents and bypass surgery. Nursing management focuses on monitoring for complications, providing education and facilitating cardiac rehabilitation.
Coronary artery disease is caused by a buildup of fatty deposits called plaque in the coronary arteries, restricting blood flow to the heart. Risk factors include high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity, and high blood pressure. Symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves electrocardiograms, stress tests, and angiography. Treatment includes lifestyle changes, medications to reduce cholesterol and blood pressure, oxygen, nitrates, and procedures like angioplasty or bypass surgery to reopen blocked arteries.
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a chronic progressive condition that affects the pumping power of your heart muscles. While often referred to simply as “heart failure,” CHF specifically refers to the stage in which fluid builds up around the heart and causes it to pump inefficiently. You have four heart chambers.
information about tricuspid valve stenosis, causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifeastition, investigation, physical examination, complication and treatment
This document provides guidance on performing a cardiovascular system assessment. It outlines the necessary equipment, steps for history collection and physical examination. The physical exam involves inspection of general appearance, vital signs, jugular venous pulse, precordial examination including auscultation of heart sounds and murmurs, and assessment of the peripheral vascular system. A detailed cardiovascular exam is important for evaluating symptoms, arranging appropriate tests and management, and assessing risk of heart disease.
This document discusses coronary artery disease, including its causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic studies, medical and nursing management. Coronary artery disease is caused by the accumulation of plaque in the coronary arteries. It develops in three stages: fatty streak, fibrous plaque, and complicated lesion. Risk factors that increase the risk of the condition include smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, age, family history, and stress. The nursing management involves health history, physical examination, developing nursing diagnoses related to symptoms, and providing patient education on diet, stress management, and condition management.
Cardiomyopathy refers to diseases of the heart muscle that weaken the heart's ability to pump blood effectively. The three main types are dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Dilated cardiomyopathy causes the left ventricle to enlarge and weaken, impairing its ability to pump blood. Causes include viral infections, toxins, genetic factors, and hypertension. Symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, and fluid retention. Diagnosis involves echocardiograms, electrocardiograms, and cardiac catheterization. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms through medications, lifestyle changes, and potentially surgery or transplantation.
1) The document reviews the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system and describes methods for assessing cardiovascular status including health history, physical exam techniques like inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation, and diagnostic tests.
2) The physical exam involves assessing things like vital signs, jugular vein pulsations, heart sounds and murmurs auscultated over the precordium.
3) Diagnostic tests discussed include electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, stress tests and cardiac catheterization.
1. The document defines myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack as the irreversible damage of myocardial tissue caused by prolonged ischemia and hypoxia due to reduced blood flow in a coronary artery from atherosclerosis or blockage.
2. There are 5 types of MIs defined based on their cause. Signs and symptoms include chest pain and other indicators. Diagnosis involves ECG, cardiac marker tests, and other evaluations.
3. Treatment includes both pharmacological interventions like thrombolytics and aspirin as well as surgical procedures like angioplasty, stents and bypass surgery. Nursing management focuses on monitoring for complications, providing education and facilitating cardiac rehabilitation.
Coronary artery disease is caused by a buildup of fatty deposits called plaque in the coronary arteries, restricting blood flow to the heart. Risk factors include high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity, and high blood pressure. Symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves electrocardiograms, stress tests, and angiography. Treatment includes lifestyle changes, medications to reduce cholesterol and blood pressure, oxygen, nitrates, and procedures like angioplasty or bypass surgery to reopen blocked arteries.
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a chronic progressive condition that affects the pumping power of your heart muscles. While often referred to simply as “heart failure,” CHF specifically refers to the stage in which fluid builds up around the heart and causes it to pump inefficiently. You have four heart chambers.
information about tricuspid valve stenosis, causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifeastition, investigation, physical examination, complication and treatment
This document provides guidance on performing a cardiovascular system assessment. It outlines the necessary equipment, steps for history collection and physical examination. The physical exam involves inspection of general appearance, vital signs, jugular venous pulse, precordial examination including auscultation of heart sounds and murmurs, and assessment of the peripheral vascular system. A detailed cardiovascular exam is important for evaluating symptoms, arranging appropriate tests and management, and assessing risk of heart disease.
This document discusses coronary artery disease, including its causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic studies, medical and nursing management. Coronary artery disease is caused by the accumulation of plaque in the coronary arteries. It develops in three stages: fatty streak, fibrous plaque, and complicated lesion. Risk factors that increase the risk of the condition include smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, age, family history, and stress. The nursing management involves health history, physical examination, developing nursing diagnoses related to symptoms, and providing patient education on diet, stress management, and condition management.
Cardiomyopathy refers to diseases of the heart muscle that weaken the heart's ability to pump blood effectively. The three main types are dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Dilated cardiomyopathy causes the left ventricle to enlarge and weaken, impairing its ability to pump blood. Causes include viral infections, toxins, genetic factors, and hypertension. Symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, and fluid retention. Diagnosis involves echocardiograms, electrocardiograms, and cardiac catheterization. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms through medications, lifestyle changes, and potentially surgery or transplantation.
1) The document reviews the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system and describes methods for assessing cardiovascular status including health history, physical exam techniques like inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation, and diagnostic tests.
2) The physical exam involves assessing things like vital signs, jugular vein pulsations, heart sounds and murmurs auscultated over the precordium.
3) Diagnostic tests discussed include electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, stress tests and cardiac catheterization.
Cor pulmonale is a condition where the right ventricle of the heart enlarges and fails due to high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, usually caused by long-term lung diseases that reduce oxygen levels. It most commonly results from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Symptoms include shortness of breath, swelling, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging, blood tests, and right heart catheterization. Treatment focuses on improving oxygen levels, reducing pulmonary pressures, and managing the underlying lung condition.
This document discusses myocarditis, an inflammation of the heart muscle. It can be caused by various infections, autoimmune disorders, or allergic drug reactions. Symptoms may include chest pain, arrhythmias, shortness of breath, edema, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves collecting a medical history, physical exam, blood tests, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and potentially a myocardial biopsy. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation, managing heart failure symptoms, and supporting heart function through devices or transplants in severe cases. Nursing diagnoses for patients include risks of decreased cardiac output and ineffective tissue perfusion due to reduced blood flow and pressure, as well as acute pain, deficiency in knowledge, and anxiety.
Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis are diseases that cause hardening and narrowing of arteries. Arteriosclerosis is thickening of arterial walls while atherosclerosis involves plaque buildup within artery walls from accumulation of lipids, calcium, and other substances. Major risk factors for atherosclerosis include age, smoking, diet, hypertension, diabetes, and stress. The formation of fatty streaks and plaques within artery walls can progress over decades and lead to complications when plaques rupture and form blood clots. Prevention focuses on lifestyle modifications like quitting smoking, regular exercise, healthy diet, weight control, and stress management.
Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves. It can be acute, affecting those with healthy valves, or subacute, affecting those with pre-existing valve disease. Common causes are bacteria like staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus viridans. Risk factors include congenital heart defects, a history of endocarditis, or damaged heart valves. Symptoms can include fever, fatigue, sweats, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiograms, electrocardiograms and chest x-rays. Treatment requires high doses of intravenous antibiotics, and sometimes surgery to repair or replace damaged valves. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for fever and complications, encouraging rest, and
Raynaud's disease is a condition that causes narrowing of the small blood vessels (arterioles) in the fingers and toes in response to cold temperatures or stress. There are two main types: primary Raynaud's disease, which has no underlying cause, and secondary Raynaud's, which is caused by another condition like connective tissue disease, injury, or exposure to vibrating tools. Symptoms include numbness, pain, and color changes in the skin from blanching to blue or red. Diagnosis involves examining the extremities for color changes and reduced sensation in response to cold. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like avoiding smoking and stress as well as medications to dilate blood vessels.
An aneurysm is a localized bulging or dilation of the wall of a blood vessel. They are caused by a weakened blood vessel wall and risk factors include smoking, hypertension, genetics, and age. Aneurysms are classified based on size, shape, location, and cause. Treatment depends on the type and risk of rupture but may involve medication to control blood pressure, surgical clipping or endovascular coiling to repair the aneurysm, and postoperative nursing care like monitoring for infection or bleeding. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help prevent aneurysm formation.
The document discusses respiratory failure and insufficiency. It defines respiratory failure as inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system, resulting in abnormal blood levels of oxygen and/or carbon dioxide. Respiratory insufficiency refers to the lungs' inability to function normally. The document then describes different types of respiratory failure including acute vs chronic and hypoxemic vs hypercapnic respiratory failure. It lists and explains various causes of each type of respiratory failure including diseases, injuries, and neurological conditions.
Emphysema is damage and abnormal distention of airspaces beyond the terminal bronchioles caused by cigarette smoking or air pollution. There are four main types: centrilobular affects central acini, panlobular affects all acini uniformly, distal acinar involves distal parts of acini, and irregular is mixed. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, difficulty breathing with exertion, and barrel chest. Complications can include respiratory failure, pneumonia, pulmonary hypertension, and right heart failure. Treatment involves smoking cessation, bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, and possibly surgery. Nursing care focuses on monitoring vital signs, administering medications and oxygen, and maintaining proper positioning.
There are several types of congenital heart diseases that result from defects in heart structure present at birth. Cyanotic heart diseases allow deoxygenated blood to circulate systemically, while acyanotic diseases allow blood shunting between the heart's left and right sides. Common defects include atrial and ventricular septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, coarctation of the aorta, and aortic or pulmonary valve stenosis. Signs and symptoms vary depending on the type of defect. Treatment may involve medication, cardiac catheterization, surgery such as defect closure or valve replacement, or in severe cases heart transplantation. Nursing care focuses on managing symptoms, preventing infection, and addressing needs like nutrition and development.
An aneurysm is a localized bulging or ballooning of the wall of an artery. It occurs when the arterial wall weakens, causing it to widen abnormally. The two main types are saccular aneurysms, which are spherical bulges, and fusiform aneurysms, which elongate a portion of the artery. Aneurysms can enlarge over time and rupture, causing life-threatening hemorrhage. Risk factors include atherosclerosis, infection, smoking, hypertension, and genetic conditions. Diagnosis involves physical exam and imaging tests. Treatment depends on the location and size of the aneurysm but may involve open or endovascular surgical repair to prevent rupture.
This document discusses coronary artery disease (CAD). It begins by defining coronary circulation and explaining the importance of the coronary arteries in supplying blood to the heart muscle. It then discusses atherosclerosis, the primary cause of CAD, and defines CAD as the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries due to plaque buildup. The document covers the incidence, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and medical management of CAD.
Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardial sac surrounding the heart that causes chest pain. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, uremia, myocardial infarction, or autoimmune disorders. Symptoms include chest pain worsened by deep breathing or lying down, fever, and potential heart failure from fluid buildup or tamponade. Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam for rubs, ECG changes, imaging like echocardiogram, and labs. Treatment focuses on identifying and treating the underlying cause with rest, drainage procedures, antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and steroids along with pain management and monitoring for complications like cardiac tamponade.
This document discusses congenital heart disease, specifically atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). It defines each condition, describes their signs and symptoms, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management including both medical and surgical treatment options. The prognosis for each condition with and without treatment is addressed. The document provides a detailed yet concise overview of these three common types of acyanotic heart disease.
This presentation discusses hypotension, which is low blood pressure, especially in the arteries of the systemic circulation. It can be caused by increased pulmonary vascular resistance, reduced left ventricular preload, or diminished cardiac output. Common symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, and loss of consciousness. Nursing diagnoses for patients with hypotension include decreased cardiac output, deficient fluid volume, and activity intolerance. Nursing interventions focus on monitoring for symptoms, assessing fluid balance, and encouraging energy conservation.
Inflammatory Heart Disease can cause pericarditis, myocarditis, endocarditis, or rheumatic fever. Pericarditis is inflammation of the sac around the heart while myocarditis involves the heart muscle. Endocarditis is a bacterial infection of the heart valves. Rheumatic fever develops after a streptococcal throat infection and can cause long-term heart damage through rheumatic heart disease.
Lung abscess is a localized infection and necrosis of lung tissue that forms a cavity containing pus. It is usually caused by aspiration or infection traveling via the bloodstream. Common symptoms include fever, cough, sputum production, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray or CT scan to identify lung cavities. Treatment consists of antibiotics chosen based on suspected bacteria and may require hospitalization. Complications can include spread of infection to the pleural space or amyloidosis.
Angina is a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. It is a symptom of coronary artery disease. Angina, which may also be called angina pectoris, is often described as squeezing, pressure, heaviness, tightness or pain in your chest. Some people with angina symptoms describe angina as feeling like a vise is squeezing their chest or feeling like a heavy weight has been placed on their chest. Angina may be a new pain that needs evaluation by a doctor, or recurring pain that goes away with treatment
Endocarditis is inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (endocardium) that usually involves the heart valves. It is commonly caused by bacteria like Staphylococcus that enter the bloodstream through invasive procedures or wounds in the mouth, respiratory tract, GI tract, or GU tract. Risk factors include prior heart damage, dental procedures, heart surgery, and certain medical devices. Symptoms include fever, weakness, weight loss, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography, and imaging tests. Treatment consists of intravenous antibiotics for 4-6 weeks to eliminate the infecting bacteria.
Arteriosclerosis is a thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls that can occur in three patterns: atherosclerosis, Mönckeberg medial calcific sclerosis, and arteriolosclerosis. Atherosclerosis involves the buildup of fatty plaques in arteries due to risk factors like hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes. Over time, plaques can rupture, limiting blood flow and risking heart attack or stroke. Arteriolosclerosis affects small arteries and arterioles, presenting as either hyaline or hyperplastic thickening of vessel walls that reduces blood flow and can cause organ damage.
1) Valvular heart disease is characterized by damage or defects to the heart's valves, with the two most common types being aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation.
2) The document discusses the different types of valvular heart diseases including their etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. The types covered include mitral stenosis/regurgitation, aortic stenosis/regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis, and pulmonic stenosis.
3) Nursing management of valvular heart disease involves monitoring for symptoms, ensuring proper medical and surgical treatments are followed, and health education about valvular heart conditions.
Heart failure is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by conditions that weaken the heart like heart attacks or high blood pressure. Symptoms depend on whether the left or right side of the heart is affected and include shortness of breath, swelling, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves blood tests, chest x-rays, echocardiograms and may include further tests. Treatment focuses on reducing workload on the heart with medications, lowering sodium intake to reduce fluid retention, and medications to improve the heart's pumping ability.
Heart failure results from structural or functional abnormalities that impair the heart's ability to pump blood efficiently. It can involve systolic or diastolic dysfunction. As the heart pumps less effectively, blood moves through the heart and body more slowly and pressure builds up in the heart. This prevents the heart from supplying enough oxygen and nutrients to meet the body's needs. Heart failure prevalence is increasing and is a major cause of hospitalization. Risk factors include coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking. Symptoms depend on whether the left or right side of the heart is predominantly affected and include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling, and irregular heart rhythms. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram, BNP levels, chest x-
Cor pulmonale is a condition where the right ventricle of the heart enlarges and fails due to high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, usually caused by long-term lung diseases that reduce oxygen levels. It most commonly results from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Symptoms include shortness of breath, swelling, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging, blood tests, and right heart catheterization. Treatment focuses on improving oxygen levels, reducing pulmonary pressures, and managing the underlying lung condition.
This document discusses myocarditis, an inflammation of the heart muscle. It can be caused by various infections, autoimmune disorders, or allergic drug reactions. Symptoms may include chest pain, arrhythmias, shortness of breath, edema, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves collecting a medical history, physical exam, blood tests, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and potentially a myocardial biopsy. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation, managing heart failure symptoms, and supporting heart function through devices or transplants in severe cases. Nursing diagnoses for patients include risks of decreased cardiac output and ineffective tissue perfusion due to reduced blood flow and pressure, as well as acute pain, deficiency in knowledge, and anxiety.
Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis are diseases that cause hardening and narrowing of arteries. Arteriosclerosis is thickening of arterial walls while atherosclerosis involves plaque buildup within artery walls from accumulation of lipids, calcium, and other substances. Major risk factors for atherosclerosis include age, smoking, diet, hypertension, diabetes, and stress. The formation of fatty streaks and plaques within artery walls can progress over decades and lead to complications when plaques rupture and form blood clots. Prevention focuses on lifestyle modifications like quitting smoking, regular exercise, healthy diet, weight control, and stress management.
Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves. It can be acute, affecting those with healthy valves, or subacute, affecting those with pre-existing valve disease. Common causes are bacteria like staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus viridans. Risk factors include congenital heart defects, a history of endocarditis, or damaged heart valves. Symptoms can include fever, fatigue, sweats, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiograms, electrocardiograms and chest x-rays. Treatment requires high doses of intravenous antibiotics, and sometimes surgery to repair or replace damaged valves. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for fever and complications, encouraging rest, and
Raynaud's disease is a condition that causes narrowing of the small blood vessels (arterioles) in the fingers and toes in response to cold temperatures or stress. There are two main types: primary Raynaud's disease, which has no underlying cause, and secondary Raynaud's, which is caused by another condition like connective tissue disease, injury, or exposure to vibrating tools. Symptoms include numbness, pain, and color changes in the skin from blanching to blue or red. Diagnosis involves examining the extremities for color changes and reduced sensation in response to cold. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like avoiding smoking and stress as well as medications to dilate blood vessels.
An aneurysm is a localized bulging or dilation of the wall of a blood vessel. They are caused by a weakened blood vessel wall and risk factors include smoking, hypertension, genetics, and age. Aneurysms are classified based on size, shape, location, and cause. Treatment depends on the type and risk of rupture but may involve medication to control blood pressure, surgical clipping or endovascular coiling to repair the aneurysm, and postoperative nursing care like monitoring for infection or bleeding. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help prevent aneurysm formation.
The document discusses respiratory failure and insufficiency. It defines respiratory failure as inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system, resulting in abnormal blood levels of oxygen and/or carbon dioxide. Respiratory insufficiency refers to the lungs' inability to function normally. The document then describes different types of respiratory failure including acute vs chronic and hypoxemic vs hypercapnic respiratory failure. It lists and explains various causes of each type of respiratory failure including diseases, injuries, and neurological conditions.
Emphysema is damage and abnormal distention of airspaces beyond the terminal bronchioles caused by cigarette smoking or air pollution. There are four main types: centrilobular affects central acini, panlobular affects all acini uniformly, distal acinar involves distal parts of acini, and irregular is mixed. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, difficulty breathing with exertion, and barrel chest. Complications can include respiratory failure, pneumonia, pulmonary hypertension, and right heart failure. Treatment involves smoking cessation, bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, and possibly surgery. Nursing care focuses on monitoring vital signs, administering medications and oxygen, and maintaining proper positioning.
There are several types of congenital heart diseases that result from defects in heart structure present at birth. Cyanotic heart diseases allow deoxygenated blood to circulate systemically, while acyanotic diseases allow blood shunting between the heart's left and right sides. Common defects include atrial and ventricular septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, coarctation of the aorta, and aortic or pulmonary valve stenosis. Signs and symptoms vary depending on the type of defect. Treatment may involve medication, cardiac catheterization, surgery such as defect closure or valve replacement, or in severe cases heart transplantation. Nursing care focuses on managing symptoms, preventing infection, and addressing needs like nutrition and development.
An aneurysm is a localized bulging or ballooning of the wall of an artery. It occurs when the arterial wall weakens, causing it to widen abnormally. The two main types are saccular aneurysms, which are spherical bulges, and fusiform aneurysms, which elongate a portion of the artery. Aneurysms can enlarge over time and rupture, causing life-threatening hemorrhage. Risk factors include atherosclerosis, infection, smoking, hypertension, and genetic conditions. Diagnosis involves physical exam and imaging tests. Treatment depends on the location and size of the aneurysm but may involve open or endovascular surgical repair to prevent rupture.
This document discusses coronary artery disease (CAD). It begins by defining coronary circulation and explaining the importance of the coronary arteries in supplying blood to the heart muscle. It then discusses atherosclerosis, the primary cause of CAD, and defines CAD as the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries due to plaque buildup. The document covers the incidence, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and medical management of CAD.
Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardial sac surrounding the heart that causes chest pain. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, uremia, myocardial infarction, or autoimmune disorders. Symptoms include chest pain worsened by deep breathing or lying down, fever, and potential heart failure from fluid buildup or tamponade. Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam for rubs, ECG changes, imaging like echocardiogram, and labs. Treatment focuses on identifying and treating the underlying cause with rest, drainage procedures, antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and steroids along with pain management and monitoring for complications like cardiac tamponade.
This document discusses congenital heart disease, specifically atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). It defines each condition, describes their signs and symptoms, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management including both medical and surgical treatment options. The prognosis for each condition with and without treatment is addressed. The document provides a detailed yet concise overview of these three common types of acyanotic heart disease.
This presentation discusses hypotension, which is low blood pressure, especially in the arteries of the systemic circulation. It can be caused by increased pulmonary vascular resistance, reduced left ventricular preload, or diminished cardiac output. Common symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, and loss of consciousness. Nursing diagnoses for patients with hypotension include decreased cardiac output, deficient fluid volume, and activity intolerance. Nursing interventions focus on monitoring for symptoms, assessing fluid balance, and encouraging energy conservation.
Inflammatory Heart Disease can cause pericarditis, myocarditis, endocarditis, or rheumatic fever. Pericarditis is inflammation of the sac around the heart while myocarditis involves the heart muscle. Endocarditis is a bacterial infection of the heart valves. Rheumatic fever develops after a streptococcal throat infection and can cause long-term heart damage through rheumatic heart disease.
Lung abscess is a localized infection and necrosis of lung tissue that forms a cavity containing pus. It is usually caused by aspiration or infection traveling via the bloodstream. Common symptoms include fever, cough, sputum production, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray or CT scan to identify lung cavities. Treatment consists of antibiotics chosen based on suspected bacteria and may require hospitalization. Complications can include spread of infection to the pleural space or amyloidosis.
Angina is a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. It is a symptom of coronary artery disease. Angina, which may also be called angina pectoris, is often described as squeezing, pressure, heaviness, tightness or pain in your chest. Some people with angina symptoms describe angina as feeling like a vise is squeezing their chest or feeling like a heavy weight has been placed on their chest. Angina may be a new pain that needs evaluation by a doctor, or recurring pain that goes away with treatment
Endocarditis is inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (endocardium) that usually involves the heart valves. It is commonly caused by bacteria like Staphylococcus that enter the bloodstream through invasive procedures or wounds in the mouth, respiratory tract, GI tract, or GU tract. Risk factors include prior heart damage, dental procedures, heart surgery, and certain medical devices. Symptoms include fever, weakness, weight loss, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography, and imaging tests. Treatment consists of intravenous antibiotics for 4-6 weeks to eliminate the infecting bacteria.
Arteriosclerosis is a thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls that can occur in three patterns: atherosclerosis, Mönckeberg medial calcific sclerosis, and arteriolosclerosis. Atherosclerosis involves the buildup of fatty plaques in arteries due to risk factors like hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes. Over time, plaques can rupture, limiting blood flow and risking heart attack or stroke. Arteriolosclerosis affects small arteries and arterioles, presenting as either hyaline or hyperplastic thickening of vessel walls that reduces blood flow and can cause organ damage.
1) Valvular heart disease is characterized by damage or defects to the heart's valves, with the two most common types being aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation.
2) The document discusses the different types of valvular heart diseases including their etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. The types covered include mitral stenosis/regurgitation, aortic stenosis/regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis, and pulmonic stenosis.
3) Nursing management of valvular heart disease involves monitoring for symptoms, ensuring proper medical and surgical treatments are followed, and health education about valvular heart conditions.
Heart failure is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by conditions that weaken the heart like heart attacks or high blood pressure. Symptoms depend on whether the left or right side of the heart is affected and include shortness of breath, swelling, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves blood tests, chest x-rays, echocardiograms and may include further tests. Treatment focuses on reducing workload on the heart with medications, lowering sodium intake to reduce fluid retention, and medications to improve the heart's pumping ability.
Heart failure results from structural or functional abnormalities that impair the heart's ability to pump blood efficiently. It can involve systolic or diastolic dysfunction. As the heart pumps less effectively, blood moves through the heart and body more slowly and pressure builds up in the heart. This prevents the heart from supplying enough oxygen and nutrients to meet the body's needs. Heart failure prevalence is increasing and is a major cause of hospitalization. Risk factors include coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking. Symptoms depend on whether the left or right side of the heart is predominantly affected and include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling, and irregular heart rhythms. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram, BNP levels, chest x-
The document discusses congestive heart failure, including definitions, causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment goals and options. It describes how heart failure results from structural or functional cardiac abnormalities that impair the heart's ability to pump sufficiently. Signs and symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, swelling, and fluid backup in the lungs or other organs.
Heart failure is defined as the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by structural or functional problems with the heart's ventricles. Heart failure is classified based on whether the left ventricle has reduced ejection fraction (systolic) or increased filling pressures (diastolic), and whether cardiac output is high or low. Treatment involves reducing preload and afterload on the heart through medications like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers, and diuretics. More advanced treatments include CRT, VADs, heart transplantation, and surgical procedures.
Congestive cardiac failure (CHF) refers to systemic and pulmonary congestion resulting from the heart's inability to pump enough blood for the body's needs. It has multiple causes in infants and children, including structural heart defects, arrhythmias, infections, and cardiomyopathies. Presentation depends on the degree of cardiac reserve but includes symptoms like tachypnea, tachycardia, poor feeding, and hepatomegaly. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, chest x-ray, ECG, echocardiogram and other tests. Treatment focuses on correcting underlying causes, managing precipitants, and controlling heart failure through diuretics, inotropic drugs, afterload reducers, and other
This document provides information on cardiac heart failure, including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, types, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment goals, and management approaches. Some key points:
- Heart failure is a clinical syndrome where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs due to problems with ventricular filling or contractility.
- Common causes include ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, hypertension, and valvular disease.
- Treatment aims to improve oxygenation, reduce cardiac workload, and enhance contractility through diuretics, vasodilators, beta-blockers, and other drugs, as well as lifestyle modifications.
- Management requires a multif
Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart muscle is weakened and cannot pump blood strongly, reducing oxygen delivery to organs and tissues. It can result from conditions that damage the heart muscle or overwork the heart. Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling, and cough. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms with medications like ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and lifestyle changes including diet, exercise, stress reduction, and fluid intake limits. Making adjustments based on monitoring for changes is important for patient counseling in congestive heart failure management.
This document provides an overview of heart failure, including its definition, etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It is commonly called congestive heart failure due to prominent symptoms of increased venous pressure.
- Common causes include coronary artery disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease, and cardiomyopathy. The final pathway involves neurohormonal activation and changes in cardiac structure and function.
- Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention. Treatment focuses on correcting reversible causes, restricting sodium/fluid intake, and medications like diuretics, ACE
Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It has multiple causes and symptoms including shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling, and coughing up pink mucus. Treatment focuses on controlling symptoms with diuretics, and improving the heart's function with ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, and other medications. For severe cases, devices or surgery such as defibrillators, resynchronization therapy, or transplantation may be needed. The long-term goal is to improve quality of life through lifestyle changes and optimal medical management.
Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It has multiple causes and symptoms including shortness of breath, fatigue, fluid retention, and arrhythmias. Treatment focuses on controlling symptoms with diuretics, and improving the heart's function with ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, and other vasodilators. For severe cases, inotropic drugs or even advanced therapies like ventricular assist devices or transplant may be needed. The goals are to improve quality of life and survival through controlling risk factors and compensatory mechanisms that can worsen the condition over time.
Cardiac failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be due to low cardiac output or congestion within the heart or vessels. Therapy aims to reduce preload and afterload on the heart, increase contractility, control arrhythmias, and treat the underlying cause. Positive inotropes like digoxin increase contractility but do not cure the disease and can cause toxic side effects at high levels. Diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, and other drugs target compensatory mechanisms and remodeling processes to improve cardiac function.
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by systolic or diastolic dysfunction. Common symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, cough, and shortness of breath. Treatment includes drugs that increase cardiac contractility, reduce fluid retention, block the renin-angiotensin system, dilate blood vessels, and reduce heart rate. New drugs like ivabradine and sacubitril/valsartan may also help lower hospitalization rates.
Heart failure is the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of tissues. It results in fluid overload and poor tissue perfusion. It has multiple causes including reduced contractility, valve disorders, coronary artery disease, and hypertension. Symptoms vary between acute pulmonary edema with respiratory distress, and chronic fatigue and edema. Treatment involves reducing preload and afterload through medications like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, vasodilators, and diuretics.
Pathophysiology of congestive heart failurethunderrajesh
This document provides an overview of congestive heart failure, including its definition, types, causes, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatment. Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart muscle is weakened and cannot pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in tissues and organs. The main types are systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Common causes include hypertension, coronary artery disease, and valvular issues. Symptoms involve fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling. Treatment focuses on medications like ACE inhibitors, diuretics, beta blockers, and lifestyle changes such as diet, exercise, and stress reduction.
Heart failure is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by anything that reduces the heart's ability to fill or contract properly. Common causes include hypertension, heart attacks, alcohol/drug use, and rapid heart rhythms. Symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, swelling, and coughing. Treatment focuses on improving cardiac contractility, reducing preload and afterload stresses on the heart, and managing fluid retention through diuretics and other medications.
1. Cardiac failure reduces the heart's ability to pump enough blood, causing reduced cardiac output and increased venous pressure. In the acute stage, compensatory responses may increase output.
2. In the chronic stage, fluid retention by the kidneys increases blood volume, partially restoring output. This can cause peripheral edema if output does not fully recover.
3. Severe cardiac failure results in continuous fluid retention, edema, and eventually death due to complete heart failure if compensation fails.
Heart failure is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It is usually due to problems with the structure or function of the heart. Common causes include coronary artery disease, hypertension, and cardiomyopathy. Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms with diuretics and drugs that target the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system like ACE inhibitors. Other treatments include beta-blockers, digitalis glycosides, and managing comorbidities and lifestyle factors like diet and exercise. The goals are to improve quality of life, slow disease progression, and reduce mortality risk.
1. Heart failure is the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the tissues' needs for oxygen and nutrients.
2. It can be caused by mechanical abnormalities of the heart, myocardial abnormalities, or altered cardiac rhythm/conduction disturbances.
3. Symptoms of heart failure depend on whether the left or right side of the heart is affected and include shortness of breath, edema, fatigue, cough, and liver/spleen enlargement.
1. Heart failure is the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the tissues' needs for oxygen and nutrients.
2. It can be caused by mechanical abnormalities of the heart, myocardial abnormalities, or altered cardiac rhythm/conduction disturbances.
3. Symptoms of heart failure depend on whether the left or right side of the heart is affected and include shortness of breath, edema, fatigue, cough, and liver/spleen enlargement.
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Congestive Cardiac Failure..presentation
1. DEEPA A, MSc(N), BSc(Psychology)
NURSING TUTOR,
TIRUPPUR MEDICAL COLLEGE,
TIRUPPUR.
2. MASTER PLAN FOR CCF
• Introduction
• Definition
• Risk factors
• Types
left and right HF
backward and forward HF
systolic and diastolic HF
acute and chronic HF
• Classification of heart failure
stage A
stage B
stage C
stage D
• Pathophysiology
• Compensatory mechanism
4. • Heart failure is the inability of the heart to pump
sufficient blood to meet the body’s metabolic
needs. An estimate of the heart’s efficiency as a
pump is its ejection fraction, the percentage of
blood the left ventricle ejects when it contracts.
Normally, a healthy heart ejects 55% or more of
the blood that fills the left ventricle during
diastole. As the heart fails, the amount of ejected
blood decreases. The heart’s ejection fraction is
measured using an echocardiogram or multiple
gated acquisition scan.
5.
6. • The heart’s inability to pump enough blood to
meet the body’s oxygen and nutrient
demands, formerly called as congestive heart
failure.
• Heart failure is a term that describes as
inability of the heart to keep up it’s work load
of pumping blood to the lungs and to the rest
of the body.
8. • Pulmonary embolism, chronic lung disease
• Hemorrhage and anemia
• Anesthesia and surgery
• Transfusion or infusion
• Increased body demands (fever, infection,
pregnancy,)
• Physical and emotional stress
• Excessive sodium intake
9. Systolic and diastolic heart
failure
Acute and Chronic Heart Failure
Left-Sided and Right-Sided Heart
Failure
Forward and backward heart
failure
10. Inability of the heart to
contract to provide enough
blood flow forward.
11. Inability of the left ventricle
to relax normally, resulting in
fluid back up into the lungs.
FILLING
PROBLEM
12. LEFT SIDED HEART DISEASE
Inability of the left ventricle
to pump enough blood causing
fluid back up into the lungs
13. RIGHT SIDED HEART DISEASE
Inefficient pumping of the right side of the
heart causing fluid build up in the abdomen,
leg, and feet.
14. ACUTE HEART FAILURE
• An emergency situation in which a patient was
completely asymptomatic before the onset of
heart failure.
CHRONIC HEART FAILURE
• Long term syndrome in which a patient exhibits
symptoms over a long period of time, usually as a
result of preexisting cardiac condition.
15. FORWARD HEART FAILURE
• Decreased cardiac output results in
inadequate perfusion
BACKWARD HEART FAILURE
• Blood remain in ventricle after systole,
increasing atrial and venous pressure and rise
in venous fluid out of capillary membrane into
extracellular space.
16. Class I (Mild)
Ordinary physical activity does not cause undue fatigue,
palpitations, or dyspnea. The client does not experience any
limitation of activity.
Class II (Mild)
The client is comfortable at rest, but ordinary physical activity
results in fatigue, heart palpitations, or dyspnea.
Class III (Moderate)
There is marked limitation of physical activity. The client is
comfortable at rest, but less than ordinary activity causes
fatigue, heart palpitations, or dyspnea.
Class IV (Severe)
The client is unable to carry out any physical activity without
discomfort. Symptoms of cardiac insufficiency occur at rest.
Discomfort is increased if any physical activity is undertaken
17. Stage A
Patients at high risk for developing left ventricular dysfunction but
without structural heart disease or symptoms of heart failure
Stage B
Patients with left ventricular dysfunction or structural heart disease
who have not developed symptoms of heart failure
Stage C
Patients with left ventricular dysfunction or structural heart disease
with current or prior symptoms of heart failure
Stage D
Patients with refractory end-stage heart failure requiring specialized
interventions
18.
19. Decreased
Cardiac output
hypotension
Medullary
activation
Of sympathetic
Nervous system
Stimulation of
adrenal medulla
Catecholamine
release
Vasoconstruction
Tachycardia
tachypnea
Increased
Venous return
Transitory increase
In blood pressure
Blood shunted to
brain and heart
Decreased
blood flow
to kidney
Stimulation
of renin angiotensin
aldosterone
secretion
Maintenance of level
Of conseiousness and
Dilation of
Coronary arteries
22. Human B-type natriuretic peptide
As volume and pressure in the cardiac
chambers rise, cardiac cells produce and
released more BNP. This test aids in the
diagnosis of heart failure.
A level greater than 100/ml is diagnostic for
heart failure. Inaddition the higher the BNP
the more severe the heart failure.
BNP is used in emergency department to
quickly diagnose and start treatment.
Radio nuclear ventriculogram.
24. Eliminate excess body water and decrease
ventricular pressures.
A low-sodium diet and fluid restriction
complement this therapy
Some diuretics may have slight vasodilator
properties.
Lasix
Hydrochlorothiazide
spironolactone
25. Increase the heart’s ability to pup more
effectively by improving the contractile force of
the muscle.
Digoxin
Dopamine
Dobutamine
26. Increases the workload of the heart by dilating
peripheral vessels. By relaxing capacitance
vessels, vasodilators reduce ventricular filling
pressures and volumes.
By relaxing resistance vessels vasodilators can
reduce impedance to left ventricular ejection
and improve stroke volume.
27. Nitrates – nitroglycerin isosorbide,
nitroglycerin ointment predominantly dilate
systemic veins
Hydralazine predominantly affects arterioles,
reduces arteriolar tone.
Prazosin balanced effects on both arterial and
venous circulation
Sodium nitroprusside predominantly affects
arterioles
Morphine decreases and thus cardiac work.
28. • Inhibits the adverse effects of angiotensin II
• Decreases left ventricular after with a
subsequent decreases in heart rate associated
with heart failure, thereby reducing the work
load of the heart and increasing
corbondioxcide, may decrease remodeling of
the ventricle.
Captopril
29. • Decrease myocardial workload and protect
against fatal dysrhythmias by blocking
norepinephrine effects of the symptomatic
nervous system.
Metoprolol
Carvedilol
30. • Similar to ACE inhibitors.
• Used in patients who cannot tolerate ACE
inhibitors due to cough or angioedema.
• Decrease sodium retention, sympathetic
nervous system activation and cardiac
remodeling.
31. • Used patient with decompensated heart
failure.
• It produces smooth muscle cell relaxation,
diuretics and a reduction in afterload.
32. Diet therapy
Restricted sodium
Restricted fluid
Promotion of rest
Do not make these patients walk
Could start a fluid ‘rush’ into the alveoli
Try to get them to sit still if they appear
agitated an hypoxic
33. Relief Anxiety
It may leads to increase in O2 demand and
cardiac workload.
Explain what you are doing
Anti anxiety drugs and for decreasing preload.
45. NURSING ASSESSMENT
Obtain history of symptoms, limits of activity,
response to rest and H/O response to drug therapy.
Assess the arterial pulse (quality & character)
Assess the heart rhythm and rate, BP, assess edema.
Obtain hemodynamic measurements
Assess weight
Identify sleep patterns.
Note the results of serum electrolytes
46. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Decreased cardiac output related to impaired
contractility and increased preload and
afterload.
Impaired gas exchange related to alveolar
edema due to elevated ventricular pressures
Excess fluid volume related to sodium and
water retention.
Activity intolerance related to oxygen supply
and demand imbalance.
47. NURSING INTERVENTIONS
a) Maintaining adequate cardiac output
Place patient at physical and emotional rest to reduce work
of the heart.
Evaluate frequently for progression of left sided heart
failure. Take frequent BP reading.
Auscultate heart sounds frequently and monitor cardiac
rhythm
Observe for signs and symptoms of reduced peripheral
tissue perfusion, cool temperature of skin, facial pallor,
poor capillary refill of nail buds.
Administered pharmacotherapy as directed.
Monitor clinical response of patient with respect to relief of
symptoms.
48. b)Restoring fluid balance
Assess for signs of hypovolemia caused by diuretic
therapy thirst, decreased urine output, orthostatic
hypotension, weak, thready pulse, increased urine
specific gravity.
Be alert for hypokalemia
Monitor for pitting edema of lowering extremities and
sacral area
check daily weight
Administered prescribed diuretics potassium
supplements as ordered.
Maintain I/O chart
Administered I.V. fluids
49. c)Improving Activity tolerance
Increase patient’s activities gradually.
Observe the pulse, symptoms, behavioral
response to increased activity.
Relieve night time anxiety and provide rest
and sleep.
Give appropriate sedation to relieve insomnia
and restlessness
50. Explain the disease process to the patient
Teach the signs and symptoms of recurrence.
Review medication, regimen.
Review activity program.
Restrict sodium as directed.
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