*Introduction
*Controls For Setting Out
*Horizontal control
*Vertical control
*SETTING OUT A BUILDING
*The equipment required for the job
*Method(1):-By using a Circumscribing Rectangle
*Method(2):- By using centre-line-rectangle
* Setting out of culverts
*SETTING OUT A TUNNEL
This document discusses several types of setting out works including:
1. Setting out a foundation plan using a center line plan and batter boards. Batter boards are used to accurately transfer the center line onto the work site.
2. Setting out a sewer line by fixing stakes along the proposed center line and excavating the trench to the desired width and depth. Cross heads and sight rails are also used to maintain proper gradient and alignment.
3. Setting out a culvert involves marking points along the center lines X1 and Y1 based on given distances from the origin point O. Pegs are placed at the intersection of the points using two tapes held at equal distances between assistants. The culvert is then set
There are three main stages of setting out that must be carried out for construction projects:
1. Initial setting out of the site limits and boundaries
2. Setting out the foundations and major site elements in the first stage
3. Setting out precise design points and dimensions in the second stage
Horizontal and vertical control points must be established to accurately position all design aspects according to the drawings and specifications. Proper planning and protection of control points is important to ensure correct construction.
This document provides details of a fieldwork report for a traverse survey conducted by a group of quantity surveying students. It includes:
- Objectives of the fieldwork to enhance surveying skills and apply classroom theories.
- Description of the equipment used including a theodolite, tripod, plumb bob and level rod.
- Raw data collected at stations A, B, C and D including angles, distances and calculations.
- Adjusted data with corrected angles, bearings, latitudes and departures, and error of closure calculation showing the traverse is acceptable.
The document discusses the process of setting out a bridge, which involves transferring the design plans accurately to the construction site. It describes how to determine the length of the center line using triangulation or traversing methods. It also explains two methods for determining the locations of bridge piers: 1) measuring angles and distances from base lines perpendicular to the center line, or 2) directly measuring pier distances on the plans and locating them using theodolites sighted from both sides of the center line. Accurately setting out the bridge is crucial before construction can begin.
This document discusses different methods for balancing a closed traverse survey by distributing corrections to station coordinates. It provides examples of using Bowditch's Rule, the Transit Rule, and the Third Rule to balance a sample traverse with given length, latitude, and departure coordinates. Bowditch's Rule distributes corrections proportionally to leg lengths, while the Transit Rule uses angular precision assumptions and the Third Rule separates corrections between northings/southings and eastings/westings.
This document discusses several types of setting out works including:
1. Setting out a foundation plan using a center line plan and batter boards. Batter boards are used to accurately transfer the center line onto the work site.
2. Setting out a sewer line by fixing stakes along the proposed center line and excavating the trench to the desired width and depth. Cross heads and sight rails are also used to maintain proper gradient and alignment.
3. Setting out a culvert involves marking points along the center lines X1 and Y1 based on given distances from the origin point O. Pegs are placed at the intersection of the points using two tapes held at equal distances between assistants. The culvert is then set
There are three main stages of setting out that must be carried out for construction projects:
1. Initial setting out of the site limits and boundaries
2. Setting out the foundations and major site elements in the first stage
3. Setting out precise design points and dimensions in the second stage
Horizontal and vertical control points must be established to accurately position all design aspects according to the drawings and specifications. Proper planning and protection of control points is important to ensure correct construction.
This document provides details of a fieldwork report for a traverse survey conducted by a group of quantity surveying students. It includes:
- Objectives of the fieldwork to enhance surveying skills and apply classroom theories.
- Description of the equipment used including a theodolite, tripod, plumb bob and level rod.
- Raw data collected at stations A, B, C and D including angles, distances and calculations.
- Adjusted data with corrected angles, bearings, latitudes and departures, and error of closure calculation showing the traverse is acceptable.
The document discusses the process of setting out a bridge, which involves transferring the design plans accurately to the construction site. It describes how to determine the length of the center line using triangulation or traversing methods. It also explains two methods for determining the locations of bridge piers: 1) measuring angles and distances from base lines perpendicular to the center line, or 2) directly measuring pier distances on the plans and locating them using theodolites sighted from both sides of the center line. Accurately setting out the bridge is crucial before construction can begin.
This document discusses different methods for balancing a closed traverse survey by distributing corrections to station coordinates. It provides examples of using Bowditch's Rule, the Transit Rule, and the Third Rule to balance a sample traverse with given length, latitude, and departure coordinates. Bowditch's Rule distributes corrections proportionally to leg lengths, while the Transit Rule uses angular precision assumptions and the Third Rule separates corrections between northings/southings and eastings/westings.
surveying Engineering
Fly Levelling
Fly leveling: -Fly leveling is just like differential leveling carried
out to check the accuracy of leveling work. It is a very approximate
form of leveling in which sights are taken as large as possible. in this
method, a line of levels is run to determine approximately reduced
levels of the points carried out with more rapidly and less precision
The aim of fly Levelling: The main purpose of this type of leveling is
to check the values of the reduced levels of the bench marks already
fixed. In this method only back sight and foresight are taken. There is no need of intermediate sights. However great care has to be taken for selecting the change points (Turning Points) and for taking reading on the change points because the accuracy of leveling depends upon these
-Create Bench Marks (BM).
Bench Marks
Bench Mark is a point of known elevation, there are three Type of Bench Marks
1-Perment Bench Mark.
2-Orbitrary Bench Mark .
3-Temporary Bench Mark .
-Leveling Process Calculation.
1. Height of collimation method
2. Rise and Fall method
How do we find horizontal distance using levelling Machine.
Fly Levelling Close loop survey.
Fly and Differential leveling Using (Rise & fall) and (HI)methods.
*Checks for Errors
-Misclosure
Allowable closing error
Where:
D =Distance in km
E = Misclosure error in (mm).
C = 30 for fixed levelling process in rough ground.
C = 15 for normal leveling in flat area (Good work)
Fly Levelling example
Computation of Elevations for an open loop survey H.I method
Computation of Elevations
Differential Leveling
Computation of Elevations
-Correction For Errors in Leveling
1. Errors Due to the line of sight being not horizontal
2. Error Due to Curvature and refraction.
Errors in differential leveling: -
1) Non adjustment of the instrument: -
a) Adjustment of cross-wire ring
b) Adjustment of the bubble tube
c) Adjustment of line of sight
2-Errors in levelling
• Collimation line
• Parallax
• Change point instability
• Instrument instability
• Benchmark instability
• Staff reading errors , • Staff verticality • Level Instrument shading • Temperature on staff • Booking errors) • Earth curvature • Refraction • The Bubble not center.
3-Constant error (instrumental error):
A. Non vertically of the staff.
B. Collimation error in the instrument.
C. Staff gradation error.
4- Random error (natural error):
A. Effect of wind and temperature.
B. Soft and hard ground.
C. Change points. CP
D. Human deficiencies and neglect
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
1. The document describes a civil engineering experiment to collect elevation data along a highway through profile leveling and cross-section leveling. Profile leveling provided centerline elevation readings at 20m intervals, while cross-section leveling obtained side elevations at one station.
2. The data collected included station positions, backsight, intermediate, and foresight elevation readings. This was used to plot the profile diagram showing the sloping road elevation, and cross-section diagram showing the center higher than the sides.
3. The conclusion was that the experiment successfully collected the required elevation data to analyze the road profile and cross-section, finding the centerline sloped down and was higher than both road sides at the
This fieldwork report summarizes a student group's leveling survey of 10 points around a staff parking lot. The group used an automatic level, tripod, and staves to measure elevations. Raw elevation data showed a -0.025m closure error, within the acceptable range. The group adjusted elevations using the closure error divided among setups. The adjusted elevations closed correctly, demonstrating the leveling was acceptable. The fieldwork provided practical experience with leveling instruments and calculations.
Leveling is a surveying technique used to determine differences in elevation between points. It involves measuring vertical angles and distances to establish spot elevations across an area. There are two main methods - direct and indirect. Direct contouring involves marking points along contour lines in the field, while indirect contouring uses spot elevations from which contours are interpolated on a map. Common techniques include using a level, staff, and plane table or theodolite to obtain elevations and positions of points, which are then contoured. Leveling is important for engineering projects to design facilities and earthworks efficiently based on terrain.
Setting out of bridges involves determining the length and location of piers. The length of the centerline of long bridges is determined through triangulation by measuring angles and distances from endpoints. The locations of piers are found by computing angles and distances from the centerline endpoints and base lines perpendicular to the centerline on each bank. Piers can be located by sighting intersections from base lines or measuring pier distances marked on plans from base lines setup on both banks.
1. This document describes the procedure for performing a two peg test to check the accuracy of a leveling instrument.
2. The two peg test involves taking elevation readings from two staffs placed 50 meters apart, and then taking readings again with the level positioned closer to one staff. Any difference in the elevation differences between the two readings indicates an error in the level.
3. The results of the test documented show an elevation difference of 0.014 meters between the first and second readings, indicating the level needs servicing since the acceptable error is less than 0.002 meters.
Mass-haul diagrams (MHDs) are used to calculate cut and fill volumes and estimate material hauling needs for construction projects. MHDs graphically display cumulative cut and fill volumes along the project centerline. They are used to determine balancing points where cut and fill volumes offset, how much material needs to be imported or exported, and the most economical hauling methods. An example MHD analysis identifies a project's maximum haul distance and calculates how much borrow material is needed to make up the excess fill volume.
1) Curves are gradual bends provided in transportation infrastructure like roads, railways and canals to allow for a smooth change in direction or grade.
2) There are two main types of curves - horizontal curves which provide a gradual change in direction, and vertical curves which provide a gradual change in grade.
3) Curves are needed to safely guide vehicles and traffic when changing directions or grades, to improve visibility, and to prevent erosion of canal banks from water pressure.
This document provides information about tacheometry, which is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances from instrumental observations. It discusses how tacheometry can be used when obstacles make traditional surveying difficult. The key aspects covered include:
- Defining tacheometry and the measurements it provides
- When tacheometry is advantageous over other surveying methods
- The instruments used, including tacheometers and levelling rods
- How horizontal and vertical distances are calculated using constants
- The different types of tacheometer diaphragms and telescopes
- The fixed hair method for taking readings
Theodolite traversing, purpose and principles of theodolite traversingDolat Ram
The document discusses theodolite traversing, which is a surveying method that uses a theodolite to measure angles and a chain or tape to measure distances between control points called traverse stations.
The theodolite is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles, and there are two main types - optical and electronic digital theodolites. The chain or tape is used to measure distances between traverse stations.
A traverse consists of straight lines connecting traverse stations, with known lengths and angles defined by theodolite measurements. Traverses can be open or closed loops. Theodolite traversing is used for area computation, surveying, data reduction, and indirect measurement of elevations, distances, and
This document discusses simple circular curves, which are curves consisting of a single arc with a constant radius connecting two tangents. It defines key elements of circular curves such as deflection angle, radius of curvature, chord length, and tangent length. Circular curves are used to impose curves between two straight lines in roads and railways. The document also discusses designating curves by their degree or radius, with degree defined as the angle subtended by a 30m chord at the curve's center. Fundamental geometry rules for circular curves are provided.
This document summarizes methods for setting out simple circular curves based on linear and angular methods. The linear methods discussed are by offsets from the long chord, successive bisection of arcs, offsets from tangents, and offsets from chords produced. The angular methods discussed are Rankine's method of tangential angles, the two theodolite method, and the tacheometric method. Each method is briefly described in one or two sentences.
The document discusses the process of setting out a building site. It involves:
1. Transferring dimensions from layout plans onto the ground to clearly define excavation outlines and wall center lines.
2. Using methods like the peg/rope method or dumpy level to establish corners, walls, and rooms.
3. Establishing a datum level as a reference point for other measurements.
4. Working through steps like setting the building line, frontage line, and right angles to fully lay out the building footprint. Checks are made to ensure accuracy.
This document discusses contouring and contour maps. It defines a contour line as a line connecting points of equal elevation. The vertical distance between consecutive contours is called the contour interval, which depends on factors like the nature of the ground and the map scale. Contour maps show the topography of an area and can be used for engineering projects, route selection, and estimating earthworks. Methods of plotting contours include direct methods using levels or hand levels, and indirect methods like gridding, cross-sectioning, and radial lines. Characteristics of contours provide information about the landscape.
The document discusses site works and setting out for construction projects. It covers site analysis to explore site characteristics, site investigation for systematic inquiry before construction, site preparation with considerations for access, storage and safety. It also discusses the setting out process to lay out the building outline on site, including establishing reference lines, square lines, checking diagonals, and locating excavation lines. The goal is to ensure construction follows the design plans and account for any site issues.
12.1. Horizontal and vertical control (1).pptxSaddoAjmal
This document provides an overview of engineering surveying topics including construction surveying, horizontal and vertical controls, and their application to various construction projects such as buildings, railroads, pipelines, and underground mining. It discusses the history of surveying, key elements and stages of construction surveying, and methods for establishing horizontal and vertical control networks to guide construction activities. Specific surveying techniques are described for setting out buildings, laying railroads, constructing pipelines, and surveying underground mines.
in this presentation, we should discuss what is the need for a survey in bridge construction site and what are the needed equipment use in construction. in this presentation, you should learn about how to locate activity of bridge construction.the different method should be learning in this presentation and it more effectively. it is more helpful in your career growth.
thank you
ASWINI & SAGAR
The document provides information about setting out works for a building construction project. It discusses two common methods for setting out a building - using a circumscribing rectangle or the centerline method. The centerline method is commonly preferred. The procedure for the centerline method involves marking the centerlines of walls on the ground using pegs and string, then establishing the corner points by setting perpendiculars at intersections using techniques like the 3:4:5 method. An example problem demonstrates marking the positions of pegs on a plan to set out a rectangular building with dimensions and foundation details provided.
surveying Engineering
Fly Levelling
Fly leveling: -Fly leveling is just like differential leveling carried
out to check the accuracy of leveling work. It is a very approximate
form of leveling in which sights are taken as large as possible. in this
method, a line of levels is run to determine approximately reduced
levels of the points carried out with more rapidly and less precision
The aim of fly Levelling: The main purpose of this type of leveling is
to check the values of the reduced levels of the bench marks already
fixed. In this method only back sight and foresight are taken. There is no need of intermediate sights. However great care has to be taken for selecting the change points (Turning Points) and for taking reading on the change points because the accuracy of leveling depends upon these
-Create Bench Marks (BM).
Bench Marks
Bench Mark is a point of known elevation, there are three Type of Bench Marks
1-Perment Bench Mark.
2-Orbitrary Bench Mark .
3-Temporary Bench Mark .
-Leveling Process Calculation.
1. Height of collimation method
2. Rise and Fall method
How do we find horizontal distance using levelling Machine.
Fly Levelling Close loop survey.
Fly and Differential leveling Using (Rise & fall) and (HI)methods.
*Checks for Errors
-Misclosure
Allowable closing error
Where:
D =Distance in km
E = Misclosure error in (mm).
C = 30 for fixed levelling process in rough ground.
C = 15 for normal leveling in flat area (Good work)
Fly Levelling example
Computation of Elevations for an open loop survey H.I method
Computation of Elevations
Differential Leveling
Computation of Elevations
-Correction For Errors in Leveling
1. Errors Due to the line of sight being not horizontal
2. Error Due to Curvature and refraction.
Errors in differential leveling: -
1) Non adjustment of the instrument: -
a) Adjustment of cross-wire ring
b) Adjustment of the bubble tube
c) Adjustment of line of sight
2-Errors in levelling
• Collimation line
• Parallax
• Change point instability
• Instrument instability
• Benchmark instability
• Staff reading errors , • Staff verticality • Level Instrument shading • Temperature on staff • Booking errors) • Earth curvature • Refraction • The Bubble not center.
3-Constant error (instrumental error):
A. Non vertically of the staff.
B. Collimation error in the instrument.
C. Staff gradation error.
4- Random error (natural error):
A. Effect of wind and temperature.
B. Soft and hard ground.
C. Change points. CP
D. Human deficiencies and neglect
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
1. The document describes a civil engineering experiment to collect elevation data along a highway through profile leveling and cross-section leveling. Profile leveling provided centerline elevation readings at 20m intervals, while cross-section leveling obtained side elevations at one station.
2. The data collected included station positions, backsight, intermediate, and foresight elevation readings. This was used to plot the profile diagram showing the sloping road elevation, and cross-section diagram showing the center higher than the sides.
3. The conclusion was that the experiment successfully collected the required elevation data to analyze the road profile and cross-section, finding the centerline sloped down and was higher than both road sides at the
This fieldwork report summarizes a student group's leveling survey of 10 points around a staff parking lot. The group used an automatic level, tripod, and staves to measure elevations. Raw elevation data showed a -0.025m closure error, within the acceptable range. The group adjusted elevations using the closure error divided among setups. The adjusted elevations closed correctly, demonstrating the leveling was acceptable. The fieldwork provided practical experience with leveling instruments and calculations.
Leveling is a surveying technique used to determine differences in elevation between points. It involves measuring vertical angles and distances to establish spot elevations across an area. There are two main methods - direct and indirect. Direct contouring involves marking points along contour lines in the field, while indirect contouring uses spot elevations from which contours are interpolated on a map. Common techniques include using a level, staff, and plane table or theodolite to obtain elevations and positions of points, which are then contoured. Leveling is important for engineering projects to design facilities and earthworks efficiently based on terrain.
Setting out of bridges involves determining the length and location of piers. The length of the centerline of long bridges is determined through triangulation by measuring angles and distances from endpoints. The locations of piers are found by computing angles and distances from the centerline endpoints and base lines perpendicular to the centerline on each bank. Piers can be located by sighting intersections from base lines or measuring pier distances marked on plans from base lines setup on both banks.
1. This document describes the procedure for performing a two peg test to check the accuracy of a leveling instrument.
2. The two peg test involves taking elevation readings from two staffs placed 50 meters apart, and then taking readings again with the level positioned closer to one staff. Any difference in the elevation differences between the two readings indicates an error in the level.
3. The results of the test documented show an elevation difference of 0.014 meters between the first and second readings, indicating the level needs servicing since the acceptable error is less than 0.002 meters.
Mass-haul diagrams (MHDs) are used to calculate cut and fill volumes and estimate material hauling needs for construction projects. MHDs graphically display cumulative cut and fill volumes along the project centerline. They are used to determine balancing points where cut and fill volumes offset, how much material needs to be imported or exported, and the most economical hauling methods. An example MHD analysis identifies a project's maximum haul distance and calculates how much borrow material is needed to make up the excess fill volume.
1) Curves are gradual bends provided in transportation infrastructure like roads, railways and canals to allow for a smooth change in direction or grade.
2) There are two main types of curves - horizontal curves which provide a gradual change in direction, and vertical curves which provide a gradual change in grade.
3) Curves are needed to safely guide vehicles and traffic when changing directions or grades, to improve visibility, and to prevent erosion of canal banks from water pressure.
This document provides information about tacheometry, which is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances from instrumental observations. It discusses how tacheometry can be used when obstacles make traditional surveying difficult. The key aspects covered include:
- Defining tacheometry and the measurements it provides
- When tacheometry is advantageous over other surveying methods
- The instruments used, including tacheometers and levelling rods
- How horizontal and vertical distances are calculated using constants
- The different types of tacheometer diaphragms and telescopes
- The fixed hair method for taking readings
Theodolite traversing, purpose and principles of theodolite traversingDolat Ram
The document discusses theodolite traversing, which is a surveying method that uses a theodolite to measure angles and a chain or tape to measure distances between control points called traverse stations.
The theodolite is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles, and there are two main types - optical and electronic digital theodolites. The chain or tape is used to measure distances between traverse stations.
A traverse consists of straight lines connecting traverse stations, with known lengths and angles defined by theodolite measurements. Traverses can be open or closed loops. Theodolite traversing is used for area computation, surveying, data reduction, and indirect measurement of elevations, distances, and
This document discusses simple circular curves, which are curves consisting of a single arc with a constant radius connecting two tangents. It defines key elements of circular curves such as deflection angle, radius of curvature, chord length, and tangent length. Circular curves are used to impose curves between two straight lines in roads and railways. The document also discusses designating curves by their degree or radius, with degree defined as the angle subtended by a 30m chord at the curve's center. Fundamental geometry rules for circular curves are provided.
This document summarizes methods for setting out simple circular curves based on linear and angular methods. The linear methods discussed are by offsets from the long chord, successive bisection of arcs, offsets from tangents, and offsets from chords produced. The angular methods discussed are Rankine's method of tangential angles, the two theodolite method, and the tacheometric method. Each method is briefly described in one or two sentences.
The document discusses the process of setting out a building site. It involves:
1. Transferring dimensions from layout plans onto the ground to clearly define excavation outlines and wall center lines.
2. Using methods like the peg/rope method or dumpy level to establish corners, walls, and rooms.
3. Establishing a datum level as a reference point for other measurements.
4. Working through steps like setting the building line, frontage line, and right angles to fully lay out the building footprint. Checks are made to ensure accuracy.
This document discusses contouring and contour maps. It defines a contour line as a line connecting points of equal elevation. The vertical distance between consecutive contours is called the contour interval, which depends on factors like the nature of the ground and the map scale. Contour maps show the topography of an area and can be used for engineering projects, route selection, and estimating earthworks. Methods of plotting contours include direct methods using levels or hand levels, and indirect methods like gridding, cross-sectioning, and radial lines. Characteristics of contours provide information about the landscape.
The document discusses site works and setting out for construction projects. It covers site analysis to explore site characteristics, site investigation for systematic inquiry before construction, site preparation with considerations for access, storage and safety. It also discusses the setting out process to lay out the building outline on site, including establishing reference lines, square lines, checking diagonals, and locating excavation lines. The goal is to ensure construction follows the design plans and account for any site issues.
12.1. Horizontal and vertical control (1).pptxSaddoAjmal
This document provides an overview of engineering surveying topics including construction surveying, horizontal and vertical controls, and their application to various construction projects such as buildings, railroads, pipelines, and underground mining. It discusses the history of surveying, key elements and stages of construction surveying, and methods for establishing horizontal and vertical control networks to guide construction activities. Specific surveying techniques are described for setting out buildings, laying railroads, constructing pipelines, and surveying underground mines.
in this presentation, we should discuss what is the need for a survey in bridge construction site and what are the needed equipment use in construction. in this presentation, you should learn about how to locate activity of bridge construction.the different method should be learning in this presentation and it more effectively. it is more helpful in your career growth.
thank you
ASWINI & SAGAR
The document provides information about setting out works for a building construction project. It discusses two common methods for setting out a building - using a circumscribing rectangle or the centerline method. The centerline method is commonly preferred. The procedure for the centerline method involves marking the centerlines of walls on the ground using pegs and string, then establishing the corner points by setting perpendiculars at intersections using techniques like the 3:4:5 method. An example problem demonstrates marking the positions of pegs on a plan to set out a rectangular building with dimensions and foundation details provided.
This document discusses construction surveying techniques for setting out buildings, roads, pipelines and other structures based on site plans. It describes establishing horizontal and vertical control points, then setting secondary and detail points to mark locations of features. Batter boards are used to temporarily reference building corners by stretching string lines between boards. For pipelines, offset stakes and batter boards give line and grade, with the string line run directly over the pipe centerline. An example problem outlines field steps to lay out a sewer from a house to an existing manhole based on given flow line elevations and minimum slope requirements.
1) There are several methods for accurately setting out and measuring angles on a construction site, including using a builders square, the 3:4:5 method, optical equipment, and satellite navigation.
2) Setting out a rectangular building involves establishing corner points and boundary lines, measuring lengths and checking for square corners using the building diagonals.
3) Temporary corner profiles are erected and marked with setting out lines to aid in transferring measurements underground once excavation is complete.
1) There are several methods for accurately setting out and measuring angles on a construction site, including using a builders square, the 3:4:5 method, optical equipment, and satellite navigation.
2) Setting out a rectangular building involves establishing corner points and boundary lines, measuring lengths and checking for square corners using the building diagonals.
3) Temporary corner profiles are erected and marked with setting out lines to aid in transferring measurements underground once excavation is complete.
1) There are several methods for accurately setting out and measuring angles on a construction site, including using a builders square, the 3:4:5 method, optical equipment, and satellite navigation.
2) Setting out a rectangular building involves establishing corner points and boundary lines through measuring, squaring, and checking diagonals to ensure 90 degree angles.
3) Correct building levels must be established, often by transferring a level from a site datum point, and then all four corners are built up to the same level, such as the damp proof course level.
This document provides information on various topics related to leveling and contouring. It discusses the basic principles and methods of leveling, including the instruments used such as dumpy levels and staffs. It covers temporary adjustments, classifications of leveling, errors, reductions of levels, and benchmarks. The document also explains what contour lines are, contour intervals, characteristics of contours, and methods of contouring directly and indirectly.
Surveying is the measurement of positions and distances to the earth's surface. It is important for civil engineering projects as all planning, design, and construction is based on surveying measurements. Chain surveying is the simplest surveying method and involves measuring distances in the field without taking angular measurements. Key steps in chain surveying include reconnaissance, marking stations, running survey lines, and taking offsets to locate details. The principle is to divide the area into a network of triangles which can then be plotted from field measurements.
Leveling is a surveying technique used to determine differences in elevation between points. It involves measuring vertical distances between a fixed benchmark and other points using a leveling instrument, leveling rod, and trigonometric leveling. There are two main methods for leveling - the height of instrument method and rise and fall method. Leveling is used to establish elevations, construct contour maps, and determine cut/fill volumes for engineering projects.
Surveying involves determining the relative positions of objects on or near the Earth's surface by measuring horizontal and vertical distances and angles using surveying equipment. Measurements are taken and computations are performed to prepare maps. The primary objective of any survey is to prepare an accurate plan or map. There are different types of surveying classified based on area size and purpose, including plane surveying for small areas ignoring Earth's curvature, and geodetic surveying for large areas considering curvature. Secondary classifications include land, hydrographic, and astronomical surveys based on the nature of the field, and geological, mine, military, archeological, and control surveys based on the survey's objective.
DEFINITIONS, PRINCIPLES AND CHAIN SURVEYINGKamal B
The document provides an overview of surveying, including definitions, principles, types, and classifications. It defines surveying as determining the relative positions of points on Earth's surface by measuring horizontal and vertical distances and angles. Surveying is classified based on whether it considers Earth's curvature (geodetic vs plane surveying) and the instruments used, such as chain surveying, triangulation, traversing, and leveling. Fundamental principles include working from whole to part and locating points by at least two measurements. The uses and objectives of surveying are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of basic surveying principles and methods:
1) Surveying works from establishing overall control points before measuring details. Control points are established through precise primary networks of triangles or traverses.
2) Secondary control networks further divide the primary network for less precise work. Survey of details then uses the established control points. This minimizes error accumulation.
3) A traverse connects lines whose lengths and directions are measured to establish a framework. Traverses can be open or closed, with closed traverses returning to the starting point.
4) The direction of lines is defined by their bearing from a reference meridian using different systems like true, magnetic, or arbitrary meridians.
Surveying - Module I - Introduction to surveying SHAMJITH KM
This document provides an overview of surveying techniques and concepts. It defines surveying, lists its primary objectives, and describes the main divisions of surveying as plane surveying and geodetic surveying. The document also discusses concepts like ranging, chaining, triangulation, obstacles in surveying, plane table surveying methods, and accessories used in plane table surveying. In addition, it provides examples of chain survey field book pages and procedures for solving problems in plane table surveying.
This document discusses different types of surveying. It begins by explaining the objectives and uses of surveying, such as preparing maps and measuring land areas. It then outlines two primary types of surveying - plane surveying for small areas and geodetic surveying for large areas. Several secondary types are also described based on the instruments used, such as chain, compass, plane table, and theodolite surveying. Additional secondary types include photographic, topographic, hydrographic, and astronomical surveying based on the nature of the site or purpose. Engineering and archeological surveys are also briefly mentioned.
This document provides an overview of surveying and leveling. It defines surveying as determining the relative positions of points on earth through direct or indirect measurements. Leveling is a branch of surveying that finds elevations of points with respect to a datum. There are various types of surveys classified by nature, object, or instruments used. Linear measurements can be direct via chaining or indirect using optical/electronic methods. Ranging is used to establish intermediate points when a survey line exceeds the chain length.
This document discusses chain surveying methods. It begins by defining land surveying and its purposes. It then describes the two main methods of surveying - triangulation and traversing. Chain surveying is introduced as a simpler method that uses triangulation but measures sides directly without angles. Key aspects of chain surveying covered include survey stations, base lines, check lines, tie lines, and taking offsets. The document provides details on setting out right angles and booking field notes. Chain surveying is performed through reconnaissance, marking stations, reference sketches, running survey lines, and locating details using offsets.
The document provides step-by-step instructions for measuring and documenting a curved wall shape, including:
1) Sketching the curved shape and measuring reference sides;
2) Marking points along the curve at intervals and measuring distances from two reference points ("A" and "B") to each point;
3) Using the distance measurements in AutoCAD to draw arcs from the reference points and mark their intersections, representing the curved shape.
1. Contours are imaginary lines on a map that connect points of equal elevation. Contour maps show these lines, representing the topography of the land.
2. There are two main methods for creating contour maps - direct and indirect. The direct method involves precisely surveying points along contour lines in the field. The indirect method takes spot elevations across an area and interpolates the contour lines.
3. Common indirect techniques include surveying on a grid, along cross-sections, or using a tacheometer to measure multiple points from instrument stations. Spot elevations are plotted and contour lines drawn in between based on the terrain. The indirect method is faster but less precise than the direct method.
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
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Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
3. Introduction
Setting out is the process of transferring the distance from the
plan already prepared, to the ground before starting a construction.
The plan as designed and prepared is set out on the ground in
the correct position.
The branch of surveying dealing with the setting out on the
ground is known as construction surveying.
4. Aims :-
-Understand the roles of the various different types of personnel who are involved in
the setting out process
-Understand the aims of setting out
-Refer to the different types of plans that may be used in the setting out process
-Appreciate the good working practices that should be undertaken in order that the
aims of setting out can be achieved
-Understand the procedures required to ensure that the horizontal and vertical
control requirements of setting out operations can be met
-Set out design points on site by a number of methods
-Apply horizontal and vertical control techniques to second-stage setting out
operations
-Appreciate the application of laser instruments in surveying and setting out
5. Controls For Setting Out
The setting out of work required the following two controls:
1. Horizontal control
2. Vertical control
6. • It consist of establishing reference marks of known plan
positions from which horizontal distances are measured for
setting out.
• The control points are generally used to establish a base line
near one face of the structure.
• The setting out is done by taking measurements from the base
line.
• Horizontal control can be achieved by establishing reference
grid.
• The grid which is used for actual setting out of the salient
Horizontal control
7. • The primary control points may be the triangular stations.
• The secondary control are referred to these primary control stations.
Fig.7.2 Primary and Secondary control Points
8. • It consist of establishment of reference marks of known elevation
relative to some specified datum.
• All levels at the site are normally reduced to a nearby bench mark,
usually known as Master Bench Mark(MBM).
• This Master Bench Mark(MBM) is used to establish a number of
Temporary Bench Mark(TBM).
Vertical control
9. SETTING OUT A BUILDING
The foundation plan of the building is usually supplied or it can be prepared
from the given wall plan of the building and size foundations for different wall.
Setting out of a building involves the transfer of the foundation plan frim paper
into the actual size. The object of setting out a building is to provide the builder
with clearly defined outlines for excavations.
10. The equipment required for the job are :
● A 30 m steel tape
● Two metallic tapes (15 m or 30 m)
● A long cord
● A plumb-bob
● Stakes or pegs
● Nails
● A hammer
11. It is of litter use to set the pegs or stakes at the exact position of each of the
corners of the building as they would be dug out while excavating the foundations.
It is therefore advisable to first set out a reference rectangle either out side the
limits of the excavation or along the centre lines of the outside walls of the building
and then to locate each centre by means of co-ordinates with reference to the
sides of this rectangle.
Both the methods of forming reference rectangle and setting out the building are
described below.
● Method(1):-Setting out building by circumscribing rectangle
● Method(2):-Setting out building by centre-line-rectangle
12. Method(1):-By using a Circumscribing
Rectangle:
Since stakes cannot be set at the exact corner points of a building, these are set at the
corners of a bigger rectangle circumscribing the actual building. Any suitable distance of
the outer rectangle from the building can be chosen, but a distance of usually 2 to 5 m is
considered to be ideal. The actual procedure consists of the following steps :
Procedures:
Preparation of the foundation trench plan showing the width of the foundations
for various walls.
Temporary pegs are driven at the actual corner points of the foundation plan.
Then using these pegs as reference, a parallel line, say PQ of required length is
set out at a arbitrary selected distance from the actual centre line.
A cord is stretched between the pegs P and Q.At P, a line is set out
perpendicular to PQ.On this line, the position S is marked by setting a peg.
13. Fig.7.3 SETTING OUT A BUILDING
Step (4) is repeated at point Q so as
to obtain point R.
Having now set out the reference
rectangle PQRS, the actual corners
can be marked using the sides of the
reference rectangle PQRS.
Once all the points are staked, a
cord is passed around the periphery
of the rectangle and the actual
excavation lines are marked using
line.
Checks :
In steps (4) and (5), after marking
points S and R, respectively, the
diagonals QS and PR should be
measured. These lengths should
correspond to the distances on the
plan.
After setting out the point R, the
14. Method(2):- By using centre-line-rectangle
In this method rectangle formed by the centre lines of the outer walls of
the building is used.
Procedure
The reference rectangle formed by centre lines of the out side walls of
the building as shown in fig. Is known as centre line rectangle. The
corners are located by measuring their co-ordinates with reference to
the sides of this rectangle. The temporary stakes are fixed at these
points.
Since these pegs are not permanent and will be lost during excavation,
the sudes of the centre line rectangle are produced on both the sides
15. Fig.7.4 SETTING OUT OF A BUILDING
• By using these stakes, the position of
any point can be obtained by plotting its
coordinates using the reference stakes.
• In case of precise working i.e. For
important building, a theodolite should
be used for setting out right angles.
• Bench marks should be established in
convenient positions away from the site
of work so that they remain undisturbed
until the work is completed.
16. Setting out of culverts
Setting out of culvert involves locating the corners of the abutments and the spring
walls with respect to the respective centre lines of a road or railway and the
drainage nullah, stream, etc.
While designing the culvert, the designer uses these centre lines as axes of co-
ordinates and their point of intersection is taken as the origin. A detailed tracing of
the plan shows the co-ordinate of the corners of abutments and the wing walls in a
tabular form.
17. corner easting northing
a O1 1a
b O2 2b
c O4 4c
d O3 3d
e O1 1e
f O2 2f
g O4 4g
h O3 3h
Fig.7.5 SETTING OUT OF A CULVERTS
18. Setting out a culvert is simple because there is only one span and
the flow of water is less.
If the flow of water is more, it can be easily diverted.
For bridges, flow of water can not be diverted and length may be
very long.
Due to above reasons, the setting out can not be carried out from
the centre of the bridge. So, it is not easy to setting out BRIDGES
19. Operations for the Setting out Bridges
Setting out a culvert is simple because there is only one span and the flow of water is
less.
If the flow of water is more, it can be easily diverted.
For bridges, flow of water can not be diverted and length may be very long.
Due to above reasons, the setting out can not be carried out from the centre of the
bridge. So, it is not easy to setting out BRIDGES.
The setting of bridge involves:
Determination of the length of the center Line
Determination of the Location of piers.
20. Determination of the length of the Center line:
The length of the bridge is required to be measure along the centre line.
The length of the long bridge is usually determined by triangulation.
If the P & Q are the points on the opposite banks on the centre line of the
road.
To find the length of the bridge following methods are used.
I. Method -I : Triangulation
II. Method -II : Quadrilateral method
21. Method – 1 : The steps involved are:-
Set out a line perpendicular to AB and measure AD accurately.
With the theodolite at point D and using the method of repetition, measure of
angle ADB = Ѳ
Then, tan Ѳ = AB/AD.
AB = AD tan Ѳ
To check the length AB, set out a line BC perpendicular to AB at point B.
Measure the length BC and angle BCA = α
Then, tan α = AB
BC.
AB = BC tan α.
If two distances are almost equal the mean of the two is taken as the length of
the centre line, otherwise the procedure is repeated.
22. base line
B α C
centre line of bridge River
A Ѳ D
Fig.7.6SETTING OUT OF A BRIDGE
23. Method 2. The steps involved are:
Set out lines AD and BC, perpendicular to AB.
Join CD, Ac and Bd. Measure these lines AD and BC and eight angles
accurately.
Calculate the length of AD from the measured length from the measured length
of BC and the angles, and compare it with the measured value. The difference
between the two should be less than 1 in 5000.
Then calculate the length of AB from the known angles and the base lines.
24. B base line C
River
Base line D
Fig.7.7SETTING OUT OF A BRIDGE
25. Location of piers
After the length of the bridge is measured, mark the position of central points of piers
along the centre line on the plan.
The pier are located by intersections of sight from the ends of the base line by the
following methods :
a) First method
b) Second method
26. Method 1 :-
After accurately measuring the length of the centre line AB, base lines are
laid out on each bank, perpendicular to Ab. Let it be required to fix the
positions of piers p1 and p2.
Compute the angles ADP1, ADP2, BCP1, BCP2 from the known length of
the base lines and angles BAD & CBA.
Direct the transit at A to B, and set the angle ADP1 with the transit at D. The
intersection of these two lines of sight gives the position of the central point
P1, sly. Locate the second point P2.
The location of p1 and p2 maybe checked by setting two transits at B and C.
28. Method 2
Calculate the length of the centre line AB and mark the positions of P1 and P2
on the plan.
Set up the base line at A and B, and perpendicular to AB.
Measure the distance AP1 and AP2, BP1 & BP2 from the plan and mark them
n base line at A and B respectively.
Set up the thedolite at P1 on the base line B.
Locate the centre point at P1 of the pier by simultaneously sighting from both
the points of P1.
Similarly, locate the central point P2 of the second pier.
Shift the instrument to the corresponding point of the opposite side of the
centre line AB and locate P1 and P2 in the same way.
If the points P1 and P2 are located in the same position as before, the work is
correct, otherwise repeat the process.
29. P1 P2 B P2 P1
45
45
p2
River
p1
P2 P1 A P1 P2
Fig.7.9SETTING OUT OF A PIER
30. SETTING OUT A TUNNEL
Tunnel surveying consists of two surveys surface survey and underground survey, surface
survey done in the usual way. As the terrain near the tunnel is likely to be mountainous and
difficult, careful surveying required to get the proper alignment of the tunnel.
In setting out tunnels, a major problem is the transfer of surface alignment and levels to the
underground tunnel base. The alignment and levels have to be transferred to points several
meters below the surface .
31. The setting out of a tunnel consists of the following operations:
I. Obtaining the alignment of the center line of the proposed
tunnel in the usual way.
II. Determination of the correct length of the tunnel.
III. Establishing permanent stations marking the center line of the
tunnel.
32. Transferring alignment:
The transfer the surface alignment to a point inside the tunnel the following procedure is
adopted.
Make a vertical shaft from the surface to the tunnel.
On the top of the shaft, lay two wooden beams A
and B at right angles to the alignment of the shaft.
A theodolite is set up at a predetermined station on
the center line marked on the ground surface and an
another station is sighted, again on the center line it
self.
33. The center line is then care fully set up on the beams by repetitive observing and
averaging.
Make a vertical shaft from the surface to the tunnel. On the top of the shaft, lay two
wooden beams A and B at right angles to the alignment of the shaft.
A theodolite is set up at a predetermined station on the center line marked on the
ground surface and an another station is sighted, again on the center line it self.
The center line is then care fully set up on the beams by repetitive observing and
averaging.
Hang two heavy plumb bobs using steel wires from points A and B marked on the
wooden beams.
You may also keep the plumb bobs in oil or water to keep them from swaying due to
minor air flow.
The theodolite is transferred to the bottom of the shaft. Align the line of sight of the
theodolite with the theodolite with the two wires after a number of trials.
Once the alignment is available, mark the points along this direction on the roof and
on the ground with permanent markers, drilled in the roof.
34. Transferring benchmarks:
Surface leveling done in the usual way, vertical control points are first established
near the site. Local benchmarks are established near the shaft for transferring the
levels underground.
35. The following procedure is adopted.
A steel wire loaded with a weight of 5-10 kg is passed over a pulley at the top of
the shaft and is then lowered into the shaft.
Two fine wire AB and CD are stretched at the top and bottom of the shaft
respectively.
The steel wire lowered into the shaft is so adjusted that it is in contact with both the
wire AB and CD.
Mark this hung wire at the level of the two horizontal wires accurately by a chalk
stretch the hung wire fully and keep the horizontal wires taut.
The wire is pulled out from the shaft and is stretched on the ground.
The distance between the two marks, on the wire, is measured using a measuring
tape and this gives the reduce level of the bottom of the shaft. Mark this point.