This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) and provides information about a patient's medical history and lab results. It defines three stages of hypertension and lists risk factors. It also summarizes the patient's vitals, chief complaints, medical history, family history, lab results and medications. Additionally, it covers topics like the anatomy and physiology of systems involved in blood pressure regulation, the pathophysiology of hypertension, and descriptions of medications prescribed to the patient.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, refers to blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It puts stress on blood vessels and vital organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys over time if not controlled. The document discusses what causes hypertension, risk factors, potential health effects, diagnosis through blood pressure monitoring, treatment through lifestyle modifications and medications, and treatment goals of lowering blood pressure to reduce risks of heart disease, stroke, and other complications. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like losing weight, reducing salt, exercising, and quitting smoking, as well as medications like diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs.
This document provides an overview of essential hypertension including its definition, classifications, causes, detection, importance, prevention, management, goals of treatment, classes of drugs and their side effects, and specific management for patients with ischemic heart disease or diabetes. Essential hypertension is high blood pressure where secondary causes are not identified, accounts for 95% of hypertension cases, and needs to be further classified. Lifestyle modifications and pharmacologic treatments can help control blood pressure to reduce health risks.
Hypertension or high blood pressure has become a common health problem.
•High blood pressure may cause coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, peripheral vascular disease, vision loss, chronic kidney disease and dementia.
•The narrower your arteries are, the higher your blood pressure will be.
•Your blood pressure measurement takes into account how much blood is passing through your blood vessels and the amount of resistance the blood meets while the heart is pumping.
•High blood pressure generally develops over many years, and it affects nearly everyone eventually.
•Fortunately, high blood pressure can be easily detected. And once you know you have high blood pressure, you can work with your doctor to control it.
Get more details @
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, affects over 1 billion people worldwide and is a major risk factor for heart attacks and strokes. It is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure over 90 mmHg. Essential or primary hypertension accounts for 90-95% of hypertension cases and results from an interaction of environmental and genetic factors, though the specific causes are unknown. If left untreated, hypertension can damage organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys, potentially leading to heart attacks, strokes, kidney failure or other complications. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medication to control blood pressure and reduce health risks.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a common disease where blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. It has no symptoms but can damage organs if left untreated. There are two types - primary hypertension which has no identifiable cause and accounts for 90-95% of cases, and secondary hypertension which is caused by other conditions affecting the kidneys, heart or endocrine system. Risk factors include obesity, high salt diet, excess alcohol, stress and caffeine. Treatment involves lifestyle changes as well as medications like diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers to control blood pressure. Regular monitoring of blood pressure and prevention methods can help reduce the risk of hypertension.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, has been documented as far back as 2600 BC. It was not until the early 18th century that methods for measuring blood pressure were developed. Blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. Sustained elevated blood pressure is defined as hypertension. Primary hypertension has no identifiable cause, while secondary hypertension is caused by an underlying condition. Lifestyle modifications and medication are used to treat hypertension and reduce complications like heart disease, stroke, and kidney damage. Accurate measurement and long-term management require a collaborative approach between patients and healthcare providers.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher. Factors that influence blood pressure include heart rate, sympathetic nervous system activity, vasoconstriction/vasodilation, and fluid volume regulated by the renin-angiotensin and aldosterone systems. Lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, following the DASH diet, reducing sodium intake, limiting alcohol, and regular exercise are first-line treatment recommendations for controlling hypertension before starting drug therapy.
This document discusses hypertension, including its causes, mechanisms, clinical features, investigations, and treatment. It defines hypertension as a persistent blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg. The causes are primarily essential (80-90%) or secondary (10-20%), which can be renal, endocrine, metabolic, drug-related, congenital, or psychogenic. Hypertension occurs via increased cardiac output or peripheral resistance. Clinical features involve the cerebral, cardiac, vascular, ocular, and renal systems. Investigations include urine tests, imaging, and blood tests. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and medications like diuretics, adrenergic blockers, or vasodilators. Treatment duration is typically lifelong.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, refers to blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It puts stress on blood vessels and vital organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys over time if not controlled. The document discusses what causes hypertension, risk factors, potential health effects, diagnosis through blood pressure monitoring, treatment through lifestyle modifications and medications, and treatment goals of lowering blood pressure to reduce risks of heart disease, stroke, and other complications. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like losing weight, reducing salt, exercising, and quitting smoking, as well as medications like diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs.
This document provides an overview of essential hypertension including its definition, classifications, causes, detection, importance, prevention, management, goals of treatment, classes of drugs and their side effects, and specific management for patients with ischemic heart disease or diabetes. Essential hypertension is high blood pressure where secondary causes are not identified, accounts for 95% of hypertension cases, and needs to be further classified. Lifestyle modifications and pharmacologic treatments can help control blood pressure to reduce health risks.
Hypertension or high blood pressure has become a common health problem.
•High blood pressure may cause coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, peripheral vascular disease, vision loss, chronic kidney disease and dementia.
•The narrower your arteries are, the higher your blood pressure will be.
•Your blood pressure measurement takes into account how much blood is passing through your blood vessels and the amount of resistance the blood meets while the heart is pumping.
•High blood pressure generally develops over many years, and it affects nearly everyone eventually.
•Fortunately, high blood pressure can be easily detected. And once you know you have high blood pressure, you can work with your doctor to control it.
Get more details @
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, affects over 1 billion people worldwide and is a major risk factor for heart attacks and strokes. It is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure over 90 mmHg. Essential or primary hypertension accounts for 90-95% of hypertension cases and results from an interaction of environmental and genetic factors, though the specific causes are unknown. If left untreated, hypertension can damage organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys, potentially leading to heart attacks, strokes, kidney failure or other complications. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medication to control blood pressure and reduce health risks.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a common disease where blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. It has no symptoms but can damage organs if left untreated. There are two types - primary hypertension which has no identifiable cause and accounts for 90-95% of cases, and secondary hypertension which is caused by other conditions affecting the kidneys, heart or endocrine system. Risk factors include obesity, high salt diet, excess alcohol, stress and caffeine. Treatment involves lifestyle changes as well as medications like diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers to control blood pressure. Regular monitoring of blood pressure and prevention methods can help reduce the risk of hypertension.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, has been documented as far back as 2600 BC. It was not until the early 18th century that methods for measuring blood pressure were developed. Blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. Sustained elevated blood pressure is defined as hypertension. Primary hypertension has no identifiable cause, while secondary hypertension is caused by an underlying condition. Lifestyle modifications and medication are used to treat hypertension and reduce complications like heart disease, stroke, and kidney damage. Accurate measurement and long-term management require a collaborative approach between patients and healthcare providers.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher. Factors that influence blood pressure include heart rate, sympathetic nervous system activity, vasoconstriction/vasodilation, and fluid volume regulated by the renin-angiotensin and aldosterone systems. Lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, following the DASH diet, reducing sodium intake, limiting alcohol, and regular exercise are first-line treatment recommendations for controlling hypertension before starting drug therapy.
This document discusses hypertension, including its causes, mechanisms, clinical features, investigations, and treatment. It defines hypertension as a persistent blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg. The causes are primarily essential (80-90%) or secondary (10-20%), which can be renal, endocrine, metabolic, drug-related, congenital, or psychogenic. Hypertension occurs via increased cardiac output or peripheral resistance. Clinical features involve the cerebral, cardiac, vascular, ocular, and renal systems. Investigations include urine tests, imaging, and blood tests. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and medications like diuretics, adrenergic blockers, or vasodilators. Treatment duration is typically lifelong.
Congestive heart failure can be caused by conditions that weaken the heart muscle or overload it. The main symptoms are shortness of breath, fatigue, cough, and fluid retention. Treatment focuses on correcting reversible causes, reducing fluid overload with diuretics, and inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system with ACE inhibitors. Other medications like beta blockers, digitalis, and vasodilators may also be used depending on the individual case. Monitoring through physical exams, labs, and imaging can help guide management and prevent exacerbations.
This document summarizes hypertension, including its definition, classification, measurement, epidemiology, treatment and prevention. Hypertension is defined as high blood pressure and is classified based on blood pressure levels, identifiable causes, and organ damage. It is measured using a sphygmomanometer and affects over 1 billion people globally. Prevention involves population-wide and individual lifestyle changes to reduce risk factors and control blood pressure in diagnosed individuals.
Secondary hypertension is high blood pressure caused by an underlying medical condition that affects the kidneys, heart, blood vessels or endocrine system. It differs from primary hypertension which has no clear cause. Proper treatment of the underlying condition can control both secondary hypertension and reduce risks of complications like heart disease, kidney failure and stroke. Some common causes of secondary hypertension include kidney disease, Cushing's syndrome, pheochromocytoma, thyroid problems and obstructive sleep apnea.
This document provides information on the diagnosis and management of hypertension. It defines hypertension as blood pressure greater than 140/90 mmHg. It describes the types and causes of hypertension, including essential (95% of cases, no identifiable cause) and secondary (underlying cause such as renal or endocrine issues). Target organ damage from uncontrolled hypertension includes effects on the heart, brain, kidneys, and retina. Lifestyle modifications and medication are used to treat hypertension with the goals of reducing blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg to prevent cardiovascular events. Common classes of antihypertensive medications discussed include diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin receptor blockers.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is defined as an average systolic blood pressure above 140 mm Hg or an average diastolic blood pressure above 90 mm Hg based on multiple readings. There are three main types of hypertension: essential or primary hypertension which has no known cause, secondary hypertension caused by other conditions, and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Blood pressure is regulated by both rapid-acting mechanisms like the sympathetic nervous system and baroreceptors, and slower-acting mechanisms like the kidneys and renin-angiotensin system. Uncontrolled hypertension increases the risks of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease and other health issues.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg. It can be caused by primary or secondary factors. Primary hypertension accounts for 90-95% of cases and its cause is unknown. Secondary hypertension is caused by an underlying condition such as kidney disease. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medication to prevent target organ damage from severely high blood pressure.
Austin Hypertension is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Hypertension.
The journal aims to promote research communications and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in all areas of Hypertension. Austin Hypertension accepts original research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of hypertension.
Austin Hypertension strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
The document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure). It describes the location and anatomy of the heart, as well as blood circulation via the heart. It defines hypertension and describes its causes, types (primary and secondary), prevalence by age, and hemodynamic basis. Risk factors for developing hypertension are discussed. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like maintaining a healthy weight, physical activity, moderating alcohol, and reducing sodium intake.
This document discusses hypertension, including its definition, classification, causes, types (primary and secondary), diagnosis, management through lifestyle changes and medications, complications, and heart failure. Hypertension is defined as blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg. Its causes include lifestyle factors like stress, diet, obesity, and genetics. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet changes and exercise, as well as medications that lower blood pressure such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers. Complications of uncontrolled hypertension include heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and cognitive impairment.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, affects nearly 1 billion people worldwide. It is a leading cause of death and is poorly controlled in many countries. May 14th is recognized as World Hypertension Day to increase awareness. Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic over 90 mmHg. Lifestyle modifications like weight loss, dietary changes, and increased physical activity can help control blood pressure but medication is often required. Treatment goals are to reduce blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 for those with diabetes or kidney disease to lower the risks of complications.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It can be classified into stages based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings. The majority of cases are primary or essential hypertension, while a small percentage are secondary to other conditions. Target organ damage to the heart, brain, kidneys and eyes can occur if hypertension is not controlled. Lifestyle modifications and medications are used to treat and manage hypertension. Nursing care involves educating patients, monitoring for complications, and promoting treatment adherence.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a major public health problem worldwide. It is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. While there is no cure, lifestyle modifications and medication can help prevent and manage hypertension. The goal of treatment is to reduce cardiovascular and renal risks and complications through lowering blood pressure. Treatment typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes and medications, with regular monitoring needed to control the condition.
The document discusses blood pressure and hypertension. It provides information on obtaining blood pressure measurements including indications, contraindications, equipment, positioning, and techniques. It also covers definitions and classifications of hypertension, causes and pathophysiology, complications, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options which include lifestyle modifications and medications like diuretics.
The document defines hypertension and provides classification based on blood pressure readings. It discusses etiology including primary/essential hypertension and secondary causes. It covers evaluation involving medical history, physical exam, and lab tests. Treatment goals and principles are outlined along with classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers. Complications of uncontrolled hypertension involve cardiac, renal, cerebral, and retinal effects.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure). It covers the history of hypertension diagnosis and treatment. It defines hypertension as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mm Hg or diastolic over 90 mm Hg. The document classifies hypertension and discusses risk factors, pathogenesis, symptoms, investigations, management guidelines, hypertensive emergencies/urgencies, complications like left ventricular hypertrophy, and drug treatments.
Epidemiology , diagnosis and treatment of Hypertension Toufiqur Rahman
Hypertension, Blood pressure, Systolic Hypertension, Diastolic Hypertension, Epidemiology, Classification of hypertention, Type of hypertension, aetiology of hypertension, Clinical features, complications of hypertension, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, Resistant hypertension, anti hypertensives,
This document summarizes a Supreme Court case regarding a dispute over the construction and operation of a cement plant. The petitioners filed a case in trial court arguing the cement plant would cause pollution and be a nuisance. The trial court issued an injunction prohibiting construction. However, the Court of Appeals overturned this, finding the trial court did not have jurisdiction and the petitioners did not exhaust their administrative remedies with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) first. The Supreme Court upheld the Court of Appeals' decision, reiterating the doctrine of exhaustion of administrative remedies requires resolving issues within administrative bodies first before elevating them to courts.
Congestive heart failure can be caused by conditions that weaken the heart muscle or overload it. The main symptoms are shortness of breath, fatigue, cough, and fluid retention. Treatment focuses on correcting reversible causes, reducing fluid overload with diuretics, and inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system with ACE inhibitors. Other medications like beta blockers, digitalis, and vasodilators may also be used depending on the individual case. Monitoring through physical exams, labs, and imaging can help guide management and prevent exacerbations.
This document summarizes hypertension, including its definition, classification, measurement, epidemiology, treatment and prevention. Hypertension is defined as high blood pressure and is classified based on blood pressure levels, identifiable causes, and organ damage. It is measured using a sphygmomanometer and affects over 1 billion people globally. Prevention involves population-wide and individual lifestyle changes to reduce risk factors and control blood pressure in diagnosed individuals.
Secondary hypertension is high blood pressure caused by an underlying medical condition that affects the kidneys, heart, blood vessels or endocrine system. It differs from primary hypertension which has no clear cause. Proper treatment of the underlying condition can control both secondary hypertension and reduce risks of complications like heart disease, kidney failure and stroke. Some common causes of secondary hypertension include kidney disease, Cushing's syndrome, pheochromocytoma, thyroid problems and obstructive sleep apnea.
This document provides information on the diagnosis and management of hypertension. It defines hypertension as blood pressure greater than 140/90 mmHg. It describes the types and causes of hypertension, including essential (95% of cases, no identifiable cause) and secondary (underlying cause such as renal or endocrine issues). Target organ damage from uncontrolled hypertension includes effects on the heart, brain, kidneys, and retina. Lifestyle modifications and medication are used to treat hypertension with the goals of reducing blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg to prevent cardiovascular events. Common classes of antihypertensive medications discussed include diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin receptor blockers.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is defined as an average systolic blood pressure above 140 mm Hg or an average diastolic blood pressure above 90 mm Hg based on multiple readings. There are three main types of hypertension: essential or primary hypertension which has no known cause, secondary hypertension caused by other conditions, and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Blood pressure is regulated by both rapid-acting mechanisms like the sympathetic nervous system and baroreceptors, and slower-acting mechanisms like the kidneys and renin-angiotensin system. Uncontrolled hypertension increases the risks of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease and other health issues.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg. It can be caused by primary or secondary factors. Primary hypertension accounts for 90-95% of cases and its cause is unknown. Secondary hypertension is caused by an underlying condition such as kidney disease. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medication to prevent target organ damage from severely high blood pressure.
Austin Hypertension is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Hypertension.
The journal aims to promote research communications and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in all areas of Hypertension. Austin Hypertension accepts original research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of hypertension.
Austin Hypertension strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
The document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure). It describes the location and anatomy of the heart, as well as blood circulation via the heart. It defines hypertension and describes its causes, types (primary and secondary), prevalence by age, and hemodynamic basis. Risk factors for developing hypertension are discussed. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like maintaining a healthy weight, physical activity, moderating alcohol, and reducing sodium intake.
This document discusses hypertension, including its definition, classification, causes, types (primary and secondary), diagnosis, management through lifestyle changes and medications, complications, and heart failure. Hypertension is defined as blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg. Its causes include lifestyle factors like stress, diet, obesity, and genetics. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet changes and exercise, as well as medications that lower blood pressure such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers. Complications of uncontrolled hypertension include heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and cognitive impairment.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, affects nearly 1 billion people worldwide. It is a leading cause of death and is poorly controlled in many countries. May 14th is recognized as World Hypertension Day to increase awareness. Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic over 90 mmHg. Lifestyle modifications like weight loss, dietary changes, and increased physical activity can help control blood pressure but medication is often required. Treatment goals are to reduce blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 for those with diabetes or kidney disease to lower the risks of complications.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It can be classified into stages based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings. The majority of cases are primary or essential hypertension, while a small percentage are secondary to other conditions. Target organ damage to the heart, brain, kidneys and eyes can occur if hypertension is not controlled. Lifestyle modifications and medications are used to treat and manage hypertension. Nursing care involves educating patients, monitoring for complications, and promoting treatment adherence.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a major public health problem worldwide. It is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. While there is no cure, lifestyle modifications and medication can help prevent and manage hypertension. The goal of treatment is to reduce cardiovascular and renal risks and complications through lowering blood pressure. Treatment typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes and medications, with regular monitoring needed to control the condition.
The document discusses blood pressure and hypertension. It provides information on obtaining blood pressure measurements including indications, contraindications, equipment, positioning, and techniques. It also covers definitions and classifications of hypertension, causes and pathophysiology, complications, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options which include lifestyle modifications and medications like diuretics.
The document defines hypertension and provides classification based on blood pressure readings. It discusses etiology including primary/essential hypertension and secondary causes. It covers evaluation involving medical history, physical exam, and lab tests. Treatment goals and principles are outlined along with classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers. Complications of uncontrolled hypertension involve cardiac, renal, cerebral, and retinal effects.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure). It covers the history of hypertension diagnosis and treatment. It defines hypertension as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mm Hg or diastolic over 90 mm Hg. The document classifies hypertension and discusses risk factors, pathogenesis, symptoms, investigations, management guidelines, hypertensive emergencies/urgencies, complications like left ventricular hypertrophy, and drug treatments.
Epidemiology , diagnosis and treatment of Hypertension Toufiqur Rahman
Hypertension, Blood pressure, Systolic Hypertension, Diastolic Hypertension, Epidemiology, Classification of hypertention, Type of hypertension, aetiology of hypertension, Clinical features, complications of hypertension, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, Resistant hypertension, anti hypertensives,
This document summarizes a Supreme Court case regarding a dispute over the construction and operation of a cement plant. The petitioners filed a case in trial court arguing the cement plant would cause pollution and be a nuisance. The trial court issued an injunction prohibiting construction. However, the Court of Appeals overturned this, finding the trial court did not have jurisdiction and the petitioners did not exhaust their administrative remedies with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) first. The Supreme Court upheld the Court of Appeals' decision, reiterating the doctrine of exhaustion of administrative remedies requires resolving issues within administrative bodies first before elevating them to courts.
This document is an extended essay that investigates whether the original supermarkets in Bogor, Indonesia formed a tacit oligopoly in response to new competitors entering the market. The author analyzes the grocery market structure, reviews oligopoly theory, and develops a hypothesis that the original supermarkets colluded on pricing without excluding new entrants. To test this, the author will record product prices across supermarkets and compare price ranges between original and all supermarkets to determine if they behave as separate or unified oligopolies. The results could provide insight into the nature of competition in the Bogor grocery market.
Landscape architecture encompasses the design, planning, and management of both natural and built environments. Landscape architects play an important role in environmental protection by designing projects that respect human and environmental needs. They analyze site conditions like climate, soil, and vegetation, then create detailed plans indicating topography, vegetation, walkways, and other landscaping elements. The landscape architecture field is growing and landscape architects work on a wide range of projects from parks and residential developments to environmental restoration.
This document provides background information on the history and growth of Starbucks Corporation. It details how Starbucks began in 1971 as a small coffee shop in Seattle and grew to over 1,500 stores by 1997 under CEO Howard Schultz. In the early 1980s, Schultz joined Starbucks and envisioned expanding its retail concept to include serving coffee drinks like espresso and cappuccino. However, the original founders resisted this idea and instead focused on acquiring Peet's Coffee. Frustrated, Schultz left Starbucks in 1985 to pursue his vision of creating coffee bars across America modeled after those he discovered in Italy.
1) Blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance. It represents the force exerted by blood on blood vessel walls.
2) Blood pressure is measured by systolic pressure when the heart contracts and diastolic pressure when the heart is at rest between beats.
3) High blood pressure, or hypertension, is classified according to levels of systolic and diastolic pressure. The majority of high blood pressure cases are primary (essential) hypertension which develops gradually over many years without an identifiable cause. Secondary hypertension can be caused by underlying conditions.
This document provides an overview of hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension and normal blood pressure readings. It discusses factors that influence blood pressure like heart rate, vascular resistance, and fluid volume. It covers the etiology, epidemiology, types (essential, secondary, malignant, isolated systolic, resistant), signs and symptoms, and pathophysiology involving the sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin system, and fluid volume regulation. It also addresses the diagnosis, complications, and management of hypertension through both non-pharmacological (lifestyle modifications, diet) and pharmacological (ACE inhibitors, ARBs, diuretics, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers) approaches.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines normal blood pressure and stages of hypertension. Primary (essential) hypertension has no identifiable cause while secondary hypertension is caused by underlying conditions like kidney, adrenal or thyroid diseases. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can damage organs and increase risks of heart attack, stroke, vision loss, and kidney disease. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and may include medications like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and others.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension and notes its classification into primary (essential) or secondary types. Risk factors and complications are outlined, including effects on organs like the heart, brain, kidneys and eyes. The diagnostic process is explained, involving medical history, physical exam, blood and urine tests, and imaging. Secondary causes like kidney disease or tumors are described. Accurate blood pressure measurement technique is emphasized for diagnosis.
This document provides an overview of blood pressure including its definition, normal and abnormal ranges, factors that influence it, pathophysiology, classification, epidemiology, investigation, management, and complications of hypertension. Some key points include:
- Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by blood on the walls of arteries and it varies between systolic and diastolic pressures.
- Hypertension is defined as systolic BP ≥140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg.
- Risk factors for hypertension include family history, diet, smoking, alcohol, and secondary causes like renal or endocrine diseases.
- Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medication like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, refers to blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It puts increased stress on blood vessels and vital organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys over time. Common symptoms include headache, dizziness, and fatigue. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, and weight loss as well as medications to lower blood pressure such as diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs. The goals of treatment are to prevent complications like heart attack, stroke, kidney disease, and reduce blood pressure to under 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 for those with diabetes or chronic kidney disease.
1 billion people worldwide have high blood pressure, and this number is expected to increase to 1.56 billion people by the year 2025
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Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. Blood pressure is expressed using two measurements - systolic and diastolic pressures. For most adults, normal blood pressure is within the range of 100-130 mmHg systolic and 60-80 mmHg diastolic. High blood pressure is present if the resting blood pressure is persistently at or above 130/80 or 140/90 mmHg. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and beta blockers. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can lead to damage of vital organs and increase risk of
HYPERTENSION TOPIC OF SEMINAR FOR NURSING STUDENTS.pptxApurva Dwivedi
This document discusses blood pressure and hypertension. It begins by defining blood pressure and describing how it is measured. Hypertension is defined as having a systolic pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic pressure over 90 mmHg. The document then discusses the causes, risk factors, types, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management through lifestyle changes and medication, and complications of hypertension. Nursing assessment of patients with hypertension includes taking a health history, performing a physical exam, and properly measuring blood pressure.
Hypertension can lead to hypertensive heart disease, damaging the heart over time. Left untreated, hypertensive heart disease can cause heart failure, thickening of the heart muscle, coronary artery disease, or cardiac arrhythmias. Symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, and leg swelling. Diagnosis involves medical tests like electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, and stress tests. Treatment focuses on lowering blood pressure through lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, and medication to prevent further heart damage.
This case study summarizes the medical history and diagnosis of a 93-year-old male patient admitted to the hospital with hypertension. The document provides background on hypertension including its causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It describes the patient's presenting symptoms of dizziness, vomiting, abdominal pain and weakness. The case study examines the anatomy of the heart and includes the patient's medical history, physical exam results, lab tests, diagnosis of chronic renal parenchymal disease, and proposed treatment and discharge plan.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a medical condition defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It is often asymptomatic but can lead to serious health issues like heart disease or stroke if left untreated. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like reducing salt intake, exercise, and weight loss. Medications may also be prescribed depending on severity, such as ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, or diuretics. For hypertensive emergencies with very high blood pressure, intravenous drugs are used to rapidly lower the pressure.
This document summarizes hypertension physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical management. It discusses the pathogenesis of primary hypertension including genetic and lifestyle factors. It also describes pathological changes in blood vessels and target organs. Symptoms, diagnosis, cardiovascular risk assessment, treatment goals, lifestyle modifications, and drug therapies are summarized. Treatment aims to reduce blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 mmHg for those with diabetes or kidney disease.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a common health problem that typically has no symptoms until late stages. It contributes to diseases like heart disease and stroke. The document defines hypertension as a diastolic pressure over 90 mm Hg or systolic over 140 mm Hg. While the causes are unknown for most people (essential hypertension), it can be secondary to other conditions. Complications involve damage to the heart, blood vessels, brain, kidneys and eyes. Evaluation of patients with hypertension aims to identify risk factors, secondary causes, and evidence of organ damage.
HYPERTENSION TOPIC PREPARED BY DR. ARUN KUMARArun Kumar
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It is responsible for circulating blood throughout the body, transporting oxygen, nutrients, waste, and hormones. The heart powers this system. Hypertension is defined as high blood pressure, specifically a systolic pressure over 140 mmHg or diastolic over 90 mmHg. There are two main types of hypertension: primary (95% of cases) which has no identifiable medical cause, and secondary which is caused by other conditions like Cushing's syndrome or kidney impairment.
The document discusses hypertension including its definition, types, symptoms, risk factors, pathophysiology, classifications, causes, complications, and treatment. It defines normal and abnormal blood pressure values and classifications. It describes primary and secondary hypertension and their causes. Untreated hypertension can damage the heart, kidneys, retina and brain. Treatment includes lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, and weight loss as well as pharmacological therapies targeting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on hypertension given by two nursing students. It began with an outline and objectives. The students then defined hypertension and discussed blood pressure classifications. They explained determinants of blood pressure and risk factors for primary hypertension. Clinical manifestations, complications, and types of hypertension such as primary, secondary, and hypertensive crisis were summarized. The students concluded by discussing diagnostic evaluation, management through lifestyle modifications and pharmacological treatments, and the stepwise algorithm for hypertension management.
This document discusses hypertensive crisis and provides details on its etiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, and management. It defines hypertensive crisis as an acute severe elevation in blood pressure of usually over 180/120 mmHg that may be associated with end organ dysfunction. It further categorizes hypertensive crisis into hypertensive urgency and hypertensive emergency based on the presence or absence of end organ damage. The document outlines the various causes, mechanisms, clinical assessment approach, and goals of treatment for hypertensive crisis, with an emphasis on preventing further organ damage while maintaining tissue perfusion.
A presentation hypertension
(what blood pressure is, what is hypertension, what are the risk factors of hypertension, how is it managed?) and other related knowledge on hypertension
The document discusses three Philippine Supreme Court cases related to labor and election laws:
1) JMM v NLRC (1993) addressed whether an employer was still required to post an appeal bond despite posting other surety bonds. The Court held that the appeal bond served a different purpose from the other bonds and was still required.
2) Mateo Casela v. Court of Appeals involved whether a motion for execution of a writ was time-barred. The Court excluded time periods where execution was suspended and found the motion was timely.
3) Datu Michael Abas Kida v. Senate of the Philippines concerned the constitutionality of resetting ARMM elections. The Court upheld the new law,
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INTRODUCTION
HYPERTENSION
Hypertension (HTN) or high blood pressure is common disorder that is a
known cardiovascular disease risk factor, characterized by elevated blood
pressure over the normal values of 120/80 mm Hg in an adult over 18 years of
age. This elevation in blood pressure can be divided into three classes of
hypertension.
Prehypertension describes blood pressure measurements of greater than
120 mm Hg systolic or 80 mm Hg diastolic and less than 130 mm Hg systolic or
90 mm Hg diastolic. Persons exhibiting prehypertension are encouraged to
explore life-style modifications to lower blood pressure, but blood-pressure
lowering agents are not generally prescribed without compelling indications.
The second classification of hypertension is Stage 1 hypertension and is
defined by a blood pressure of over 130 mm Hg systolic or 90 mm Hg diastolic
but less than 160 mm Hg systolic or 100 mm Hg diastolic. Patients with Stage 1
hypertension are also encouraged to make life-style modifications, and initial
drug therapy may include thiazide-type diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel
blockers, beta blockers, and angiotensin-receptor blockers, or a combination of
these.
Stage 2 hypertension is defined by a blood pressure greater than 160 mm
Hg systolic or 100 mm Hg diastolic. Persons with Stage 2 hypertension are
2. encouraged to make life-style modifications. Two-drug combination therapies (of
thiazide-type diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers,
and angiotensin-receptor blockers) are indicated for these patients.
Essential hypertension, the most common kind, has no single identifiable
cause, but risk for the disorder is increased by obesity, a high serum sodium
level, hypercholesterolemia, and a family history of high blood pressure. Known
causes of secondary hypertension include sleep apnea, chronic kidney disease,
primary aldosteronism, renovascular disease, chronic steroid therapy, Cushing's
syndrome, pheochromocytoma, coarctation of the aorta, and thyroid or
parathyroid disease.
The incidence of hypertension is higher in men than in women and is twice
as great in African-Americans as in Caucasians. People with mild or moderate
hypertension may be asymptomatic or may experience suboccipital headaches,
especially on rising; tinnitus; lightheadedness; ready fatigability; and palpitations.
With sustained hypertension, arterial walls become thickened, inelastic, and
resistant to blood flow, and the left ventricle becomes distended and
hypertrophied as a result of its efforts to maintain normal circulation against the
increased resistance. Inadequate blood supply to the coronary arteries may
cause angina or myocardial infarction. Left ventricular hypertrophy may lead to
congestive heart failure. Malignant hypertension, characterized by a diastolic
pressure higher than 120 mm Hg, severe headaches, blurred vision, and
confusion, may result in fatal uremia, myocardial infarction, congestive heart
failure, or a cerebrovascular insult. Patients with high blood pressure are advised
to follow a low-sodium, low-saturated-fat diet; to control obesity by reducing
caloric intake; to exercise; to avoid stress; and to have adequate rest.
3. PATIENT’S PROFILE
NAME: Medina, Crisanta Gamboa
BIRTHDAY: March 25,1948
AGE: 63 years old
SEX: Female
ADDRESS: Brgy. Marawoy, Lipa, City
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
NATIONALITY: Filipino
DATE OF ADMISSION: February 26, 2012
ATTENDING PHYSICIAN: Dra. Ma. Lovely M. Cacho
CHIEF COMPLAINT: chest pain, dizziness
4. HEALTH HISTORY
Present Health History
The present health history started 3 days prior to confinement at Metro
Lipa Medical Center when the patient, experienced general body weakness,
chest pain, and dizziness. She was admitted under the service of Dra. Ma.
Lovely M. Cacho and stayed at the said hospital for 2 days and was treated as a
case of hypertension stage II. Her physician ordered her to have some laboratory
examinations like Serum Test, Troponin Test, electrolytes, urinalysis, CBC and
ECG. She was given Betahistine, Losartan, Clopidogrel, Finofibrate, Vastarel,
Allopurinol, Vytorin, Corolan, NTG Patch, Omeprazole and Celebrex as her
medication.
Vital Signs upon admission are as follows:
T = 36.2 PR = 120 bpm BP = 170/100 mmHg RR = 20 cpm
Past Health History
Prior to her hospitalization, she denies in having any record or medical
history of being admitted due to trauma, accident and disease. She also denies
having allergies to food and drugs.
5. Family Health History
The patient has family health history of hypertension on her mother’s side.
LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS
January 26, 2012
SERUM TEST
RESULT
NORMAL VALUE
INTERPRETATION
Cholesterol 6.6mmol/L 0.0- 5.2mmol/L High cholesterol
accelerates the
progression of
atherosclerosis of certain
arteries that is thought to
contribute significantly to
hypertension.
Triglycerides 2.79 mmol/L 0.0- 1.69 mmol/L High triglyceride levels can
increase your risk of
arteriosclerosis that
reduces the space
available for blood flow,
which can cause high
blood pressure.
Uric Acid 408 umol/L 149- 369 umol/L Hyperuricemia has now
been
found to be an
independent risk factor for
hypertension.
ALT 4.42 mmol/L 3.59- 3.88 mmol/L
6. January 26, 2012
TROPONIN TEST
(-) Negative
January 26, 2012
CBC
RESULT NORMAL VALUE INTERPRETATION
Segmenters 0. 36 % Elevation of
segmenters may
indicate presence
of infection; means
that many band
(immature) cells
are present as the
body fights
infection.
Lymphocyte 0. 55 % A low lymphocyte
count indicates that
the body's
resistance to fight
infection has been
substantially lost
and one may
become more
susceptible to
certain types of
infection.
Monocyte 0. 09 %
January 26, 2012
Urinalysis – DONE. Result not secured.
7. ECG – DONE. Result not secured.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Medulla Oblongata; relays motor and sensory impulses between other parts of
the brain and the spinal cord. Reticular formation (also in pons, midbrain, and
diencephalon) functions in consciousness and arousal. Vital centers regulate
heartbeat, breathing (together with pons) and blood vessel diameter.
8. Hypothalamus; controls and integrates activities of the autonomic nervous
system and pituitary gland. Regulates emotional and behavioral patterns and
circadian rhythms. Controls body temperature and regulates eating and drinking
behavior. Helps maintain the waking state and establishes patterns of sleep.
Produces the hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Baroreceptors, pressure-sensitive sensory receptors, are located in the aorta,
internal carotid arteries, and other large arteries in the neck and chest. They
send impulses to the cardiovascular center in the medulla oblongata to help
regulate blood pressure. The two most important baroreceptor reflexes are the
carotid sinus reflex and the aortic reflex.
Chemoreceptor, sensory receptors that monitor the chemical composition of
blood, are located close to the baroreceptors of the carotid sinus and the arch of
9. the aorta in small structures called carotid bodies and aortic bodies, respectively.
These chemoreceptor detect changes in blood level of O2, CO2, and H+.
Heart. The main functions of the heart can be summarized as follows: The right-
hand side of the heart receives de-oxygenated blood from the body tissues (from
the upper- and lower-body via the Superior Vena Cava and the Inferior Vena
Cava, respectively) into the right atrium. This de-oxygenated blood passes
through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. This blood is then pumped
under higher pressure from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary
artery The left-hand side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
(via the pulmonary veins) into the left atrium. This oxygenated blood then passes
through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle. It is then pumped to the aorta
under greater pressure (as explained below). This higher pressure ensures that
the oxygenated blood leaving the heart via the aorta is effectively delivered to
other parts of the body via the vascular system of blood vessels (incl. arteries,
arterioles, and capillaries).
Blood. Our blood carries oxygen to cells. It carries waste (carbon dioxide, Urea
and lactic acid - via diffusion) away from cells and carries various disease-
fighting cells such as the "white" blood cells. It is part of the body's self-repair
mechanism (blood clotting after an open wound in order to stop bleeding - using
'Platelets') and regulates our body PH. It also regulates our core body
temperature.
Blood vessels. The point of blood vessels is to carry blood throughout the body.
Arteries and veins are the largest of the blood vessels. Arteries move blood,
which contains oxygen and nutrients to muscles and organs and veins carry the
blood back to the heart.
10. RENAL SYSTEM
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system. When blood volume falls or blood flow to
the kidneys decreases, juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys secrete renin into the
bloodstream. In sequence, renin and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) act
on their substrates to produce the active hormone angiotensin II, which raises
blood pressure in two ways. First, angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor; it
raises blood pressure by increasing systemic vascular resistance. Second, it
stimulates secretion of aldosterone, which increases reabsorption of sodium ions
11. and water by the kidneys. The water reabsorption increases total blood volume,
which increases blood pressure.
Antidiuretic hormone. ADH is produced by the hypothalamus and released from
the posterior pituitary in response to dehydration or decreased blood volume.
Among other actions, ADH causes vasoconstriction, which increases blood
pressure.
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide. Released by cells in the atria of the heart, ANP lowers
blood pressure by causing vasodilation and by promoting the loss of salt and
water in the urine, which reduces blood volume.
12. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPERTENSION
RISK FACTOR
Family History Obesity
Age Excess Alcohol Consumption
High Salt Intake Smoking
Stress Low Potassium Intake
Changes in Arteriolar Bed
Systemic Vascular Resistance
Afterload
Blood Flow to Organ
Blood Pressure
Juxtaglomerular cells
Renin
Angiotensin- Converting Enzyme (ACE)
Angiotensin
(Renin substrate)
Angiotensin I
(Renin substrate)
Angiotensin II
14. Blood pressure is generated by cardiac contraction against the vascular
resistance. Having one or more of the risk factors of hypertension contributes in
some changes in arteriolar bed which will then increase the systemic vascular
resistance. As the systemic vascular resistance increase, the afterload also
increases, therefore heart works harder. Afterload is inversely proportional to
stroke volume. During a heartbeat, the heart muscle contracts. This causes the
blood to be pumped out, which causes increased pressure in the arteries. There
is a stronger than normal force of contraction since the filling pressures is greater
and so the SV is greater. Starling’s Law states that the greater the tension or
stretch the greater the contraction. Therefore wall tension is chronically increased
and this results in remodeling of the ventricular wall again but this time the CXR
shape is elongated and off center. This thickness is also associated with an
increase in radius to keep their ratio equal. The peripheral blood vessels will
return their blood flow back to normal after a sudden increase within less than a
minute. There is the metabolic theory that states when the art pressure becomes
too great, there is an excess flow of oxygen and nutrients which causes the blood
vessels to constrict and flow to return to normal and there is the myogenic theory
that states the sudden stretch of small blood vessels cause the smooth muscle of
the vessel wall to contract and this reduces the blood flow. Renin will then be
released by the juxtoglomerular cells in afferent arterioles of the kidney in
response to SNS stimulation. The receptors that mediate this are beta receptors
on cells. Renin will then increase the production of angiotensin I which will lead to
Angiotensin II which is a potent vasoconstrictor which then increases total
peripheral resistance. Angiotensin II will also stimulate the release of aldosterone
from the medulla which will increase sodium reabsorption so less Na leaves the
body and more stays in which increase ECF volume. There is also progressive
increase in TPR while at the same time the CO is decreased back to normal.
(Changes almost certainly caused by the long-term blood flow autoregulation
mechanism). CO has risen to high level and had initiated the hypertension, the
excess blood flow through the tissues than caused progressive constriction of the
local arterioles, thus returning the local blood flow and the CO almost back to
normal, but simultaneously causing a secondary increase in TPR. The increased
TPR occurs and will lead to increase pressure towards normal.
15. DRUG STUDY
GENERIC NAME: Betahistine
BRAND NAME: Serc
DOSAGE AND ROUTE: 24mg tab PO
CLASSIFICATION: Antiemetic/Antivertigo
ACTION: Betahistine has a very strong affinity as an antagonist
for histamine H3 receptors and a weak affinity as an
agonist for histamine H1 receptors. Betahistine seems
to dilate the blood vessels within the middle ear which
can relieve pressure from excess fluid and act on the
smooth muscle.
INDICATION: Meniere’s disease, Meniere-like syndrome (with
symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus and sensorineural
deafness) and vertigo of peripheral origin.
CONTRAINDICATION: Hypersensitivity to any component of the product.
ADVERSE
REACTION:
Headache.
Low level of gastric side effects.
Nausea can be a side effect, but the patient is
generally already experiencing nausea due to the
vertigo so it goes largely unnoticed.
Decreased appetite, leading to weight loss
NURSING
CONSIDERATION:
Avoid contact of oral solution or injection with skin
Raise bed rails, institute safety measures, supervise
ambulation
GENERIC NAME: Losartan
16. BRAND NAME: Anzar
DOSAGE AND ROUTE: 50mg tab PO
CLASSIFICATION: Angiotensin II Antagonists
ACTION: Angiotensin II receptor blocker/antihypertensive.
INDICATION: Losartan is used in the management of hypertension
and may have a role in patients who are unable to
tolerate ACE inhibitors. It has also been tried in heart
failure and myocardial infarction.
CONTRAINDICATION: Patients who are hypersensitive to any component of
this product. Losartan also contraindicated in pregnancy
and breastfeeding. If pregnancy is detected, losartan
should discontinued immediately.
ADVERSE
REACTION:
Adverse effects of losartan have been reported to be
usually mild and transient, and include dizziness and
dose related orthostatic hypotension. Hypotension may
occur particularly in patient with volume depletion, (eg
those who have received high-dose diuretics).
NURSING
CONSIDERATION:
Observe for symptomatic hypotension and tachycardia
especially in patients with CHF; hyponatremia, high-
dose diuretics, or severe volume depletion
GENERIC NAME: Clopidogrel
BRAND NAME: Antiplar
17. DOSAGE AND ROUTE: 5mg tab PO
CLASSIFICATION: Anticoagulants, Antiplatelets & Fibrinolytics
(Thrombolytics)
ACTION: Clopidogrel is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation. A
variety of drugs that inhibit platelet function have been
shown to decrease morbid events in people with
established cardiovascular atherosclerotic disease as
evidenced by stroke or transient ischemic attacks,
myocardial infarction, unstable angina or the need for
vascular bypass or angioplasty.
INDICATION: Prevention of atherosclerotic events in peripheral
arterial disease or w/in 35 days of MI, or w/in 6 mth of
ischemic stroke, or in acute coronary syndrome w/o ST-
segment elevation.
CONTRAINDICATION: Patients w/ active pathological bleeding eg peptic ulcer
or intracranial hemorrhage.
ADVERSE
REACTION:
Headache, dizziness, pain, fatigue, flu-like symptoms,
edema, HTN, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea,
hemorrhage, arthralgia, back pain, upper resp
infections, dyspnea, rhinitis, bronchitis, coughing,
purpura, epistaxis & skin rash.
NURSING
CONSIDERATION:
• Provide small, frequent meals if GI upset occurs (not
as common as with aspirin).
• Take daily as prescribed. May be taken with meals.
• Report skin rash, chest pain, fainting, severe
headache, abnormal bleeding.
GENERIC NAME: Allopurinol
BRAND NAME: Llanol
DOSAGE AND ROUTE: 140mg tab PO
18. CLASSIFICATION: AntiGout
ACTION: Reduces uric acid production by inhibiting biochemical
reactions preceding its formation.
INDICATION: Primary uncomplicated hyperurecemia; mild gout;
severe tophaceous gout; uric acid nephropathy; uric
acid nephrolithiasis; and in the prevention of renal
Calcium oxalate stones.
CONTRAINDICATION: Hypersensitivity.
ADVERSE
REACTION:
Allergic skin reactions, GI disturbances, diarrhea, and
joint pains
NURSING
CONSIDERATION:
•Monitor serum uric acid levels to evaluate drug’s
effectiveness
•Monitor fluid intake and output; daily urine output of at
least 2 liters and maintenance of neutral or slightly
alkaline urine are desirable
•If the patient is taking allopurinol for treatment of
recurrent calcium oxalate stones, advise him to also
reduce his dietary intake of animal protein, sodium,
refined sugars, oxalate-rich foods, and calcium.
•Tell patient to discontinue at first sign of rash, which
may precede severe hypersensitivity or other adverse
reaction. Rash is more common in patient taking
diuretics and in those with renal disorders. Tell the
patient to report all adverse reactions.
GENERIC NAME: Allopurinol
BRAND NAME: Simvastatin
DOSAGE AND ROUTE: 10mg tab PO
19. CLASSIFICATION: Dyslipidaemic Agents
ACTION: Simvastatin is a prodrug metabolised in the liver to form
the active β-hydroxyacid derivative. This inhibits the
conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid by blocking
HMG-CoA reductase, an early and rate-limiting step in
cholesterol biosynthesis. It reduces total cholesterol,
LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides and increases HDL-
cholesterol levels.
INDICATION: Hyperlipidaemias, Prevention of cardiovascular events
and Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia
CONTRAINDICATION: Acute liver disease or unexplained persistent elevations
of serum transaminases. Pregnancy, lactation.
Porphyria.
ADVERSE
REACTION:
Headache, nausea, flatulence, heartburn, abdominal
pain, diarrhoea/constipation, dysgeusia; myopathy
features like myalgia and muscle weakness; serum
transaminases and CPK elevations; hypersensitivity;
lens opacities; blurring of vision; dizziness; sexual
dysfunction; insomnia; depression and upper respiratory
symptoms.
NURSING
CONSIDERATION:
• Advise patients that blood and eye tests will be
necessary throughout treatment.
• Blurred vision, severe gastrointestinal problems,
dizziness or headaches must be reported.
20.
21. REVIEW OF SYSTEMS
Body Part Assessed Technique Used Actual Finding Interpretation
Skin Inspection Skin color is fair and even. Normal
Palpation Skin is smooth with fair skin turgor. Normal
HEENT Head
Inspection
Normocephalic
Evenly distributed hair, no dandruff, lesions
nor infection.
Normal
Normal
Palpation Sinuses non-tender Normal
Eyes
Inspection
Symmetrical eyelids
Pinkish conjunctiva
Anicteric sclera
Cornea and lens slightly cloudy PERRLA
presence of new retinal hemorrhages,
exudates, or papilledema
Normal
Normal
Signs of Aging
Normal
suggests a hypertensive
urgency.
Nose
Inspection PERRLA Normal
Palpation Normoset
No discharge
Non tender
Normal
Normal
Normal
22. Body Part Assessed Technique Used Actual Finding Interpretation
HEENT No presence of mass or nodules
Symmetrical nasal folds
Nasal septum at midline
Mucosa is moist, pinkish, intact and no
discharge
Airways patent on both nares
Non tender sinuses
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Mouth, Pharynx and
Neck
Mouth
Inspection Lips pinkish and dry
Tongue at midline
Gums and mucosa pink
Presence of dentures
Normal
Normal
Normal
Aging (decalcification)
Pharynx
Inspection Uvula at midline
Tonsils not inflamed
Normal
Normal
Neck
Inspection
Neck symmetrical with full ROM Normal
24. Palpation Trachea at midline
Lymph nodes non tender
Thyroid gland non palpable
Normal
Normal
Normal
Pulmonary Inspection Symmetric AP:L ratio = 1:2 Normal
Palpation Symmetrical lung expansion Normal
Percussion Symmetrical tactile fremitus
Resonant
Normal
Normal
Auscultation Clear lung sounds
No adventitious breath sounds
Normal
Normal
Cardiovascular Inspection Jugular venous distension,
Peripheral edema
presence of heart failure
Auscultation Apical pulse at 5thICS MCL
Presence of palpitation
Normal
Due to cardiac compensation
Abdomen Inspection Flat and symmetrical
No lesions
Normal
Normal
Auscultation Normoactive burbogorhythmic sounds (26 on
4 quadrants in 1 full min)
Normal
Body Part Assessed Technique Used Actual Finding Interpretation
Percussion Tympanic over LLQ Dull at RUQ, LUQ and
RLQ
Normal
25. Palpation No tenderness Normal
Extremities Inspection Skin smooth
Skin intact
Nails convex curved
Pink nail beds
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Palpation Normal capillary refill
Skin cool to touch
Bounding pulses
Muscles with slight atrophy
Fair muscle strength
Full active ROM
<3 sec.
Decreased perfusion
Cardiac compensation
Aging process
Normal
Normal
Motor Sensory Inspection 100% intact
12 cranial nerves responsive
Normal
Normal
26. NURSING CARE PLAN
ASSESSMENT DIAGNOSIS PLANNING INTERVENTION EVALUATION
S> “Nanghihina ako at
madaling mapagod kaya
maghapoh lang akong
nakahiga,” as verbalized
by the client.
O>
• Generalized weakness
• Extreme stress
• Lethargic
• Decreased stroke
volume
• Increased peripheral
vascular resistance
• VS taken as follows:
T: 37.2 PR: 83
RR: 18 BP: 180/100
Activity Intolerance
related to disease
process as manifested
by generalized body
weakness.
After a shift of nursing
interventions, the patient
will be able to
report/demonstrate an
increase in activity
tolerance as evidenced
by increased movement
and increased
participation to activities.
•Monitor the patient’s
condition.
•Note client’s report of
weakness, fatigue,
difficulty accomplishing
tasks, and/or insomnia.
•Assist client to adjust
activities to prevent
over exertion.
•Increase exercise/
activity level gradually.
•Provide patient
adequate rest periods
to conserve energy.
• Promote comfort
measures to alleviate
pain if any and
alleviation of pain
leads to increase
activity tolerance
• Provide an
Goal met: After a shift of
nursing interventions,
the patient was able to
report/demonstrate an
increase in activity
tolerance as evidenced
by increased movement
and increased
participation to activities.
27. environment
conducive for rest
•Instruct client to
increase oral fluid
intake
•Instruct client to have
proper hygiene
•Advise client to eat
nutritious foods
•Administer medication
as per doctors order:
- Serc 24mg PO
- Ansar 50mg tab PO
- Antiplar 75mg tabPO
- Llanol 140mg tab PO
- Simvastatin 10mgPO
•Encourage client to
maintain a positive
attitude
•Encourage
participation in
recreation, social
activities, and hobbies
appropriate for
situation.
28. NURSING CARE PLAN
ASSESSMENT DIAGNOSIS PLANNING INTERVENTION EVALUATION
S> “ Laging sumasakit
ang aking ulo at parang
nanlalabo ang aking
paningin”, as verbalized
by the patient.
O>
• Extreme stress
• Lethargic
• Restlessness
• Cool, clammy skin
• Optic disc
papilledema
• Increased blood
pressure
• Decreased stroke
vol.
• Increased peripheral
vascular resistance
• VS taken as follows:
T: 37.2 PR: 83
Ineffective Tissue
Perfusion: related disease
process as manifested by
blurred vision and
increased blood pressure.
STG: After 8 hrs of
nursing interventions,
blood pressure will be
within set parameters
for the client
LTG: After 6 days of
nursing interventions,
the client will have an
adequate tissue
perfusion to his body
systems.
• Monitor VS at least q
1-2 hrs
• Encourage patient to
decrease intake of
caffeine, cola and
chocolates.
• Administer vasoactive
drugs and titrate as
ordered to maintain
pressures at set
parameters for
patient.
• Observe for
complaints of blurred
vision, tinnitus or
confusion.
• Monitor I&O status
• Monitor for sudden
onset of chest pain.
• Monitor ECG for
STG: After 8 hrs of
nursing interventions,
blood pressure
maintained within set
parameters for the client.
Goal was met.
LTG: After 6 days of
nursing interventions, the
client had an adequate
tissue perfusion to his
body systems.
Goal was met.
29. RR: 18 BP: 180/100 changes in rate,
rhythm, dysrhythmias
and conduction
defects.
• Observe extremities
for swelling, erythema,
tenderness and pain.
• Observe for
decreased peripheral
pulses, pallor,
coldness and
cyanosis.
• Instruct client in
signs/symptoms to
report to physician
such as headache
upon rising, increased
blood pressure, chest
pain, shortness of
breath, increased
heart rate,
visual changes,
edema, muscle
cramps and nausea
and vomiting.
30.
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