Systemic hypertension is defined as high blood pressure measured on 3 occasions. It is important to properly measure blood pressure in children using the correct cuff size based on age and arm circumference. Common causes of hypertension in children include primary hypertension, renal disease, vascular abnormalities like coarctation of the aorta, and endocrine disorders. Clinical evaluation involves taking a thorough history and physical examination to identify risk factors and look for signs of end organ damage from high blood pressure.
This document discusses definitions of hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, and malignant hypertension. It notes that hypertensive emergencies involve systolic blood pressure over 180 or diastolic over 120 with end-organ damage. Malignant hypertension is defined as a sudden increase in blood pressure in a patient with underlying hypertension, or sudden onset of hypertension in a previously normotensive individual, with irreversible organ damage. Preeclampsia, occurring in 5-7% of pregnancies after 20 weeks, is characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria, with risk of seizures. Treatment options discussed include delivery, magnesium sulfate, labetalol, nifedipine and hydralazine.
Systemic hypertension is a long-lasting increase in blood pressure. Primary (essential) hypertension has no known cause, while secondary hypertension is caused by another underlying disease. According to guidelines, the prevalence of hypertension increases with age, affecting over 60% of those over 70 years old. The JNC 7 classification simplified earlier systems, categorizing blood pressure into four levels of severity. Higher blood pressure levels correspond to greater risk of cardiovascular diseases like heart failure and stroke. Antihypertensive treatment can significantly reduce this risk by lowering blood pressure. Evaluation of hypertensive patients considers lifestyle factors, risks, and screening for related diseases to guide treatment.
Hypertension is a chronic elevation of blood pressure that increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases like stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and kidney disease. Blood pressure is classified into normal, pre-hypertension, and stages 1 and 2 hypertension based on systolic and diastolic cutoffs. Resistant hypertension refers to uncontrolled blood pressure despite treatment with three or more antihypertensive medications including a diuretic. Causes include essential hypertension due to risk factors like obesity or secondary causes like Cushing's syndrome. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and antihypertensive medications like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. The goal is to lower blood pressure to under 140/90 mmHg
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or higher and/or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or higher. The main types are primary (essential) hypertension, which has no identifiable cause, and secondary hypertension, which has an underlying medical cause. Risk factors include modifiable factors like obesity, diabetes, and lifestyle habits as well as non-modifiable factors like age, sex, and genetics. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications, medication like ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and thiazide diuretics, and controlling blood pressure to a target goal to prevent hypertension-related organ damage.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is consistently higher than normal. The document discusses hypertension in detail, including:
- Definitions of prehypertension and hypertension based on blood pressure readings
- Types of hypertension such as essential and secondary
- Causes and risk factors for developing hypertension
- Evaluation and testing used to diagnose hypertension and check for target organ damage
- Diseases and health complications attributable to uncontrolled hypertension
- Lifestyle changes and medications used to treat hypertension, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and beta blockers.
Hypertension is defined as high blood pressure with a systolic reading of 140 mmHg or higher or a diastolic reading of 90 mmHg or higher. It can be caused by primary or secondary factors. Primary hypertension makes up 90-95% of cases and has contributing lifestyle factors like increased sodium intake, obesity, lack of exercise, and excessive alcohol consumption. Secondary hypertension is caused by an underlying medical condition. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, weight loss and lowering sodium intake as well as medication to control blood pressure. The goal of treatment is to reduce cardiovascular risk by maintaining a blood pressure reading under 140/90 mmHg or under 130/80 mmHg for those with diabetes or kidney disease.
Hypertension, its causes, types and managementAbu Bakar
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension and provides normal and elevated blood pressure readings. It describes the types and causes of primary and secondary hypertension. It discusses the risk factors, mechanisms, diagnosis, clinical presentation, complications and treatment of hypertension, including lifestyle modifications and medication options. The overall goal of treatment is to reduce blood pressure levels to lower the risks of complications like stroke, heart disease and kidney failure.
Systemic hypertension is defined as high blood pressure measured on 3 occasions. It is important to properly measure blood pressure in children using the correct cuff size based on age and arm circumference. Common causes of hypertension in children include primary hypertension, renal disease, vascular abnormalities like coarctation of the aorta, and endocrine disorders. Clinical evaluation involves taking a thorough history and physical examination to identify risk factors and look for signs of end organ damage from high blood pressure.
This document discusses definitions of hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, and malignant hypertension. It notes that hypertensive emergencies involve systolic blood pressure over 180 or diastolic over 120 with end-organ damage. Malignant hypertension is defined as a sudden increase in blood pressure in a patient with underlying hypertension, or sudden onset of hypertension in a previously normotensive individual, with irreversible organ damage. Preeclampsia, occurring in 5-7% of pregnancies after 20 weeks, is characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria, with risk of seizures. Treatment options discussed include delivery, magnesium sulfate, labetalol, nifedipine and hydralazine.
Systemic hypertension is a long-lasting increase in blood pressure. Primary (essential) hypertension has no known cause, while secondary hypertension is caused by another underlying disease. According to guidelines, the prevalence of hypertension increases with age, affecting over 60% of those over 70 years old. The JNC 7 classification simplified earlier systems, categorizing blood pressure into four levels of severity. Higher blood pressure levels correspond to greater risk of cardiovascular diseases like heart failure and stroke. Antihypertensive treatment can significantly reduce this risk by lowering blood pressure. Evaluation of hypertensive patients considers lifestyle factors, risks, and screening for related diseases to guide treatment.
Hypertension is a chronic elevation of blood pressure that increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases like stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and kidney disease. Blood pressure is classified into normal, pre-hypertension, and stages 1 and 2 hypertension based on systolic and diastolic cutoffs. Resistant hypertension refers to uncontrolled blood pressure despite treatment with three or more antihypertensive medications including a diuretic. Causes include essential hypertension due to risk factors like obesity or secondary causes like Cushing's syndrome. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and antihypertensive medications like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. The goal is to lower blood pressure to under 140/90 mmHg
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or higher and/or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or higher. The main types are primary (essential) hypertension, which has no identifiable cause, and secondary hypertension, which has an underlying medical cause. Risk factors include modifiable factors like obesity, diabetes, and lifestyle habits as well as non-modifiable factors like age, sex, and genetics. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications, medication like ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and thiazide diuretics, and controlling blood pressure to a target goal to prevent hypertension-related organ damage.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is consistently higher than normal. The document discusses hypertension in detail, including:
- Definitions of prehypertension and hypertension based on blood pressure readings
- Types of hypertension such as essential and secondary
- Causes and risk factors for developing hypertension
- Evaluation and testing used to diagnose hypertension and check for target organ damage
- Diseases and health complications attributable to uncontrolled hypertension
- Lifestyle changes and medications used to treat hypertension, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and beta blockers.
Hypertension is defined as high blood pressure with a systolic reading of 140 mmHg or higher or a diastolic reading of 90 mmHg or higher. It can be caused by primary or secondary factors. Primary hypertension makes up 90-95% of cases and has contributing lifestyle factors like increased sodium intake, obesity, lack of exercise, and excessive alcohol consumption. Secondary hypertension is caused by an underlying medical condition. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, weight loss and lowering sodium intake as well as medication to control blood pressure. The goal of treatment is to reduce cardiovascular risk by maintaining a blood pressure reading under 140/90 mmHg or under 130/80 mmHg for those with diabetes or kidney disease.
Hypertension, its causes, types and managementAbu Bakar
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension and provides normal and elevated blood pressure readings. It describes the types and causes of primary and secondary hypertension. It discusses the risk factors, mechanisms, diagnosis, clinical presentation, complications and treatment of hypertension, including lifestyle modifications and medication options. The overall goal of treatment is to reduce blood pressure levels to lower the risks of complications like stroke, heart disease and kidney failure.
This document discusses hypertension and provides guidelines for its diagnosis and treatment. Some key points:
1. Hypertension, defined as persistently elevated blood pressure, affects over 30% of Americans and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
2. The goal of treatment is to reduce blood pressure-related health risks through lifestyle modifications and medication. Treatment goals are under 140/90 mmHg for most patients, or under 130/80 mmHg for those with diabetes or kidney disease.
3. First-line drug treatment typically involves thiazide diuretics. Other drug classes like ACE inhibitors or ARBs may be used for compelling indications or patient characteristics. Multiple drug combinations are often needed to control blood
This document provides an overview of pharmacotherapy for hypertension. It begins with definitions of hypertension and classifications of blood pressure levels. It describes the prevalence of hypertension and discusses target organ damage and complications. Etiologies of primary and secondary hypertension are outlined. The mechanisms of increased blood pressure are explained. Treatment goals and recommendations from clinical trials such as ALLHAT and JNC7 are summarized. Compelling indications for specific antihypertensive drug classes in conditions like heart failure and post-myocardial infarction are also highlighted.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, refers to blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It puts stress on blood vessels and vital organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys over time if not controlled. The document discusses what causes hypertension, risk factors, potential health effects, diagnosis through blood pressure monitoring, treatment through lifestyle modifications and medications, and treatment goals of lowering blood pressure to reduce risks of heart disease, stroke, and other complications. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like losing weight, reducing salt, exercising, and quitting smoking, as well as medications like diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs.
This Will Give Detail Information On HYPERTENSION likes Types, Sign and Symptoms, Causes , Identification Test, Treatment, Drug Use for It .
Plz Share and Give Suggestions for Improvement.
THANK YOU
This document provides an overview of hypertension for pharmacotherapy students. It defines hypertension and classifies blood pressure levels. It discusses the underlying causes, risk factors, symptoms, complications, goals of treatment, and appropriate evaluation. It also describes the major classes of antihypertensive drugs including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, thiazide diuretics, and beta blockers. Treatment approaches are outlined based on clinical guidelines. The document is intended to help students understand the diagnosis and management of hypertension.
This document discusses systemic hypertension and hypertensive crises. It defines hypertensive emergencies as acute elevations in blood pressure of 180/120 mm Hg or higher associated with end-organ damage, and hypertensive urgencies as severe elevations in blood pressure without progressive target organ dysfunction. For treatment, hypertensive emergencies require rapidly lowering blood pressure within minutes to hours using IV agents, while urgencies can be treated by lowering blood pressure over hours using oral agents. Initial therapy for disposition and follow-up typically involves a thiazide diuretic or ACE inhibitor.
1) Hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg and affects about one third of US adults.
2) Primary or essential hypertension, which accounts for 85-95% of cases, has no identifiable cause but is influenced by genetic and environmental factors like obesity, smoking, and stress.
3) Hypertension usually does not cause symptoms until end organ damage occurs, and it increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease and other complications if not treated.
Management of hypertension and hypertensive emergenciesNgabiranoDerek
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a major cause of premature death worldwide. It is defined as a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg or a diastolic above 90 mmHg. The document discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, types, investigations, and management of hypertension. It provides guidelines on lifestyle modifications including diet, exercise, and reducing alcohol and smoking. It also summarizes several classes of antihypertensive medications, including diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, and alpha-blockers, and their mechanisms of action and side effects.
Systemic Hypertension causes symptoms like headaches, dizziness, and organ damage at hypertensive crisis. It is usually essential or primary hypertension but can be secondary to other causes like renal or endocrine diseases. Diagnosis involves measuring elevated blood pressure over multiple readings and checking for organ damage. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like reducing sodium, alcohol, and stress as well as medications to lower blood pressure and reduce risks of complications like stroke and heart attack.
Hypertension (HTN) is a major health problem known as the "silent killer" due to its asymptomatic nature. It is classified by the ACC/AHA and other guidelines into normal, elevated, stage 1, and stage 2 categories based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings. HTN can be primary (essential) or secondary to other medical conditions and is a leading cause of heart disease and stroke. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, and weight loss as well as antihypertensive medications like thiazide diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and calcium channel blockers, often in combination therapy. Medication and treatment goals depend on the severity and type of HTN as
The document defines hypertension and provides classification based on blood pressure readings. It discusses etiology including primary/essential hypertension and secondary causes. It covers evaluation involving medical history, physical exam, and lab tests. Treatment goals and principles are outlined along with classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers. Complications of uncontrolled hypertension involve cardiac, renal, cerebral, and retinal effects.
Management of hypertensive condition in 2020 according to AHA/ASA guidelines. We will discuss the presentation, clinical assessment, investigations, and management of hypertension along with major randomized controlled trials and guidelines.
This document summarizes a lecture on pharmacotherapy for hypertension given by Dr. T.S. Mohamed Saleem. The lecture defines hypertension and classifications of hypertension in adults. It discusses pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, desired outcomes, treatment including non-pharmacological and pharmacological options, algorithms for treatment, special populations, and evaluation of treatment outcomes. The overall goal of treatment is to reduce mortality and morbidity by achieving certain blood pressure targets.
This document summarizes various classes of cardiovascular drugs used to treat conditions like hypertension, angina, heart failure, and arrhythmias. It describes the mechanisms and clinical uses of diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, alpha blockers, vasodilators, and other antihypertensive drugs. Adverse effects are also listed for each class. The document provides an overview of drug treatment approaches for different cardiovascular diseases and emergencies.
Essential hypertension management and treatmentFabio Grubba
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including its classification, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines the different stages of hypertension according to blood pressure readings. Lifestyle modifications are recommended initially, including diet changes and exercise. If lifestyle changes do not control blood pressure, medications such as diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and other drug classes may be used. The goal of treatment is to prevent complications in target organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys by maintaining a blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg.
Phamacological Management of Essential Hypertension - Revision Guidemeducationdotnet
This document provides a summary of the pharmacological management of essential hypertension. It discusses various drug classes used to treat hypertension including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, beta blockers, and others. For each drug class, it summarizes the mechanism of action, examples of drugs, uses, cautions/contraindications, and side effects. It emphasizes that lifestyle changes should be discussed before starting pharmacological treatment and drugs may be combined if single drug treatment does not achieve blood pressure targets. The document aims to provide an easy to understand format for key points useful in a clinical situation.
Hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. The document outlines classifications of hypertension and discusses essential vs secondary causes. Target organ damage from hypertension can include heart, brain, eyes and kidney effects. Lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise and limiting alcohol/sodium can help control blood pressure. Medications recommended as first-line include ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers or thiazide diuretics depending on age. Treatment goals are under 140/90 mmHg with stricter goals for diabetics or those with kidney disease. Multiple drug classes may be needed and lifestyle changes should continue throughout management.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a major public health problem worldwide. It is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. While there is no cure, lifestyle modifications and medication can help prevent and manage hypertension. The goal of treatment is to reduce cardiovascular and renal risks and complications through lowering blood pressure. Treatment typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes and medications, with regular monitoring needed to control the condition.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on hypertension given by two nursing students. It began with an outline and objectives. The students then defined hypertension and discussed blood pressure classifications. They explained determinants of blood pressure and risk factors for primary hypertension. Clinical manifestations, complications, and types of hypertension such as primary, secondary, and hypertensive crisis were summarized. The students concluded by discussing diagnostic evaluation, management through lifestyle modifications and pharmacological treatments, and the stepwise algorithm for hypertension management.
This document discusses hypertension and provides guidelines for its diagnosis and treatment. Some key points:
1. Hypertension, defined as persistently elevated blood pressure, affects over 30% of Americans and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
2. The goal of treatment is to reduce blood pressure-related health risks through lifestyle modifications and medication. Treatment goals are under 140/90 mmHg for most patients, or under 130/80 mmHg for those with diabetes or kidney disease.
3. First-line drug treatment typically involves thiazide diuretics. Other drug classes like ACE inhibitors or ARBs may be used for compelling indications or patient characteristics. Multiple drug combinations are often needed to control blood
This document provides an overview of pharmacotherapy for hypertension. It begins with definitions of hypertension and classifications of blood pressure levels. It describes the prevalence of hypertension and discusses target organ damage and complications. Etiologies of primary and secondary hypertension are outlined. The mechanisms of increased blood pressure are explained. Treatment goals and recommendations from clinical trials such as ALLHAT and JNC7 are summarized. Compelling indications for specific antihypertensive drug classes in conditions like heart failure and post-myocardial infarction are also highlighted.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, refers to blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It puts stress on blood vessels and vital organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys over time if not controlled. The document discusses what causes hypertension, risk factors, potential health effects, diagnosis through blood pressure monitoring, treatment through lifestyle modifications and medications, and treatment goals of lowering blood pressure to reduce risks of heart disease, stroke, and other complications. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like losing weight, reducing salt, exercising, and quitting smoking, as well as medications like diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs.
This Will Give Detail Information On HYPERTENSION likes Types, Sign and Symptoms, Causes , Identification Test, Treatment, Drug Use for It .
Plz Share and Give Suggestions for Improvement.
THANK YOU
This document provides an overview of hypertension for pharmacotherapy students. It defines hypertension and classifies blood pressure levels. It discusses the underlying causes, risk factors, symptoms, complications, goals of treatment, and appropriate evaluation. It also describes the major classes of antihypertensive drugs including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, thiazide diuretics, and beta blockers. Treatment approaches are outlined based on clinical guidelines. The document is intended to help students understand the diagnosis and management of hypertension.
This document discusses systemic hypertension and hypertensive crises. It defines hypertensive emergencies as acute elevations in blood pressure of 180/120 mm Hg or higher associated with end-organ damage, and hypertensive urgencies as severe elevations in blood pressure without progressive target organ dysfunction. For treatment, hypertensive emergencies require rapidly lowering blood pressure within minutes to hours using IV agents, while urgencies can be treated by lowering blood pressure over hours using oral agents. Initial therapy for disposition and follow-up typically involves a thiazide diuretic or ACE inhibitor.
1) Hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg and affects about one third of US adults.
2) Primary or essential hypertension, which accounts for 85-95% of cases, has no identifiable cause but is influenced by genetic and environmental factors like obesity, smoking, and stress.
3) Hypertension usually does not cause symptoms until end organ damage occurs, and it increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease and other complications if not treated.
Management of hypertension and hypertensive emergenciesNgabiranoDerek
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a major cause of premature death worldwide. It is defined as a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg or a diastolic above 90 mmHg. The document discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, types, investigations, and management of hypertension. It provides guidelines on lifestyle modifications including diet, exercise, and reducing alcohol and smoking. It also summarizes several classes of antihypertensive medications, including diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, and alpha-blockers, and their mechanisms of action and side effects.
Systemic Hypertension causes symptoms like headaches, dizziness, and organ damage at hypertensive crisis. It is usually essential or primary hypertension but can be secondary to other causes like renal or endocrine diseases. Diagnosis involves measuring elevated blood pressure over multiple readings and checking for organ damage. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like reducing sodium, alcohol, and stress as well as medications to lower blood pressure and reduce risks of complications like stroke and heart attack.
Hypertension (HTN) is a major health problem known as the "silent killer" due to its asymptomatic nature. It is classified by the ACC/AHA and other guidelines into normal, elevated, stage 1, and stage 2 categories based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings. HTN can be primary (essential) or secondary to other medical conditions and is a leading cause of heart disease and stroke. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, and weight loss as well as antihypertensive medications like thiazide diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and calcium channel blockers, often in combination therapy. Medication and treatment goals depend on the severity and type of HTN as
The document defines hypertension and provides classification based on blood pressure readings. It discusses etiology including primary/essential hypertension and secondary causes. It covers evaluation involving medical history, physical exam, and lab tests. Treatment goals and principles are outlined along with classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers. Complications of uncontrolled hypertension involve cardiac, renal, cerebral, and retinal effects.
Management of hypertensive condition in 2020 according to AHA/ASA guidelines. We will discuss the presentation, clinical assessment, investigations, and management of hypertension along with major randomized controlled trials and guidelines.
This document summarizes a lecture on pharmacotherapy for hypertension given by Dr. T.S. Mohamed Saleem. The lecture defines hypertension and classifications of hypertension in adults. It discusses pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, desired outcomes, treatment including non-pharmacological and pharmacological options, algorithms for treatment, special populations, and evaluation of treatment outcomes. The overall goal of treatment is to reduce mortality and morbidity by achieving certain blood pressure targets.
This document summarizes various classes of cardiovascular drugs used to treat conditions like hypertension, angina, heart failure, and arrhythmias. It describes the mechanisms and clinical uses of diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, alpha blockers, vasodilators, and other antihypertensive drugs. Adverse effects are also listed for each class. The document provides an overview of drug treatment approaches for different cardiovascular diseases and emergencies.
Essential hypertension management and treatmentFabio Grubba
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including its classification, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines the different stages of hypertension according to blood pressure readings. Lifestyle modifications are recommended initially, including diet changes and exercise. If lifestyle changes do not control blood pressure, medications such as diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and other drug classes may be used. The goal of treatment is to prevent complications in target organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys by maintaining a blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg.
Phamacological Management of Essential Hypertension - Revision Guidemeducationdotnet
This document provides a summary of the pharmacological management of essential hypertension. It discusses various drug classes used to treat hypertension including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, beta blockers, and others. For each drug class, it summarizes the mechanism of action, examples of drugs, uses, cautions/contraindications, and side effects. It emphasizes that lifestyle changes should be discussed before starting pharmacological treatment and drugs may be combined if single drug treatment does not achieve blood pressure targets. The document aims to provide an easy to understand format for key points useful in a clinical situation.
Hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. The document outlines classifications of hypertension and discusses essential vs secondary causes. Target organ damage from hypertension can include heart, brain, eyes and kidney effects. Lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise and limiting alcohol/sodium can help control blood pressure. Medications recommended as first-line include ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers or thiazide diuretics depending on age. Treatment goals are under 140/90 mmHg with stricter goals for diabetics or those with kidney disease. Multiple drug classes may be needed and lifestyle changes should continue throughout management.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a major public health problem worldwide. It is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. While there is no cure, lifestyle modifications and medication can help prevent and manage hypertension. The goal of treatment is to reduce cardiovascular and renal risks and complications through lowering blood pressure. Treatment typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes and medications, with regular monitoring needed to control the condition.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on hypertension given by two nursing students. It began with an outline and objectives. The students then defined hypertension and discussed blood pressure classifications. They explained determinants of blood pressure and risk factors for primary hypertension. Clinical manifestations, complications, and types of hypertension such as primary, secondary, and hypertensive crisis were summarized. The students concluded by discussing diagnostic evaluation, management through lifestyle modifications and pharmacological treatments, and the stepwise algorithm for hypertension management.
Hypertension Guidelines By Rodgers ChibaleRodgersChibale
This document provides information on hypertension including its definition, etiology, signs and symptoms, classification, treatment and treatment guidelines. It defines hypertension as a condition where blood pressure is chronically elevated above 140/90 mmHg. The causes of hypertension are categorized as primary (essential) or secondary. Treatment involves non-pharmacological methods as well as various classes of antihypertensive drugs like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, diuretics and vasodilators. The guidelines recommend starting treatment with one drug and adding a second from a different class if target is not reached after 3 months. Drug combinations should be used carefully due to risk of interactions.
A presentation hypertension
(what blood pressure is, what is hypertension, what are the risk factors of hypertension, how is it managed?) and other related knowledge on hypertension
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a major global health issue. It is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic over 90 mmHg. Risk factors include age, family history, stress, obesity, alcohol, sodium intake and lack of exercise. Complications can include heart disease, stroke, kidney disease and eye damage if left untreated. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet, exercise and weight loss as well as medications that lower blood pressure such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers and beta blockers. Nurses play an important role in educating patients about hypertension management.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its definition, causes, clinical presentation, assessment, and management. It notes that hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg and risks of cardiovascular disease double for every 20/10 mmHg rise. Common complications include stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and renal failure. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medication, starting with ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, or thiazides. The goals are to lower blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular risk based on individual patient factors.
This document discusses hypertension, including:
1. Factors that influence blood pressure such as heart rate, sympathetic nervous system activity, vasoconstriction, and fluid volume.
2. Definitions of blood pressure measurements and classifications of hypertension.
3. Causes of primary and secondary hypertension, as well as risk factors for primary hypertension.
4. Potential complications of uncontrolled hypertension like heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and eye damage.
5. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medication to lower blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular risk.
This document discusses hypertension, including:
1. Factors that influence blood pressure such as heart rate, sympathetic nervous system activity, vasoconstriction, and fluid volume.
2. Definitions of blood pressure measurements and classifications of hypertension.
3. Causes of primary and secondary hypertension, as well as risk factors for primary hypertension.
4. Potential complications of uncontrolled hypertension like heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and eye damage.
5. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medication to lower blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular risk.
Hypertension (HTN), also known as high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg. It is a major cause of heart disease and stroke. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) regulates blood pressure and fluid balance and dysregulation of this system is implicated in the majority of hypertension cases. Management involves lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, weight loss and reducing sodium intake as well as pharmacological therapy with medications that target the RAAS or lower blood pressure directly. The goal of treatment is to lower blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg.
This document provides an overview of hypertension including its diagnosis, management, and treatment. It defines hypertension and classifies blood pressure levels. Lifestyle factors and common causes of primary and secondary hypertension are discussed. Target organ damage from hypertension is described along with clinical manifestations. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medication including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and ARBs. Factors influencing medication choice and treatment failure are also summarized.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, refers to blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It puts increased stress on blood vessels and vital organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys over time. Common symptoms include headache, dizziness, and fatigue. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, and weight loss as well as medications to lower blood pressure such as diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs. The goals of treatment are to prevent complications like heart attack, stroke, kidney disease, and reduce blood pressure to under 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 for those with diabetes or chronic kidney disease.
Hypertensive crisis is defined as severe elevation of blood pressure (>180/120 mmHg) complicated by evidence of impending or progressive end organ damage. It requires immediate treatment to prevent end organ damage to organs like the brain, heart, kidneys, and lungs. The main goals of treatment are rapid but controlled reduction of blood pressure, usually with intravenous antihypertensive medications like labetalol, nicardipine, or sodium nitroprusside. Treatment must be tailored based on the specific cause and end organ involvement, with careful monitoring of vitals and organ function during rapid blood pressure reduction.
This document discusses guidelines for classifying and managing hypertension. It defines classifications of normal, prehypertension, and stages 1 and 2 hypertension based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels. It outlines an algorithm for treating hypertension that begins with lifestyle modifications and progresses to adding different classes of drug therapies to reach blood pressure goals. Special considerations are discussed for various patient populations like children, women, and older adults.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher. Factors that influence blood pressure include heart rate, activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, vasoconstriction and vasodilation, and fluid volume. The majority of hypertension cases are primary or essential hypertension, while a smaller percentage are secondary to other underlying medical conditions. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medication to control blood pressure and reduce risks of complications like heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease.
This document discusses high blood pressure (hypertension). It defines hypertension as blood pressure higher than 140/90 mmHg. It describes the main types of hypertension, including primary (essential) hypertension which has no known cause, and secondary hypertension which can be caused by other medical conditions like diabetes or kidney disease. It outlines the risk factors, symptoms, complications if untreated, treatment options focusing on lifestyle changes, and discusses how the body normally regulates blood pressure through various mechanisms.
This document summarizes the pharmacology of medications used to treat hypertension, including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and CCBs. It reviews their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety profiles. It also discusses the renin-angiotensin system and its role in hypertension, current treatment guidelines, lifestyle modifications, and algorithms for antihypertensive drug selection and combination therapy.
This document discusses hypertension, including its classification, target blood pressures, pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation, and management. Hypertension is classified based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings into categories including optimal, normal, high normal, and grades 1, 2, and 3. Target blood pressures are outlined from guidelines published between 2003-2015. Causes of hypertension include both primary and secondary factors, and workup involves initial tests and further studies if secondary causes are suspected. Management consists of nonpharmacologic lifestyle changes as well as several classes of antihypertensive medications including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and others.
This document provides an overview of hypertension including its definition, classification, epidemiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg and increases risk of damage to organs like the brain, heart, kidneys, and eyes. It often has no symptoms.
- It becomes more common with age and is a major risk factor for heart attacks, strokes, and kidney failure.
- Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, and reducing sodium as well as medications like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and beta blockers.
- Goals of
Selective alpha1 blockers are Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin and Silodosin majorly used to treat BPH, also hypertension, PTSD, Raynaud's phenomenon, CHF
Part III - Cumulative Grief: Learning how to honor the many losses that occur...bkling
Cumulative grief, also known as compounded grief, is grief that occurs more than once in a brief period of time. As a person with cancer, a caregiver or professional in this world, we are often met with confronting grief on a frequent basis. Learn about cumulative grief and ways to cope with it. We will also explore methods to heal from this challenging experience.
congenital GI disorders are very dangerous to child. it is also a leading cause for death of the child.
this congenital GI disorders includes cleft lip, cleft palate, hirchsprung's disease etc.
Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Applications of NMR in Protein Structure Prediction.pptxAnagha R Anil
This presentation explores the pivotal role of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in predicting protein structures. It delves into the methodologies, advancements, and applications of NMR in determining the three-dimensional configurations of proteins, which is crucial for understanding their function and interactions.
Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
2. Hypertension (high BP) is a disease of
vascular regulation in which the mechanisms
that control arterial pressure within the
normal range are altered. Predominant
mechanisms of control are the central
nervous system (CNS), the renal pressor
system (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system), and extracellular fluid volume
3.
4.
5.
6. Primary or Essential Hypertension
When the diastolic pressure is 90 mm Hg
and/or the systolic pressure is 140 mm Hg or
higher and other causes of hypertension are
absent, the condition is said to be primary
hypertension.
7. CLASSIFICATION SBP* (MM HG)DBP* (MM HG)
Normal < 120 < 80
Prehypertension 120-139 80-89
Stage 1 hypertension 140-159 90-99
Stage 2 hypertension >160 > 100
DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood
pressure.
Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and
Treatment of High Blood Pressure.
8.
9. Systolic (mmHg) Diastolic (mmHg)
Normal blood
pressure
Less than 120 Less than 80
Elevated Between 120 and 129 Less than 80
Stage 1 hypertension Between 130 and 139 Between 80 and 89
Stage 2 hypertension At least 140 At least 90
Hypertensive crisis Over 180 Over 120
10. Cause of essential hypertension is unknown;
however, there are several areas of investigation:
◦ Hyperactivity of sympathetic vasoconstricting nerves
◦ Presence of vasoactive substance released from the arterial
endothelial cells that acts on smooth muscle, sensitizing it
to vasoconstriction
◦ Increased cardiac output, followed by arteriole constriction
◦ Excessive dietary sodium intake, sodium retention, insulin
resistance, and hyperinsulinemia play roles that are not
clear
◦ Familial (genetic) tendency
Systolic BP elevation in the absence of elevated
diastolic BP is termed isolated systolic hypertension
and is treated in the same manner.
11. Occurs in approximately 5% of patients with hypertension
secondary to other pathology.
Renal pathology:
◦ Congenital anomalies, pyelonephritis, renal artery obstruction,
acute and chronic glomerulonephritis
◦ Reduced blood flow to kidney causes release of renin. Renin
reacts with serum protein in liver (∕2-globulin) → angiotensin I;
this plus angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) → angiotensin II
→ leads to increased BP.
Coarctation of aorta (stenosis of aorta) blood flow to upper
extremities is greater than flow to lower extremities
hypertension of upper part of body.
12. Endocrine disturbances:
◦ Pheochromocytoma — a tumor of the adrenal gland that causes
release of epinephrine and norepinephrine and a rise in BP
(extremely rare).
◦ Adrenal cortex tumors lead to an increase in aldosterone secretion
(hyperaldosteronism) and an elevated BP (rare).
◦
Cushing's syndrome leads to an increase in adrenocortical
steroids (causing sodium and fluid retention) and hypertension.
◦ Hyperthyroidism causes increased cardiac output.
Medications, such as estrogens, sympathomimetics,
antidepressants, NSAIDs, steroids.
13.
14. Hypertension is one of the most prevalent chronic
diseases for which treatment is available; however,
most patients with hypertension are untreated.
There are no symptoms; thus, it is termed the silent
killer.
Increase in incidence is associated with the following
risk factors:
◦ Age between 30 and 70
◦ Race Black
◦ Overweight, sleep apnea
◦ Family history
◦ Smoking
◦ Sedentary lifestyle
◦ Diabetes mellitus
◦ Metabolic syndrome
15. Determinants of arterial pressure:
• Cardiac output
– Stroke volume: related to myocardial contractility
and to the size of the vascular compartment.
– Heart Rate: neuronal and hormonal control
• Peripheral resistance: functional and anatomic
changes in small arteries and arterioles
19. Usually
asymptomatic
May cause
headache,
dizziness, blurred
vision when
greatly elevated
BP readings
Headache
Ringing or buzzing in the
ears
Fatigue
Irregular heartbeat
Confusion or dizziness
Nosebleed
Blurred vision
Difficulty breathing
Chest pain
Blood in the urine
20. • Urinalysis for blood, protein and glucose
• Blood urea, electrolytes and creatinine
• Blood glucose
• Serum total and HDL cholesterol
• 12-lead ECG - left ventricular hypertrophy,
coronary artery disease
21. • Chest X-ray: cardiomegaly, heart failure,
coarctation of the aorta
• Ambulatory BP recording: assess borderline
or white coat hypertension
• Echocardiogram: detect or quantify left
ventricular hypertrophy
• Renal ultrasound: to detect possible renal
disease
22. • Renal angiography: detect or confirm
presence of renal artery stenosis
• Urinary catecholamines: possible
phaeochromocytoma
• Urinary cortisol and dexamethasone
suppression test: possible Cushing͛s
syndrome
• Plasma renin activity and aldosterone:
possible primary aldosteronism
23. Lifestyle Modifications
Lose weight if body mass index is greater than or equal to 25.
Limit alcohol ” no more than 1 oz ethanol daily for men, 0.5 oz
for women.
Get regular aerobic exercise equivalent to 30 to 45 minutes of
brisk walking most days.
Cut sodium intake to 2.4 g or less per day.
Include recommended daily allowances of potassium, calcium,
and magnesium in diet. This can be accomplished through
following the DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop
Hypertension) rich in fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy products,
and fiber and low in saturated and total fat.
24. Smoking cessation.
Reduce dietary saturated fat and cholesterol.
Consider reducing coffee intake (5 cups per
day has been shown to increase BP in
hypertensive men).
If, despite lifestyle changes, the BP remains at
or above 140/90 mm Hg (or is not at optimal
level in the presence of other cardiovascular
risk factors) over 3 to 6 months, drug therapy
should be initiated.
If BP extremely elevated or in presence of
cardiovascular risk factors, single drug therapy
may be given.
30. • Stroke most common complication
– Cerebral haemorrhage or infarction
• Subarachnoid haemorrhage
• Hypertensive encephalopathy – rare
conditions
– High BP
– Neurological symptoms: transient disturbances
of speech or vision, paraesthesiae,
disorientation, fits and loss of consciousness.
• Neurological deficit - usually reversible if
the hypertension is properly controlled
32. Complications: Retina
• Optic fundi - gradation
of changes linked to the
severity of hypertension
• Cotton wool exudates
– Associated with retinal
ischaemia or infarction
– Fade in a few weeks
• Hard exudates
– Assoicated with diabetic
retinopathy
– small, white, dense
deposits of lipid
– microaneurysms ;͚dot͛
haemorrhages)
34. • Coronary artery disease
– Very high incidence
– Ressure load on the heart
– may lead to left ventricular hypertrophy
– forceful apex beat and fourth heart sound
• Atrial fibrillation
– diastolic dysfunction caused by left ventricular
hypertrophy
– Or the effects of coronary artery disease.
• Left ventricular failure - severe hypertension
– Absence of coronary artery disease
– Risk factor: impaired renal function, and
therefore sodium retention
35. • Major risk factor for renal injury and end-stage renal
disease
• Atherosclerotic, hypertension-related vascular
Lesions
- preglomerular arterioles
– Resulting in ischemic changes in the glomeruli and
postglomerular structures
– This leads to reduced GFR and, finally, a reduction in
Na and water excretion
– activation of the renin-angiotensin system
• May cause proteinuria (>3 g/24 h) or if untreated
it may cause Progressive renal failure
36. Family history of high BP
Previous episodes of high BP
Dietary habits and salt intake
Target organ disease or other disease processes that
may place the patient in a high-risk group diabetes,
CAD, kidney disease
Cigarette smoking
Episodes of headache, weakness, muscle cramp,
tingling, palpitations, sweating, vision disturbances
Medication that could elevate BP:
◦ Hormonal contraceptives, steroids
◦ NSAIDs
◦ Nasal decongestants, appetite suppressants, tricyclic
antidepressants
Other disease processes, such as gout, migraines,
asthma, heart failure, and benign prostatic
hyperplasia, which may be helped or worsened by
particular hypertension drugs.
37. Auscultate heart rate and palpate peripheral pulses;
determine respirations.
If skilled in doing so, perform funduscopic
examination of the eyes for the purpose of noting
vascular changes. Look for edema, spasm, and
hemorrhage of the eye vessels. Refer to
ophthalmologist for definitive diagnosis.
Examine the heart for a shift of the point of maximal
impulse to the left, which occurs in heart
enlargement.
Auscultate for bruits over peripheral arteries to
determine the presence of atherosclerosis, which
may be manifested as obstructed blood flow.
Determine mentation status by asking patient about
memory, ability to concentrate, and ability to perform
simple mathematical calculations.
39. Nursing Interventions Rationale
Provide calm, restful surroundings, minimize
environmental activity and noise. Limit the
number of visitors and length of stay.
Helps lessen sympathetic stimulation;
promotes relaxation.
Maintain activity restrictions (bedrest or chair
rest); schedule periods of uninterrupted rest;
assist patient with self-care activities as
needed.
Lessens physical stress and tension that
affect blood pressure and the course of
hypertension.
Provide comfort measures (back and neck
massage, elevation of head).
Decreases discomfort and may reduce
sympathetic stimulation.
Instruct in relaxation techniques, guided
imagery, distractions.
Can reduce stressful stimuli, produce
calming effect, thereby reducing BP.
Monitor response to medications to control
blood pressure.
Response to drug therapy (usually
consisting of several drugs, including
diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme
[ACE] inhibitors, vascular smooth muscle
relaxants, beta and calcium channel
blockers) is dependent on both the
individual as well as the synergistic effects
of the drugs.Because of side effects, drug
interactions, and patient’s motivation for
taking antihypertensive medication, it is
important to use the smallest number and
lowest dosage of medications.
40. Activity Intolerance R/T Generalized
weakness ,Sedentary lifestyle,
Imbalance between oxygen supply and
demand AEB Verbal report of fatigue or
weakness,
Abnormal heart rate or BP response to activity
Exertional discomfort or dyspnea
Electrocardiogram (ECG) changes reflecting
ischemia; dysrhythmias
41. Nursing Interventions Rationale
Assess the patient’s response to activity,
noting pulse rate more than 20 beats per
min faster than resting rate; marked
increase in BP during and after activity
(systolic pressure increase of 40 mm Hg or
diastolic pressure increase of 20 mm Hg);
dyspnea or chest pain; excessive fatigue
and weakness; diaphoresis; dizziness or
syncope.
The stated parameters are helpful in
assessing physiological responses to the
stress of activity and, if present, are
indicators of overexertion.
Assess emotional and psychological
factors affecting the current situation.
Stress or depression may be increasing the
effects of an illness, or depression might
be the result of being forced into
inactivity.
Instruct patient in energy-conserving
techniques (using chair when showering,
sitting to brush teeth or comb hair,
carrying out activities at a slower pace).
Energy-saving techniques reduce the
energy expenditure, thereby assisting in
equalization of oxygen supply and
demand.
Encourage progressive activity and self-
care when tolerated. Provide assistance as
needed.
Gradual activity progression prevents a
sudden increase in cardiac workload.
Providing assistance only as needed
encourages independence in performing
activities.
42. Acute Pain Related to Increased cerebral
vascular pressure
verbal reports of throbbing pain located in
suboccipital region, present on awakening and
disappearing spontaneously after being up and
about
Reluctance to move head, rubbing head,
avoidance of bright lights and noise, wrinkled
brow, clenched fists
Changes in appetite
Reports of stiffness of neck, dizziness, blurred
vision, nausea, and vomiting
43. Nursing Interventions Rationale
Encourage and maintain bed rest
during acute phase.
Minimizes stimulation and promotes
relaxation.
Provide or recommend
nonpharmacological measures for
relief of headache such as cool cloth
to forehead; back and neck rubs;
quiet, dimly lit room; relaxation
techniques (guided imagery,
distraction); and diversional
activities.
Measures that reduce cerebral
vascular pressure and that slow or
block sympathetic response are
effective in relieving headache and
associated complications.
Eliminate or minimize
vasoconstricting activities that may
aggravate headache (straining at
stool, prolonged coughing, bending
over).
Activities that increase
vasoconstriction accentuate the
headache in the presence of
increased cerebral vascular
pressure.
44. Assist patient with ambulation as
needed.
Dizziness and blurred vision
frequently are associated with
vascular headache. Patient may also
experience episodes of postural
hypotension, causing weakness
when ambulating.
Provide liquids, soft foods, frequent
mouth care if nosebleeds occur or
nasal packing has been done to
stop bleeding.
Promotes general comfort. Nasal
packing may interfere with
swallowing or require mouth
breathing, leading to stagnation of
oral secretions and drying of
mucous membranes.
Analgesics; Antianxiety
agents: lorazepam (Ativan),
alprazolam (Xanax), diazepam
(Valium).
Reduce or control pain and
decrease stimulation of the
sympathetic nervous system.May
aid in the reduction of tension and
discomfort that is intensified by
stress.
45. Ineffective Coping R/T Situational/maturational crisis;
multiple life changes ,Inadequate relaxation; little or no
exercise, work overload
Inadequate support systems ,Poor nutrition,Unmet
expectations; unrealistic perceptions ,Inadequate coping
methods ,Gender differences in coping strategies
AEB Inability to meet role expectations/basic needs or
problem-solve
Destructive behavior toward self; overeating, lack of
appetite; excessive smoking/drinking, proneness to alcohol
abuse
Chronic fatigue/insomnia; muscular tension; frequent
head/neck aches;
chronic worry, irritability, anxiety, emotional tension,
depression
46. Nursing Interventions Rationale
Assist patient to identify specific
stressors and possible strategies for
coping with them.
Recognition of stressors is the first
step in altering one’s response to the
stressor.
Include patient in planning of care,
and encourage maximum
participation in treatment plan.
Involvement provides patient with an
ongoing sense of control, improves
coping skills, and can enhance
cooperation with therapeutic regimen.
Encourage patient to evaluate life
priorities and goals. Ask questions
such as “Is what you are doing getting
you what you want?”
Focuses patient’s attention on reality
of present situation relative to
patient’s view of what is wanted.
Strong work ethic, need for “control,”
and outward focus may have led to
lack of attention to personal needs.
Assist patient to identify and begin
planning for necessary lifestyle
changes. Assist to adjust, rather than
abandon, personal/family goals.
Necessary changes should be
realistically prioritized so patient can
avoid being overwhelmed and feeling
powerless.
Help client to substitute positive
thoughts for negative ones such as ” I
can do this; I am in charge of myself.”
To provide meeting psychological
need
47. Imbalanced Nutrition: More Than Body
Requirements R/T Excessive intake in relation to
metabolic need
Sedentary activity level
Cultural preferences AEB
Weight 10%–20% more than ideal for height and
frame
Triceps skinfold more than 15 mm in men and 25
mm in women (maximum for age and sex)
Reported or observed dysfunctional eating
patterns
48. Nursing Interventions Rationale
Establish a realistic weight reduction plan
with the patient such as 1 lb weight loss per
wk.
Reducing caloric intake by 500 calories daily
theoretically yields a weight loss of 1 lb per
wk. Slow reduction in weight is therefore
indicative of fat loss with muscle sparing
and generally reflects a change in eating
habits.
Encourage patient to maintain a diary of food
intake, including when and where eating
takes place and the circumstances and
feelings around which the food was eaten.
Provides a database for both the adequacy of
nutrients eaten and the emotional conditions
of eating. Helps focus attention on factors
that patient has control over or can change.
Instruct and assist in appropriate food
selections, such as a diet rich in fruits,
vegetables, and low-fat dairy foods referred
to as the DASH Dietary Approaches to Stop
Hypertension) diet and avoiding foods high in
saturated fat (butter, cheese, eggs, ice cream,
meat) and cholesterol (fatty meat, egg yolks,
whole dairy products, shrimp, organ meats).
Avoiding foods high in saturated fat and
cholesterol is important in preventing
progressing atherogenesis. Moderation and
use of low-fat products in place of total
abstinence from certain food items may
prevent sense of deprivation and enhance
cooperation with dietary regimen. The DASH
diet, in conjunction with exercise, weight
loss, and limits on salt intake, may reduce or
even eliminate the need for drug therapy.
Refer to dietitian as indicated.
Can provide additional counseling and
assistance with meeting individual dietary
needs.
49. Deficient Knowledge R/T
Lack of knowledge/recall ,Information
misinterpretation ,Cognitive limitation
Denial of diagnosis AEB
Verbalization of the problem,Request for
information ,Statement of misconception
50. Nursing Interventions Rationale
Define and state the limits of desired BP. Explain
hypertension and its effects on the heart, blood
vessels, kidneys, and brain.
Provides basis for understanding elevations of BP,
and clarifies frequently used medical terminology.
Understanding that high BP can exist without
symptoms is central to enabling patient to continue
treatment, even when feeling well.
Avoid saying “normal” BP, and use the term “well-
controlled” to describe patient’s BP within desired
limits.
Because treatment for hypertension is lifelong,
conveying the idea of “control” helps patient
understand the need for continued treatment and
medication.
Assist patient in identifying modifiable risk factors
(obesity; diet high in sodium, saturated fats, and
cholesterol; sedentary lifestyle; smoking; alcohol
intake of more than 2 oz per day on a regular
basis; stressful lifestyle).
These risk factors have been shown to contribute
to hypertension and cardiovascular and renal
disease.
Problem-solve with patient to identify ways in
which appropriate lifestyle changes can be made to
reduce modifiable risk factors.
Changing “comfortable or usual” behavior patterns
can be very difficult and stressful. Support,
guidance, and empathy can enhance patient’s
success in accomplishing these tasks.
Discuss importance of eliminating smoking, and
assist patient in formulating a plan to quit
smoking.
Nicotine increases catecholamine discharge,
resulting in increased heart rate, BP,
vasoconstriction, and myocardial workload, and
reduces tissue oxygenation.
Reinforce the importance of adhering to treatment
regimen and keeping follow-up appointments.
Lack of cooperation is a common reason for failure
of antihypertensive therapy. Therefore, ongoing
evaluation for patient cooperation is critical to
successful treatment. Compliance usually improves
when patient understands causative factors and
consequences of inadequate intervention and
health maintenance.
51. Instruct and demonstrate technique of BP self-
monitoring. Evaluate patient’s hearing, visual
acuity, manual dexterity, and coordination.
Monitoring BP at home is reassuring to
patient because it provides visual and
positive reinforcement for efforts in
following the medical regimen and
promotes early detection of deleterious
changes.
Help patient develop a simple, convenient
schedule for taking medications.
Individualizing medication schedule to
fit patient’s personal habits and needs
may facilitate cooperation with long-
term regimen.
Explain prescribed medications along with their
rationale, dosage, expected and adverse side
effects, and idiosyncrasies
Adequate information and
understanding that side effects (mood
changes, initial weight gain, dry mouth)
are common and often subside with
time can enhance cooperation with
treatment plan.
Diuretics: Take daily doses (or larger dose) in
the early morning;
Scheduling minimizes nighttime
urination.
Weigh self on a regular schedule and record;
Primary indicator of effectiveness of
diuretic therapy.
Avoid or limit alcohol intake;
The combined vasodilating effect of
alcohol and the volume-depleting
effect of a diuretic greatly increase the
risk of orthostatic hypotension.
52. Notify physician if unable to tolerate
food or fluid;
Dehydration can develop rapidly if
intake is poor and patient continues
to take a diuretic.
Antihypertensives: Take prescribed
dose on a regular schedule; avoid
skipping, altering, or making up
doses; and do not discontinue
without notifying the healthcare
provider. Review potential side
effects and/or drug interactions;
Because patients often cannot feel
the difference the medication is
making in blood pressure, it is
critical that there is understanding
about the medications’ working and
side effects. For example, abruptly
discontinuing a drug may cause
rebound hypertension leading to
severe complications, or medication
may need to be altered to reduce
adverse effects.
Rise slowly from a lying to standing
position, sitting for a few minutes
before standing. Sleep with the head
slightly elevated.
Measures reduce severity of
orthostatic hypotension associated
with the use of vasodilators and
diuretics.
Suggest frequent position changes,
leg exercises when lying down.
Decreases peripheral venous pooling
that may be potentiated by
vasodilators and prolonged
sitting/standing.
53. Recommend avoiding hot baths,
steam rooms, and saunas,
especially with concomitant use of
alcoholic beverages.
Prevents vasodilation with potential
for dangerous side effects of
syncope and hypotension.
Instruct patient to consult
healthcare provider before taking
other prescription or over-the-
counter (OTC) medications.
Precaution is important in preventing
potentially dangerous drug
interactions. Any drug that contains
a sympathetic nervous stimulant may
increase BP or counteract
antihypertensive effects.
Instruct patient about increasing
intake of foods/ fluids high in
potassium (oranges, bananas, figs,
dates, tomatoes, potatoes, raisins,
apricots, Gatorade, and fruit juices
and foods/ fluids high in calcium
such as low-fat milk, yogurt, or
calcium supplements, as indicated).
Diuretics can deplete potassium
levels. Dietary replacement is more
palatable than drug supplements and
may be all that is needed to correct
deficit. Some studies show that 400
mg of calcium per day can lower
systolic and diastolic BP. Correcting
mineral deficiencies can also affect
BP.
54. Review signs and symptoms requiring notification of
healthcare provider (headache present on awakening
that does not abate; sudden and continued increase
of BP; chest pain, shortness of breath; irregular or
increased pulse rate; significant weight gain (2 lb per
day or 5 lb per wk) or peripheral and abdominal
swelling; visual disturbances; frequent, uncontrollable
nosebleeds; depression or emotional lability; severe
dizziness or episodes of fainting; muscle weakness or
cramping; nausea/ vomiting; excessive thirst.
Early detection of developing
complications, decreased
effectiveness of drug regimen or
adverse reactions to it allows for
timely intervention.
Explain rationale for prescribed dietary regimen
(usually a diet low in sodium, saturated fat, and
cholesterol).
Excess saturated fats, cholesterol,
sodium, alcohol, and calories have
been defined as nutritional risks in
hypertension. A diet low in fat and
high in polyunsaturated fat reduces
BP, possibly through prostaglandin
balance in both normotensive and
hypertensive people.
Help patient identify sources of sodium intake (table
salt, salty snacks, processed meats and cheeses,
sauerkraut, sauces, canned soups and vegetables,
baking soda, baking powder, monosodium
glutamate). Stress the importance of reading
ingredient labels of foods and OTC drugs.
Two years on a moderate low-salt
diet may be sufficient to control mild
hypertension or reduce the amount
of medication required.
55. Encourage patient to establish an
individual exercise program
incorporating aerobic exercise
(walking, swimming) within patient’s
capabilities. Stress the importance of
avoiding isometric activity.
Besides helping to lower BP, aerobic
activity aids in toning the
cardiovascular system. Isometric
exercise can increase serum
catecholamine levels, further elevating
BP.
Demonstrate application of ice pack to
the back of the neck and pressure
over the distal third of nose, and
recommend that patient lean the head
forward, if nosebleed occurs.
Nasal capillaries may rupture as a
result of excessive vascular pressure.
Cold and pressure constrict capillaries
to slow or halt bleeding. Leaning
forward reduces the amount of blood
that is swallowed.
Provide information regarding
community resources, and support
patient in making lifestyle changes.
Initiate referrals as indicated.
Community resources such as the
American Heart Association, “coronary
clubs,” stop smoking clinics, alcohol
(drug) rehabilitation, weight loss
programs, stress management classes,
and counseling services may be
helpful in patient’s efforts to initiate
and maintain lifestyle changes.
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