Introduction to surveying, ranging and chainingShital Navghare
This presentation contains the complete introduction of surveying. It also includes all the instrucments used in linear measurement and the terms related to Ranging and Chaining
Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100 links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for smaller areas.
This document provides information about tacheometry, which is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances from instrumental observations. It discusses how tacheometry can be used when obstacles make traditional surveying difficult. The key aspects covered include:
- Defining tacheometry and the measurements it provides
- When tacheometry is advantageous over other surveying methods
- The instruments used, including tacheometers and levelling rods
- How horizontal and vertical distances are calculated using constants
- The different types of tacheometer diaphragms and telescopes
- The fixed hair method for taking readings
Surveying is an important part of Civil engineering. Various part like theodolite, plane table surveying, computation of area and volume are useful for all university examination and other competitive examination
This document provides instructions for students to complete a chain surveying field work project. It describes the objectives of the project which are to learn how to select a framework of base lines and control points, take linear and angular measurements, record data through booking, make calculations and corrections, and plot a detailed map from the collected survey information. The document outlines the required apparatus, procedures for taking measurements, and provides notes on techniques for selecting stations, direct distance measurement, setting offsets, measuring bearings, booking, and plotting.
This document provides an overview of linear measurements and chain surveying techniques. It discusses different types of ranging methods, including direct and reciprocal ranging, to locate intermediate points along a survey line. It also describes instruments used for chain surveying, such as different types of chains, tapes, arrows, ranging rods, and plumb bobs. The key principle of chain surveying is that it involves measuring the sides of triangles within the survey area using a chain or tape, without taking any angular measurements.
Introduction to surveying, ranging and chainingShital Navghare
This presentation contains the complete introduction of surveying. It also includes all the instrucments used in linear measurement and the terms related to Ranging and Chaining
Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100 links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for smaller areas.
This document provides information about tacheometry, which is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances from instrumental observations. It discusses how tacheometry can be used when obstacles make traditional surveying difficult. The key aspects covered include:
- Defining tacheometry and the measurements it provides
- When tacheometry is advantageous over other surveying methods
- The instruments used, including tacheometers and levelling rods
- How horizontal and vertical distances are calculated using constants
- The different types of tacheometer diaphragms and telescopes
- The fixed hair method for taking readings
Surveying is an important part of Civil engineering. Various part like theodolite, plane table surveying, computation of area and volume are useful for all university examination and other competitive examination
This document provides instructions for students to complete a chain surveying field work project. It describes the objectives of the project which are to learn how to select a framework of base lines and control points, take linear and angular measurements, record data through booking, make calculations and corrections, and plot a detailed map from the collected survey information. The document outlines the required apparatus, procedures for taking measurements, and provides notes on techniques for selecting stations, direct distance measurement, setting offsets, measuring bearings, booking, and plotting.
This document provides an overview of linear measurements and chain surveying techniques. It discusses different types of ranging methods, including direct and reciprocal ranging, to locate intermediate points along a survey line. It also describes instruments used for chain surveying, such as different types of chains, tapes, arrows, ranging rods, and plumb bobs. The key principle of chain surveying is that it involves measuring the sides of triangles within the survey area using a chain or tape, without taking any angular measurements.
This document discusses the use of a theodolite for surveying. It begins by explaining that a theodolite is needed to precisely measure horizontal and vertical angles, unlike a compass. It then defines theodolite surveying as surveying that measures angles using a theodolite. The document goes on to classify theodolites based on their horizontal axis and method of angle measurement. It describes the basic parts of a transit vernier theodolite and explains terms used in manipulating one. Finally, it discusses methods for measuring horizontal angles, including the general, repetition, and reiteration methods.
This ppt presentation covers compass surveying, which explains principal of compass surveying, Types of compass, Difference between compass, Bearing, Definitions related to compass surveying etc.
1) Levelling is the process of determining the relative elevations of points on or near the earth's surface. It is important for engineering projects to determine elevations along alignments.
2) Levelling is used to prepare contour maps, determine altitudes, and create longitudinal and cross sections needed for projects.
3) Key terms include bench mark, datum, reduced level, line of collimation, and height of instrument. Different types of levelling include simple, differential, fly, longitudinal, and cross-sectional levelling.
12.1. Horizontal and vertical control (1).pptxSaddoAjmal
This document provides an overview of engineering surveying topics including construction surveying, horizontal and vertical controls, and their application to various construction projects such as buildings, railroads, pipelines, and underground mining. It discusses the history of surveying, key elements and stages of construction surveying, and methods for establishing horizontal and vertical control networks to guide construction activities. Specific surveying techniques are described for setting out buildings, laying railroads, constructing pipelines, and surveying underground mines.
Definition of Surveying
Objects of Surveying
Uses of Surveying
Primary Divisions of Surveying
Principles of Surveying
List of Classification of Surveying
Definitions : Plan and Map, scales :Plain Scale and Diagonal Scale,
This document describes various surveying methods including chain surveying. Chain surveying involves measuring lengths of lines marked in the field using tapes and measuring details using offsets and ties from these base lines. The field work involves selecting a framework of base lines and control points, measuring line lengths directly and setting right angles using offsets, determining bearings with a compass, booking measurements, and plotting the survey to produce a detailed map. The objectives are to train students on linear measurement, setting offsets, measuring bearings, booking, and plotting. Apparatus includes tapes, ranging rods, paint, square, compass, and booking board.
Surveying is defined as determining the relative positions of points on, above, or beneath the earth's surface through measurements of horizontal and vertical distances, angles, and directions. The primary objective of a survey is to prepare a plan or map. Surveying is essential for engineering and construction projects like highways, railways, and irrigation systems as it involves preparing accurate plans and sections. Surveying can be divided into plan surveying and geodetic surveying, with plan surveying covering smaller areas where earth's curvature is ignored, while geodetic surveying covers larger distances and accounts for curvature.
The document discusses theodolite traversing and defines key terms related to using a transit theodolite. It describes the main components of a transit theodolite including the telescope, vertical circle, plate bubbles, tribrach, and foot screws. It explains how to perform temporary adjustments like centering the theodolite over a station mark and leveling it using the tripod and foot screws. It also provides details on measuring horizontal and vertical angles with a vernier theodolite.
Tacheometric surveying uses a tacheometer to determine horizontal and vertical distances through angular measurements. A tacheometer is a theodolite fitted with stadia hairs and an anallatic lens. The tacheometric formula relates the staff intercept, focal length, stadia interval and additive constant to calculate horizontal distances. Methods include stadia, fixed/movable hair, and non-stadia techniques. Determining the tacheometer constant involves measuring distances and staff intervals at stations to solve equations. Errors arise from incorrect stadia intervals or graduations. Tacheometric surveying provides distances in rough terrain but with less precision than other methods.
The document provides information about theodolites. It begins with an introduction stating that a theodolite is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles more precisely than a magnetic compass. It then discusses the main parts of a theodolite including the horizontal circle, vertical circle, telescope, and levels. The document also covers the history of theodolites from their early origins to modern electronic versions. It describes how to operate a transit vernier theodolite including terms like centering, transiting, swinging the telescope, and changing face. Finally, it discusses the permanent and temporary adjustments needed to ensure accurate theodolite measurements.
unit I
Introduction and Basic Concepts: Introduction, Objectives, classification and principles of
surveying, Scales, Shrinkage of Map, Conventional symbols and Code of Signals, Surveying
accessories, phases of surveying.
Measurement of Distances and Directions
Linear distances- Approximate methods, Direct Methods- Chains- Tapes, ranging, Tape corrections.
Prismatic Compass- Bearings, included angles, Local Attraction, Magnetic Declination and dip.
This document discusses contouring and contour maps. It defines a contour line as a line connecting points of equal elevation. The vertical distance between consecutive contours is called the contour interval, which depends on factors like the nature of the ground and the map scale. Contour maps show the topography of an area and can be used for engineering projects, route selection, and estimating earthworks. Methods of plotting contours include direct methods using levels or hand levels, and indirect methods like gridding, cross-sectioning, and radial lines. Characteristics of contours provide information about the landscape.
Total station is an electronic surveying instrument that combines an electronic distance meter (EDM), an electronic theodolite, and a microprocessor. It simultaneously measures horizontal and vertical angles as well as slope distances from the instrument to a particular point. Over 100 models have been released by different firms. Total stations can measure distances from 1.5 to 12 km depending on the number of prisms used, with angular accuracy ranging from 1 to 20 seconds. Applications include topographic surveys, construction layout, and mapping. Proper use requires establishing a site datum, setting up the total station, creating job files, measuring points, and post-processing data.
Contour lines on a map connect points of equal elevation above sea level. They show the shape and features of the land. There are two main methods for creating contour maps - direct and indirect. The direct method precisely traces contours in the field but is slow. The indirect method takes spot elevations across an area and interpolates the contour lines, making it faster but less precise. Common indirect techniques include surveying on a grid, along cross-sections, or using a tacheometer along radial lines. Contour maps provide topographic information for engineering projects.
1) Contour lines on a map connect points of equal elevation and represent the topography of the land.
2) Contour surveys are conducted at the start of engineering projects to select suitable sites, locate alignments to minimize earthworks, and understand the terrain.
3) Contours are located either directly by tracing lines in the field or indirectly by taking spot levels and interpolating lines on the map. Indirect methods using cross-sections or tacheometry are more efficient for large areas.
This document discusses the use of a theodolite for surveying. It begins by explaining that a theodolite is needed to precisely measure horizontal and vertical angles, unlike a compass. It then defines theodolite surveying as surveying that measures angles using a theodolite. The document goes on to classify theodolites based on their horizontal axis and method of angle measurement. It describes the basic parts of a transit vernier theodolite and explains terms used in manipulating one. Finally, it discusses methods for measuring horizontal angles, including the general, repetition, and reiteration methods.
This ppt presentation covers compass surveying, which explains principal of compass surveying, Types of compass, Difference between compass, Bearing, Definitions related to compass surveying etc.
1) Levelling is the process of determining the relative elevations of points on or near the earth's surface. It is important for engineering projects to determine elevations along alignments.
2) Levelling is used to prepare contour maps, determine altitudes, and create longitudinal and cross sections needed for projects.
3) Key terms include bench mark, datum, reduced level, line of collimation, and height of instrument. Different types of levelling include simple, differential, fly, longitudinal, and cross-sectional levelling.
12.1. Horizontal and vertical control (1).pptxSaddoAjmal
This document provides an overview of engineering surveying topics including construction surveying, horizontal and vertical controls, and their application to various construction projects such as buildings, railroads, pipelines, and underground mining. It discusses the history of surveying, key elements and stages of construction surveying, and methods for establishing horizontal and vertical control networks to guide construction activities. Specific surveying techniques are described for setting out buildings, laying railroads, constructing pipelines, and surveying underground mines.
Definition of Surveying
Objects of Surveying
Uses of Surveying
Primary Divisions of Surveying
Principles of Surveying
List of Classification of Surveying
Definitions : Plan and Map, scales :Plain Scale and Diagonal Scale,
This document describes various surveying methods including chain surveying. Chain surveying involves measuring lengths of lines marked in the field using tapes and measuring details using offsets and ties from these base lines. The field work involves selecting a framework of base lines and control points, measuring line lengths directly and setting right angles using offsets, determining bearings with a compass, booking measurements, and plotting the survey to produce a detailed map. The objectives are to train students on linear measurement, setting offsets, measuring bearings, booking, and plotting. Apparatus includes tapes, ranging rods, paint, square, compass, and booking board.
Surveying is defined as determining the relative positions of points on, above, or beneath the earth's surface through measurements of horizontal and vertical distances, angles, and directions. The primary objective of a survey is to prepare a plan or map. Surveying is essential for engineering and construction projects like highways, railways, and irrigation systems as it involves preparing accurate plans and sections. Surveying can be divided into plan surveying and geodetic surveying, with plan surveying covering smaller areas where earth's curvature is ignored, while geodetic surveying covers larger distances and accounts for curvature.
The document discusses theodolite traversing and defines key terms related to using a transit theodolite. It describes the main components of a transit theodolite including the telescope, vertical circle, plate bubbles, tribrach, and foot screws. It explains how to perform temporary adjustments like centering the theodolite over a station mark and leveling it using the tripod and foot screws. It also provides details on measuring horizontal and vertical angles with a vernier theodolite.
Tacheometric surveying uses a tacheometer to determine horizontal and vertical distances through angular measurements. A tacheometer is a theodolite fitted with stadia hairs and an anallatic lens. The tacheometric formula relates the staff intercept, focal length, stadia interval and additive constant to calculate horizontal distances. Methods include stadia, fixed/movable hair, and non-stadia techniques. Determining the tacheometer constant involves measuring distances and staff intervals at stations to solve equations. Errors arise from incorrect stadia intervals or graduations. Tacheometric surveying provides distances in rough terrain but with less precision than other methods.
The document provides information about theodolites. It begins with an introduction stating that a theodolite is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles more precisely than a magnetic compass. It then discusses the main parts of a theodolite including the horizontal circle, vertical circle, telescope, and levels. The document also covers the history of theodolites from their early origins to modern electronic versions. It describes how to operate a transit vernier theodolite including terms like centering, transiting, swinging the telescope, and changing face. Finally, it discusses the permanent and temporary adjustments needed to ensure accurate theodolite measurements.
unit I
Introduction and Basic Concepts: Introduction, Objectives, classification and principles of
surveying, Scales, Shrinkage of Map, Conventional symbols and Code of Signals, Surveying
accessories, phases of surveying.
Measurement of Distances and Directions
Linear distances- Approximate methods, Direct Methods- Chains- Tapes, ranging, Tape corrections.
Prismatic Compass- Bearings, included angles, Local Attraction, Magnetic Declination and dip.
This document discusses contouring and contour maps. It defines a contour line as a line connecting points of equal elevation. The vertical distance between consecutive contours is called the contour interval, which depends on factors like the nature of the ground and the map scale. Contour maps show the topography of an area and can be used for engineering projects, route selection, and estimating earthworks. Methods of plotting contours include direct methods using levels or hand levels, and indirect methods like gridding, cross-sectioning, and radial lines. Characteristics of contours provide information about the landscape.
Total station is an electronic surveying instrument that combines an electronic distance meter (EDM), an electronic theodolite, and a microprocessor. It simultaneously measures horizontal and vertical angles as well as slope distances from the instrument to a particular point. Over 100 models have been released by different firms. Total stations can measure distances from 1.5 to 12 km depending on the number of prisms used, with angular accuracy ranging from 1 to 20 seconds. Applications include topographic surveys, construction layout, and mapping. Proper use requires establishing a site datum, setting up the total station, creating job files, measuring points, and post-processing data.
Contour lines on a map connect points of equal elevation above sea level. They show the shape and features of the land. There are two main methods for creating contour maps - direct and indirect. The direct method precisely traces contours in the field but is slow. The indirect method takes spot elevations across an area and interpolates the contour lines, making it faster but less precise. Common indirect techniques include surveying on a grid, along cross-sections, or using a tacheometer along radial lines. Contour maps provide topographic information for engineering projects.
1) Contour lines on a map connect points of equal elevation and represent the topography of the land.
2) Contour surveys are conducted at the start of engineering projects to select suitable sites, locate alignments to minimize earthworks, and understand the terrain.
3) Contours are located either directly by tracing lines in the field or indirectly by taking spot levels and interpolating lines on the map. Indirect methods using cross-sections or tacheometry are more efficient for large areas.
1. There are two primary divisions of surveying: plane surveying which treats the earth's surface as flat, and geodetic surveying which takes the curvature of the earth into account over large areas greater than 1000 km^2.
2. Surveying can be classified based on its function or the instruments used. Common classification based on function includes land, city, and route surveys. Classification based on instruments includes chain, compass, plane table, leveling, and photogrammetric surveys.
3. Chain surveying involves measuring the sides of a network of triangles to map an area without taking angular measurements. It is suitable for small, level, and open areas but not for large, undulating
This document provides an overview of surveying concepts and techniques. It discusses:
1) The definitions, classifications, instruments, and methods used in surveying like chain surveying, compass surveying, plane table surveying, and total station surveying.
2) The objectives of surveying which include preparing maps, plans and transferring details to mark locations on the ground for engineering projects.
3) The primary divisions of surveying into plain surveying which ignores curvature of the earth, and geodetic surveying which accounts for curvature over large areas.
4) Fundamental surveying principles like working from the whole to parts, and locating new points using two measurements from fixed references.
This document outlines the course content for Basic Principles in Surveying I. Over 15 weeks, topics such as chain surveying, levelling, theodolites, compass surveying, and mapping will be covered. Accuracy and precision in measurements are emphasized, with checks on work to identify errors. Surveying aims to work from overall control points to detailed surveys, maintaining scientific honesty. The appropriate equipment selection balances required accuracy with cost. Errors are inevitable, despite best methods and equipment.
This document provides an overview of surveying. It defines surveying as determining the relative positions of objects on Earth's surface by measuring horizontal and vertical distances. There are two main types of surveying: plane surveying, which ignores Earth's curvature over small areas, and geodetic surveying, which accounts for curvature over large areas (>250 km2). Common surveying equipment includes chains, tapes, ranging rods, and arrows/pins for marking points. Surveying is used to create maps for various purposes such as topography, property boundaries, engineering projects, and more. Chain surveying is the simplest method and involves taking measurements in the field and completing office work like plotting and calculations.
This document discusses various instruments used to measure angles:
- Protractors, bevel protractors, vernier bevel protractors, and optical bevel protractors are used to measure angles between two faces. Vernier bevel protractors provide more precise readings through a vernier scale.
- Sine bars and sine centers are used with slip gauges to measure angles through trigonometric functions. Sine bars become inaccurate for angles over 45 degrees.
- Angle gauges precisely measure angles through calibrated blocks that can be added or subtracted.
- Spirit levels and clinometers measure angles of incline relative to horizontal, with clinometers providing a scale to measure the exact
Engineering is the application of scientific and economic principles to design and build machines, structures, and other items, including bridges, roads, vehicles, and buildings. Civil engineering deals specifically with designing and constructing physical and natural built environments like roads, buildings, airports, tunnels, dams, and bridges. A survey is used to collect information about natural and man-made features of an area using various instruments, and has applications in areas like construction, geology, archaeology, and more. Modern surveying instruments have become more advanced with technologies like total stations, GPS, levels, theodolites, distance meters, and more that improve accuracy of data collection.
The document provides an overview of Bob Williams' educational journey in the 1970s pursuing a Bachelor of Arts in Computing Studies with a cartography major at the Canberra College of Advanced Education (now University of Canberra). It describes the unique and visionary course he took that combined cartography, computer science, remote sensing, and artificial intelligence. It highlights some of the interesting assignments and projects he worked on, including digital terrain modelling and trafficability mapping. It also discusses conferences, seminars, and workshops he attended that exposed him to cutting edge research and applications in fields like geospatial information systems and remote sensing. The document reflects on this time period as enlightening and setting the stage for a new age of cartography through innovative educational
This document discusses embedding GIS in undergraduate learning at Newcastle University. It provides an overview of the Geomatics group, which includes 11 academics and 10 researchers. The group teaches GIS to around 200 undergraduate students from various programs, as well as 100 postgraduate students and 20 PhD students.
GIS is taught throughout the undergraduate curriculum, from basic concepts in stage 1 to advanced techniques like spatial statistics and Python scripting in stage 3. Practical field courses apply GIS skills. Challenges include keeping up with changing technology and ensuring value for high tuition costs. The group seeks better integration with open source tools and industry to provide work opportunities for graduates.
There are two main methods for measuring distances along sloping ground: direct and indirect. The direct method divides the sloping ground into horizontal and vertical strips and adds the horizontal lengths. The indirect method uses a clinometer, hypotenusal allowances based on slope, or difference in elevation between points to calculate the horizontal distance from sloping distances. Specifically, a clinometer can measure slope and the horizontal component is calculated using cosine of the angle of slope.
This document discusses traverse surveys which involve measuring angles and distances between survey points to determine their positions. It provides the objective of traverse surveys which is to find accurate positions of stations to serve as control points for mapping or construction layout. The results section shows the distances, angles, coordinate calculations and adjustments for a sample 4-point traverse with a closure of 0. The discussion explains the traverse calculations and adjustments to distribute errors. The conclusion states that traverse surveys are commonly used for construction site layout and boundary surveys, and errors can be adjusted or the survey repeated.
Surveying techniques are used to establish the position of objects in 2D or 3D. Primary surveys are done when no previous data exists, while secondary surveys add to existing data or measure changes. Plan position is determined through techniques like triangulation, trilateration, or offset measurements from baselines. Elevation is found by direct or inclined leveling between points of known height. Theodolites allow simultaneous measurement of horizontal angles, slopes, and slant distances.
This document provides an overview of basic surveying concepts and chain surveying principles. It defines surveying as collecting information about a region and representing it in drawings. The key purposes of surveying are to obtain necessary information about an area and prepare maps and plans. Surveying can be classified as geodetic or plane depending on whether the curvature of the Earth is accounted for. Chain surveying involves measuring lines with a chain and does not use angular measurements. The basic steps of chain surveying involve selecting stations, a base line, chaining measurements, and preparing drawings.
This document discusses methods for measuring horizontal distances in chain surveying. It describes direct measurement using tapes, chains, and EDM instruments. Common sources of error in tape measurements include temperature fluctuations, sag, tension applied, and incorrect standardized length. Corrections are made to account for these errors. Perpendicular and oblique offsets from chain lines to features are also measured. Instruments like open cross staffs, adjustable cross staffs, and optical/prism squares are used to lay out right angles when measuring offsets. Proper procedures are outlined for collecting distance and offset measurements in the field.
This document provides an overview of surveying. It defines surveying as determining the relative positions of objects on Earth's surface by measuring horizontal and vertical distances. There are two main types of surveying: plane surveying, which ignores Earth's curvature over small areas, and geodetic surveying, which accounts for curvature over large areas (>250 km2). Common surveying equipment includes chains, tapes, ranging rods, and arrows/pins for marking points. Surveying is used to create maps for various purposes such as topography, property boundaries, engineering projects, and more. Chain surveying is the simplest method and involves taking measurements in the field and completing office work like plotting and calculations.
1) Curves are gradual bends provided in transportation infrastructure like roads, railways and canals to allow for a smooth change in direction or grade.
2) There are two main types of curves - horizontal curves which provide a gradual change in direction, and vertical curves which provide a gradual change in grade.
3) Curves are needed to safely guide vehicles and traffic when changing directions or grades, to improve visibility, and to prevent erosion of canal banks from water pressure.
This document discusses different types of patterns used in casting processes. It describes sweep patterns, which involve a rotating form that sweeps the shape of the casting into sand all around a circumference. This avoids making a full circular pattern and saves time and labor for large circular castings. Split piece and loose piece patterns are used for complex shapes and involve separate pattern pieces that fit together. Single piece patterns are made from one solid piece for simple shaped castings. Skeleton patterns use a wooden frame structure filled with sand. Shell mold casting uses a thin resin-coated sand shell around a pattern to allow casting of various metals with high accuracy.
This document provides an overview of surveying and leveling. It defines surveying as determining the relative positions of points on earth through direct or indirect measurements. Leveling is a branch of surveying that finds elevations of points with respect to a datum. There are various types of surveys classified by nature, object, or instruments used. Linear measurements can be direct via chaining or indirect using optical/electronic methods. Ranging is used to establish intermediate points when a survey line exceeds the chain length.
This document provides information about surveying fundamentals. It discusses the principles and objectives of surveying, which include locating points on Earth's surface using reference points and working from whole to part to minimize errors. It also classifies surveys based on Earth's curvature and the type of area surveyed. Common surveying instruments are described, such as tapes, chains, and ranging rods. Methods for measuring distances and setting out right angles are explained. Errors in chaining and their types are defined. The document also covers compass surveying, including the use of magnetic declination and deflection angles to designate bearings.
This document provides an overview of chain surveying. It defines chain surveying as a method of surveying that divides an area into a network of triangles and measures the sides using a chain without angular measurements. The key steps of chain surveying are described including ranging, chaining, and offsetting. Common equipment used are also outlined such as chains, tapes, arrows, and cross staffs. Sources of errors and methods to address obstacles in chain surveying are also reviewed.
Surveying involves determining the spatial positions of points on or near the Earth's surface. It includes measuring horizontal and vertical distances and angles. Calculations then determine distances, directions, locations, areas, and volumes from survey measurements. Survey data is portrayed graphically in maps, profiles, and diagrams. Modern surveying uses electronic distance measuring devices and theodolites or transits to precisely measure distances and angles. Coordinates systems allow precise specification of point locations and are important for surveying.
The document defines surveying as determining the relative positions of objects on Earth's surface through measurements. It discusses the main types of surveying as plane and geodetic surveying. The instruments commonly used for measurements include ranging rods, chains, tapes, compasses, theodolites, levels, and plane tables. Surveys can be classified by instruments used, purpose, method, or location. Errors in surveying include gross errors from carelessness, systematic errors that follow laws and require correction, and random errors that may compensate in either direction during chaining.
Surveying is the measurement of positions and distances to the earth's surface. It is important for civil engineering projects as all planning, design, and construction is based on surveying measurements. Chain surveying is the simplest surveying method and involves measuring distances in the field without taking angular measurements. Key steps in chain surveying include reconnaissance, marking stations, running survey lines, and taking offsets to locate details. The principle is to divide the area into a network of triangles which can then be plotted from field measurements.
Surveying involves measuring horizontal and vertical distances between objects and angles between lines to determine the relative spatial locations of points on Earth. Key aspects of surveying include determining distances, angles, directions, elevations and volumes from survey data. Survey data is presented graphically in maps, profiles and diagrams. Modern surveying utilizes electronic distance measuring devices, theodolites to measure angles, and coordinate systems to provide addresses for points on Earth's surface.
The document provides details on conducting a closed traverse fieldwork, including measuring angles and distances between stations using a theodolite, calculating bearings, azimuths, latitudes and departures, and determining the error of misclosure. Field data is collected for 4 stations labeled A, B, C and D. Calculations are shown for adjusting angles, computing horizontal distances between stations, determining course bearings and azimuths, and calculating latitudes and departures.
1. Tape surveying involves using a steel tape or band to measure distances. Traditionally a Gunter's chain was used, which was 66 feet long with 100 links.
2. There are various techniques for measuring distances including pacing, using an odometer, satellite positioning, and electronic distance measurement. Short distances are often measured using fiberglass or steel tapes.
3. When measuring with a tape, two assistants known as chainmen take each end of the tape and carefully stretch it out. The leader places arrows to mark points along the line and uses a ranging rod to keep the tape straight between stations.
This document provides an overview of surveying and leveling. It discusses what surveying is, the objectives and various types of surveys classified by purpose or instruments used. It also describes principles of surveying such as working from whole to part. Measurement of distances can be done directly using chains, tapes or indirectly using pacing. Angular measurements are taken using theodolites, tachometers and other instruments. The document outlines procedures for chain surveying, compass surveying, and traversing surveys. It provides details on field work, office work, and precision required for different survey types.
This topic contains complete coverage of surveying, ranging from chaining. Surveying is to locate the relative position of the points on the ground or beneath the ground.
Surveying - Module I - Introduction to surveying SHAMJITH KM
This document provides an overview of surveying techniques and concepts. It defines surveying, lists its primary objectives, and describes the main divisions of surveying as plane surveying and geodetic surveying. The document also discusses concepts like ranging, chaining, triangulation, obstacles in surveying, plane table surveying methods, and accessories used in plane table surveying. In addition, it provides examples of chain survey field book pages and procedures for solving problems in plane table surveying.
This document summarizes techniques for topographic surveying, including linear measurement, theodolite traversing, and methodology. Linear measurement is used to determine distances between stations by ranging with rods. Theodolite traversing establishes control points by measuring angles and distances between stations to form a traverse. Methodology includes reconnaissance to plan station positions, traversing to connect lines of sight and measure angles and lengths, and measuring horizontal and vertical angles with a theodolite at each station.
This document discusses chain surveying methods. It begins by defining land surveying and its purposes. It then describes the two main methods of surveying - triangulation and traversing. Chain surveying is introduced as a simpler method that uses triangulation but measures sides directly without angles. Key aspects of chain surveying covered include survey stations, base lines, check lines, tie lines, and taking offsets. The document provides details on setting out right angles and booking field notes. Chain surveying is performed through reconnaissance, marking stations, reference sketches, running survey lines, and locating details using offsets.
The document discusses various methods and tools used for linear measurement in civil engineering projects. There are three main methods of linear measurement: direct, optical, and EDM. Some key tools discussed include chains, tapes, arrows, ranging rods, pegs, and plumb-bobs. The document also outlines various corrections that must be applied to linear measurements, such as for absolute length, temperature, pull, sag, and slope.
Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of points on the earth's surface. It includes measuring data, reducing and interpreting the data, and establishing relative positions according to measurement requirements. Surveying functions include determining existing horizontal and vertical positions for mapping, and laying out or marking positions of proposed structures. Common surveying methods include plane surveying for areas up to 260 sq km where earth curvature is ignored, and geodetic surveying for larger areas where curvature is considered. Surveying instruments include chains, tapes, theodolites, levels, and total stations.
1. The document discusses various surveying concepts including principles of surveying, types of surveys based on purpose and instruments, surveying equipment, measurements of angles and distances, corrections to measurements, and adjustments of closed traverses.
2. Key terms and concepts covered include geodetic versus plane surveying, topographic, hydrographic, engineering, cadastral, and astronomical surveys, methods of angular and linear measurement, use of the chain, compass, theodolite, and EDM instruments, and corrections for slope, temperature, tension, and sag.
3. Closed traverses are adjusted by ensuring the sums of latitudes and departures are zero and minimizing the closing error between observed and calculated values.
This document is a field work report submitted by 4 students for a site surveying course. It details a traverse survey conducted on site to determine boundary positions. The report outlines the objectives of traverse surveys, apparatus used including a theodolite, and presents the raw and adjusted angle and coordinate results. It discusses taking angle measurements on site and the need for adjustment due to a 1.5 degree angular error. The conclusion notes the adjustment process was needed to achieve the total 360 degrees.
ABC Report - 123 (gathered with reference)Jing Chuang
1. The document summarizes a fieldwork report on traversing conducted by 4 students at Taylor's University Lakeside Campus. They measured angles and distances between stations A, B, C, and D in the campus parking lot using a theodolite.
2. The data collected was used to calculate angular errors, azimuths, latitudes, departures, and station coordinates. The total misclosure error was within an acceptable range.
3. Through this fieldwork, the students gained experience using traversing instruments like theodolites and were able to obtain accurate measurements and calculate results. It provided valuable practical lessons that will benefit their future work.
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1.1 Linear measurement original: Chaining & Ranging
1. BY: Rakesh Kumar Verma
A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r , ( P . I . E . T )
P a r u l U n i v e r s i t y , V a d o d a r a
SURVEYING: Linear
Measurements
3. Methods of
LINEAR SURVEYING
Direct measurement
Distances are actually measured on the surface of the earth
using Chain or Tape measurements 0r Ranging
Indirect Measurements
Measurement by optical means
Observations are taken through a telescope and distances
are determined by calculation as in tachometer or triangulation
Electronic methods
Distances are measured with instruments that rely on
propagation, reflection and subsequent reception of either radio or light
waves
5. Length:10cm to 60cm
Sides:15mm to 25mm
In general use
L=15cm or 20cm
20mm
50mm Dia.
4mm Dia.
400mm±5mm
1m to 3m
Red Band
White Band
@20cm
6. Types of Chain
Metric chains
20m and 30m
Tallies @every five-meter length brass rings @ every meter length
Gunter's chain or surveyors chain
Length = 66 ft (22 yards), No of links = 100, Each link = .66’
Used for measuring distances in miles or furlongs (220 yards), acres (Area).
Engineers chain
Length = 100 ft , No of links = 100, Each link = 1’
Used in all Engineering Surveys.
Revenue chain
Length = 33ft, No of links = 16
Commonly used for measuring fields in cadastral Survey
8. Measuring Tapes
1. Cloth or linen tape
Used for subsidiary measurements
Very light, easy to handle
May effect by moisture
2. Metric steel tape
Made of steel
Outer end is provided with a ring for holding
3. Invar tape
Used for high precision work
Made of alloy steel
4. Synthetic tape
Made of glass fiber with PVC coating
These are used for short measurements
9. Chain Survey
Simplest method of surveying.
In chain survey only measurements are taken in the
field, and the rest work, such as plotting calculation
etc. are done in the office.
Only linear measurements
No angular measurements
Most suitable adapted to small plane areas with very
few details.
If carefully done, it gives quite accurate results.
10. When we can use Chain?? What are Survey Station??
For comparatively
small Areas
Fairly level Ground
For open areas and
For simple detailing
and less information.
Main Stations
Subsidiary or tie
Chain Surveying
11. Main Stations Subsidiary or tie stations
Main stations are the
end of the lines, which
command the
boundaries of the
survey, and the lines
joining the main
stations re called the
main survey line or the
chain lines.
Subsidiary or the tie
stations are the point
selected on the main
survey lines, where it is
necessary to locate the
interior detail such as
fences, hedges,
building etc.
Stations
12. Lines
Base Lines
It is main and longest line, which passes approximately
through the center of the field. Detailing work carryout
with respect of this line.
Check Line
Or Proof line is a line joining the apex of a triangle to
some fixed points on any two sides of a triangle. To check
the accuracy of the framework.
The length of a check line, as measured on the ground
should agree with its length on the plan.
14. Offsets
Lateral measurements from the base line
To fix the positions of the different objects
May be taken by using a tape.
Types of offsets:
Perpendicular offsets
Oblique offsets.
15. Perpendicular Offset
The measurements are taken at right angle to the
survey line called perpendicular or right angled
offsets. For setting perpendicular offsets any one of
the following methods are used:
Swinging
Using cross staffs
Using optical or prism square
16. Oblique Offset
Offset at some angle
Well conditioned triangle must be maintained
A B
φ≠90ᵒ Φ=90ᵒ
17. FIELD BOOK
For record all observations and measurements
size 200 mm × 120 mm (Size of Pocket)
There are two forms of the book
(i) single line and (ii) double line
Single book :red line along in middle of width represent
main survey line.
Space on either side of the line :used for sketching the
object and for noting offset distances.
Double line book: two blue lines with a space of 15 to 20
mm is the middle of each book.
Space between the two lines: used for noting the chain-
ages.
18. Procedure in chain survey
Reconnaissance: preliminary inspection
Marking Station: fixes up the required no stations at places
with maximum visibility
Methods used for marking are:
1. Fixing ranging poles
2. Driving pegs
3. Marking a cross if ground is hard
4. Digging and fixing a stone.
Selects main survey line
Fix ranging roads on the stations
Start chaining and Make ranging if required
Field book Entry
20. Earth
Water
Tank
Home
B
1
B
3
AB
1
2
35
68
9
10
11
12
13
47
d2d4d7
h8h10
d12d13
d1d6
d11
d9 d5
d3
wt1
wt2
B
2
B21
B11
B12
T
B31
Here;
1,2,3,………….,12,13 are the chain-edge( Where offset meets perpendicular to chain)
d1,d2,d3,……….,d12,d13 are the offset distances
wt1, wt2, B11, B12, B31 and B21 are the references/ oblique offset from permanent
structure i.e. Water Tank, Buildings, electric towers
T refers to offset taken at tree( shouldn’t consider reference, however it is oblique
offset)
B1, B2 & B3: Buildings, t1,t2…… used for tree, p1,p2,p3……..used for poles
h8 h11 offsets for home
t1
p1
t6
t5
t4 t3 t2
t9t8t7
p2
p3 p4
Field Work
21. A
B
1
2
35
68
9
10
11
12
13
47
d2d4d7
h8h10
d12d13
d1d6d11 d9 d5 d3
wt1
wt2
B21
B11
B12
T
B31
Legends or Coding
1,2,3,………….,12,13 are the chain-edge( Where offset meets perpendicular to chain)
d1,d2,d3,……….,d12,d13 are the offset distances
wt1, wt2, B11, B12, B31 and B21 are the references/ oblique offset from permanent
structure i.e. Water Tank, Buildings, electric towers
T refers to offset taken at tree( shouldn’t consider reference, however it is oblique
offset)
B1, B2 & B3: Buildings, t1,t2…… used for tree, p1,p2,p3……..used for poles
h8 h11 offsets for home
Office Work
Legends:
Pole
Tree
Building/Home
Water Tank
23. AB
Area calculation: approximate estimation of surveyed land
B1, B2 & B3: Buildings, t1,t2…… used for tree, p1,p2,p3……..used for poles
h8 h11 offsets for home
Office Work
Calculated Area in meter square
24. Ranging in Surveying
To align intermediate points on chain line so that the
measurements are along the line
Process of locating intermediate points on
survey line is known as ranging
Methods of ranging
1. Direct Ranging
2. Reciprocal Ranging
25. Direct Ranging
Used when the stations are intervisible
Done by eye-judgement
Ranging rods are erected vertically beyond each end
of survey line
The surveyor stands 2m beyond the ranging rod
while the assistant folds the ranging rod vertically in
the intermediate stations.
The surveyor directs the assistant to move the rod to
the left or right until the three ranging rods appear to
be in a straight line.
26. Rangingat small Distance & station are visible
Station-A Station-B
Direction of Survey line
Distance to be measured
Ranging Rod-1 Ranging Rod-2
28. Station-A Station-B
Direction of Survey line
Distance to be measured
Chain Length -1 Chain Length -1Chain Length -1
Rod-1 Rod-4Rod-3 Rod-2
All Rods must be in the same line
Rangingat Long Distance & station are visible
29. Indirect Ranging/ Reciprocal Ranging
when ends of a line are not inter-visible due hill
ground or stations are not clearly inter-visible
needs two assistants one at point M and another at
point N, where from those points both station A and
station B are visible