Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100 links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for smaller areas.
This document discusses contouring and contour maps. It defines a contour line as a line connecting points of equal elevation. The vertical distance between consecutive contours is called the contour interval, which depends on factors like the nature of the ground and the map scale. Contour maps show the topography of an area and can be used for engineering projects, route selection, and estimating earthworks. Methods of plotting contours include direct methods using levels or hand levels, and indirect methods like gridding, cross-sectioning, and radial lines. Characteristics of contours provide information about the landscape.
Tacheometric surveying uses a tacheometer to determine horizontal and vertical distances through angular measurements. A tacheometer is a theodolite fitted with stadia hairs and an anallatic lens. The tacheometric formula relates the staff intercept, focal length, stadia interval and additive constant to calculate horizontal distances. Methods include stadia, fixed/movable hair, and non-stadia techniques. Determining the tacheometer constant involves measuring distances and staff intervals at stations to solve equations. Errors arise from incorrect stadia intervals or graduations. Tacheometric surveying provides distances in rough terrain but with less precision than other methods.
Introduction to surveying, ranging and chainingShital Navghare
This presentation contains the complete introduction of surveying. It also includes all the instrucments used in linear measurement and the terms related to Ranging and Chaining
This document provides information about tacheometry, which is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances from instrumental observations. It discusses how tacheometry can be used when obstacles make traditional surveying difficult. The key aspects covered include:
- Defining tacheometry and the measurements it provides
- When tacheometry is advantageous over other surveying methods
- The instruments used, including tacheometers and levelling rods
- How horizontal and vertical distances are calculated using constants
- The different types of tacheometer diaphragms and telescopes
- The fixed hair method for taking readings
unit I
Introduction and Basic Concepts: Introduction, Objectives, classification and principles of
surveying, Scales, Shrinkage of Map, Conventional symbols and Code of Signals, Surveying
accessories, phases of surveying.
Measurement of Distances and Directions
Linear distances- Approximate methods, Direct Methods- Chains- Tapes, ranging, Tape corrections.
Prismatic Compass- Bearings, included angles, Local Attraction, Magnetic Declination and dip.
This document discusses methods for setting out simple circular curves in surveying. There are two main methods: linear and angular.
The linear method uses only a tape or chain and does not require angle measurement. It includes setting out curves by offsets from the long chord, by successive bisection of arcs, and by offsets from the tangents.
The angular method is used for longer curves and involves measuring deflection angles. It includes Rankine's method of tangential angles using a tape and theodolite to measure deflection angles from the back tangent to points on the curve. The two theodolite method also uses angle measurement between two theodolites.
This document discusses contouring and contour maps. It defines a contour line as a line connecting points of equal elevation. The vertical distance between consecutive contours is called the contour interval, which depends on factors like the nature of the ground and the map scale. Contour maps show the topography of an area and can be used for engineering projects, route selection, and estimating earthworks. Methods of plotting contours include direct methods using levels or hand levels, and indirect methods like gridding, cross-sectioning, and radial lines. Characteristics of contours provide information about the landscape.
Tacheometric surveying uses a tacheometer to determine horizontal and vertical distances through angular measurements. A tacheometer is a theodolite fitted with stadia hairs and an anallatic lens. The tacheometric formula relates the staff intercept, focal length, stadia interval and additive constant to calculate horizontal distances. Methods include stadia, fixed/movable hair, and non-stadia techniques. Determining the tacheometer constant involves measuring distances and staff intervals at stations to solve equations. Errors arise from incorrect stadia intervals or graduations. Tacheometric surveying provides distances in rough terrain but with less precision than other methods.
Introduction to surveying, ranging and chainingShital Navghare
This presentation contains the complete introduction of surveying. It also includes all the instrucments used in linear measurement and the terms related to Ranging and Chaining
This document provides information about tacheometry, which is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances from instrumental observations. It discusses how tacheometry can be used when obstacles make traditional surveying difficult. The key aspects covered include:
- Defining tacheometry and the measurements it provides
- When tacheometry is advantageous over other surveying methods
- The instruments used, including tacheometers and levelling rods
- How horizontal and vertical distances are calculated using constants
- The different types of tacheometer diaphragms and telescopes
- The fixed hair method for taking readings
unit I
Introduction and Basic Concepts: Introduction, Objectives, classification and principles of
surveying, Scales, Shrinkage of Map, Conventional symbols and Code of Signals, Surveying
accessories, phases of surveying.
Measurement of Distances and Directions
Linear distances- Approximate methods, Direct Methods- Chains- Tapes, ranging, Tape corrections.
Prismatic Compass- Bearings, included angles, Local Attraction, Magnetic Declination and dip.
This document discusses methods for setting out simple circular curves in surveying. There are two main methods: linear and angular.
The linear method uses only a tape or chain and does not require angle measurement. It includes setting out curves by offsets from the long chord, by successive bisection of arcs, and by offsets from the tangents.
The angular method is used for longer curves and involves measuring deflection angles. It includes Rankine's method of tangential angles using a tape and theodolite to measure deflection angles from the back tangent to points on the curve. The two theodolite method also uses angle measurement between two theodolites.
1. Levelling is used to determine relative heights and elevations of points and establish points at required elevations. It involves using instruments like levels and staffs.
2. There are different types of levels (dumpy, tilting, wye, automatic) and staffs (self-reading, target). Precise levelling is done to establish permanent benchmarks.
3. Adjustments must be made to level instruments during setup and permanently. Methods like differential, profile and cross levelling are used depending on the task. Reciprocal levelling involves backsight-foresight exchange to check for errors.
This document provides an overview of linear measurements and chain surveying techniques. It discusses different types of ranging methods, including direct and reciprocal ranging, to locate intermediate points along a survey line. It also describes instruments used for chain surveying, such as different types of chains, tapes, arrows, ranging rods, and plumb bobs. The key principle of chain surveying is that it involves measuring the sides of triangles within the survey area using a chain or tape, without taking any angular measurements.
This document provides instructions for students to complete a chain surveying field work project. It describes the objectives of the project which are to learn how to select a framework of base lines and control points, take linear and angular measurements, record data through booking, make calculations and corrections, and plot a detailed map from the collected survey information. The document outlines the required apparatus, procedures for taking measurements, and provides notes on techniques for selecting stations, direct distance measurement, setting offsets, measuring bearings, booking, and plotting.
The document discusses different types of traverses and methods for conducting traverse surveys. It describes two types of traverses: open traverses that begin and end at points of known and unknown positions, and closed traverses that begin and end at points of known positions, including closed-loop traverses that begin and end at the same point. It also outlines four methods for determining directions during traversing: chain angle method, free needle method, fast needle method, and measuring angles between lines. Finally, it discusses instruments used for measuring angles like compasses and theodolites, and defines different types of bearings including true, magnetic, and arbitrary bearings.
This document discusses various methods for computing the area of irregular shapes from field notes and plotted plans in surveying. It describes graphical, instrumental, and computational methods using the trapezoidal rule, mid-ordinate rule, average ordinate rule, and Simpson's rule. Specific steps are outlined for computing area from field notes by dividing the shape into triangles, rectangles, squares, and trapezoids. Methods for computing area from a plotted plan include dividing the shape into triangles using bases and altitudes, counting squares of a known unit area, or drawing parallel lines to form rectangles.
The document provides information about theodolites. It begins with an introduction stating that a theodolite is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles more precisely than a magnetic compass. It then discusses the main parts of a theodolite including the horizontal circle, vertical circle, telescope, and levels. The document also covers the history of theodolites from their early origins to modern electronic versions. It describes how to operate a transit vernier theodolite including terms like centering, transiting, swinging the telescope, and changing face. Finally, it discusses the permanent and temporary adjustments needed to ensure accurate theodolite measurements.
The document discusses contouring and contour maps. It begins with definitions of key terms like contour, contour interval, and horizontal equivalent. It then describes the characteristics of contours, such as contours of equal elevation joining to indicate terrain features like hills and depressions. The methods of creating contours and their common uses are outlined, such as determining cut and fill volumes for engineering projects. Specific topics covered in the document include determining slope steepness from contour spacing, identifying ridges and valleys, and factors that determine the contour interval.
This document discusses the topic of chain surveying for a civil engineering class project. It provides definitions of chain surveying, noting that it involves measuring linear distances between survey stations to divide an area into triangles without taking angular measurements. It then outlines the key principles and terms of chain surveying, such as defining main stations, subsidiary stations, tie stations, main survey lines, base lines, check lines, and tie lines. Finally, it provides the basic procedures for conducting a chain survey between two stations.
Surveying is an important part of Civil engineering. Various part like theodolite, plane table surveying, computation of area and volume are useful for all university examination and other competitive examination
The document defines levelling as determining the relative heights of points. It discusses the principle of obtaining a horizontal line of sight and objectives of finding point elevations and establishing points at required elevations. Different types of levels, staffs, benchmarks, and adjustments are described. Various levelling classifications are defined including simple, differential, profile, check, reciprocal and precise levelling. The key principle of levelling is to obtain a horizontal line of sight to measure staff readings and determine reduced levels of points.
The document discusses theodolite traversing and defines key terms related to using a transit theodolite. It describes the main components of a transit theodolite including the telescope, vertical circle, plate bubbles, tribrach, and foot screws. It explains how to perform temporary adjustments like centering the theodolite over a station mark and leveling it using the tripod and foot screws. It also provides details on measuring horizontal and vertical angles with a vernier theodolite.
This ppt presentation covers compass surveying, which explains principal of compass surveying, Types of compass, Difference between compass, Bearing, Definitions related to compass surveying etc.
1) Levelling is the process of determining the relative elevations of points on or near the earth's surface. It is important for engineering projects to determine elevations along alignments.
2) Levelling is used to prepare contour maps, determine altitudes, and create longitudinal and cross sections needed for projects.
3) Key terms include bench mark, datum, reduced level, line of collimation, and height of instrument. Different types of levelling include simple, differential, fly, longitudinal, and cross-sectional levelling.
This document provides an overview of chain surveying. It defines chain surveying as a method of surveying that divides an area into a network of triangles and measures the sides using a chain without angular measurements. The key steps of chain surveying are described including ranging, chaining, and offsetting. Common equipment used are also outlined such as chains, tapes, arrows, and cross staffs. Sources of errors and methods to address obstacles in chain surveying are also reviewed.
This document discusses the use of a theodolite for surveying. It begins by explaining that a theodolite is needed to precisely measure horizontal and vertical angles, unlike a compass. It then defines theodolite surveying as surveying that measures angles using a theodolite. The document goes on to classify theodolites based on their horizontal axis and method of angle measurement. It describes the basic parts of a transit vernier theodolite and explains terms used in manipulating one. Finally, it discusses methods for measuring horizontal angles, including the general, repetition, and reiteration methods.
The document provides information on contouring and contour maps. It defines a contour as an imaginary line joining points of equal elevation. Contour maps show contour lines and provide information on surface altitudes and relative positions. The process of tracing contour lines is called contouring. Contour surveys are conducted for engineering projects to select sites, locate alignments, and minimize earthworks. The constant vertical distance between contours is the contour interval, while the horizontal distance varies based on slope. Contour interpolation involves proportionally spacing contours between plotted ground points based on assumed uniform slopes.
Definition of Surveying
Objects of Surveying
Uses of Surveying
Primary Divisions of Surveying
Principles of Surveying
List of Classification of Surveying
Definitions : Plan and Map, scales :Plain Scale and Diagonal Scale,
Surveying and scale_Surveying, Civil EngineeringA Makwana
It is defined as the process of measuring horizontal distances, vertical distances and included angles to determine the location of points on, above or below the earth surfaces.
The term surveying is the representation of surface features in a horizontal plane.
The process of determining the relative heights in the vertical plane is referred as levelling.
Ranging is the process of locating intermediate points along a survey line. There are two methods of ranging: direct ranging and reciprocal ranging. Direct ranging involves aligning intermediate points between stations that are intervisible, while reciprocal ranging is used when the stations are not intervisible and involves ranging from both ends simultaneously. Chain surveying involves dividing the survey area into a network of triangles and measuring the sides of the triangles directly in the field using chains or tapes, without taking angular measurements. The key principle of chain surveying is triangulation, where a plan can be drawn if the lengths and sequence of the three sides of a triangle are recorded.
1. Levelling is used to determine relative heights and elevations of points and establish points at required elevations. It involves using instruments like levels and staffs.
2. There are different types of levels (dumpy, tilting, wye, automatic) and staffs (self-reading, target). Precise levelling is done to establish permanent benchmarks.
3. Adjustments must be made to level instruments during setup and permanently. Methods like differential, profile and cross levelling are used depending on the task. Reciprocal levelling involves backsight-foresight exchange to check for errors.
This document provides an overview of linear measurements and chain surveying techniques. It discusses different types of ranging methods, including direct and reciprocal ranging, to locate intermediate points along a survey line. It also describes instruments used for chain surveying, such as different types of chains, tapes, arrows, ranging rods, and plumb bobs. The key principle of chain surveying is that it involves measuring the sides of triangles within the survey area using a chain or tape, without taking any angular measurements.
This document provides instructions for students to complete a chain surveying field work project. It describes the objectives of the project which are to learn how to select a framework of base lines and control points, take linear and angular measurements, record data through booking, make calculations and corrections, and plot a detailed map from the collected survey information. The document outlines the required apparatus, procedures for taking measurements, and provides notes on techniques for selecting stations, direct distance measurement, setting offsets, measuring bearings, booking, and plotting.
The document discusses different types of traverses and methods for conducting traverse surveys. It describes two types of traverses: open traverses that begin and end at points of known and unknown positions, and closed traverses that begin and end at points of known positions, including closed-loop traverses that begin and end at the same point. It also outlines four methods for determining directions during traversing: chain angle method, free needle method, fast needle method, and measuring angles between lines. Finally, it discusses instruments used for measuring angles like compasses and theodolites, and defines different types of bearings including true, magnetic, and arbitrary bearings.
This document discusses various methods for computing the area of irregular shapes from field notes and plotted plans in surveying. It describes graphical, instrumental, and computational methods using the trapezoidal rule, mid-ordinate rule, average ordinate rule, and Simpson's rule. Specific steps are outlined for computing area from field notes by dividing the shape into triangles, rectangles, squares, and trapezoids. Methods for computing area from a plotted plan include dividing the shape into triangles using bases and altitudes, counting squares of a known unit area, or drawing parallel lines to form rectangles.
The document provides information about theodolites. It begins with an introduction stating that a theodolite is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles more precisely than a magnetic compass. It then discusses the main parts of a theodolite including the horizontal circle, vertical circle, telescope, and levels. The document also covers the history of theodolites from their early origins to modern electronic versions. It describes how to operate a transit vernier theodolite including terms like centering, transiting, swinging the telescope, and changing face. Finally, it discusses the permanent and temporary adjustments needed to ensure accurate theodolite measurements.
The document discusses contouring and contour maps. It begins with definitions of key terms like contour, contour interval, and horizontal equivalent. It then describes the characteristics of contours, such as contours of equal elevation joining to indicate terrain features like hills and depressions. The methods of creating contours and their common uses are outlined, such as determining cut and fill volumes for engineering projects. Specific topics covered in the document include determining slope steepness from contour spacing, identifying ridges and valleys, and factors that determine the contour interval.
This document discusses the topic of chain surveying for a civil engineering class project. It provides definitions of chain surveying, noting that it involves measuring linear distances between survey stations to divide an area into triangles without taking angular measurements. It then outlines the key principles and terms of chain surveying, such as defining main stations, subsidiary stations, tie stations, main survey lines, base lines, check lines, and tie lines. Finally, it provides the basic procedures for conducting a chain survey between two stations.
Surveying is an important part of Civil engineering. Various part like theodolite, plane table surveying, computation of area and volume are useful for all university examination and other competitive examination
The document defines levelling as determining the relative heights of points. It discusses the principle of obtaining a horizontal line of sight and objectives of finding point elevations and establishing points at required elevations. Different types of levels, staffs, benchmarks, and adjustments are described. Various levelling classifications are defined including simple, differential, profile, check, reciprocal and precise levelling. The key principle of levelling is to obtain a horizontal line of sight to measure staff readings and determine reduced levels of points.
The document discusses theodolite traversing and defines key terms related to using a transit theodolite. It describes the main components of a transit theodolite including the telescope, vertical circle, plate bubbles, tribrach, and foot screws. It explains how to perform temporary adjustments like centering the theodolite over a station mark and leveling it using the tripod and foot screws. It also provides details on measuring horizontal and vertical angles with a vernier theodolite.
This ppt presentation covers compass surveying, which explains principal of compass surveying, Types of compass, Difference between compass, Bearing, Definitions related to compass surveying etc.
1) Levelling is the process of determining the relative elevations of points on or near the earth's surface. It is important for engineering projects to determine elevations along alignments.
2) Levelling is used to prepare contour maps, determine altitudes, and create longitudinal and cross sections needed for projects.
3) Key terms include bench mark, datum, reduced level, line of collimation, and height of instrument. Different types of levelling include simple, differential, fly, longitudinal, and cross-sectional levelling.
This document provides an overview of chain surveying. It defines chain surveying as a method of surveying that divides an area into a network of triangles and measures the sides using a chain without angular measurements. The key steps of chain surveying are described including ranging, chaining, and offsetting. Common equipment used are also outlined such as chains, tapes, arrows, and cross staffs. Sources of errors and methods to address obstacles in chain surveying are also reviewed.
This document discusses the use of a theodolite for surveying. It begins by explaining that a theodolite is needed to precisely measure horizontal and vertical angles, unlike a compass. It then defines theodolite surveying as surveying that measures angles using a theodolite. The document goes on to classify theodolites based on their horizontal axis and method of angle measurement. It describes the basic parts of a transit vernier theodolite and explains terms used in manipulating one. Finally, it discusses methods for measuring horizontal angles, including the general, repetition, and reiteration methods.
The document provides information on contouring and contour maps. It defines a contour as an imaginary line joining points of equal elevation. Contour maps show contour lines and provide information on surface altitudes and relative positions. The process of tracing contour lines is called contouring. Contour surveys are conducted for engineering projects to select sites, locate alignments, and minimize earthworks. The constant vertical distance between contours is the contour interval, while the horizontal distance varies based on slope. Contour interpolation involves proportionally spacing contours between plotted ground points based on assumed uniform slopes.
Definition of Surveying
Objects of Surveying
Uses of Surveying
Primary Divisions of Surveying
Principles of Surveying
List of Classification of Surveying
Definitions : Plan and Map, scales :Plain Scale and Diagonal Scale,
Surveying and scale_Surveying, Civil EngineeringA Makwana
It is defined as the process of measuring horizontal distances, vertical distances and included angles to determine the location of points on, above or below the earth surfaces.
The term surveying is the representation of surface features in a horizontal plane.
The process of determining the relative heights in the vertical plane is referred as levelling.
Ranging is the process of locating intermediate points along a survey line. There are two methods of ranging: direct ranging and reciprocal ranging. Direct ranging involves aligning intermediate points between stations that are intervisible, while reciprocal ranging is used when the stations are not intervisible and involves ranging from both ends simultaneously. Chain surveying involves dividing the survey area into a network of triangles and measuring the sides of the triangles directly in the field using chains or tapes, without taking angular measurements. The key principle of chain surveying is triangulation, where a plan can be drawn if the lengths and sequence of the three sides of a triangle are recorded.
Diploma(civil) sem i boce_unit 2_ elementary surveying aRai University
This document provides information on surveying techniques and concepts. It discusses chain surveying, compass surveying, and theodolite surveying. It defines key terms like true meridian, magnetic meridian, declination, latitude, and departure. Measurement techniques for horizontal and vertical angles are described for chain surveying, compass surveying, and theodolite surveying. Adjustments, computations, errors, and applications are summarized for different surveying methods.
Diploma(civil) sem i boce_unit 2_ elementary surveying aRai University
This document provides information on surveying and leveling techniques. It discusses the definition of surveying as determining the relative positions of points on earth through measuring horizontal distances, vertical distances, and angles. Leveling is defined as determining relative heights of points in a vertical plane while surveying measures the horizontal plane. Common uses of surveying include preparing maps, fixing boundaries, and determining areas and volumes. Methods include chain surveying, triangulation surveys, and traverse surveys. Key instruments discussed are chains, tapes, ranging rods, and arrows.
Chain surveying involves measuring distances directly in the field using chains or tapes to divide an area into a network of triangles. Key elements include:
- Ranging rods are used to locate intermediate points along survey lines. Direct ranging is used when points are intervisible, while reciprocal ranging is used when they are not.
- Distances are measured using various types of chains, tapes, and approximate methods like pacing. Metric and engineer's chains are commonly used and calibrated periodically.
- The principle of chain surveying is to divide the area into triangles by measuring the sides, even if angular measurements are not taken. This allows the area to be plotted from the linear measurements alone.
This document provides an overview of surveying and civil engineering materials. It discusses the objectives and types of surveying, including plane surveying and geodetic surveying. It also describes the various equipment used in chain surveying like chains, tapes, ranging rods, and cross-staff. Common civil engineering materials are also listed like bricks, stones, sand, cement and concrete. The document categorizes surveying based on the nature of field work, object of survey, and instruments used. It provides principles of surveying and discusses distance measurement methods.
DEFINITIONS, PRINCIPLES AND CHAIN SURVEYINGKamal B
The document provides an overview of surveying, including definitions, principles, types, and classifications. It defines surveying as determining the relative positions of points on Earth's surface by measuring horizontal and vertical distances and angles. Surveying is classified based on whether it considers Earth's curvature (geodetic vs plane surveying) and the instruments used, such as chain surveying, triangulation, traversing, and leveling. Fundamental principles include working from whole to part and locating points by at least two measurements. The uses and objectives of surveying are also outlined.
This document describes various instruments used for chain surveying. It discusses the metric chain, tapes including linen, woven metallic, steel, synthetic and invar tapes. Other chain survey instruments described include arrows, pegs, ranging rods, line rangers, offsets, optical squares and open cross-staffs. It also discusses the basics of chain surveying including survey stations, selection of stations, base lines, check lines and tie lines.
This document discusses methods for measuring horizontal distances in chain surveying. It describes direct measurement using tapes, chains, and EDM instruments. Common sources of error in tape measurements include temperature fluctuations, sag, tension applied, and incorrect standardized length. Corrections are made to account for these errors. Perpendicular and oblique offsets from chain lines to features are also measured. Instruments like open cross staffs, adjustable cross staffs, and optical/prism squares are used to lay out right angles when measuring offsets. Proper procedures are outlined for collecting distance and offset measurements in the field.
One holds the starting end of the chain at the starting station and
the other holds the closing end at the finishing station.
Chainman: He walks along the ranged line keeping the chain taut and
measures the distance between the two stations.
• The chain is kept taut and horizontal during measurement.
• The chain is read at every 5m and the readings are noted down.
• At the end of measurement, the closing end is pegged.
Folding of Chain
- After measurement, the chain is folded by reversing the process of
unfolding.
- The chain is coiled and the strap is fastened.
- Readings are checked and recorded.
This document discusses various methods of linear measurement used in surveying. It describes chain and tape measurements, including different types of chains, steel bands, and tapes. It also discusses direct and indirect methods of ranging out survey lines when stations are visible or not visible to each other. Finally, it summarizes direct and indirect methods of chaining on sloping ground, including stepping, hypotenuse allowance, and applying slope corrections.
Introduction on instruments used for chainingMujeeb Muji
This document discusses various instruments used for chaining and measuring distances in surveying. It describes different types of chains like metric chains, Gunter's chains, and engineer's chains. It also discusses tapes used for measuring distances like cloth tapes, steel tapes, and invar tapes. Other instruments mentioned include arrows, ranging rods, offset rods, laths, whites, pegs, plumb bobs, and line rangers. The functions and uses of each instrument are explained along with diagrams where provided.
This document discusses chain surveying methods. It begins by defining land surveying and its purposes. It then describes the two main methods of surveying - triangulation and traversing. Chain surveying is introduced as a simpler method that uses triangulation but measures sides directly without angles. Key aspects of chain surveying covered include survey stations, base lines, check lines, tie lines, and taking offsets. The document provides details on setting out right angles and booking field notes. Chain surveying is performed through reconnaissance, marking stations, reference sketches, running survey lines, and locating details using offsets.
1. The document discusses surveying and civil engineering materials. It covers topics like surveying principles and measurements, civil engineering materials like bricks and cement, and components of buildings like foundations, beams, and roofs.
2. It also covers mechanical engineering topics like the working principles of different power plants, internal combustion engines, and refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
3. Surveying is defined as measuring distances and angles to determine locations on earth. It can be plane surveying which neglects curvature or geodetic surveying which accounts for curvature using spherical trigonometry. Common surveying equipment includes chains, tapes, ranging rods, and compasses.
This document contains the surveying lab manual of Sanketika Polytechnic College. It provides instructions and procedures for various surveying experiments related to chain surveying, compass surveying, leveling, plotting, and familiarity with instruments. The manual lists the objectives, instruments, and step-by-step procedures to conduct experiments such as chaining lines, measuring distances across obstacles, taking levels, chain triangulation, and plotting survey results. It also describes various surveying instruments used in chain surveying like the chain, arrows, ranging rods, cross staff, offset rods, and plumb bob.
The document discusses various methods and tools used for linear measurement in civil engineering projects. There are three main methods of linear measurement: direct, optical, and EDM. Some key tools discussed include chains, tapes, arrows, ranging rods, pegs, and plumb-bobs. The document also outlines various corrections that must be applied to linear measurements, such as for absolute length, temperature, pull, sag, and slope.
This document discusses surveying and different types of chains used for surveying. It defines surveying as determining the relative positions of objects by measuring horizontal distances and preparing a map. It then describes the main types of chains used: metric chain, steel/band chain, engineer's chain, Gunter's/surveyor's chain, and revenue chain. For each chain type, it provides details on length, graduation, uses, and other characteristics. In conclusion, it discusses advantages and disadvantages of chain surveying.
The document discusses measurement and metrology of screw threads. It begins with definitions of screw thread terminology such as major diameter, minor diameter, pitch, angle, and forms of threads. It then describes methods for measuring the major diameter, minor diameter, effective diameter, and pitch of screw threads. The key measurement methods discussed are using micrometers, pitch gauges, and a tool maker's microscope. The goal is to understand principles and techniques for measuring characteristics of screw threads.
1. Linear measurements determine horizontal distances using tapes or electronic distance measuring instruments. Common methods include direct measurement with tapes/chains and indirect optical methods using tacheometers.
2. Important equipment for linear measurements include ranging rods, chains, tapes, arrows and accessories for tacheometers/EDM. Various corrections must be applied to linear measurements for factors like standard length, alignment, slope, tension, temperature, sag and reduction to mean sea level.
3. Tacheometry uses angular measurements and the principle of isosceles triangles to indirectly determine horizontal and vertical distances, eliminating the need for direct chaining. Electronic distance measurement uses electromagnetic signals between instruments to electronically measure distances.
Similar to Chain survey_Surveying, Civil Engineering (20)
Attributes affecting success of the residential projects – a reviewA Makwana
Construction industry is complex in nature and construction projects in India face many challenges and complex issues, such as time, cost, safety, quality and stakeholder satisfaction. According to Construction scenario there are various factors that affecting the residential project. These review paper shows the selection of criteria based on by giving the importance to other researcher’s research. The criteria were curtailed down according to literature review studied in this paper, interaction with stakeholder which are Engineers, Project managers, Architects, Consultants, Developers and educational experts, of Surat and Vadodara city in Gujarat.
A Review on Thin-shell Structures: Advances and TrendsA Makwana
This paper provides a review of research advances and trends in the area of thin shell structures. The art of building thin-shell structures has been with us since ancient times. In practical civil engineering, the necessity of covering large column free open areas with shell surfaces is often an issue. Over the course of time, this shell form became very popular to engineers due to a number of advantages it offers, and started drawing the attention of a number of researchers. A thin shell is a term not in itself as readily understandable by the layman as the terms dome or vault would be. It is in a sense a word coined on the basis of its structural connotations, as exhibited in the artifacts it creates. There are many interesting aspects of the use of shells in engineering, but one alone stands out as being of paramount importance: it is the structural aspect. At the beginning of this century, under the influence of the art movement and the dominance of industrialized building materials, any remnants of curvilinear architecture were mercilessly banished. Within that period avant-garde art emphatically proclaimed a total repudiation of the traditions and classical revivals that in architecture were symbolized mostly by arches and vaults. Ready-to-use rectilinear steel beams and columns and easy-to build rectilinear concrete forms struck a lethal blow to the curvilinear approach in architecture. Rectilinearity became synonymous with rationality, while curvilinearity came to symbolize decadence. Remember, for instance, the negative stigma given to the baroque for its assumed pomposity in glorifying curves. In practical terms such an attitude in design is clearly manifested in the present cityscapes that are totally free of arches, domes, shells, and any other form that is not rectilinear. With today‟s almost unlimited computer technology and the knowledge that can be gained from understanding the domes and vaults built both in the past and present, it is hoped that this research work on the review aspects of curvilinear forms will contribute to further exploration and encourage the application of thin shells by the engineers and architects to whom it is addressed. Masonry domes, concrete shells, and large steel contemporary domes are presented in historical terms as case studies and in conceptual terms from the architectural and structural point of view.
Soft Computing: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block using Chi-Square Test throu...A Makwana
This document summarizes a research study on the use of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks in construction projects in India. The study involved surveying engineers, consultants, and traders using a questionnaire to understand their perceptions of AAC blocks compared to clay bricks. The collected data was analyzed using the chi-square test through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The results of the chi-square tests showed that for contractors in Rajkot, engineers in Surat, and contractors in Vadodara, the majority of variables accepted the null hypothesis that AAC block quality is much better than clay bricks. However, for engineers in Vadodara, one variable rejected the null hypothesis. Overall, the
This document provides an overview of brick manufacturing and fly ash utilization. It discusses the constituents of brick earth and fly ash, as well as the manufacturing process which involves preparing clay, molding bricks, drying, and burning. Field testing methods for bricks are outlined. Characteristics of a first class brick and quality testing methods are also described. The document then covers how fly ash is disposed of from power plants and potential applications in construction, including advantages and disadvantages of fly ash use. Fly ash bricks are one highlighted application.
Poster Presentation: An Integrated Approach for Enhancing Ready Mixed Concret...A Makwana
An Integrated Approach for Enhancing Ready Mixed Concrete utility using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)
This document discusses making concrete more economical by using stone chip aggregates from marble, granite, and kotastone cutting waste. It aims to reduce both environmental impacts and production costs of concrete by utilizing industrial waste from stone processing plants. The authors explore using stone chip aggregates generated as waste from cutting marble, granite, and kotastone in the construction industry.
This book discusses bacterial concrete as a new construction material. It explores how certain bacteria can help concrete self-heal micro-cracks by precipitating minerals to plug cracks. The book examines how bacteria that precipitate calcite could provide a sustainable and embedded mechanism for autonomously repairing cracks in concrete and preventing structural failure. It also presents case studies on this novel biomineralization technique of using specific bacteria in concrete.
This research book analyzes risk in Public Private Partnership projects using Multi-Criteria Decision Making methods. It identifies the main risk categories and factors of PPP projects through MCDM to help with proper risk management, which is important for the success of PPPs. MCDM approaches are useful for complex decision problems and are applied here to evaluate risks and determine the best alternatives for PPP projects.
This research examines eco-friendly mortar by partially replacing cement with carbon black powder at percentages ranging from 0-30%. Compression strength, water absorption, split tensile strength, and durability tests were conducted on mortar samples cured for 7, 14, 28, and 56 days to determine the optimum replacement percentage. The aim is to investigate how carbon black powder replacement affects the behavior and strength of mortar.
This research book provides information on identifying risk factors and perceptions of construction practitioners in India regarding risks in high-rise construction projects. It examines the importance of different construction risks and how risks should be assigned between contract parties. The book discusses how all construction projects face risks that can cause time and cost overruns if not properly managed through identification, assessment, response, and control.
This document defines infrastructure as the basic facilities and installations that help governments and communities function, such as roads, schools, utilities, and housing. It provides examples of infrastructure like roads, power lines, ports, and telecommunications, which are essential for economic development. The document also notes that housing, education, and health services are part of infrastructure development, as they improve people's quality of life. It concludes by listing the academic credentials of the authors of the book on infrastructure engineering and management.
Utilization of Industrial Waste in Pervious ConcreteA Makwana
This book examines the use of industrial waste materials as partial replacements for cement in pervious concrete. Pervious concrete contains coarse aggregate but little to no fine aggregate, cement, and water. It allows water to pass through easily. The study partially replaces cement in pervious concrete with waste glass powder, ceramic waste, agricultural waste, and paper waste. The goal is to examine strength and permeability properties while reducing cement usage and costs and utilizing industrial waste materials. Pervious concrete with glass powder provided the highest compressive strength, flexural strength, and permeability compared to conventional concrete and other waste material mixtures.
Ready Mixed Concrete Selection through Management ApproachA Makwana
The document discusses the need for a scientific approach for selecting ready mixed concrete. The ready mixed concrete industry is growing worldwide but current selection approaches lack methodology and consideration of multiple criteria. The researchers plan to develop a mathematical selection approach using Analytical Hierarchy Process and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution methods. This will help decision makers systematically understand the problem and select the best ready mixed concrete considering all aspects of the process.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE RISING IMPORTANCE OF MODULAR CONSTRUCTION ADOPTIO...A Makwana
In recent times, the trend of modular construction adoption is increasing very fast due to
availability of latest tools and technology, efficient technical manpower and skilled labour
why mainly focus of this area is taken into
consideration through management approach with the help of Relative Importance Index
technique. Modular construction is one type of construction in which modular units are
produced in factory and then delivered to site and assembled as large volumetric
components. The modular units can be produced in any form; it may be service units such as
toilets, lifts, parts of rooms and complete rooms. The existing modular construction approach
is based on survey in Rajkot city. For survey work, Questionnaires is designed and distribute
to Consultants and Contractors. After data collection, rank has been given to the selected
factors of modular construction.
EXPANSION JOINT TREATMENT: MATERIAL & TECHNIQUESA Makwana
The document discusses expansion joints in civil engineering structures. It defines expansion joints as gaps provided in structures to allow for movement due to temperature changes and prevent cracking. It describes the different types of joints used in concrete and factors that affect the need for expansion joints like material properties and building size. The document outlines best practices for expansion joint design, including proper spacing and installation. It discusses common expansion joint materials like joint fillers, sealing compounds, and water bars used to make the joints watertight. The document also presents a case study on issues with untreated or poorly installed expansion joints like leakage and cracking.
DEMOLITION OF BUILDINGS: INTEGRATED NOVEL APPROACHA Makwana
Every civil engineering structure is designed for a certain life period generally 100 years. After that the existence of a structure is very dangerous and unstable, which may cause a severe impact and be a cause of many deaths. So removal of such structures with proper safety measures has got great importance. Before any demolition of any type is employed in an area, it is vital that the rescue phase has ended completely. The rescue teams must have given clear information to the contractors that their rescue phase is finished in the selected area, since any demolition work carried out may reveal survivors. Such situations are highly sensitive and must be respected. A major disaster has an economic effect on the local region since the loss of buildings, lifelines and infrastructure results in a slump in the local economy. It is therefore important to boost the economy by employing as much local expertise and workforce as possible. This creates a unity in rehabilitation in the community and results in a more stable recovery. Due to this scenario, the demolition work should be carried out by a consortium, especially set up to do the work rather than commissioning the work to individual companies. This consortium must be set up in regions of high seismic risk to ensure rapid formation after a disaster. This will combat the eventual competitiveness of the large financial investors in the community which could result in a monopoly controlled by certain individuals. It would therefore be preferable to have a local demolition joint-venture to generate the needed local income after a disaster. There will, however, be a certain need for outside managerial and consultancy aid, especially in the developing countries, and this must be acknowledged and respected. The cooperation with the outside aid must be extensive and at a high level in conjunction with the local representatives so as to maintain as much of the local culture and style as possible. The outside consultants must be cautious when introducing major resources, such as machinery, into the post-disaster phases since this may be seen as taking work away from local resources.
ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT: NEED OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYA Makwana
Termites popularly known as white ants cause considerable damage to wood works,
furnishing etc. of buildings. The Latin name Isoptera means "equal wing" and refers to the
fact that the front set of wings on a reproductive termite is similar in size and shape to the hind
set. Termites are social and can form large nests or colonies, consisting of very different
looking individuals (castes). There are more than 2,500 different types of termites in the world.
In some country the loss caused due to termites is estimated to be as high as 10% of the capital
outlay of the building. Anti-termite treatment is therefore necessary so that damages are either
reduced or stopped together. Through regular inspections, a termite specialist can help
identify common hot spots for activity and warning signs for a termite infestation, plus share
tips to help keep termites at bay. Termites can fit through cracks as thin as an average business
card (1/32 inch) so proper maintenance is crucial to seal up any gaps around the foundation
and roof/eaves. To identify the termite and its uniqueness, the life cycle of termite is necessary
to understand. Anti- termites are used to combat the problem. There are combinations of
methods depending on what sort of damage is done by the termites. The treatment has to be
implemented at the time of construction for effective and permanent solution.
INTELLIGENT BUILDING NEW ERA OF TODAYS WORLDA Makwana
A building that uses both technology and process to create a facility that is safe,
healthy and comfortable and enables productivity and well-being of its occupants. With lots
of energy crisis in today‟s world now it‟s important for architects, engineers and construction
managers to make buildings which are energy efficient and intelligent by its functions and as
well as its usage, too. Technologies applied in intelligent buildings will improve the building
environment and functionality for occupants, while reducing operational costs. Smart or
clever buildings, perhaps focus on control systems, but intelligent buildings go far beyond
this. An intelligent building has an implicit logic that effectively evolves with changing user
requirements and technology, ensuring continued and improved intelligent operation,
maintenance and optimization. It exhibits key attributes of environmental sustainability to
benefit present and future generations. An intelligent building system concept recognizes that
the true cost of the building is not its cost of construction; it must include the operating and
maintenance costs over the structure‟s life span. Intelligent buildings yield cost reductions
over all these areas by optimizing energy use through automated control, communication and
management systems. They also guard against repair costs, employee time, productivity loss,
revenue loss and the loss of customers to competitors. Now a day, all heard of „sickbuilding‟
syndrome and the misery this can inflict in the workplace in terms of poor health
and lost production. The notion of the Intelligent Building is the modern civil engineer's Big
Idea in tackling these and other such deficiencies. The intelligent building can adapt itself to
maintain an optimized environment. An intelligent building must be smart enough to vary the
environment to suit the users and also to provide various means of communication or
network regardless of whether it is internal or external. At an even more fundamental level
intelligent buildings can cope with social and technological change and also are adaptable to
human needs. This paper provides a review of research era in the area of Intelligent Building
with case studies.
POSTER PRESENTATION_BRICKS SELECTION THROUGH MANAGEMENT APPROACH BY AHP, RII,...A Makwana
The document describes criteria for selecting between different types of bricks for construction. It evaluates clay bricks, fly ash bricks with and without human hair, and sugarcane bagasse ash bricks. The criteria considered are cost, time, quality, and quantity. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP), relative importance index (RII), and importance index (IMP.I.) methods are used to rank the brick types based on each criterion. Based on the analysis, fly ash bricks rank highest overall with cost as the most important factor by AHP and delivery time as most important by RII. The study aims to provide a management approach for brick selection using multiple criteria analysis techniques.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
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2. PRESENTATION
OUTLINE…
• Introduction
• Methods for making linear measurement
• Types of Chain
• Types of Tapes
• Terms related with chain surveying
• Point for selection of survey station + Operation in
chain surveying
Prof. Ashish Makwana 2
4. INTRODUCTION :-
What is Linear
measurement?
Measurement of
horizontal distance
between two points
on the surface of the
earth.
A---------------------B
4Prof. Ashish Makwana
12. Odometer
12
An Odometer is a simple device which can be attached to
the wheel of a bicycle or any such vehicle.
Prof. Ashish Makwana
13. oThe odometer registers the number of revolution
made by the wheel.
oThe distance covered is equal to the product of
the number of revolutions and the perimeter of
the wheel.
13Prof. Ashish Makwana
18. The Pedometer measures distances
Pedometer directly gives the distance by multiplying the number of
paces with the average pace length of the person .
18Prof. Ashish Makwana
20. • 1.Chain -
• 1.Metric
• 2.Gunter’s
• 3.Engineer’s
• 4.Revenue
• 5.Steel band or band chain
• 2.Tapes -
• 1.Cloth of linen tape
• 2.Fibre glass
• 3.Metallic tape
• 4.Steel
• 5.Invar tape
• 3.Arrow
• 4.Ranging rods and Offset rods
• 5.Pegs
• 6.Plumb bob
Instrument used
20Prof. Ashish Makwana
21. Types of Chain
Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm
diameter known as link.
• It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100
links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of
0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
• This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links
each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
• This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
• This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for
smaller areas.
21Prof. Ashish Makwana
25. Steel Band chain : It is more preferable than chains because they
are more accurate, but the disadvantage is that they get broken
easily and are difficult to repair in the field.
• They are 20 or 30 m long, 12 to 16 mm wide and 0.3 to 0.6 mm
thick.
Types of Tapes
Cloth tape or Linen Tape : they are woven linen and varnished
to resist moisture.
• They are generally 10m, 20m, 30m long and 12 to 15 mm wide.
Fibre tape : These tapes are similar to linen and plastic coated
tapes but these are made of Glass Fibre.
• These tapes are don’t stretch and shrink due to temperature.
• It is available in 20m, 30m and 50 m length.
25Prof. Ashish Makwana
26. Metallic Tape : A linen tape reinforced with brass or copper
wires to prevent the stretching or twisting of fibres is called a
metallic tape.
• It is commonly used for taking offsets in chain surveying.
Steel tape : It is made up with steel material and commonly
available in 20 m, 30m or 50m length.
• It is graduated in mt and cm.
Invar Tape : It is made of an alloy of nickel 36 % and steel 64 %
having very low thermal expansion. These are 6mm wide and
generally available in 30m, 50m and 100m.
26Prof. Ashish Makwana
27. Arrows :
• Arrows are made of tempered steel wire of dia 4mm. One end
of the arrow is bent into ring of diameter 50mm and other end
is pointed.
• Its overall length is 400mm. Arrows are used for counting the
number of chains while measuring chain line. And it is also
used to established a intermediate station.
Ranging Rods or Offset rods :
• Ranging rods are used for ranging some intermediate points on
the survey line.
• It is generally 2 to 3 m in length and are painted with alternate
bands of black and white or red colors with length of each
equalizing 20 cm.
• The offset rod is similar to the ranging rod with the expectation
that instead of the hook, a flag is provided at the top.
27Prof. Ashish Makwana
28. Pegs :
• Pegs are made of timber or steel and they are used to mark the
position of the stations or terminal points of survey line.
• Wooden pegs are 15cm long and driven in to the ground with
the help of hammer.
Plumb-Bob :
• It is used to transfer points on the ground. It is also used for
fixing the instruments exactly over the station point marked on
the ground by checking the center of the instrument whether
coincides with the center of the peg.
28Prof. Ashish Makwana
31. Chain
surveying
• In chain surveying - only linear measurement is
taken in the field – no angular measurement are
taken.
• Done for small area and work .
• 1.Locate boundary of plot / land
• 2.Locate existing features
• Area is divided in to network of triangles and
sides of triangles are measured directly with -
chain or tape.
• Principle of chain surveying :-
• Triangulation is the principle of chain surveying.
• Triangulation means - To divide area in to
network of well conditional triangles ( angles >
30° and < 120°) of suitable sides.
31Prof. Ashish Makwana
32. Main
Station -A
Main Station -D Main
Station -
C
Main
Station -B
BASE LINE
CHECK LINE
TIE LINE
MAIN SURVEY LINE
building
pond
32
temple
T2
T1
S2
S1
Prof. Ashish Makwana
33. ranging
rod at -A
Distance between A & B ,m
ranging rod
at -B
33
A
S2
S1
T2
T1
D
C
B
BASE LINE
CHECK LINE
TIE LINE
Prof. Ashish Makwana
34. ranging
rod at -A
Distance between A & B ,m
ranging rod
at -B
34
A
S2
S1
T2
T1
D
C
B
Offset
BASE LINE
CHECK LINE
TIE LINE
Prof. Ashish Makwana
35. Terms
related
with
chain
surveying
• (1) Survey station :- means points at the beginning and at the
end of a main survey line or chain line
• Types
• 1.Main station :-
• Taken along boundary of an area as control points
• Line joining main station – main survey line
• main survey line – should cover whole survey area
• Denoted by , with letter A,B, C,D, etc.
• 2.Subsidiary station :-
• Station on the – main survey line or any other survey lines
• Line joining subsidiary station – subsidiary survey line
• Taken to
• 1.divide area in to triangles.
• 2.Checking accuracy of triangles
• 3.Locating internal details
• Denoted by , with letter S1, S2, S3 etc.
35Prof. Ashish Makwana
36. Terms
related
with
chain
surveying
• 3.Tie station :-
• Taken on main survey line
• Line joining tie station tie line
• 1.Locating internal details
• Denoted by , with letter T1, T2, T3 etc.
• (2) Main survey line :-
• Line joining main station – called main survey line or chain
line.
• AB ,BC ,CD and DA -main survey line
• (3) Base line:-
• It creates frame work of survey is built
• Most imp line
• longest of main survey line is considered as base line
• Taken through level ground & measure accurately.
36Prof. Ashish Makwana
37. Terms
related
with
chain
surveying
• (4) Check line :-
• Line joining apex point of triangle to some fixed points on its
base.
• 1.Check accuracy of triangles
• 2.Locate internal details
• CS1 , AS2 etc.- check line
• (3) Tie line:-
• Line joining tie station
• 1.Avoid long offset
• 2.Locate internal details – which are far away form main line
• T1T2 – tie line
37Prof. Ashish Makwana
38. Point for
selection
of survey
station
+
Operation
in chain
surveying
• 1.Station – should be intervisible
• 2.Should be minimum
• 3.Should form well conditional triangle
• 4.Should be so located to form – base , check, and tie – line
• 5.Selected within the boundary of survey area
• 6.Taken through level ground.
• Operation in chain surveying
• 1.Chaining
• 2.Ranging
• 3.Offseting
38Prof. Ashish Makwana
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