08 Antihypertensives Upd

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This document discusses normal blood pressure ranges and classifications of hypertension. It then describes the main drug classes used to treat hypertension, including adrenergic agents, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and vasodilators. Specific medications within each class are provided along with their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and potential side effects.

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This presentation summarizes key information about the drug amlodipine. It introduces amlodipine as a medication used to treat high blood pressure and coronary artery disease. The presentation outlines amlodipine's pharmacology as a calcium channel blocker, recommended dosages, dosage forms, contraindications, adverse effects, and drug-drug interactions. It also discusses amlodipine's pregnancy category, effects on breastfeeding, and important counseling points for patients.

Amlodipine poisoning

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This case report describes a nearly fatal case of amlodipine poisoning in an 11-month old infant. The infant received 6 doses of 15mg of amlodipine which was mistakenly dispensed instead of amoxicillin. Within hours, the infant developed vomiting, lethargy, bradycardia, respiratory distress, and hypotension. Laboratory tests showed hyperglycemia, electrolyte abnormalities, and elevated liver enzymes. The infant was treated with insulin, calcium gluconate, ionotropes, and peritoneal dialysis. The infant's condition gradually improved and was discharged after 10 days. The authors conclude that hyperinsulinemia therapy is beneficial in treating calcium channel blocker toxicity and

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This document discusses cardiovascular drugs, including inotropes, vasodilators, and vasopressors. It lists various drug types for each category and describes their modes of action, uses, side effects, and dosages. The objectives are to describe cardiovascular drugs, list the types, explain their uses and side effects, and discuss dosage. Examples of inotropes discussed are catecholamines, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and cardiac glycosides. Nitrates, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers are some vasodilators covered. The vasopressors section outlines alpha-adrenergic drugs and vasopressin analogs.

1. The document discusses antihypertensive drugs, their mechanisms of action, and treatment of hypertension. It covers major classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and vasodilators. 2. It provides details on how each drug class lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance, cardiac output, or sodium retention. Common side effects and advantages are also summarized for each drug class. 3. Guidelines for treating different stages of hypertension are presented, including recommendations to start with monotherapy or 2-drug combinations depending on severity, and to follow an A-B-C-D approach

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Dobutamine is a synthetic catecholamine and beta-1 agonist used as a vasopressor and inotropic agent. It works by directly stimulating beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart muscle to increase contractility and cardiac output. Dobutamine has a rapid onset of action of 2 minutes when administered intravenously and a short plasma half-life of 2 minutes. It is indicated for use in cardiac failure, open heart surgery, and as an alternative to exercise in cardiac stress testing to evaluate heart function. Common adverse effects include increased heart rate, blood pressure changes, and chest pain. Dobutamine must be administered cautiously in patients with recent heart attacks or ischemia.

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This document discusses drugs used to treat hypertension. It classifies antihypertensive drugs into diuretics, sympathoplegics, direct vasodilators, and agents that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Specific drugs discussed include furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, amlodipine, captopril, and losartan. Their mechanisms of action, uses, and potential adverse effects are explained. The document emphasizes that blood pressure can be controlled through multiple pathways and drug classes.

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This document provides an overview of anti-hypertensive medications. It discusses the different classes of anti-hypertensive drugs including thiazide diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and other classes. For each class, it covers indications, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing, adverse effects, drug interactions and other key points. The document is intended as an educational presentation on the treatment of hypertension with pharmacological therapies.

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The document discusses drugs used to treat cardiovascular conditions. It covers antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs. It also discusses drugs for angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, including antiplatelets, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, nitroglycerin, and ACE inhibitors. Finally, it addresses antiarrhythmic drugs and the mechanisms of different types of arrhythmias.

Elderlypreg drugs pracs ug

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This document discusses drug therapy considerations in the elderly population. Key points include: - Physiological changes that occur with aging impact drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion requiring dosage adjustments. - Polypharmacy is common due to multiple diseases and increases risk of drug interactions. - Adverse drug reactions are more frequent in the elderly. Drugs should be started at low doses and titrated carefully. - Drug selection should consider potential side effects, dosage forms that are easy to take, and affordability. Close monitoring for side effects is important.

Lipril (Lisinopril Dihydrate Tablets)

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1. ACE inhibitors work by inhibiting the angiotensin converting enzyme and reducing angiotensin II levels, leading to vasodilation and sodium excretion. 2. Common ACE inhibitors include lisinopril, enalapril, ramipril, and benazepril. They are used to treat hypertension, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and diabetic nephropathy. 3. Potential side effects include dry cough, hypotension, hyperkalemia, angioedema, and renal dysfunction. ACE inhibitors can also cause fetal harm during pregnancy.

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The document discusses drugs used to treat heart failure. It begins with an overview of heart failure and its pathophysiology. It then describes several classes of drugs used to treat heart failure, including: 1. Diuretics such as furosemide to reduce fluid overload and relieve symptoms. 2. Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors like ACE inhibitors and ARBs to prevent pathological remodeling and progression of heart failure. 3. Beta-blockers like carvedilol and metoprolol which reduce sympathetic overactivity and remodeling. 4. Other drug classes discussed include digitalis glycosides, vasodilators, aldosterone antagonists, and inotropic drugs.

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This document discusses hypertension and its treatment. It defines hypertension and describes its prevalence globally. It notes that only half of those with hypertension have been diagnosed, treated, and adequately controlled. It describes primary and secondary causes of hypertension. The main classes of antihypertensive medications are discussed - diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and alpha blockers. Specific examples within each class are explained. The document emphasizes the goal of treatment is to reduce blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg to prevent cardiac and renal complications.

Medications Sec 1

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antihypertensive agents 1

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The document discusses the classification and mechanisms of action of various antihypertensive agents. It describes how drugs like diuretics, sympathoplegic agents, vasodilators, angiotensin blockers, calcium channel blockers, and ACE inhibitors work to lower blood pressure by different mechanisms throughout the body. It also covers hypertensive emergencies and the intravenous drugs used to rapidly reduce blood pressure in such situations.

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meducationdotnet

This document provides a summary of the pharmacological management of essential hypertension. It discusses various drug classes used to treat hypertension including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, beta blockers, and others. For each drug class, it summarizes the mechanism of action, examples of drugs, uses, cautions/contraindications, and side effects. It emphasizes that lifestyle changes should be discussed before starting pharmacological treatment and drugs may be combined if single drug treatment does not achieve blood pressure targets. The document aims to provide an easy to understand format for key points useful in a clinical situation.

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This presentation discusses angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, which are used to treat hypertension and other cardiovascular conditions. It describes the structure and function of ACE, the drug classification of ACE inhibitors based on their zinc-binding groups, and the structure-activity relationships that determine ACE inhibitor potency. Examples of commonly used ACE inhibitors are provided, along with their chemical nature, bioavailability, time to peak action, elimination, dosing, and adverse effects. Clinical uses and drug interactions of ACE inhibitors are also summarized.

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This document summarizes several classes of antihypertensive drugs, including their mechanisms of action and effects. It discusses diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, alpha-blockers, centrally acting drugs, and vasodilators. For each class, it describes their advantages and disadvantages in treating hypertension, as well as recommendations for use.

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This document summarizes guidelines for diagnosing and treating hypertension. It discusses the prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in the US population. It reviews risk factors for hypertension and cardiovascular events. It also summarizes findings from clinical trials demonstrating the benefits of treating hypertension, including reduced risks of stroke, heart failure, and myocardial infarction. Thiazide diuretics are recommended as first-line treatment based on their effectiveness and lower costs.

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- Pulmonary embolism affects approximately 500,000 individuals per year in the US, with around 50,000 deaths annually. - Deep vein thrombosis accounts for over 95% of pulmonary emboli. Risk factors for DVT and thus PE include surgery, trauma, cancer, prolonged immobility, and genetic or acquired hypercoagulable states. - Diagnosis is suggested by symptoms like dyspnea and chest pain but requires imaging tests like CT pulmonary angiogram, ventilation-perfusion scanning, or echocardiogram to confirm the presence of emboli. Treatment involves anticoagulation with heparin or warfarin.

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This document discusses hypertension, or high blood pressure. It notes that hypertension affects around 50 million people in the US. The main types are primary hypertension, which has no known cause, and secondary hypertension, which is caused by another disease like kidney disease. Risk factors for hypertension include genetics, family history, obesity, stress, alcohol, sodium, tobacco, and age. Untreated hypertension can lead to heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and vision loss. African Americans have a higher risk than other populations. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and medication, with the goal of controlling blood pressure.

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The document outlines an organizational framework for nursing practice consisting of assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Assessment involves collecting subjective, objective, and environmental data. Nursing diagnosis involves determining risks or needs. Planning identifies goals, outcomes, and timeframes. Implementation involves initiating care plans and following the five rights of medication administration. Evaluation monitors goals, outcomes, and patient responses to treatment.

02 Pharmacologic Principles Upd

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The document defines key terms related to pharmacology including: - Drugs and their chemical names, generic names, and trade names - The study of how drugs are administered and acted upon in the body, covering areas like pharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacotherapeutics - Routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, and topical routes and how they impact drug absorption - What the body does to drugs through processes like metabolism and excretion - Factors that can influence these processes and affect drug action - Potential therapeutic effects and adverse drug reactions

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CLASSIFICATION OF H1 ANTIHISTAMINICS- FIRST GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS- 1)HIGHLY SEDATIVE-DIPHENHYDRAMINE,DIMENHYDRINATE,PROMETHAZINE,HYDROXYZINE 2)MODERATELY SEDATIVE- PHENARIMINE,CYPROHEPTADINE, MECLIZINE,CINNARIZINE 3)MILD SEDATIVE-CHLORPHENIRAMINE,DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE TRIPROLIDINE,CLEMASTINE SECOND GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-FEXOFENADINE, LORATADINE,DESLORATADINE,CETIRIZINE,LEVOCETIRIZINE, AZELASTINE,MIZOLASTINE,EBASTINE,RUPATADINE. Mechanism of action of 2nd generation antihistaminics- These drugs competitively antagonize actions of histamine at the H1 receptors. Pharmacological actions- Antagonism of histamine-The H1 antagonists effectively block histamine induced bronchoconstriction, contraction of intestinal and other smooth muscle and triple response especially wheal, flare and itch. Constriction of larger blood vessel by histamine is also antagonized. 2) Antiallergic actions-Many manifestations of immediate hypersensitivity (type I reactions)are suppressed. Urticaria, itching and angioedema are well controlled.3) CNS action-The older antihistamines produce variable degree of CNS depression.But in case of 2nd gen antihistaminics there is less CNS depressant property as these cross BBB to significantly lesser extent. 4) Anticholinergic action- many H1 blockers in addition antagonize muscarinic actions of ACh. BUT IN 2ND gen histaminics there is Higher H1 selectivitiy : no anticholinergic side effects

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