Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100 links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for smaller areas.
This document provides information about tacheometry, which is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances from instrumental observations. It discusses how tacheometry can be used when obstacles make traditional surveying difficult. The key aspects covered include:
- Defining tacheometry and the measurements it provides
- When tacheometry is advantageous over other surveying methods
- The instruments used, including tacheometers and levelling rods
- How horizontal and vertical distances are calculated using constants
- The different types of tacheometer diaphragms and telescopes
- The fixed hair method for taking readings
Curves are used in transportation routes to gradually change direction between straight segments. There are several types of curves including simple, compound, reverse, and transition curves. A simple circular curve connects two tangents with a single arc, and is defined by its radius or degree. Transition curves provide a gradual transition between tangents and circular curves to avoid abrupt changes in grade or superelevation that could cause vehicles to overturn. There are several methods for laying out circular curves, including using offset distances from the long chord between tangent points or measuring deflection angles from the initial tangent.
This document describes various surveying methods including chain surveying. Chain surveying involves measuring lengths of lines marked in the field using tapes and measuring details using offsets and ties from these base lines. The field work involves selecting a framework of base lines and control points, measuring line lengths directly and setting right angles using offsets, determining bearings with a compass, booking measurements, and plotting the survey to produce a detailed map. The objectives are to train students on linear measurement, setting offsets, measuring bearings, booking, and plotting. Apparatus includes tapes, ranging rods, paint, square, compass, and booking board.
This document provides an overview of trilateration and triangulation surveying methods. It discusses the principles, classifications, strengths, and layouts of triangulation networks. Trilateration involves measuring all three sides of triangles and computing angles, while triangulation measures baseline lengths and all interior angles. Triangulation networks can be classified based on their intended accuracy and purpose. The strength of a triangulation network depends on factors like triangle shape and angle sizes. Satellite stations may be used to improve triangle conditions and visibility.
Plane Table Surveying is a graphical method of survey in which the field observations and plotting are done simultaneously.
It is simple and cheaper than theodolite survey. It is most suitable for small scale maps.
The plan is drawn by the surveyor in the field, while the area to be surveyed is before his eyes. Therefore, there is no possibility of omitting the necessary measurements.
Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100 links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for smaller areas.
This document provides information about tacheometry, which is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances from instrumental observations. It discusses how tacheometry can be used when obstacles make traditional surveying difficult. The key aspects covered include:
- Defining tacheometry and the measurements it provides
- When tacheometry is advantageous over other surveying methods
- The instruments used, including tacheometers and levelling rods
- How horizontal and vertical distances are calculated using constants
- The different types of tacheometer diaphragms and telescopes
- The fixed hair method for taking readings
Curves are used in transportation routes to gradually change direction between straight segments. There are several types of curves including simple, compound, reverse, and transition curves. A simple circular curve connects two tangents with a single arc, and is defined by its radius or degree. Transition curves provide a gradual transition between tangents and circular curves to avoid abrupt changes in grade or superelevation that could cause vehicles to overturn. There are several methods for laying out circular curves, including using offset distances from the long chord between tangent points or measuring deflection angles from the initial tangent.
This document describes various surveying methods including chain surveying. Chain surveying involves measuring lengths of lines marked in the field using tapes and measuring details using offsets and ties from these base lines. The field work involves selecting a framework of base lines and control points, measuring line lengths directly and setting right angles using offsets, determining bearings with a compass, booking measurements, and plotting the survey to produce a detailed map. The objectives are to train students on linear measurement, setting offsets, measuring bearings, booking, and plotting. Apparatus includes tapes, ranging rods, paint, square, compass, and booking board.
This document provides an overview of trilateration and triangulation surveying methods. It discusses the principles, classifications, strengths, and layouts of triangulation networks. Trilateration involves measuring all three sides of triangles and computing angles, while triangulation measures baseline lengths and all interior angles. Triangulation networks can be classified based on their intended accuracy and purpose. The strength of a triangulation network depends on factors like triangle shape and angle sizes. Satellite stations may be used to improve triangle conditions and visibility.
Plane Table Surveying is a graphical method of survey in which the field observations and plotting are done simultaneously.
It is simple and cheaper than theodolite survey. It is most suitable for small scale maps.
The plan is drawn by the surveyor in the field, while the area to be surveyed is before his eyes. Therefore, there is no possibility of omitting the necessary measurements.
*Introduction
*Controls For Setting Out
*Horizontal control
*Vertical control
*SETTING OUT A BUILDING
*The equipment required for the job
*Method(1):-By using a Circumscribing Rectangle
*Method(2):- By using centre-line-rectangle
* Setting out of culverts
*SETTING OUT A TUNNEL
This document discusses simple circular curves, which are curves consisting of a single arc with a constant radius connecting two tangents. It defines key elements of circular curves such as deflection angle, radius of curvature, chord length, and tangent length. Circular curves are used to impose curves between two straight lines in roads and railways. The document also discusses designating curves by their degree or radius, with degree defined as the angle subtended by a 30m chord at the curve's center. Fundamental geometry rules for circular curves are provided.
Theodolite traversing, purpose and principles of theodolite traversingDolat Ram
The document discusses theodolite traversing, which is a surveying method that uses a theodolite to measure angles and a chain or tape to measure distances between control points called traverse stations.
The theodolite is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles, and there are two main types - optical and electronic digital theodolites. The chain or tape is used to measure distances between traverse stations.
A traverse consists of straight lines connecting traverse stations, with known lengths and angles defined by theodolite measurements. Traverses can be open or closed loops. Theodolite traversing is used for area computation, surveying, data reduction, and indirect measurement of elevations, distances, and
This document provides an overview of a total station, including its key components and functions. A total station is an electronic surveying instrument that combines an electronic distance meter and theodolite to measure horizontal and vertical angles and distances. It allows simultaneous measurement of all surveying parameters needed for construction layout and topographic surveys. The total station's main components include an electronic distance measurement system, angle measurement circles, telescope, microprocessor, keyboard, and display. Accessories such as prisms, data collectors, and software enable various surveying tasks.
This document provides an introduction to theodolite traversing and surveying. It defines a theodolite as a telescopic instrument used to measure horizontal and vertical angles with high precision. It describes the main types of theodolites as transit and non-transit theodolites, as well as vernier and micrometer theodolites. The document also defines various surveying terms related to theodolites and their use such as centering, transiting, face left/right, and line of collimation. Finally, it outlines the basic process for temporarily adjusting a theodolite in the field, including leveling, centering, and focusing the telescope.
The document discusses theodolite traversing and defines key terms related to using a transit theodolite. It describes the main components of a transit theodolite including the telescope, vertical circle, plate bubbles, tribrach, and foot screws. It explains how to perform temporary adjustments like centering the theodolite over a station mark and leveling it using the tripod and foot screws. It also provides details on measuring horizontal and vertical angles with a vernier theodolite.
Traditional surveying techniques (introduction to civil engineering)Bathla Tuition Centre
Ancient Egyptians were among the first known surveyors. Surveying was important for re-establishing property boundaries each year after floods. Basic tools like the plummet, square level, and 3-4-5 triangle principle were used to build structures with astonishing accuracy, including the pyramids. Babylonian surveyors developed the base 60 system and used boundary stones to mark land. Greek and Roman mathematicians advanced the field and used tools like the chorobates, diopra, and hodometer for horizontal measurement, angle measurement, and distance measurement, respectively.
Compass surveying involves measuring the direction of survey lines using a magnetic compass. It is used when the survey area is large, undulating, and crowded with details, making chain surveying difficult. In compass surveying, the directions of connected survey lines are measured with a compass, while the lengths are measured with a tape. The magnetic bearing of each line is recorded. Prismatic and surveyor's compasses are used to measure bearings in whole circle bearing or quadrantal bearing systems. Bearings are designated as fore, back, included, or exterior angles based on survey direction and line intersections. Compass surveying is not suitable for areas with magnetic interference.
There are three main stages of setting out that must be carried out for construction projects:
1. Initial setting out of the site limits and boundaries
2. Setting out the foundations and major site elements in the first stage
3. Setting out precise design points and dimensions in the second stage
Horizontal and vertical control points must be established to accurately position all design aspects according to the drawings and specifications. Proper planning and protection of control points is important to ensure correct construction.
Tacheometry is a surveying method that uses angular measurements from a tacheometer to determine horizontal and vertical distances. It is well-suited for hilly areas where chaining distances is difficult. The document provides procedures to determine the multiplying and additive constants of a tacheometer through stadia tacheometry. This involves setting up the instrument and measuring staff intercepts at known distances to solve equations and calculate the constants. The constants are then used in tacheometric formulas to determine horizontal distances, vertical distances, and elevations for different sighting configurations of the staff.
This document discusses the use of a theodolite for surveying. It begins by explaining that a theodolite is needed to precisely measure horizontal and vertical angles, unlike a compass. It then defines theodolite surveying as surveying that measures angles using a theodolite. The document goes on to classify theodolites based on their horizontal axis and method of angle measurement. It describes the basic parts of a transit vernier theodolite and explains terms used in manipulating one. Finally, it discusses methods for measuring horizontal angles, including the general, repetition, and reiteration methods.
Tacheometric surveying is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances optically rather than through direct measurement with a tape or chain. It uses an instrument called a tacheometer fitted with a stadia diaphragm to rapidly measure distances. The key principles are that the ratio of perpendicular to base is constant in similar triangles, allowing horizontal distance and elevation to be calculated from observed angles and staff intercept readings. Common tacheometric systems include fixed hair stadia, subtense stadia, and tangential methods. Distance and elevation formulas are derived for horizontal, inclined, and depressed line of sights depending on staff orientation. Tacheometric surveying is well-suited for difficult terrain where direct measurement is challenging
Levelling, also known as heighting, is the process of determining relative height differences between points on the Earth's surface. If the height of one point is known relative to a datum, then the heights of other points can be found relative to the same datum. This is done using a leveling instrument, leveling staff, and following standard procedures such as taking backsight and foresight readings. Care must be taken to eliminate errors from things like atmospheric refraction. Results are typically recorded in a level book or form and can be reduced using methods like height of instrument or rise and fall.
The document provides information on plane table surveying. It describes plane table surveying as a graphical surveying method where field observations and plotting are done simultaneously. Key instruments used include a plane table mounted on a tripod, an alidade, and accessories like a trough compass and spirit level. There are different methods of plane table surveying, including radiation, intersection, and resection, which involve drawing radial lines from survey stations to locate points.
Total station is an electronic instrument that combines an electronic distance meter and theodolite. It can measure horizontal and vertical angles, distances, and coordinates. It has advantages like high accuracy, fast field work, and automated calculations and mapping. Common types are mechanical, motorized, autolock, and robotic total stations. Electronic theodolites are used to measure horizontal angles and have digital readouts. Electronic distance meters use microwave, infrared, or visible light waves to measure distance electronically by timing the return signal. They have improved accuracy and range over traditional tapes and levels.
त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यालय शिक्षा परिषद मानविकी संकाय अन्र्तगत द्वितिय वर्ष वि.ए समाज शास्त्रको ३० पुर्णाङ्कको परिपूर्ती यो अध्ययन तयार पारिएको हो। यस अध्ययनको लागि देवचुली नगरपालिका वडा नं १० को विकास निर्माण कार्यमा महिलाहरुको भूमिका सम्बन्धी यो प्रतिवेदन तयार पारेकी छु ।
प्रस्तुत “विकास निर्माण कार्यमा महिलाहरुको सहभागिताको अध्ययन” प्रतिवेदन तयार पार्नको निम्ति आवश्यक सल्लाह सुझावहरु दिएर सहयोग गर्नुहुने हाम्रा आदरणिय शिक्षक श्रीमान् करुण लम्साल ज्यू, श्रीमान् उद्यराज सिग्देल ज्यू प्रति आभारी छु । साथै यस कार्यका लागि आफ्ना व्यस्त समयको बाबजुद तथ्याङ्क संकलन तथा टिपणीको सिलसिलामा सोधिएका प्रश्नहरुको उत्तर दिएर सहयोग पु¥याउनुहुने देवचुली नगरपालिका वडा नं १० नवलपुरका प्रत्यक्ष घर परिवारलाई हार्दिक आभार व्यक्त गर्दछु ।
अन्त्यमा यस लेख्नलाई प्रिन्ट तथा सम्पादन गरि सहयोग गरिदिनु हुने भट्टराई कम्युनिकेसन प्रो.राम प्रसाद भट्टराई ज्यूलाई कृतज्ञाता प्रकट गर्दछु ।
*Introduction
*Controls For Setting Out
*Horizontal control
*Vertical control
*SETTING OUT A BUILDING
*The equipment required for the job
*Method(1):-By using a Circumscribing Rectangle
*Method(2):- By using centre-line-rectangle
* Setting out of culverts
*SETTING OUT A TUNNEL
This document discusses simple circular curves, which are curves consisting of a single arc with a constant radius connecting two tangents. It defines key elements of circular curves such as deflection angle, radius of curvature, chord length, and tangent length. Circular curves are used to impose curves between two straight lines in roads and railways. The document also discusses designating curves by their degree or radius, with degree defined as the angle subtended by a 30m chord at the curve's center. Fundamental geometry rules for circular curves are provided.
Theodolite traversing, purpose and principles of theodolite traversingDolat Ram
The document discusses theodolite traversing, which is a surveying method that uses a theodolite to measure angles and a chain or tape to measure distances between control points called traverse stations.
The theodolite is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles, and there are two main types - optical and electronic digital theodolites. The chain or tape is used to measure distances between traverse stations.
A traverse consists of straight lines connecting traverse stations, with known lengths and angles defined by theodolite measurements. Traverses can be open or closed loops. Theodolite traversing is used for area computation, surveying, data reduction, and indirect measurement of elevations, distances, and
This document provides an overview of a total station, including its key components and functions. A total station is an electronic surveying instrument that combines an electronic distance meter and theodolite to measure horizontal and vertical angles and distances. It allows simultaneous measurement of all surveying parameters needed for construction layout and topographic surveys. The total station's main components include an electronic distance measurement system, angle measurement circles, telescope, microprocessor, keyboard, and display. Accessories such as prisms, data collectors, and software enable various surveying tasks.
This document provides an introduction to theodolite traversing and surveying. It defines a theodolite as a telescopic instrument used to measure horizontal and vertical angles with high precision. It describes the main types of theodolites as transit and non-transit theodolites, as well as vernier and micrometer theodolites. The document also defines various surveying terms related to theodolites and their use such as centering, transiting, face left/right, and line of collimation. Finally, it outlines the basic process for temporarily adjusting a theodolite in the field, including leveling, centering, and focusing the telescope.
The document discusses theodolite traversing and defines key terms related to using a transit theodolite. It describes the main components of a transit theodolite including the telescope, vertical circle, plate bubbles, tribrach, and foot screws. It explains how to perform temporary adjustments like centering the theodolite over a station mark and leveling it using the tripod and foot screws. It also provides details on measuring horizontal and vertical angles with a vernier theodolite.
Traditional surveying techniques (introduction to civil engineering)Bathla Tuition Centre
Ancient Egyptians were among the first known surveyors. Surveying was important for re-establishing property boundaries each year after floods. Basic tools like the plummet, square level, and 3-4-5 triangle principle were used to build structures with astonishing accuracy, including the pyramids. Babylonian surveyors developed the base 60 system and used boundary stones to mark land. Greek and Roman mathematicians advanced the field and used tools like the chorobates, diopra, and hodometer for horizontal measurement, angle measurement, and distance measurement, respectively.
Compass surveying involves measuring the direction of survey lines using a magnetic compass. It is used when the survey area is large, undulating, and crowded with details, making chain surveying difficult. In compass surveying, the directions of connected survey lines are measured with a compass, while the lengths are measured with a tape. The magnetic bearing of each line is recorded. Prismatic and surveyor's compasses are used to measure bearings in whole circle bearing or quadrantal bearing systems. Bearings are designated as fore, back, included, or exterior angles based on survey direction and line intersections. Compass surveying is not suitable for areas with magnetic interference.
There are three main stages of setting out that must be carried out for construction projects:
1. Initial setting out of the site limits and boundaries
2. Setting out the foundations and major site elements in the first stage
3. Setting out precise design points and dimensions in the second stage
Horizontal and vertical control points must be established to accurately position all design aspects according to the drawings and specifications. Proper planning and protection of control points is important to ensure correct construction.
Tacheometry is a surveying method that uses angular measurements from a tacheometer to determine horizontal and vertical distances. It is well-suited for hilly areas where chaining distances is difficult. The document provides procedures to determine the multiplying and additive constants of a tacheometer through stadia tacheometry. This involves setting up the instrument and measuring staff intercepts at known distances to solve equations and calculate the constants. The constants are then used in tacheometric formulas to determine horizontal distances, vertical distances, and elevations for different sighting configurations of the staff.
This document discusses the use of a theodolite for surveying. It begins by explaining that a theodolite is needed to precisely measure horizontal and vertical angles, unlike a compass. It then defines theodolite surveying as surveying that measures angles using a theodolite. The document goes on to classify theodolites based on their horizontal axis and method of angle measurement. It describes the basic parts of a transit vernier theodolite and explains terms used in manipulating one. Finally, it discusses methods for measuring horizontal angles, including the general, repetition, and reiteration methods.
Tacheometric surveying is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances optically rather than through direct measurement with a tape or chain. It uses an instrument called a tacheometer fitted with a stadia diaphragm to rapidly measure distances. The key principles are that the ratio of perpendicular to base is constant in similar triangles, allowing horizontal distance and elevation to be calculated from observed angles and staff intercept readings. Common tacheometric systems include fixed hair stadia, subtense stadia, and tangential methods. Distance and elevation formulas are derived for horizontal, inclined, and depressed line of sights depending on staff orientation. Tacheometric surveying is well-suited for difficult terrain where direct measurement is challenging
Levelling, also known as heighting, is the process of determining relative height differences between points on the Earth's surface. If the height of one point is known relative to a datum, then the heights of other points can be found relative to the same datum. This is done using a leveling instrument, leveling staff, and following standard procedures such as taking backsight and foresight readings. Care must be taken to eliminate errors from things like atmospheric refraction. Results are typically recorded in a level book or form and can be reduced using methods like height of instrument or rise and fall.
The document provides information on plane table surveying. It describes plane table surveying as a graphical surveying method where field observations and plotting are done simultaneously. Key instruments used include a plane table mounted on a tripod, an alidade, and accessories like a trough compass and spirit level. There are different methods of plane table surveying, including radiation, intersection, and resection, which involve drawing radial lines from survey stations to locate points.
Total station is an electronic instrument that combines an electronic distance meter and theodolite. It can measure horizontal and vertical angles, distances, and coordinates. It has advantages like high accuracy, fast field work, and automated calculations and mapping. Common types are mechanical, motorized, autolock, and robotic total stations. Electronic theodolites are used to measure horizontal angles and have digital readouts. Electronic distance meters use microwave, infrared, or visible light waves to measure distance electronically by timing the return signal. They have improved accuracy and range over traditional tapes and levels.
त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यालय शिक्षा परिषद मानविकी संकाय अन्र्तगत द्वितिय वर्ष वि.ए समाज शास्त्रको ३० पुर्णाङ्कको परिपूर्ती यो अध्ययन तयार पारिएको हो। यस अध्ययनको लागि देवचुली नगरपालिका वडा नं १० को विकास निर्माण कार्यमा महिलाहरुको भूमिका सम्बन्धी यो प्रतिवेदन तयार पारेकी छु ।
प्रस्तुत “विकास निर्माण कार्यमा महिलाहरुको सहभागिताको अध्ययन” प्रतिवेदन तयार पार्नको निम्ति आवश्यक सल्लाह सुझावहरु दिएर सहयोग गर्नुहुने हाम्रा आदरणिय शिक्षक श्रीमान् करुण लम्साल ज्यू, श्रीमान् उद्यराज सिग्देल ज्यू प्रति आभारी छु । साथै यस कार्यका लागि आफ्ना व्यस्त समयको बाबजुद तथ्याङ्क संकलन तथा टिपणीको सिलसिलामा सोधिएका प्रश्नहरुको उत्तर दिएर सहयोग पु¥याउनुहुने देवचुली नगरपालिका वडा नं १० नवलपुरका प्रत्यक्ष घर परिवारलाई हार्दिक आभार व्यक्त गर्दछु ।
अन्त्यमा यस लेख्नलाई प्रिन्ट तथा सम्पादन गरि सहयोग गरिदिनु हुने भट्टराई कम्युनिकेसन प्रो.राम प्रसाद भट्टराई ज्यूलाई कृतज्ञाता प्रकट गर्दछु ।
Content;
1. Top spherical dome.
2. Top ring beam.
3. Cylindrical wall.
4. Bottom ring beam.
5. Conical dome.
6. Circular ring beam.
The basics of enticing water tank design and the related components are broadly calculated in this document. The next few documents will demonstrate the design of Intze tank members like column, bracing and foundation. Keep following the updates.....
The document discusses numerical simulation of flow through an open channel with a series of groins. It presents the methodology used, which involves simulating flow fields using the 2D numerical model iRIC Nays2DH. Simulation is conducted for series of impermeable, permeable and combined groins placed in a straight channel. The velocity profiles, streamlines and velocity magnitudes around the different groin configurations are compared. The results show that combined groins influence favorable flow fields compared to impermeable and permeable groins alone.
It is a Thesis of B.Sc Civil by Suman Jyoti
info.sumn.ce@gmail.com
Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur
Thesis of numerical simulation of flow through open channel with series of Groins
Suman Jyoti
Madan Ashrit Memorial Technical Collage. Gothatar, Kathmandu
The Report Includes:-
Building (Drawing, Theory and Estimation)
Highway ( Detailing, Theory and Calculation)
Sanitary ( ( Detailing, Theory and Calculation)
Irrigation (Theory only)
01 Determination of Normal Consistency of Cement.
02 Determination of Initial and Final Setting Time of
Cement by Vicat Apparatus.
03 Determination of Specific Gravity and Water
Absorption Capacity of Fine Aggregate.
04 Determination of Specific Gravity and Water
Absorption Capacity of Coarse Aggregate.
05 Determination of Total Evaporable Moisture Content
of Aggregate by Drying.
06 Gradation of Fine and Coarse Aggregates.
07Determination of Bulk Unit weight and Voids in
Coarse and Fine Aggregates.
Determination of Compressive Strength of Cement
Mortar.
Determination of Tensile Strength of Cement Mortar.
10 Determination of Slump of Fresh Concrete (Influence
of w/c ratio on Cement Concrete)
11Determination of Compressive Strength of Cement
Concrete.
12 Determination of Splitting Tensile Strength of
Cylindrical Concrete Specimens.
13 Determination of Flexural Strength of Concrete using
Simple Beam.
14 Determination of Resistance to Degradation of Small Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the
Los Angeles Machine.
SUMAN JYOTI
info.sumn.ce
Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur
Suman Jyoti
Dhaka university of Engineering and Technology
Cement: Properties, uses and types, manufacturing methods, reaction taking place during burning of raw materials in the rotary kiln, Setting and hardening time of cement;
Aggregates are granular materials like sand, gravel, or crushed stone used with water and cement to make concrete. They come in two sizes: fine aggregates smaller than 5 mm and coarse aggregates larger than 5 mm. Aggregates provide strength, reduce cracking, and lower the cost of concrete. They are selected based on being hard, durable, and free of organic materials or other substances that could weaken the concrete. Aggregates are classified by size, manufacturing method, and density. Physical tests are conducted to determine properties like strength, hardness, porosity, and grading.
Here are the key similarities and differences between microeconomics and macroeconomics:
Similarities:
- Both use basic economic concepts like supply and demand
- Microeconomic decisions and behaviors aggregate to impact macroeconomic outcomes
Differences:
- Scope - Micro focuses on individual agents/markets, macro looks at the overall economy
- Units of analysis - Micro examines prices, macro examines metrics like GDP, unemployment
- Goals - Micro aims to understand pricing and resource allocation, macro aims to achieve full employment, stable prices, economic growth
- Tools - Micro uses supply/demand, macro uses models like IS-LM and AS-AD curves
So in summary, while they use some similar foundations, microeconomics
This document provides tips and examples for speaking skills, vocabulary, explanations, and expressing agreement and disagreement.
It begins with gap fillers, technical words, and examples that can be used while speaking. It then provides vocabulary on various topics like environment, shopping, weather, music and more. Next, it gives examples of explanations on positive thinking, impact of technology, and self-confidence. Finally, it lists expressions that can be used for agreeing, disagreeing, stating opinions, and asking for opinions. The document aims to enhance public speaking skills through providing useful phrases and words.
This document contains field observation data from a theodolite survey including station lines, interior angles, bearings, coordinates, and calculations of corrected interior angles and coordinates. It lists 10 stations with their line lengths, observed and corrected interior angles, calculated bearings, and total and corrected latitude and departure coordinates. It also shows the calculation of the total interior angle error and equal distribution of the correction to each station interior angle.
The document contains field notes from a leveling and tachometric surveying exercise. It includes:
- Leveling readings taken along a route to determine reduced levels at stations.
- Tachometric staff readings taken from an instrument set up to survey cross sections of a bridge and sections upstream and downstream.
- Horizontal distances, vertical distances, and reduced levels were recorded at points along the cross sections.
More from Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur (20)
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Flow Through Pipe: the analysis of fluid flow within pipesIndrajeet sahu
Flow Through Pipe: This topic covers the analysis of fluid flow within pipes, focusing on laminar and turbulent flow regimes, continuity equation, Bernoulli's equation, Darcy-Weisbach equation, head loss due to friction, and minor losses from fittings and bends. Understanding these principles is crucial for efficient pipe system design and analysis.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
2. Linear Measurement B D
From A to C
4.885+3.400 = 8.285
From C to A
4.690+3.596 = 8.286
Error = 0.001
Average = 8.2855
Precision = 1 in 8285.5m
From B to D
2.535+5.990 = 8.525
From D to B
4.960+3.563 = 8.523
Error = 0.002
Average = 8.524
Precision = 1 in 4265m
Downstream Upstream
C A
Fig:- Bridge site Survey
Reciprocal Levelling Fly Levelling
Measured by: Suman Jyoti Computed by: Suman Jyoti Checked by:………..
3. MADAN ASHRITMEMORIALTECHNICALSCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
THEODOLITE FIELD OBSERVATION SHEET
SURVEY CAMP – 2017
Instrument at:- A Height of Instrument:-…..
Sighted
To
Face HCR HA Mean H.A
Remarks0 ' '' 0 ' '' 0 ' ''
C L 0° 00' 00''
90° 10' 10''
B L 90° 10' 10'' 90° 10' 10''
B R 270° 10' 10''
C R 180° 00' 00'' 90° 10' 10''
Instrument at:- 𝑨 Height of Instrument:-…..
Sighted
To
Face HCR HA Mean H.A
Remarks0 ' '' 0 ' '' 0 ' ''
C L 0° 00' 00''
127° 27' 50''
D L 127° 27' 50'' 127° 27' 50''
D R 307° 27' 50''
C R 180° 00' 00'' 127° 27' 50''
Instrument at:- 𝑩 Height of Instrument:-…..
Sighted
To
Face HCR HA Mean H.A
Remarks0 ' '' 0 ' '' 0 ' ''
D L 0° 00' 00''
73° 19' 15''
A L 73° 19' 10'' 73° 19' 10''
A R 253° 19' 20''
D R 180° 00' 00'' 73° 19' 20''
Instrument at:- B Height of Instrument:-…..
Sighted
To
Face HCR HA Mean H.A
Remarks0 ' '' 0 ' '' 0 ' ''
D L 0° 00' 00''
105° 18' 45''
C L 105° 18' 50'' 105° 18' 50''
C R 285° 18' 50''
D R 180° 00' 10'' 105° 18' 40''
Instrument at:- D Height of Instrument:-….
Sighted
To
Face HCR HA Mean H.A
Remarks0 ' '' 0 ' '' 0 ' ''
B L 0° 00' 00''
69° 23' 10''
A L 69° 23' 10'' 69° 23' 10''
A R 249° 23' 10''
B R 180° 00' 00'' 69° 23' 10''
Measured by: Suman Jyoti Computed by: Suman Jyoti Checked by:……………………..
4. MADAN ASHRITMEMORIALTECHNICALSCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
THEODOLITE FIELD OBSERVATION SHEET
SURVEY CAMP – 2017
Instrument at:- C Height of Instrument:-….
Sighted
To
Face HCR HA Mean H.A
Remarks0 ' '' 0 ' '' 0 ' ''
B L 0° 00' 00''
57° 50' 35''
A L 57° 50' 30'' 57° 50' 30''
A R 237° 50' 40''
B R 180° 00' 00'' 57° 50' 40''
Angular Measurement
⦨CAB = 90°10'10''
⦨CAD = 127°27'50''
⦨ABD = 73°19'15''
⦨CBD = 105°18'50''
⦨BAD = 37°17'40''
⦨ADB= 69°23'10''
⦨ABC = 31°59'40''
⦨ACB = 57°50'30''
Sum of ⧍CAB = 180°00'20'' and Sum of ⧍ABD = 180°00'05''
Now,
By using sine law:-
At ⧍ABD,
𝑨𝑩
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑫
=
𝑩𝑫
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑨
𝑨𝑩
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝟔𝟗°𝟐𝟑′𝟏𝟎′′
=
𝟖.𝟓𝟐𝟒
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟕°𝟏𝟕′𝟒𝟎′′
AB = 13.1673 m
At ⧍ABC,
𝑨𝑩
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑫
=
𝑨𝑪
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑩
𝑨𝑩
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝟔𝟗°𝟐𝟑′𝟏𝟎′′
=
𝟖.𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟓
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟏°𝟓𝟗′𝟒𝟎′′
AB = 14.636 m
Thus, Mean distance of estimated bridge =13.902 m
Measured by: Suman Jyoti Computed by: Suman Jyoti Checked by:……………………..